Bi 3

PHNG PHP PHN TCH TH TCH

(7 TIT)

MC TIU
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc chung ca phng php phn tch th tch.
2. Trnh by c cch xc inh im tng ng, im kt thch trong phng
php phn tch th tch.
3. K tn c cc phng php phn tch v yu cu i vi phn ng dng
trong phng php PTTT.
4. Trnh by c ngha v p dng cc cng thc tnh nng cc dung dch
dng trong PTTT.

NI DUNG
1. Nguyn tc chung ca phng php PTTT.
2. im tng ng v im kt thc.
3. Yu cu i vi phn ng dng trong PTTT.
4. Phn loi phng php PTTT.
5. Cc cch chun .
6. Cc dung dch dng trong PTTT.
7. Tnh kt qu trong PTTT.

1. Nguyn tc chung ca phng php PTTT

Phng php PTTT l mt phng php nh lng ha hc da vo th tch
thuc th ( it chnh xc nng ) dng phn ng va vi mt th tch chnh
xc DD cht cn xc nh. T th tch, nng ca DD thuc th v th tch ca DD
cht cn nh lng tnh c nng ca DD cn nh lng.
Gi s xc nh nng ca dung dch X, ngi ta dng thuc th l
dung dch R c nng bit. Phn ng gia X v R xay ra hon ton:
R+X=P+Q
Tin hnh bng cch nh t t tng git dung dch R xung mt th tch
chnh xc dung dch X n khi lng thuc th R nh xung tng ng ha hc
vi lng X th dng li, c th tch dung dch R phn ng trn buret. Da vo
th tch dung dch R, nng ca R v th tch dung dch X ly, tnh c nng
ca X. Qu trnh tin hnh nh vy gi l s chun hay s nh phn bng phng
php th tch. Dung dch thuc th bit nng (dung dch R) gi l dung dch
chun .
So vi phng php PTKL th phng php PTTT c chnh xc khng
cao, nhng vn t c mc yu cu cn thit, mt khc phng php PTTT n
gin v nhanh hn nn c s dng rng ri.

V d:
nh lng Acid oxalic bng DD Natric hydroxyd c th chn ch th
Phenolphtalein v:
H2C2O4 + 2 NaOH = Na2C2O4 + 2 H2O
Trc im tng ng trong DD cn acid, nn Phenolphtalein khng mu.
Sau im tng ng DD d kim, Phenolphtalein c mu hng. Do thi im
tng ng DD t khng mu chuyn sang mu hng (ti thi im ny ta kt thc
s chun ).
2.3. im kt thc
im kt thc l thi im m cht ch th c nhng bin i gip ta kt
thc s chun . Trong trng hp l tng im kt thc chun trng vi im
tng ng, trong thc t im kt thc chun thng sai lch vi im tng
ng.
V d:
Trng hp chun Acid hydroclorid bng DD chun Natri hydroxyd
dng ch th Phenolphtalein, im tng ng ng vi pH = 7, nhng ch th
Phenolphtalein li chuyn mu pH = 9, nn thng kt thc chun sau im
tng ng.
S sai lch gia im tng ng v im kt thc gy ra sai s ca php
nh lng, nn cn chn ch th sao cho sai s nh nht (trong phm vi cho php).

3. Yu cu i vi phn ng dng trong PTTT

Cc phn ng dng trong PTTT phi tha mn cc yu cu sau:
- Phi xy ra hon ton (thng thng cht cn xc nh cong li c nng
<10-6M).
- Phi xy ra nhanh, nu chm vic xc nh im tng ng s km
chnh xc.
- Phn ng phi c tnh chn lc, ngha l ch xy ra gia thuc th vi cht
cn xc nh, khng c phn ng ph.
- Phi xc nh chnh xc c im tng ng.
4. Phn loi phng php PTTT
Da vo bn cht phn ng ha hc xy ra khi chun ngi ta phn loi
phng php PTTT nh sau:
* Phng php acid base: l phng php da vo phn ng trung ha
gia acid v base.
Acid + Base => Mui + nc
* Phng php oxy ha kh: l phng php da vo phn ng oxy ha
kh.
OX1 + KH2 = KH1 + OX2
* Phng php kt ta: l phng php da vo phn ng to ta.
X + R => P () + Q