BUMI DALAM TATASURYA

Matahari dan planet-planetnya

Anatomi bumi
Dinamika bumi

Orbital change

Axial tilt change

Wobble

Distributian of day and night; and climate along year

Energy budget

Heat Flow

40

60

85
120
mW m-2

180

240

350

The hottest and

the coldest places

Winds circulation

Winds circulation

Siklon dan antisiklon

rendahan dan tinggian

TINGGIAN

RENDAHAN (dekat permukaan)

Isobar dan arah angin

Pembentukan siklon dan

antisiklon

Spiral awan

How does water move among

reservoirs?

Ocean Currents
Redistribute heat across planet

Sirkulasi air di samudera

Weather and Climate

What is weather?
What is climate?
How do they differ?
Weather is the short-term state of the atmosphere
at a particular place at any given time
Climate is a long-term composite of weather
conditions at a particular place
Short term versus long term---that is how they
differ

Iklim dunia

5. Landforms and Surface Processes

H.C. Berann (1915-1999)
Yosemite National Park, 1987

Glaciers
Mass Wasting
Streams
Shorelines
Deserts
Groundwater
http://www.berann.com

What drives plate motions

Forces that drive plate
motion
Slab-pull
Cold, dense slabs of
subducted oceanic
lithosphere pull the plate
towards the subduction zone
Ridge-push
The higher elevation of
spreading centers result in
oceanic lithosphere wanting
to move downhill, away
from the ridge
Far less important than
slab-pull
Mantle drag and plate
resistance
Can act to increase or
decrease plate motion

Mantle convection provides

the primary drive for
plate tectonics

What drives plate motions

Models of plate-mantle
convection
Any model must be consistent
with observed physical and
chemical properties of the
mantle
Horizontal movement of
plates causes mantle
upwelling
Models
Layering at 660 km
Explains why basalts
erupted at mid-ocean
ridges are different (more
evolved, relatively shallow
source) compared to those
erupted at hot-spots (more
primitive, deeper source).
We know that subducting
slabs descend beneath 660
km

What drives plate motions

Whole-mantle convection
Would mix the entire
mantle in the space of a
few hundred million
years, removing
heterogeneities

What drives plate motions

Deep-layer model
Lava lamp model
Two layers swell and
shrink in a complex
fashion in response to
heat from the Earths
interior

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