Prepared by: RTFVerterra

Plane and Solid Geometry Formulas

ASIAN
DEVELOPMENT
FOUNDATION
COLLEGE
Tacloban City

The content of this material is one

of the intellectual properties of
Engr. Romel Tarcelo F. Verterra of
Asian Development Foundation
College.
Reproduction of this
copyrighted material without
consent of the author is punishable
by law.

(s a)(s b)(s c)(s d) abcdcos2

A=

a+b+c+d
2
A + C
B + D
=
or =
2
2

s=

A = ab sin B + cd sin D

Parallelogram

D
a
Given diagonals d1 and d2 and included
angle :
A = d1 d2 sin

A = ab sin A
C

Rhombus

d1
A

d2

90
B

Given base b and altitude h

A = bh

Given three sides a, b, and c: (Heros

Formula)

Given three angles A, B, and C and one

side a:
a 2 sin B sin C
A=
2 sin A

Trapezoid

a+b
h
A=
2

Cyclic Quadrilateral

d1
d2

Area =

d
A

Perimeter, P = 4a
a

Diagonal, d = a 2
General quadrilateral
b

Arc C = r radians =

r
180

Area = r2 radians =

r 2
360

Given diagonals d1 and d2 and included

angle :

A = d1 d2 sin

6
1

Polygons are classified according to the number

of sides. The following are some names of
polygons.
3 sides
4 sides
5 sides
6 sides
7 sides
8 sides
9 sides

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

triangle
quadrangle or quadrilateral
pentagon
hexagon
heptagon or septagon
octagon
nonagon

r = angle in radians

b
AT
AT
AT
ra =
; rc =
; rb =
s b
sa
sc
Circle circumscribed about a quadrilateral

A circle is
circumscribed
about a
quadrilateral if it
passes through
the vertices of
the quadrilateral.

r c

a
d

(ab + cd)(ac + bd)(ad + bc )

4 A quad
( s a)(s b)(s c )(s d)

Circle incribed in a quadrilateral

b
A circle is
inscribed in a
quadrilateral
r
if it is tangent
to the three
a
sides of the
quadrilateral.

2
bh
3

A quad
s

d
;

s = (a + b + c + d)

abcd

SOLID GEOMETRY

= 360 -
r r

POLYHEDRONS

A polyhedron is a closed solid whose faces are

polygons.

Ellipse

Area = a b
Perimeter, P
P = 2

c
a

Parabolic segment

Area =

A circle is escribed about a triangle if it is

tangent to one side and to the prolongation of
the other two sides. A triangle has three
escribed circles.

Aquad =

Area = Asector + Atriangle

Area = r2 r + r2 sin
Area = r2 (r + sin )

Circles escribed about a triangle

(Excircles)

r=

Area = Asector Atriangle

Area = r2 r r2 sin
Area = r2 (r sin )

r
r

Segment of a circle

2
D

There are two basic types of polygons, a convex

and a concave polygon. A convex polygon is
one in which no side, when extended, will pass
inside the polygon, otherwise it called concave
polygon. The following figure is a convex
polygon.
4
4
3

d1

d2

Note: 1 radian is the angle such that C = r.

s = (a + b + c + d)

POLYGONS

AT
s
s = (a + b + c)

r=

Aquad =

Area = C r

Area, A = a2

Circle inscribed in a triangle (Incircle)

A circle is inscribed in a triangle if it is tangent to
the three sides of the triangle.
B
Incenter of
the triangle

r=

Sector of a circle

Diagonal, d = a 2 + b 2

Perimeter, P = n x
n2
180
Interior angle =
n
Exterior angle = 360 / n

Circumference = 2 r = D
2
Area, A = r2 =
D
4

( s a)( s b)( s c )( s d)

For any cyclic quadrilateral, the product of the

diagonals equals the sum of the products of the
opposite sides
d1 d2 = ac + bd

Square

abc
4A T

ra

Circle

Ptolemys theorem

Perimeter, P = 2(a + b)

c
b

ra

Area, A = R2 sin n = x r n

a+b+c+d
s=
2

r=

ra

= 360 / n

A + C = 180
B + D = 180

Rectangle

Circumcenter
of the triangle

Inscribed
circle

x = side
= angle subtended by the side from the
center
R = radius of circumscribing circle
r = radius of inscribed circle, also called the
apothem
n = number of sides

A cyclic
quadrilateral is a
quadrilateral
whose vertices
lie on the
circumference of
a circle.

A = a2 sin A

The area under this condition can also be

solved by finding one side using sine law and
apply the formula for two sides and included
angle.

A circle is circumscribed about a triangle if it

passes through the vertices of the triangle.

Apothem

Given side a and one angle A:

a+b+c
2

The area under this condition can also be

solved by finding one angle using cosine law
and apply the formula for two sides and
included angle.

R
R

A = d1 d2

s( s a)(s b)(s c )

Area, A = ab

Polygons whose sides are equal are called

equilateral polygons. Polygons with equal
interior angles are called equiangular polygons.
Polygons that are both equilateral and
equiangular are called regular polygons. The
area of a regular polygon can be found by
considering one segment, which has the form of
an isosceles triangle.
Circumscribing
x
circle
x

Regular polygons

Given diagonals d1 and d2:

Given two sides a and b and included

angle :
A = ab sin

s=

Given two sides a and b and one angle A:

A=

d2

Circle circumscribed about a triangle

(Cicumcircle)

Number of diagonals, D
The diagonal of a polygon is the line
segment joining two non-adjacent sides.
The number of diagonals is given by:
n
D = (n 3)
2

C
d1

PLANE AREAS

RADIUS OF CIRCLES

AT = area of the triangle

PLANE GEOMETRY

decagon
undecagon
dodecagon
quindecagon
hexadecagon

Sum of exterior angles

The sum of exterior angles is equal to
360.
= 360

Divide the area into two triangles

=
=
=
=
=

Sum of interior angles

The sum of interior angles of a polygon
of n sides is:
Sum, = (n 2) 180

Given four sides a, b, c, d, and two

opposite angles B and D:

Part of:
Plane and Solid Geometry by
RTFVerterra October 2003

Triangle

10 sides
11 sides
12 sides
15 sides
16 sides

Given four sides a, b, c, d, and sum of

two opposite angles:

a2 + b2
2

PRISM

b
b

A prism is a polyhedron whose bases are equal

polygons in parallel planes and whose sides are
parallelograms.
Prisms are classified according to their bases.
Thus, a hexagonal prism is one whose base is a

Prepared by: RTFVerterra

Plane and Solid Geometry Formulas

hexagon, and a regular hexagonal prism has a
base of a regular hexagon. The axis of a prism
is the line joining the centroids of the bases. A
right prism is one whose axis is perpendicular
to the base. The height h of a prism is the
distance between the bases.

Like prisms, cylinders are classified according to

their bases.
Fixed straight line

ELLIPSOID

Azone = 2rh

Directrix

h
(3r h)
3

Volume =

b
a

Spherical segment
of two bases

r
As = 2rh

Ab
Volume = Ab h

c
b

a2 + b2 + c 2

Cube (Regular hexahedron)

Volume = Ab h = a3
Lateral area, AL = 4a2
Total surface area
AS = 6a2
Face diagonal
a
d1 = a 2
Space diagonal

d2 = a 3

Similar to pyramids, cones are classified

according to their bases.
Vertex
Ab = base area
h = altitude

d1

Directrix

Ab

Truncated prism

1
Ab h
3

Volume =

AR = area of the right section

n = number of sides

AR

Volume = AR

Similar to prisms, pyramids are classified

according to their bases.
Vertex
Ab = area of the base
h = altitude,
perpendicular
distance from
the vertex to
the base

R = lower base radius

r = upper base radius;

A cylinder is the surface generated by a straight

line intersecting and moving along a closed
plane curve, the directrix, while remaining
parallel to a fixed straight line that is not on or
parallel to the plane of the directrix.

C
c

C
r

r 3E
Volume =
540

Axis of
rotation

h2 + (R r ) 2

cg

First proposition of Pappus

The surface area generated by a surface of

revolution equals the product of the length of the
generating arc and the distance traveled by its
centroid.
As = L 2 R
Second proposition of Pappus

Spherical segment of one base

h
r

h
r

L
L
[A 1 + 4A m + A 2 ]
6

The prismoidal rule gives precise values of

volume for regular solid such as pyramids,
cones, frustums of pyramids or cones, spheres,
and prismoids.
SIMILAR SOLIDS

x2

x1

x1

4 3
r
3
Surface area, As = 4r2

L/2

L/2

x2

x1

x2

x1

SPHERE

Volume =

A2

Two solids are similar if any two corresponding

sides or planes are proportional. All spheres,
cubes are similar.

SOLID OF REVOLUTION

Am

A1

Volume =

r = radius of sphere
E = spherical excess of the polygon
E = sum of angles (n 2)180

h 2 2
R + r + Rr
3
Lateral area = (R + r) L

3/2
3

4r r 2
r
2
h
+

2 4

2
3h

PRISMOIDAL RULE

B
r

A1

CYLINDERS

h
A 1 + A 2 + A 1A 2

1 2
r h
2

Volume =

Spherical pyramid

h = altitude

r 2E
180
E = sum of angles (n 2)180

A2

Area =

Frustum of right circular cone

Volume =

r 3
270

A2

L = slant height =

b 2 1 + e
ln
1 e
e

PARABOLOID OF REVOLUTION

h
Volume = A 1 + A 2 + A 1A 2

A frustum of a pyramid is the volume included

between the base and a cutting plane parallel to
the base.
A1 = lower base area
A2 = upper base area
h = altitude

r 2
90

Vwedge =

Frustum of pyramid

As = 2a2 +

Alune =

A1

1
Ab h
3

4 2
a b
3

A1 = lower base area

A2 = upper base area
h = altitude

Ab

Volume =

AL =

Frustum of a cone

Wedge

A lune
4r 2
=

360
4 3
r
Vwedge
= 3

360

Volume =

A pyramid is a polyhedron with a polygonal base

and triangular faces that meet at a common
point called the vertex.

Volume =

L = slant height = r + h
1
1 2
Ab h =
r h
3
3
Lateral area, AL = r L

h
n

PYRAMIDS

Volume =

Prolate spheroid is formed by revolving the

ellipse about its minor (Z) axis. Thus from the
figure above, c = a, then,

h2

Oblate spheroid

A spherical polygon is a polygon on the surface

of a sphere whose sides are arcs of great
circles.
n = number of sides; r = radius of sphere
E = spherical excess

h3

h1

a2 b2 / a

Spherical polygons

Right circular cone

r = base radius
h = altitude

h4

Prolate spheroid is formed by revolving the

ellipse about its major (X) axis. Thus from the
figure above, c = b, then,
4
Volume = ab 2
3
arcsin e
As = 2b2 + 2ab
e
e=

Spherical lune and wedge

Lune

Generator

d2

1
2
A zone r = r 2 h
3
3

Volume =

A cone is the surface generated by a straight

line, the generator, passing through a fixed
point, the vertex, and moving along a fixed
curve, the directrix.

a2 + c 2

Space diagonal, d2 =

CONE

Volume = Ab h = abc
Lateral area, AL = 2(ac + bc)
Total surface area, AS = 2(ab + bc + ac)
Face diagonal, d1 =

Lateral area, AL
AL = Base perimeter h
AL = 2 r h

4
abc
3

Prolate spheroid

Volume = Ab h = r2 h

d1

Spherical cone or spherical sector

Right circular cylinder

Rectangular parallelepiped

Volume =

h 2
(3a + 3b 2 + h2 )
Volume =
6

Volume = Ab h

d2

Ab

The volume area generated by a solid of

revolution equals the product of the generating
area and the distance traveled by its centroid.
Volume = A 2 R

x2

For all similar solids:

x
As1
= 1
As 2
x2

and

V1
V2

x
= 1
x2

Where As is the surface, total area, or any

corresponding area. The dimension x may be
the height, base diameter, diagonal, or any
corresponding dimension.