Basic Well Log Interpretation

Formation Evaluation
SESSION 1

M. Wahdanadi Haidar
KSO Pertamina EP Patina Group Ltd

Mochamad Wahdanadi Haidar

(email, YM, FB: adiui70@gmail.com)
Date/Place of Birth: Surabaya 22 November 84
Home Address: Pasar Minggu, Jakarta Selatan

Few Years Study:

SMUN 70 angkatan 1999-2002

Bachelor degree majoring in Physics University of Indonesia 2002-2006 (Instrumentas

Elektronika02)
Master degree majoring in Reservoir Geophysics University of Indonesia 2007-2009
Recent Activity:
2006-2007 Asisten Tetap UPP-IPD
2008-2009 Support Engineer (Geotech System) and Junior GeoPhysicist @
ETRL
2009-Now Geophysicist in KSO Pertamina EP Patina Group Ltd

Well Logs

What?
Why?
When?
Where?
How?

Well Hole Condition

Open hole
logging

Cased hole
logging

Perforation &
Production
logging

Tool string is moving at a certain

logging speed, and data are
recorded at certain intervals
called sampling rate.

7000
7001
7002
7003
7004
7005
7006
7007
7008
7009
7010
7011
7012
7013
7014
7015
7016

Purposes of Well Logs

Lithology (reservoir rock?)
Resistivity (HC,water,both?)
Porosity (how much HC?)
What type of HC
Formation mech. properties
Permeability / cap pressure
Shape of the structure
Geological information
Geothermal
Unconventional applications

Ways of well logging

Well log measurement Reference

Well Logs Data

Usually Well logs digital data provided in
LAS format. Divide into 2 main information:
1.Well Header contains some drilling
parameters and well information (Hardcopy).
2.LAS Value

Borehole Environment

Borehole Environment
Pada waktu mengebor:
- drillstring berputar pada 50 -- 150rpm
- mata bor menahan beban sebesar
10 000 sampai 40 000 lb.
- cuttings yang dihasilkan diangkat oleh lumpur
pemboran (drilling mud) kepermukaan.
Selama proses pengeboran:
- bisa terjadi erosi pada formasi sehingga
menimbulkan goa yang diameternya lebih
besar dari diameter mata bor.
- cairan lumpur pemboran masuk meng-invasi
zona-zona yang permeable.
- kerak lumpur (mud cakes) menumpuk dimuka
zona-zona yang permeable.

Type of Basic Well Logs

Spontaneous Potential Permeable and porous lithology

Lithology
Gamma Ray
Predict reservoir characteristic
Resistivity
Neutron
Predict and calculate Porosity and fluid content
Density
Sonic

Spontaneous Potential
SP results from electric currents flowing
in the drilling mud.
3 sources of the currents:
Membrane potential - largest. - electrochemical
Liquid - junction potential - electrochemical
Streaming potential smallest - electrokinetic

Membrane and Liquid Potential

These two effects are the main components of the
SP. They are caused because the mud flitrate and the
formation waters contain NaCl in different
proportions. Firstly, shales are permeable to the
Sodium ions but not the Chlorine. Hence there is a
movement of charged particles through the shale
creating a current and thus a potential. The ions Na+
and Cl- have different mobilities at the junction of
the invaded and virgin zones. The movement of the
ions across this boundary creates another current
and hence a potential.

Streaming Potential
This is generated by flow of the mud filtrate through
the mud cake. As this does not normally occur this
effect is small. It will only become important if there
are high differential pressures across the formations.

Spontaneous Potential
Measure different potential (mV)
between moving electrode in well
bore with surface electrode as
result of mud filtrate invasion
SP logs can be used for:
Identify porous and permeable
zone by its deflection.
Predict bed boundary and
shaliness of reservoir zone.
Predict Rw (water resistivity) in
permeable zone.
SSP = k log (Rmf/Rw)
k = (61+0.133*T) T in F degree

Spontaneous Potential
What we can analysis from this sp logs?
1. Deflection means there is a
permeable zone.
2. Resistivity of fluid contain can be
predicted from direction of
deflection and sp value.
3. Resisitivity mud filtrate must be
known to prevent pitfalls in fluid
contain resistivity in formation.

Spontaneous Potential

Spontaneous Potential
What is the Analysis if we used oil base mud filtrate
with resistivity 50 ohm.m?
What is the Analysis if we used salt water base mud
filtrate with resistivity 2 ohm.m?
Assumes:
oil zone resistivity 30 ohm.m
Water formation resistivity 1 ohm.m

Can you identify wheter prospect or water zone?

Gamma Ray
Theory of Gamma Ray Log tools is recording
radioactive material in rocks (Uranium (U), Thorium
(Th), and Potassium (K). Radioactive material are
usually deposited in shale (no permeability).
SGT (Standar Gamma Ray Tools) measure total of
radioactivity from 3 elements in GAPI unit. While NGT
(Spectroscopy Gamma Ray Tools) measure total of
each radioactivity from 3 elements.

Gamma Ray
Applications of Gamma Ray log are:
Lithology identification.
Study of depositional
environments.
Investigation of shale types.
Correction of the GR for clay
content evaluation.
Identification of organic material
and source rocks.
Fracture identification.
Geochemical logging.
Study of a rock's diagenetic history.

Gamma Ray
Can you analyze lithology and reservoir potential???

Resistivity
There are 2 principal theory in measuring resistivity:
1. Laterolog = sends ac current to formation.
2. Induction = induction electric current to formation. This
induction tool usually known as conductivity tools
because its measuring conductivity and converted into
resistivity.

Resistivity Measurements

Resistivity

???

???

???

Sonic
In This Session we only limited to
sonic logging tools for measuring
slowness of compressional wave
(primary wave). Sonic Tools
measuring slowness in uS/ft. a
source gives a signal to formation
and will be received by near and far
receiver. Two receiver will be
calculated time between first break
on near receiver and far receiver.
This measured time will be change to
slowness by dividing with distance
between near and far receiver.
Velocity is reciprocal of slowness
(1/slowness)

Density
The Litho Density Tools (LDT) use a chemical gamma ray source and
two or three gamma ray detectors.
There are 3 interactions that can be happened if gamma ray with high
energy shot to a material; Photoelectric, Compton Scattering, Twin
Production.

If initial Energy (E) <100 keV

If 75 keV<E<2 MeV

If E>1.2 MeV

LDT is designed for high sensitivity in 2 interaction by choosing

radioactive material as required like Cesium 137 which maximum
gamma ray energy at 662 keV.

Density
Gamma Ray can be a
electromagnetic wave and
foton particle, known as
dualism particle. When GR
shot to rock there will be
compton scaterring, foton will
be losing its energy and will
be scattered to different
direction. Energy is loosed by
foton will be absorbed by
electron. Electron will
become free from its previous
state. This process will cycle
untill foton energy become
weak and will be totally
absorbed. LDT measures
electron density that
scaterred as result of gamma
ray shot.

Neutron
Compensated Neutron Tools
(CNT) can be used for
predicting porosity of
reservoir.
CNT spreads neutron to
formation, fast neutron will be
slower when hit hydrogen
atom (elastic collision). This
happens because size of
neutron and hydrogen are
looks like similar. Detector in
CNT will measure population
of neutron in thermal region.

Gas and water from density

neutron cross over

Oil and water from density neutron

cross over

Density Neutron CrossPlot

Coal Interpretation from well Logs

Cross Plot Interpretation

Example of logs responses

Can you find the beauty reservoir?

Well Logs Correlation to find potential

reservoir related to structure condition
A

Well log correlation

A