Centroids and Moment of Inertia Calculation

Mechanics of Materials
CIVL 3322 / MECH 3322

Centroids
and
Moment of Inertia
Calculations
Centroids
x=
x A
i
i=1
n
i=1
y=
y A
i =1
n
A
i =1
Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations
z=
z A
i
i=1
n
i=1
Parallel Axis Theorem

If
you know the moment of inertia about a

centroidal axis of a figure, you can
calculate the moment of inertia about any
parallel axis to the centroidal axis using a
simple formula
I z = I z + Ay 2
3
P07_045
P07_045
An Example
Lets
start with an example problem and

see how this develops
x=
1 in
x A
i =1
n
1 in
1in
3 in
6
A
i =1
1 in
An Example
We
want to locate both the x and y

centroids
x=
1 in
x A
i =1
n
i =1
1 in
1 in
1in
3 in
7
An Example
There
isnt much of a chance of

developing a function that is easy to
integrate in this case
x=
1 in
x A
i =1
n
1 in
1in
8
3 in
A
i =1
1 in
An Example
We
can break this shape up into a series

of shapes that we can find the centroid of
n
x=
1 in
x A
i =1
n
i =1
1 in
1 in
1in
Centroid and Moment of Inertia3Calculations
in
An Example
There
are multiple ways to do this as long

as you are consistent
n
x=
1 in
x A
i =1
n
1 in
1in
3 in
10
A
i =1
1 in
An Example
First,
we can develop a rectangle on the

left side of the diagram, we will label that
n
as area 1, A1
x=
x A
1 in
i =1
n
A
i =1
1 in
A1
1 in
1in
11
3 in
An Example
A
second rectangle will be placed in the

bottom of the figure, we will label it A2
n
x=
1 in
1 in
A1
1in
3 in
1 in
A
i =1
A2
12
x A
i =1
n
An Example
A
right triangle will complete the upper

right side of the figure, label it A3
n
x=
1 in
1 in
A1
i =1
n
i =1
A3
A2
x A
1 in
1in
3 in
13
An Example
Finally,
we will develop a negative area to

remove the quarter circle in the lower left
hand corner, label it A4
n
x=
1 in
1 in
A1
A4
1in
14
3 Calculations
in
Centroid and Moment of Inertia
i =1
n
1 in
A
i =1
A3
A2
x A
i
An Example
We
will begin to build a table so that

keeping up with things will be easier
The first column will be the areas
1 in
ID
A1
Area
(in2)
2
A2
A3
1.5
A4
-0.7854
1 in
A1
x=
A3
x A
i =1
A2
A4
i =1
n
1 in
1in
3 in
15
An Example
Now
we will calculate the distance to the

local centroids from the y-axis (we are
calculating an x-centroid)
n
ID
Area
2
xi
A1
(in )
2
(in)
0.5
A2
2.5
1.5
A3
A4
1 in
1 in
-0.7854 0.42441
A1
x=
A3
A4
A2
3 in
i =1
n
A
i =1
1in
16
x A
i
1 in
An Example
To
calculate the top term in the expression

we need to multiply the entries in the last
two columns by one another
n
ID
Area
xi
xi*Area
A1
(in )
2
(in)
0.5
(in )
1
A2
2.5
7.5
A3
1.5
A4
x=
1 in
1 in
A1
i =1
n
i =1
A3
-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333
x A
A2
A4
1 in
1in
17
3 in
An Example
If
we sum the second column, we have the

bottom term in the division, the total area
n
ID
Area
xi
xi*Area
A1
(in2)
2
(in)
0.5
(in3)
1
A2
2.5
7.5
A3
1.5
A4
-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333

5.714602
x=
1 in
1 in
A1
A2
1in
18
i =1
n
3 in
A
i =1
A3
A4
x A
i
1 in
An Example
And
if we sum the fourth column, we have

the top term, the area moment
ID
Area
xi
xi*Area
A1
(in )
2
(in)
0.5
(in3)
1
A2
2.5
7.5
A3
1.5
A4
x=
1 in
-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333

5.714602
11.16667 1 in
A1
x A
i =1
n
i =1
A3
A2
A4
1 in
1in
19
3 in
An Example
Dividing
the sum of the area moments by

the total area we calculate the x-centroid
n
ID
Area
xi
xi*Area
A1
(in2)
2
(in)
0.5
(in3)
1
A2
2.5
7.5
A3
1.5
A4
-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333

5.714602
11.16667
x bar
1.9541
x=
1 in
1 in
A1
A2
1in
20
i =1
n
3 in
A
i =1
A3
A4
x A
i
1 in
An Example
You
can always remember which to divide

by if you look at the final units, remember
that a centroid is a distance
n
ID
Area
xi
xi*Area
A1
(in2)
2
(in)
0.5
(in3)
1
A2
2.5
7.5
A3
1.5
A4
-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333

5.714602
11.16667
x bar
1.9541
x=
1 in
1 in
A1
x A
i =1
n
i =1
A3
A2
A4
1 in
1in
21
3 in
An Example
We
can do the same process with the y

centroid
n
ID
Area
xi
xi*Area
A1
(in2)
2
(in)
0.5
(in3)
1
A2
2.5
7.5
A3
1.5
A4
-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333

5.714602
11.16667
x bar
1.9541
y=
1 in
1 in
A1
A2
1in
22
i =1
n
3 in
A
i =1
A3
A4
y A
i
1 in
An Example
Notice
that the bottom term doesnt

change, the area of the figure hasnt
changed
n
ID
Area
xi
xi*Area
A1
(in2)
2
(in)
0.5
(in3)
1
A2
2.5
7.5
A3
1.5
A4
-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333

5.714602
11.16667
x bar
1.9541
y=
1 in
1 in
A1
y A
i =1
n
i =1
A3
A2
A4
1 in
1in
23
3 in
An Example
We
only need to add a column of yis
ID
Area
xi
xi*Area
yi
A1
(in2)
2
(in)
0.5
(in3)
1
(in)
1
A2
2.5
7.5
0.5
A3
1.5
1.333333
A4
-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 0.42441

5.714602
11.16667
x bar
1.9541
1 in
y=
y A
i =1
n
i =1
1 in
A1
A4
A3
A2
1in
24
3 in
1 in
An Example
Calculate
the area moments about the x-
axis
ID
Area
xi
xi*Area
yi
yi*Area
A1
(in2)
2
(in)
0.5
(in3)
1
(in)
1
(in3)
2
A2
2.5
7.5
0.5
1.5
1.5
1.333333
A3
A4
y=
-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 0.42441 -0.33333

5.714602
11.16667
x bar
1.9541
i =1
n
i =1
1 in
A1
1 in
y A
A3
A2
A4
1 in
1in
25
3 in
An Example
Sum
ID
the area moments
Area
2
xi
xi*Area
3
yi
yi*Area
(in)
1
(in3)
2
(in )
2
(in)
0.5
(in )
1
A2
2.5
7.5
0.5
1.5
A3
1.5
1.333333
A1
A4
-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 0.42441 -0.33333

5.714602
11.16667
5.166667
x bar
1.9541
y=
y A
i =1
n
A
i =1
1 in
1 in
A1
A4
A3
A2
1in
26
3 in
1 in
An Example
And
make the division of the area

moments by the total area
ID
Area
2
xi
xi*Area
yi
yi*Area
A1
(in )
2
(in)
0.5
(in )
1
(in)
1
(in3)
2
A2
2.5
7.5
0.5
1.5
1.5
1.333333
A3
A4
y=
-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 0.42441 -0.33333

5.714602
11.16667
5.166667
x bar
y bar
1.9541
0.904117
1 in
A1
1 in
A4
y A
i =1
n
A
i =1
A2
3 in

If
you know the moment of inertia about a

centroidal axis of a figure, you can
calculate the moment of inertia about any
parallel axis to the centroidal axis using a
simple formula
I y = I y + Ax
I x = I x + Ay
28
A3
1in
27
1 in

Since
we usually use the bar over the

centroidal axis, the moment of inertia
about a centroidal axis also uses the bar
over the axis designation
I y = I y + Ax 2
I x = I x + Ay
29

If
you look carefully at the expression, you

should notice that the moment of inertia
about a centroidal axis will always be the
minimum moment of inertia about any axis
that is parallel to the centroidal axis.
I y = I y + Ax
I x = I x + Ay
30
Another Example
We
can use the parallel axis theorem to

find the moment of inertia of a composite
figure
31
Another Example
y
6"
3"
6"
x
6"
32
Another Example
We
can divide up the area into smaller

areas with shapes from the table
6"
6"
3"
II
III
6"
33
Another Example
Since the parallel axis theorem will require the area for
each section, that is a reasonable place to start
ID
I
II
III
Area
(in2)
36
9
27
6"
6"
3"
II
III
6"
34
Another Example
We can locate the centroid of each area with respect
the y axis.
ID
Area
xbari
(in2)
(in)
36
II
III
27
6"
6"
3"
II
III
6"
35
Another Example
From the table in the back of the book we find that the
moment of inertia of a rectangle about its y-centroid
axis is
3
y
6"
3"
y
1
I = bh
12
ID
36
Area
xbari
(in2)
(in)
36
II
III
27
6"
6
I
II
III
6"
Another Example
In this example, for Area I, b=6 and h=6
1
3
( 6in )( 6in )
12
I y = 108in 4
Iy =
ID
37
Area
xbari
(in2)
(in)
36
II
III
27
6"
6"
3"
II
III
6"
6
Another Example
For the first triangle, the moment of inertia calculation
isnt as obvious
y
6"
6"
3"
II
III
6"
38
Another Example
The way it is presented in the text, we can only find
the Ix about the centroid
6"
x 6"
3"
II
III
b
39
6"
Another Example
The change may not seem obvious but it is
just in how we orient our axis. Remember an
axis is our decision.
h
6"
6"
3"
II
b
III
6"
h
40
Another Example
So the moment of inertia of the II triangle can
be calculated using the formula with the
correct orientation.
1 3
bh
36
1
3
I y = ( 6in )( 3in )
36
I y = 4.5in 4
Iy =
41
6"
6"
3"
II
III
6"
Another Example
The same is true for the III triangle
1 3
bh
36
1
3
I y = ( 6in )( 9in )
36
I y = 121.5in 4
Iy =
42
6"
6"
3"
II
III
6"
Another Example
Now we can enter the Iybar for each sub-area into the
table
SubArea
Area
xbari
Iybar
(in2)
(in)
(in4)
36
108
II
4.5
III
27
121.5
43
6"
6"
3"
II
III
6"
Another Example
We can then sum the Iy and the A(dx)2 to get
the moment of inertia for eachy sub-area
6"
3"
6"
I
II
III
SubArea
44
Area
xbari
Iybar
A(dx)2
Iybar +
A(dx)2
(in2)
(in)
(in4)
(in4)
(in4)
36
108
324
432
II
4.5
441
445.5
III
27
121.5
972
1093.5
6"
(in2)
36
9
27
I
II
III
(in4)
108
4.5
121.5
(in)
3
7
6
(in4)
324
441
972
(in4)
432
445.5
1093.5
1971
Another Example
And if we sum that last column, we have the
Iy for the composite figure
y
6"
6"
3"
II
III
SubArea
Area
xbari
Iybar
A(dx)2
Iybar +
A(dx)2
(in2)
(in)
(in4)
(in4)
(in4)
36
108
324
432
II
4.5
441
445.5
III
27
121.5
972
1093.5
6"
1971
45
Another Example
We perform the same type analysis for the Ix
ID
I
II
III
46
Area
(in2)
36
9
27
6"
6"
3"
II
III
6"
Another Example
Locating the y-centroids from the x-axis
Sub-Area
Area
(in2)
36
9
27
I
II
III
47
ybari
(in)
3
2
-2
6"
6"
3"
II
III
6"
Another Example
Determining the Ix for each sub-area
Sub-Area
48
Area
ybari
Ixbar
(in2)
(in)
(in4)
36
108
II
18
III
27
-2
54
6"
6"
3"
II
III
6"
Another Example
Making the A(dy)2 multiplications
SubArea
6"
6"
3"
II
Area
ybari
Ixbar
(in2)
(in)
(in4)
(in4)
36
108
324
II
18
36
III
27
-2
54
108
49
III
)2
A(dy
6"
Another Example
Summing and calculating Ix
SubArea
Area
)2
A(dy
Ixbar +
A(dy)2
ybari
Ixbar
(in2)
(in)
(in4)
(in4)
(in4)
36
108
324
432
II
18
36
54
III
27
-2
54
108
162
648
50
6"
6"
3"
II
III
6"
Homework Problem 1
Calculate the centroid of the composite shape in reference to the bottom of the
shape and calculate the moment of inertia about the centroid z-axis.
51
Homework Problem 2
52
Homework Problem 3
53

Centroids and Moment of Inertia Calculation

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Centroids and Moment of Inertia Calculation

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Mechanics of Materials

CIVL 3322 / MECH 3322

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Parallel Axis Theorem

you know the moment of inertia about a

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

start with an example problem and

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

want to locate both the x and y

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

isnt much of a chance of

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

can break this shape up into a series

are multiple ways to do this as long

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

we can develop a rectangle on the

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

second rectangle will be placed in the

right triangle will complete the upper

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

we will develop a negative area to

will begin to build a table so that

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

we will calculate the distance to the

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

calculate the top term in the expression

-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

we sum the second column, we have the

-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

if we sum the fourth column, we have

-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

the sum of the area moments by

-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

can always remember which to divide

-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

can do the same process with the y

-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

that the bottom term doesnt

-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

only need to add a column of yis

-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 0.42441

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

the area moments about the x-

-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 0.42441 -0.33333

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

the area moments

-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 0.42441 -0.33333

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

make the division of the area

-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 0.42441 -0.33333

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Parallel Axis Theorem

you know the moment of inertia about a

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Parallel Axis Theorem