Chapter - Monitoring Equipment - Vietnamese

Thit b o
THIT B O
1. DNG C O IN ...........................................................................................2
2. THIT B PHN TCH QU TRNH CHY .................................................7
3. P K....................................................................................................................9
4. NHIT K ..........................................................................................................12
5. NG H O LU LNG NC ............................................................15
6. TC K/MY HOT NGHIM .............................................................19
7. THIT B PHT HIN R R........................................................................22
8. LUX K ..............................................................................................................24
9. TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................................26
Cc thit b o c th gip o cc thng s hot ng thc t ca thit b nng lng v so snh
vi thng s thit k xc nh xem liu c th nng cao hiu qu s dng nng lng. Hoc
cc thit b o c th c s dng o r r hi hoc kh. Cc thng s thng c o trong
qu trnh nh gi nng lng bao gm:
Cc thng s in c bn trong h thng AC & DC: in p (V), dng in (I), h s cng
sut, cng sut hu dng (kW), nhu cu ti a (kVA), cng sut phn khng (kVAr), mc
tiu th nng lng (kWh), tn s (Hz), sng hi, vv
Cc thng s phi in khc: nhit v lu lng nhit, bc x, lu lng kh v khng kh,
lu lng cht lng, vng trn pht (RPM), vn tc khng kh, ting n v dung, nng
bi, tng cht rn ho tan, pH, hm m, m, phn tch kh l (CO2, O2, CO, SOx, NOx),
hiu sut chy, vv...
Chng ny s cung cp cc thng tin v cc thit b o khc nhau thng c s dng trong
nh gi nng lng trong cng nghip:
1. Cc dng c o in
2. Thit b phn tch qu trnh chy
3. Nhit k
4. p k
5. ng h o lu lng nc
6. Tc k/ My hot nghim
7. Thit b pht hin r r
8. Lux k
Vi mi loi thit b o cn nhng thng tin sau:
Thit b o g
Thit b o s dng u
Vn hnh thit b o nh th no
Cc bin php an ton v phng chng cn thit i vi thit b o
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org
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Thit b o
1. DNG C O IN
1.1 Cng dng ca dng c o in
Dng c o in bao gm thit b phn tch cng sut kiu kp, nhng dng c ny dng o
cc thng s in chnh nh KVA, kW, PF, Hertz, KVAr, Ampe v Vn. Mt s cng c ny
cn dng o sng hi. C th s dng thit b cm tay o tc th, hoc c th s dng cc
thit b khc tin tin hn c cc thng s v in cc thng s ny sau cc khong nht nh.
Hin trn th trng c mt s cng ty cung cp cc thit b khc. Mt trong s nhng thit b
ny l HIOKI 3286-20 Thit b phn tch cng sut kiu kp (Hnh 1). Thit b ny o nhng
thng s sau:
in p: 150 V to 600 V, 3 di
Dng in: 200 A or 1000 A, 2 di
in p /dng in nh
Cng sut hu dng/phn khng/ cng sut ton phn
(mt pha hoc ba pha): 30 kW - 1200 kW
H s cng sut
phn ng
Gc pha
Tn s,
D pha (3-pha)
in p /mc sng hi hin ti (ln ti 20th)
Figure 1. Thit b phn tch cng sut kiu kp (Hioko
Ltd.)
1.2 Phm vi s dng thit b o in

Thit b ny c o khi ang vn hnh o cc thng s in khc nhau ca ng c, my
bin th, v thit b gia nhit s dng in. Khng cn phi ngng hot ng ca thit b khi tin
hnh o.
1.3 Cch thc s dng thit b o

Cng c c ba dy u vi ba kp hnh c su. Ba dy mu vng, en v . Hnh 2 ti 8 minh
ho phng php o cc iu kin khc nhau. Tuy nhin, cc quy trnh vn hnh ca cc thit
b phn tch cng sut khc nhau c th s khc nhau. c quy trnh vn hnh chun, ngi
vn hnh phi lun kim tra ti liu hng dn i km vi cng c.
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Thit b o
Hnh 2. o cng sut mch hai dy mt pha (Hioki Ltd)
Hnh 3. o cng sut v h s cng sut mch ba dy mt pha (Hioki Ltd)

Cng sut v h s cng sut mch ba dy mt pha c o tng t nh mch hai dy mt pha.
u dy mu en v dy trung tnh nh hnh v, v chuyn dy v thit b cm ng kp sang dy
tng ng. By gi bt u o cng sut v h s cng sut gia cc dy.
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Thit b o
Hnh 4. o cng sut v h s cng sut mch ba dy ba pha (Hioki Ltd)
Hnh 5. Phng php o h s cng sut v cng sut mch ba dy ba pha (Hioki Ltd)
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Thit b o
Hnh 6. o cng sut v h s cng sut mch 4 dy ba pha (Hioki Ltd)
Hnh 7. o dng in (Hioki Ltd)
Hnh 8. o in p (Hioki Ltd)

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Thit b o
1.4 Cc bin php phng chng v an ton

Khi s dng thit b phn tch cng sut kiu kp cn ch cc yu t sau:
Trnh ngn mch v cc nguy him e da n tnh mng, khng bao gi gn kp vo mch
ang hot ng in p cao hn in p nh mc ti a, hoc vo dy trn.
u d ca kp phi c ni vi phn th cp ca cu dao cu dao c th ngn nga tai
nn khi xy ra ngn mch.
Trong khi ang s dng thit b, dng gng tay cao su, ng v m bo h, trnh b in git
v khng s dng nhng thit b o khi tay ang t.
Kim tra ti liu vn hnh ca thit b o bit thm cc ch dn chi tit v an ton v cc
bin php phng trnh trc khi s dng thit b.
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Thit b o
2. THIT B PHN TCH QU TRNH CHY

2.1 Cng dng ca thit b phn tch qu trnh chy
Thit b phn tch qu trnh chy dng o thnh phn ca kh l sau khi qu trnh chy din ra.
Cc thit b phn tch qu trnh chy khc nhau c th dc s dng p ng yu cu ca
mt dy chuyn. V mt c bn, tt c cc thit b phn tch qu trnh chy o phn trm O2 hoc
CO2 trong khi l ra v s dng mt chng trnh sn c tnh hiu sut chy nu cn. Cc loi
thit b phn tch qu trnh chy khc nhau c cho di y:
o hiu sut ca nhin liu
Dng c ny gip o lng oxy v nhit ca kh l. Nhit tr ca cc nhin liu thng
dng c cp vo b vi x l tnh hiu sut chy.
Fyrite
Mt bm cm tay di y ht mu kh l vo mt dung dch bn trong fyrite. Mt
phn ng ho hc thay i lu lng dung dch cho bit khi lng kh. Phn trm Oxy
v CO2 c trn ng h.
Thit b phn tch kh

Dng c ny c mt ngn cha ho cht bn trong dng o cc loi kh khc nhau
nh CO2, CO, NOX, SOX , etc.
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Thit b o
2.2 Phm vi s dng thit b phn tch qu trnh chy

Thit b phn tch qu trnh chy c s dng xc nh thnh phn ca kh l trong ng
ng. ng ng gm cc ng c sp xp theo hnh ch nht c s dng thi kh vo ng
khi. Gi tr ca cc thnh phn trong kh l da trn th tch. Phn ln nhng cng c ny o
phn trm Oxy v CO2 v nhit ca kh l. Trong qu trnh kim ton nng lng, cn bit
c thnh phn ca kh l nh gi cc iu kin chy, hiu sut v r r khng kh kh
quyn vo h thng.
2.3 Cch thc s dng

Cc loi thit b phn tch qu trnh chy khc nhau hot ng khc nhau. Vi tt c cc loi thit
b phn tch qu trnh chy, mt que thm c a vo ng ng qua mt l nh o. Vi b
phn tch qu trnh chy fyrite, s dng bng tay, kh l t ng c ly ra bng mt thit b bm
th cng. Kh ly c s phn ng vi ho cht v cho thng s % Oxy v CO2
2.4 Cc bin php phng chng v an ton

Khi s dng thit b phn tch qu trnh chy, cn thc hin cc bin php phng chng v an
ton sau:
Lun iu chnh kch c ca thit b khng kh ngoi tri trong lnh trc khi thc hin o.
Kim tra tc nghn trong b lc khng kh ca thit b.
Trong qu trnh o, cn m bo l ng ng cao su dn kh t ung ng ti thit b o
khng b b cong.
Sau khi a que thm vo ng ng, cn cn thn bc phn h bng vi ctton m bo
khng kh khng lt vo hoc thot ra t h thng.
S dng gng tay ctton dy, knh v m bo h v cc dng c bo h khc trc khi o.
Ch l kh bn ang x l rt nng!
Kim tra ti liu vn hnh ca thit b o bit thm cc ch dn chi tit v an ton v cc
bin php phng trnh trc khi s dng thit b.
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Thit b o
3. P K
3.1 Cng dng ca p k
p k l cng c c s dng rng ri trong kim ton nng lng o p sut chnh lch
gia hai im. Loi c nht l p k ct cht lng. Mt phin bn n gin ca p k ct cht
lng l ng hnh ch U (xem hnh 9) c cht lng y na ng (thng l du, nc hoc
thu ngn) trong p sut o c cp vo mt bn ng v p sut tham kho (c th l p sut
kh quyn) c cp vo bn cn li. S chnh lch gia cc mc cht lng biu din p sut
tham kho.
Hnh 9. Gin minh ho p sut ct cht lng (Dwyer Instruments Inc.)

Nguyn tc hot ng ca p k nh sau :
Hnh 9a. Dng n gin nht ca p k l mt ng hnh ch U vi cht lng c khong
mt na ng. Hai u ng h, chiu cao ca cht lng mi bn bng nhau.
Hnh 9b. Khi p sut dng c cp vo mt bn ng, cht lng s gim xung bn v
tng ln bn kia ng. S chnh lch cao, h l tng nhng thng s trn v di 0, cho
thy mc p sut.
Hnh 9c. Chn khng c cp vo mt bn ng, cht lng tng ln bn v gim xung
bn kia ng. S chnh lch cao, h l tng nhng thng s trn v di 0, cho thy
chn khng
C ba loi p k chnh:
p k ct lng mt nhnh c b cha ln hn thay cho mt pha ca ng hnh ch U v c
thang bn cnh ct hp hn. Sau ct ny s khuych i chuyn ng ca dung dch.
p k ct lng c dng o s chnh lch thp gia cc p sut cao.
Loi dng mng linh hot: Thit b ny s dng vng ca mng, mng ny bao ph mt
th tch c p sut khng i. vng ca mng tng ng vi p sut. S dng bng tham
kho mc p sut ng vi cc vng khc nhau.
Loi ng xon: Loi p k th ba ny s dng mt ng xon gin n khi p sut tng. iu
ny to ra lc quay ca mt nhnh gn vo ng.
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Thit b o
3.2 Phm vi s dng p k

Trong qu trnh kim ton nng lng, mt p k thng c s dng xc nh p sut
chnh lch gia hai im trong ng ng dn kh hoc khng kh x. Chnh lch p sut c
s dng tnh vn tc dng ca ng ng s dng phng trnh Bernoulli. ( Chnh lch p
sut = v2/2g). Cch s dng p k chi tit hn c trnh by trong phn cch thc s dng p
k. Tuy nhin, c th s dng cch tng t o chnh lch p sut qua hai im trong ng
ng cha cht lu bt k. Trong trng hp , cn lu l p k cn ph hp s dng vi
lu lng cht lu. Vn tc ca dng cht lu c tnh theo p sut chnh lch = f LV2/2gD
trong f l h s ma st ca vt liu ng, L l khong cch gia hai im chnh lch p sut, D
l ng knh ng v g l hng s lc hp dn.
3.3 Cch thc s dng p k

gii thch cch thc s dng mt p k khng d dng cht no. L do l c qu nhiu loi
p k khc nhau c cch vn hnh khc nhau.
Tuy nhin, c mt s bc vn hnh ging nhau. Trong qu trnh kim ton nng lng, vn tc
kh trong ng c o nh s dng mt ng h hai u v lu lng c tnh bng mt p k.
Khoan mt l mu trn ng ng (ng cha kh x) v ng h hai u s c a vo ng
ng. Hai u h ca ng c ni vi hai u ca p k. S chnh lch v mc ca p k cho
thy p sut vn tc tng. V d nh, trng hp p k s, cc thng s c o bng mm ca
ct nc.
ng h
hai u
p k
Hnh 1: S dng ng h hai u v p k o (Dwyer Instruments Inc.)
3.4 Cc bin php an ton v phng trnh
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org 10
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Thit b o
Khng c p k hot ng vi p sut qu cao. Trong trng hp p sut cao, nn s

dng loi p k khc.
Kim tra ti liu hng dn ca thit b o bit thm ch dn chi tit v an ton v phng
trnh trc khi s dng thit b.
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Thit b o
4. NHIT K
4.1 Cng dng ca nhit k
Nhit k l cng c dng o nhit ca cht lu, b mt kh, v d nh kh l sau khi qu
trnh chy din ra. Nhit k c phn loi thnh nhit k tip xc v nhit k khng tip xc
hoc nhit k hng ngoi v c m t di y.
Nhit k tip xc
C rt nhiu loi nhit k tip xc. Cp nhit l v d n gin nht ca loi nhit k tip xc.
Tuy nhin, phc v cho mc ch kim ton nng lng mt dy chuyn cng nghip,
chng ta thng s dng cp nhit in o nhit cho chnh xc cao. Thit b ny bao
gm hai kim loi khng ng dng, mt u c ni vi nhau. Cc tm hp kim kim loi ca
cp nhit in thng gp l dy in. Hin ti c cc loi cp nhit s dng cc tm kim loi
v cc thang khc nhau. 4 loi thang ph bin nht l J, K, T v E. Cc thang nhit cao
nh R, S, C v GB. Mi thang c di nhit v mi trng khc nhau, mc d nhit ti
a thay i theo ng knh dy in s dng trong cp nhit . Mc d thang ca cp nhit
quy nh gii nhit , ng knh ca dy in s dng trong cp nhit cng gii hn gii
ti a.
Hnh 11. Nhit k cp nhit in (Reliability

Direct, Inc)
Nhit k khng tip xc hay nhit k hng ngoi
Nhit k khng tip xc hay nhit k hng ngoi c th thc hin o nhit m khng c tip
xc vt cht gia nhit k v vt o nhit . Nhit k c hng vo b mt v cho ngay kt
qu nhit o. Cng c ny hu ch vi trng hp o nhng im nng trong l, nhit b
mt, vv
Nhit k hng ngoi cho php ngi s dng o nhit nhng ng dng m b cm bin
truyn thng khng th s dng hoc khng cho kt qu o chnh xc, chng hn nh:
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Thit b o
Khi cn o nhanh, chng hn vi nhng i tng o chuyn ng (nh my cn, my

chuyn dch, hoc ai ca bng ti)
Khi cn o khng tip xc do nhim bn hoc cc l do nguy hi khc (nh in p cao)
Khong cch hoc chiu cao qu xa
Nhit qu cao i vi thit b cm bin
Vt o t trong chn khng hoc cc bu khng kh c kim sot khc
Vt o c bao quanh bi in t trng (nh gia nhit cm ng)
Nguyn tc c bn ca nhit k hng ngoi l vt o pht ra nng lng hng ngoi. Vt o cng
nng, cc phn t ca n hot ng nhiu hn, v nng lng hng ngoi pht ra cng ln. Mt
nhit k hng ngoi c ng ngm tp trung vo nng lng hng ngoi thu c t vt o vo
my d. My d chuyn i nng lng thnh nhng tn hiu in, c khuych i v th hin
thnh n v nhit sau khi hiu chnh vi s bin ng nhit mi trng xung quanh.
Hnh 12. Nhit k khng tip xc hay nhit k hng ngoi

(Nitonuk Ltd. 2003)
4.2 Phm vi s dng nhit k

Trong kim ton nng lng, nhit l mt trong nhng thng s quan trng nht cn o
xc nh tn tht nng lng nhit hoc tnh cn bng nng lng. o nhit c thc hin
khi kim ton thit b iu ho khng kh, l hi, l t, h thng hi, h thng thu hi nhit thi,
thit b trao i nhit, vv Trong qu trnh kim ton, nhit c th o :
Khng kh xung quanh
Nc c lm lnh trong h thng lm lnh
Kh vo Thit b iu chnh khng kh ca dy chuyn iu ho khng kh
Nc lm mt vo v ra thp gii nhit
B mt ng ng hi, l hi, l
Nc vo l hi
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Thit b o
Kh x
Nc ngng quay tr li
Cung cp khng kh sy s b cho qu trnh chy
Nhit ca du nhin liu
4.3 Cch thc s dng nhit k

Cp nhit in (nhit k tip xc) bao gm hai kim loi khng ng dng, mt u c ni vi
nhau. Khi mi ni c gia nhit hoc gii nhit s sinh ra in p, in p ny tng tc tr li
nhit . Mt que thm c a vo dng cht lng hoc kh o nhit ca, v d nh kh
l, khng kh nng hoc nc. o nhit b mt, ngi ta s dng que thm dng tm.
Trong hu ht cc trng hp, cp nhit in s trc tip a ra kt qu ca thit b cn o ( oC
hoc oF) trn mn hnh s.
Vic s dng nhit k khng tip xc hoc nhit k hng ngoi rt n gin. Nhit k hng ngoi
(sng) c hng v pha b mt cn o nhit . Kt qu o c c trc tip trn mn hnh.

Khi s dng nhit k cn thc hin cc bin php phng chng v an ton sau:
Que thm phi c nhng vo cht lu v o sau khong t 1-2 pht, tc l sau khi thng s
o n nh.
Trc khi s dng cp nhit in, cn kim tra di nhit thit k ca cp nhit in.
Khng bao gi c que thm ca cp nht in tip xc vi ngn la.
Trc khi s dng nhit k khng tip xc, cn thit lp pht x theo b mt cn o nhit
.
Kim tra ti liu hng dn s dng bit thm hng dn chi tit v cc bin php an ton
v phng trnh trc khi s dng thit b.
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Thit b o
5. NG H O LU LNG NC
5.1 Cng dng ca ng h o lu lng nc
ng h o lu lng nc l cng c dng o lu lng th tch, tuyn tnh hoc khng
tuyn tnh ca cht lng hoc kh. Phn ny s cp c th n ng h o lu lng nc.
Vic la chn phng php hoc loi ng h o ph thuc vo iu kin o v chnh xc
cn thit..
Ngoi ng h o lu lng nc, cn c rt nhiu phng php khc o lu lng nc
trong qu trnh kim ton. Hai phng php thng dng nht gip c c c tnh chnh xc
lu lng nc l:
Phng php tnh thi gian cp y: y nc vo b c th tch xc nh trc (m3).
Thi gian s dng cp y b c th tch nh trn c ghi li, s dng ng h bm gi
(giy). Ly th tch chia cho thi gian s cho kt qu lu lng trung bnh, m3/giy.
Phng php s dng phao: Phng php ny thng c s dng o lu lng mt
ng h. Khong cch nht nh (v d nh 25-50 m) c nh du vo thnh ng. Mt qu
bng bn t trn nc v thi gian bng tri n khong cch nh du c ghi li.
Cc ln c khc nhau s cho thi gian chnh xc hn. Vn tc nc c tnh bng khong
cch bng tri/thi gian trung bnh bng tri. Tu theo cc iu kin v lu lng v c tnh
ng, ly vn tc tnh c chia cho h s 0,8 0,9 t vn tc cao nht ng h, v vn
tc b mt s gim do lc cn ca gi, vv
Di y l mt s loai ng h o lu lng nc thng dng nht:
ng h o lu lng kiu phao hay ng h o lu lng din tch bin i o kh v cht
lng.
ng h o lu lng kiu phao bao gm mt ng nhn v mt phao. Loi thit b o vi din
tch bin i ny thng c s dng nhiu nht v chi ph thp, n gin, st gim p sut
thp, kh nng o trong di rng, v u ra tuyn tnh.
Hnh 13. ng h o lu lng kiu phao (Omega Engineering Ltd)
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Thit b o
ng h o lu lng bin i ng h l xo v pt-tng o kh v cht lng.

ng h o lu lng kiu pt-tng s dng mt l phun dng vng do pt-tng v phu nhn
to ra. Pittng c gn vo phn chnh ca phu ( v tr khng c lu lng) do mt l xo c
chia . Thang o da trn trng lng ring 0,84 vi ng h du v 1,0 ng h nc. Nh
thit k n gin v kh nng truyn tn hiu in, thit b ny l s la chn kinh t so vi ng
h o kiu phao trong vic o v kim sot lu lng dng.
Hnh 14. ng h o lu lng pt-tng v l xo

(Omega Engineering Ltd)
ng h o lu lng siu m (khng tip xc hoc theo nguyn l Doppler) o cc cht
lng
ng h o lu lng siu m thng c s dng o nc thi v cc loi cht lng bn
khc v bn, l nhng yu t thng lm hng thit b cm bin truyn thng. Nguyn tc hot
ng c bn da trn s dch chuyn tn s (Hiu ng Doppler) ca mt tn hiu siu m khi n
c phn x bi nhng ht l lng hoc bt kh (khng lin tc) khi chuyn ng.
Hnh 15. ng h o lu lng nc siu m (Dynasonics Ltd)
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Thit b o
Hnh 16. Cch s dng ng h o lu lng nc siu

m (Eesiflow International Pty Ltd.)
ng h o lu lng tua bin
ng h tua bin l ng h rt chnh xc (0,5% thng s c) v c th dng cho cht lng sch
v cht lng c nht cao- ln ti 100 centistoc. B phn u vo ca ng h loi ny cn
mt ng thng c ng knh ti thiu 10 b phn u vo. Tn hiu u ra thng dng nht
l cc tn s hnh sin hoc vung, nhng b x l tn hiu u ra c th t phn trn ca ng
h o cho u ra di dng analog v c th chng chy n. ng h o bao gm mt rto
nhiu cnh t vung gc vi dng chy v c treo trong ng bi mt t la.
Thit b cm bin dng chn vt (paddlewheel sensor)
Thit b cm bin dng chn vt l mt trong nhng ng h o lu lng hiu qu v mt kinh
t ph bin nht dng cho nc hoc cc cht lu nh nc. Rt nhiu ng h loi ny c th
c lp ni hoc lp kp. Nhng ng h ny, nh ng h tua bin i hi phi c ng thng vi
ng knh ti thiu 10 b phn u vo v 5 b phn u ra. Cn xem xt kh nng
tng thch ho cht khi khng s dng nc. u ra thng gm xung sng hnh sin v sng
vung, tuy nhin thit b pht c gn panel cng c sn. Rto ca thit b cm bin dng chn vt
vung gc vi lu lng v ch tip xc vi mt ct hn ch ca lu lng.
ng h o lu lng theo th tch
ng h ny c s dng trong trng hp thit b cha nc khng c ng ng thng v
khi ng h tua bin v thit b cm bin dng chn vt vung gc to ra qu nhiu chuyn ng
hn lon. ng h o lu lng theo th tch cng c dng o lu lng cht lng nht.
ng h o Vortex (dng xoy)
u im chnh ca ng h ny l nhy thp khi c bin i ca cc iu kin qu trnh v
mc b n mn thp so vi loi Orifice hoc ng h o tua bin. Bn cnh , chi ph bo tr
v chi ph ban u thp. V nhng l do trn, ngi ta thng s dng ng h loi ny. ng h
Vortex khng cn chn cng sut.
ng h o lu lng t tnh cho cht lng c tnh dn
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Thit b o
ng h o lu lng t tnh hin c loi lp km hoc lp ri. ng h loi ny l lin khi v

rt thch hp o lu lng nc thi hoc dung dch bn c tnh dn. Mn hnh hin th i
km v l u ra tng ng dng o t xa hoc hin th d liu.
5.2 Phm vi s dng ng h o lu lng nc

Trong qu trnh kim ton nng lng, o lu lng nc l mt phn rt quan trng. Thng
thng, cc php o dng xc nh khi lng cht lng/nc chy trong ng. Nu khng c
thit b o lu lng no gn vo ng ng, c th s dng mt ng h o lu lng siu m.
Cc tnh hung thng gp l vic o lu lng nc ng vai tr rt quan trng gip xc nh
hiu sut bm, hiu sut thp gii nhit, dy chuyn iu ho khng kh v lm lnh, b trao i
nhit v bnh ngng.
5.3 Cch thc s dng ng h o lu lng nc

C rt nhiu loi ng h o lu lng nc hin c trn th trng. Chc nng ca mi loi
khc nhau. Tuy nhin nguyn tc c bn l ging nhau. 2 que thm/thit b cm bin ca ng h
o lu lng nc siu m c t trn b mt ng cch nhau mt khong, dc theo ng
thng. ng knh ca ng s quyt nh khong cch gia cc que thm. Khi bt ng h, sng
m thanh s c truyn i thng qua mt trong hai thit b cm bin/que thm v do thit b cn
li nhn. ng h c hiu chnh hin th vn tc hoc lu lng dng cht lng bn trong
ng, da trn thi gian yu cu bi sng m thanh i qua khong cch t mt thit b cm
bin ti thit b kia.

Khi s dng ng h o lu lng nc cn thc hin cc bin php phng chng v an ton
sau:
Que thm/thit b cm bin phi c t trn b mt ng sau khi b mt ng c lm
sch. Cn ch m bo khng c vt sn, vv L tng nht l t mt tm giy rp ln
trn v tr nh t thit b cm bin.
ng h s khng th o c nu iu kin bn trong ng b n mn hoc b ru bm.
Cn o ni lu lng ng lin tc v ng phi y ti.
UNEP
Thit b o
6. TC K/MY HOT NGHIM
6.1 Cng dng ca tc k/ my hot nghim

Vi bt k ln kim ton no, vic o tc ca mt thit b v d nh ng c l rt cn thit v
tc c th thay i theo tn s, trt ca ai v ti. C hai loi dng c o tc chnh:
tc k v my hot nghim.
Hnh 17. Tc k (tri) v my hot nghim (phi)

(Reliability Direct, Inc)
Tc k
Mt tc k n gin l mt cng c tip xc, c th s dng o tc trong trng hp c
th tip xc trc tip vi vt o.
My hot nghim
Cc thit b o khng tip xc l cng c o tc an ton v tinh vi hn, v d nh my hot
nghim. My hot nghim l ngun sng chp m c th ng b vi chuyn ng nhanh, lp li
bt k lm cho mt thit b ang chuyn ng nhanh dng nh ng yn, hoc chuyn ng
chm.
minh ho cho nguyn tc ny, hy tham kho v d sau: Gi s c mt chic a trng vi
mt chm en treo trn trc ca mt ng c 1800 vng/pht. Khi a quay vi tc 1800
vng/pht, bng mt thng ta khng th phn bit c nhng hnh nh ring l v chm en
s nhn nh mt vng m m lin tc. Khi c nh sng hot nghim chp chiu vo, mi
vng a quay chp mt ln (v d nh khi chm en ti 3 gi), chm en s quan st c v
tr ny v ch ti v tr ny-vi tc 1800 ln/pht. V vy, chm en dng nh s b
ng cng v ng li.
UNEP
Thit b o
Nu tc chp ca my hot nghim chm li l 1799 ln chp/pht, chm en s c chiu

sng ti mt v tr hi chuyn dch mi ln a quay, v dng nh chm en s chuyn dch
t t theo hng vng quay 360 v s n v tr ban u sau mt pht. Ta c th quan st c
mt chuyn ng tng t nhng ngc hng vi vng quay ca chm en, nu tc ca
my hot nghim tng ln n 1801 ln/pht. Nu cn, tc ca chuyn ng cso th tng thm
theo mc tng hoc gim tc chp.
Khi hnh nh dng li, tc chp ca my hot nghim tng ng tc ca vt ang
chuyn ng. Khi bit c tc chp tc l ta cng bit c tc ca vt o. V vy, my
hot nghim c mc ch kp, l o tc v lm chm hoc ngng mt chuyn ng nhanh
li tin quan st. ngha thc t ca hiu ng lm chm chuyn ng l v n l bn copy
chnh xc ca mt chuyn ng tc cao, ta c th nghin cu nhng s bt thng ( rung,
xon, ting lch cch) chuyn ng tc cao.
.
Hnh 18. Nguyn tc hot ng ca my hot nghim

(NPC, 2006)
Trong hot ng kim ton, chng ta thng s dng tc k dng tip xc v chng ang sn
c.
6.2 Phm vi s dng tc k/ My hot nghim

Tc k v my hot nghim dng o tc quay ca qut, ng c, puli, vv
6.3 Cch thc s dng tc k/ My hot nghim

Vi tc k dng tip xc, bnh ca tc s tip xc vi vt quay. Do ma st gi hai vt, sau
vi dy, tc ca tc k bng tc ca vt quay. Tc ny s hin th trn mn hnh theo
vng/pht.
Hot k s l mt ngun sng chp linh hot c s dng o tc ca mt vt th chuyn
ng nhanh hoc to ra hiu ng quang hc ngng li hoc lm chm s chuyn ng tc cao
tin quan st, phan tch hoc chp nh tc cao. Thit b hot nghim to ra nh sng chp
UNEP
Thit b o
ngn v cng cao. Dng c ny l mt thit b pht xung in gip kim sot tc chp, l
ngun cung cp nng lng v mt it pht sng (LED) theo s ln chp trn pht. nh sng c
th c chiu vo mt vt ang chuyn ng, gm c nhng vt nhng khu vc khng tip
cn c. Khi o tc quay ca mt vt, ci t tc chp ban u cao hn tc ca vt.
Nh vy, lm gim tc chp cho n khi hnh nh ban u xut hin. Ti im ny, tc
chp bng tc quay ca vt o, v tc ny hin th trc tip trn mn hnh s.

Khi s dng tc k v my hot nghim cn thc hin cc bin php phng chng v an ton
sau:
Cn cn thn khi t bnh xe ca tc k tip xc vi vt quay.
Quan st o mt khong cch an ton v khng mc qun o rng khi o bng tc k.
Trnh o mt mnh.
UNEP
Thit b o
7. THIT B PHT HIN R R

7.1 Cng dng ca thit b pht hin r r
Nh tn gi cho bit, thit b pht hin r r bng siu m pht hin m thanh siu cm ca
mt vt r. Bn c th quen thuc vi m thanh t nhng vt r ln. Nhng vt r nh cng
pht ra m thanh, tuy nhin tn s qu cao i vi tai ca chng ta c th nghe c. Thit b
pht hin r r siu m s chuyn m thanh siu m thnh m thanh chng ta c th nghe thy, v
t tm ra ch r r.
Hnh 19. Thit b pht hin r r (Reliability Direct, Inc)

Cc thng tin khc v thit b pht hin r r siu m bao gm:
Khong cch v tip cn. Mt s vt r pht ra m thanh c th nghe thy t khong cch
vi mt, v vy tip cn vt r khng phi lc no cng cn thit. Khi vt r ang trong trng
thi hn lon, m thanh r pht hin bng siu m.
p sut. p sut cao ca vt r l khng cn thit. Thit b siu m c th pht hin vt r
nh vi p sut thp n mc 1 psi. Tuy nhin, p sut trong vt r cng cao th cng d xc
nh hn.
nhy vi m thanh. Thit b pht hin vt r rt nhy cm vi m thanh. Mt thit b tt
thc s c th gip bn nghe thy c ln chp mt ca con ngi. C th tin hnh kim
tra r r nhng khu vc kn, bo ho vi cht lm lnh, v ch s duy nht m mt thit b
siu m cung cp cho bn l m thanh ca ch r. Thit b pht hin r r siu m tt s s
dng qu trnh in t gi l to phch chuyn i m thanh r tn s cao xung da
thp hn c th nghe c m thanh ca vt r qua mt b tai nghe, v tm ra ch r. Bt
k kh chuyn ng hn lon no cng s to ra sng siu m khi chng b r r, v v vy
khng ph thuc vo loi cht lm lnh chng ta ang mun kim tra r r. Thm ch thit b
ny cn gip pht hin kh xm nhp vo h thng di dng chn khng.
Ting n xung quanh. V thit b pht hin r r siu m tp trung vo mt tn s/di m
thanh nht nh, thit b ny s khng pht hin gi, ging ni, ting n giao thng v hu ht
cc m thanh hot ng bnh thng. Tuy nhin, h thng ln hn vi v s cc van iu
chnh p sut v lu lng vn tc cao c th s to ra cc m thanh tn s thit b pht
hin r r siu m nhy cm. Trong trng hp ny, cn phi ngng h thng, v s dng cc
bin php pht hin r r khc.
UNEP
Thit b o
La chn thit b pht hin r r. Lun lun xem xt nng lc v s hn ch ca vic s

dng phng php pht hin r r. V vy cng cn xem xt cc yu t khc ngoi mc
nhy cm trong iu kin phng th nghim/kim tra khi la chn thit b ny. V d nh,
mt loi sniffer c nhy cao c th pht hin ra vt r 0,25oz. ca cht lm lnh mi
nm trong iu kin kim sot phng th nghim. Nhng thit b ny cng c th cho cc
kt qu khc nhau khi bn mun tm cc vt r cht lm lnh khu vc nc nh bn v nhiu
gi.
7.2 Phm vi s dng thit b pht hin r r

Thit b pht hin r r siu m c s dng pht hin cc vt r kh nn v cc loi kh khc
m tai thng khng th pht hin c.
Khng c thit b no c th pht hin ra mi loi r r, mi lc. Thng phi kt hp mt s
phng php sn c m bo t l thnh cng cao nht.
7.3 Cch thc s dng thit b pht hin r r

khi qut phng php hot ng ca thit b pht hin r r khng d dng. L do l c rt
nhiu loi thit b pht hin r r vi nhng cch s dng khc nhau. Tuy nhin c mt s bc
chung sau:
Que thm ca thit b o pht hin r r siu m c t gn ng hi/kh nghi c r r.
eo tai nghe ni vi thit b o
Que thm chuyn ng t t cho n khi ngi nghe c th nghe thy m thanh r r bng tai
nghe
nh du v tr xc nh ch r

Khi s dng thit b pht hin r r siu m cn thc hin cc bin php phng chng v an ton
sau:
Khng c c bi v khi t ng, nu khng bi/khi s lm tc que thm v lm sai lch
kt qu
Trnh o ti nhng ni mc m thanh cao
UNEP
Thit b o
8. LUX K
8.1 Cng dng ca lux k
Lux k dng o cng nh sng.
Phn ln lux k u bao gm mt phn thn, mt thit b cm ng vi mt t bo quang in, v
mt mn hnh hin th. Thit b cm ng c t ti ngun sng. nh sng chiu vo t bo
quang in c nng lng, c truyn t t bo quang in sang dng in. T bo quang in
hp th c cng nhiu nh sng, dng in to ra cng cao. ng h o s c dng in v
tnh ton gi tr thch hp ca Lux hoc Foot candles ( sng). Gi tr o c hin th trn mn
hnh.
Cn lu mt yu t quan trng v nh sng l nh sng thng do cc dng (mu sc) nh sng
ti chiu di bc sng khc nhau. V vy, thng s o c l kt qu ca cc hiu ng kt hp
ca tt c cc chiu di bc sng. Mu chun c tnh l nhit mu v nhit mu c
tnh bng Kelvin. Nhit mu chun hiu chnh hu ht cc ng h nh sng l 2856
Kelvin, ng v vng hn l mu trng. Cc loi n sng chy nhit mu khc nhau. V vy,
cc thng s o ca Lux k s thay i vi cc ngun sng khc nhau c cng mt cng .
l l do ti sao mt s nh sng li "gt hn" hoc du hn.
Hnh 20. Lux k (Reliability Direct, Inc)
8.2 Phm vi s dng lux k

Lux k dng o cc mc ri vn phng, nh my, vv
8.3 Cch thc s dng lux k

S dng cng c ny rt n gin. Thit b cm c t ti ni lm vic hoc ni c th o
c cng nh sng, v lux k s a ra kt qu trc tip trn mn hnh hin th.
UNEP
Thit b o

Khi s dng lux k cn thc hin cc bin php phng chng v an ton sau:
Thit b cm ng phi t chnh xc ti khu vc lm vic c th cho kt qu chnh xc
Do nhy ca thit b cm ng cao nn cn c ct gi cn thn.
UNEP
Thit b o
9. TI LIU THAM KHO

The text for this chapter is based on the section with information on energy equipment from the
Energy Manager Training website, with kind permission from Indias Bureau of Energy
Efficiency, supplemented with field experience from the National Productivity Council of India.
www.energymanagertraining.com/energy_audit_instruments/new_energy_audit_equipment.htm
The references for the figures in this chapter are as follows:
Figure 1: Hioki Ltd. www.hioki.co.jp/eng/product/power/328620.html
Figure 2 8: Hioki Ltd. Users Manual - Hioki Hi Tester 32860
Figure 9: Dwyer Instruments Inc., USA. Measurement of Pressure with the Manometer,
2005. www.dwyer-inst.com/htdocs/pressure/ManometerIntroduction.cfm
Figure 10: Dwyer Instruments Inc., USA. Air Velocity Introduction. www.dwyerinst.com/htdocs/airvelocity/AirVelocityIntroduction.cfm
Figure11: Reliability Direct, Inc. Extech Instruments, User Guide Model EA15. 2004.
www.extech.com/instrument/products/alpha/EA10_15ThermoCouple.html
Figure 12: Nitonuk Ltd. 2003. www.nitonuk.co.uk/infared/infaredTI213EL.shtml
Figure 13: Omega Engineering Ltd., USA. 2003. www.omega.com/pptst/FL77_78.html
Figure 14. Omega Engineering Ltd., USA. 2003. www.omega.com
Figure 15: Dynasonics Ltd. Flow Meter Data Sheets DXF Model. 2003.
www.dynasonics.com/resources/products/pdfs/DFX.pdf
Figure 16: Eesiflow International Pty Ltd. www.eesiflo.com/measuring.html
Figure 17: Reliability Direct, Inc. Extech 461840 Programmable Digital Stroboscope.
www.reliabilitydirect.com/strobeproducts/EXT-461840.htm
Figure 18: National Productivity Council (NPC) India, experience from various industrial
studies. 2006
Figure 19: Reliability Direct, Inc. Whisper Ultrasonic Leak Detector.
www.reliabilitydirect.com/ultrasoundproducts/INF-whisper.htm
Figure 20: Reliability Direct, Inc. Extech Instruments, User Manual Model 401027 Pocket
Foot Candle Light Meter. www.reliabilitydirect.com/lightmeters
Copyright:
Copyright United Nations Environment Programme (year 2006)
This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special
permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a
copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other
commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission from the United Nations Environment Programme.
Bn quyn
Copyright Chng trnh mi trng lin hp quc (nm 2006)
n bn ny c th ti xut bn ton b hoc mt phn v cho bt k mc ch gio dc hay phi li nhun no m khng c s
cho php c bit t ngi gi bn quyn vi iu kin phi nu ngun ca n bn. NEP mong rng s nhn dc bn sao ca
bt k n bn no c s dng n bn ny nh ngun thng tin. Khng s dng n bn ny bn li hay cho bt k mc ch
thng mi no khc m khng c s cho php trc t Chng trnh Mi trng ca Lin hp quc
Disclaimer:
This energy equipment module was prepared as part of the project "Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from Industry in Asia
and the Pacific" (GERIAP) by the National Productivity Council, India. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that
the contents of this publication are factually correct and properly referenced, UNEP does not accept responsibility for the
UNEP
Thit b o
accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or
indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication, including its translation into other languages than
English. This is the translated version from the chapter in English, and does not constitute an official United Nations publication.
Khuyn co:
Mun thit b nng lng ny c thc hin l mt phn ca d n Gim Pht Thi Kh Nh Knh t Hot ng Cng
Nghip Khu vc Chu v Thi Bnh Dng (GERIAP) bi y ban Nng sut Quc gia n . Mc d c gng nhiu
m bo ni dung ca bo co ny l chnh xc v ph hp tham kho, UNEP khng c trch nhim v tnh chnh xc hay
hon thin ca ni dung v s khng chu trch nhim v bt k mt mt hay thit hi m c th lin quan trc tip hay gin tip
cho vic s dng hay da vo ni dung ca bo co ny gy ra, bao gm c bn dch sang cc th ting khc ngoi ting Anh.
y l bn dch t chng bng ting Anh v khng l n bn chnh thc ca Lin hp quc.
UNEP

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Thit b o

1.2 Phm vi s dng thit b o in

1.3 Cch thc s dng thit b o

Hnh 2. o cng sut mch hai dy mt pha (Hioki Ltd)

Hnh 3. o cng sut v h s cng sut mch ba dy mt pha (Hioki Ltd)

Hnh 4. o cng sut v h s cng sut mch ba dy ba pha (Hioki Ltd)

Hnh 6. o cng sut v h s cng sut mch 4 dy ba pha (Hioki Ltd)

Hnh 7. o dng in (Hioki Ltd)

Hnh 8. o in p (Hioki Ltd)

1.4 Cc bin php phng chng v an ton

2. THIT B PHN TCH QU TRNH CHY

Thit b phn tch kh

2.2 Phm vi s dng thit b phn tch qu trnh chy

2.3 Cch thc s dng

2.4 Cc bin php phng chng v an ton

Hnh 9. Gin minh ho p sut ct cht lng (Dwyer Instruments Inc.)

3.2 Phm vi s dng p k

3.3 Cch thc s dng p k

Hnh 1: S dng ng h hai u v p k o (Dwyer Instruments Inc.)

3.4 Cc bin php an ton v phng trnh

Khng c p k hot ng vi p sut qu cao. Trong trng hp p sut cao, nn s

Hnh 11. Nhit k cp nhit in (Reliability

Khi cn o nhanh, chng hn vi nhng i tng o chuyn ng (nh my cn, my

Hnh 12. Nhit k khng tip xc hay nhit k hng ngoi

4.2 Phm vi s dng nhit k

4.3 Cch thc s dng nhit k

4.4 Cc bin php an ton v phng trnh

Hnh 13. ng h o lu lng kiu phao (Omega Engineering Ltd)

ng h o lu lng bin i ng h l xo v pt-tng o kh v cht lng.

Hnh 14. ng h o lu lng pt-tng v l xo

Hnh 15. ng h o lu lng nc siu m (Dynasonics Ltd)

Hnh 16. Cch s dng ng h o lu lng nc siu

ng h o lu lng t tnh hin c loi lp km hoc lp ri. ng h loi ny l lin khi v

5.2 Phm vi s dng ng h o lu lng nc

5.3 Cch thc s dng ng h o lu lng nc

5.4 Cc bin php an ton v phng trnh

6. TC K/MY HOT NGHIM

6.1 Cng dng ca tc k/ my hot nghim

Hnh 17. Tc k (tri) v my hot nghim (phi)

Nu tc chp ca my hot nghim chm li l 1799 ln chp/pht, chm en s c chiu

Hnh 18. Nguyn tc hot ng ca my hot nghim

6.2 Phm vi s dng tc k/ My hot nghim

6.3 Cch thc s dng tc k/ My hot nghim

6.4 Cc bin php an ton v phng trnh

7. THIT B PHT HIN R R

Hnh 19. Thit b pht hin r r (Reliability Direct, Inc)

La chn thit b pht hin r r. Lun lun xem xt nng lc v s hn ch ca vic s

7.2 Phm vi s dng thit b pht hin r r

7.3 Cch thc s dng thit b pht hin r r

7.4 Cc bin php an ton v phng trnh

Hnh 20. Lux k (Reliability Direct, Inc)

8.2 Phm vi s dng lux k

8.3 Cch thc s dng lux k

8.4 Cc bin php an ton v phng trnh

9. TI LIU THAM KHO

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