.

, ,

.
,

""

"" "" ?

-.

?
.

( , , ).

?
,
.

- ?
( )
"", .

?
-

( . ,
, S e).

( C-C, C-O, C-H).

- .

UV ( O-O H2O2 OH
) ( O-H X - H
OH) ... OH
.

 ?

-

""
.

""
; (Halliwell and Gutteridge,
2006).

- ?
-

,
"" ( ,
); (Lane, 2002).

(
UV-C ) - (Fe+2) .

M1

N2 CO2 ( 3)
UV .

<0.1%, H2O2
( O2 ).

Fe2+ ,
.

PSII je o H2O2
,
35% ( CO2 ).

( ).

( OH).

Fe2+ + H2O2 Fe3+ + OH + OH

-

Fe2+ H2O2 .

Fe2+ .

,
- H2O2.

2H2O2 2H2O + O2

ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species)

-

O2 ( )

( O2) (Gilbert, 1981;
Halliwell and Gutteridge, 2006).

... O2
( )
.

( -
).

, (
* ).

. .
( : +1/2 -1/2).

O2 -
( ),
( ).

2 - ( )

1O
2

(O2).

(Foote et
al., 1985).

(,
, ...).
1g+
1g

.
1g
.

(. )
-
.

( )


2 ( )
-

(O2).

.
*
( - ).

" ", ,
O2 ( ).

, 22
( - )
H22.

2
-
2 ( H2).


?
-

"" . ,
.

, ( OH) .

" " ,
: , .

?
-

, ...

:

2

( ), OH ( ), H2 (
. ), 1O2 ( 1g+), NO
( - ), R2 ( ), R (
), NO2 ( ), NO3 ( ) ....

:
H2O2 ( ), 1O2 ( 1g), ROOH ( ),
ONOO (), O3 (), O2NOO () ...

Ka
?

.

( ).

C-H Carbon
Centered ( O2 R2).

: , , .

,
,
, , , .

: , ,
: , (, , ),
, ...


2 ?
1: 2 ROS
- 2 (.
). (
2 2
OH ).

2: "ROS"
- "SOD" ( )
( 2 ) :

2 2 + 2 H+ H2O2 + O2
- H2O2 , (
. - Se)
.

H2O2 + 2GSH GSSG + 2H2O

- "" "ROS".
"ROS" .
M6

- : ( "C") ( "")
. "Asc" "Toc"
.
- "C" ( H2O2)
( ?)

 "ROS" ?

"ROS" ,
?

"ROS"
.

"ROS"?

"ROS"
.

M5

M2

M3

"ROS"
( ).
"ROS" (
"" - )

.

"ROS"
"" .

(. H ,
)
.


?

-

"ROS"
().

"ROS"
: Cu, Fe, Zn, Mg.

"ROS".

?
-

(C2+, Fe2+)
.

M4 -

(
).

-
" "
( "ROS").

, .


(H-)
-

.
- .
:
().

OH
H

"" OH

"" H.

 ...

"ROS" .
.

"ROS"
.

"ROS"
(, ,
...).

"ROS" ,
...

?
"ROS"
(
).

?
,
... ...


Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)

Vitamin A

Men: 1000 mcg

Women: 800 mcg

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)

Vitamin D

5 - 10 mcg

Vitamin E

Men: 10 mg
Women: 8 mg

Vitamin K

Men: 70-80 mcg

Women: 60-65 mcg

Vitamin C

Men: 90 mg
Women: 75 mg

Choline

Men: 550 mg
Women: 425 mg

Thiamin (B1)

Men: 1.2 - 1.5 mg

Women: 1-1.1 mg

Riboflavin (B2)

Men: 1.3 mg
Women: 1.1 mg

Niacin (B3)

Men: 16 mg
Women: 14 mg

Pantothenic Acid

5 mg

Vitamin B6

1.3 - 1.7 mg

Folic Acid/Folate

400 mcg

Vitamin B12

2.4 mcg

Biotin
Calcium

Safe and Adequate Intake/Range (or Estimate)

(30 mcg)
1000 - 1200 mg

Chloride

(750 mg)

Magnesium

Men: 400-420 mg
Women:310-320 mg

Phosphorus

700 mg

Potassium

(2000 mg)

Sodium

(200 - 500 mg)

Sulfur

(100 mg)

Boron

(2 - 5 mg)

Chromium

50 - 200 mcg

Cobalt

(a few mcg)

Copper
Fluoride

1.5 - 3.0 mg
Men: 4.0 mg
Women: 3.0 mg

Iodine

150 mcg

Iron

10 - 15 mg

Manganese

2.5 - 5.0 mg

Molybdenum

75 - 250 mcg

Selenium

Men: 70 mcg
Women: 55 mcg

Zinc

Men: 15 mg
Women: 12 mg

http://www.vitamin-insight.com/basics/daily-intake-chart.aspx

Vitamin or Mineral