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    The 32-bit ALU: a circuit that can add, subtract, detect overflow, compare, and do bit-wise operations (AND, OR, NOT) Storage Elements like Registers, Latches, Buses Dr. Sudip Roy Algorithms for Arithmetic Operations like Multiplication, Division, etc.

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    The 32-bit ALU: a circuit that can add, subtract, detect overflow, compare, and do bit-wise operations (AND, OR, NOT) Storage Elements like Registers, Latches, Buses Dr. Sudip Roy Algorithms for Arithmetic Operations like Multiplication, Division, etc.

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    21 views26 pages

    CSN 221: Computer Architecture and Microprocessors: Dr. Sudip Roy

    Uploaded by

    Paru Garg
    The 32-bit ALU: a circuit that can add, subtract, detect overflow, compare, and do bit-wise operations (AND, OR, NOT) Storage Elements like Registers, Latches, Buses Dr. Sudip Roy Algorithms for Arithmetic Operations like Multiplication, Division, etc.

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    of 26

    CSN221:COMPUTERARCHITECTURE

    ANDMICROPROCESSORS
    Computer Arithmetic
    (Lecture - 8)

    Dr.Sudip Roy
    CourseWebsite:http://faculty.iitr.ac.in/~sudiproy.fcs/csn221_2015.html
    PiazzaSite:https://piazza.com/iitr.ac.in/fall2015/csn221

    32bitALU(MultiOperationALU):
    ConsiderAND,OR,NOR,ADD,Subtract,SLToperationsareimplemented

    Dr.SudipRoy

    Functioningof32bitALU:

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    AnNbitALU:

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    Comparator:

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    Comparator:

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    Comparator:

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    Comparator:

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    ShiftOperations:

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    ShiftOperations:

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    4bitBasicShifter:

    S=00Noshift
    S=01Rightshift
    S=10Leftshift
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    Shifter:

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    SummarySoFar:

    TheALU:acircuitthatcan
    add,subtract,detectoverflow,SLT,compare,anddo
    bitwiseoperations(AND,OR,NOT)
    Shifter
    Next:StorageElementslikeRegisters,Latches,Buses
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    SequentialBuildingBlocks:(Flipflops,LatchesandRegisters

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    DataLatch(Dlatch):

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    DFlipFlop:

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    RegisterusingDFlipFlops:

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    BasicRegister:

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    Computer Arithmetic: Algorithms for Arithmetic Operations


    like Multiplication, Division, etc.

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    BinaryMultiplication:
    Multiplicationterms(recallschool):

    Eachdigitinthemultiplierhasdifferentplacevalues
    Thepartialproductisshiftedleftforeachconsecutivedigitinthemultiplier
    UnsignedMultiplication:
    Whentwonumbers,eachwbitslongaremultiplied,theresultcanbe2*wbitslong
    Iftheresultalsoneedstobewbitslong,thenwbitsneedtobediscarded
    ThewMostSignificantBits(MSBs)arediscarded
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    BinaryMultiplication:
    Algorithm:
    Step1:CheckLSBofmultiplier
    DecisionStep2:
    If1,thenaddmultiplicandtoresult
    If0,add0toresult

    Step3:Shiftmultiplicandleftby1bit(Multiplyby2)
    Step4:Shiftmultiplierrightby1bit
    StopCondition:Repeatstepsfornumberofbitsinthemultiplier

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    BinaryMultiplication:

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    BinaryMultiplication:

    Binarymultiplicationof
    unsignedintegersreduces
    toshiftandadd
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    UnsignedMultiplication:
    Straightforwardunsignedmultiplicationwillnotworkifeither(orifboth)the
    multiplicandorthemultiplierarenegative
    Ifthemultiplicandisnegative
    thesignbitsinthepartialproductsdonotalign
    thiscanbesolvedusingsignextension
    Ifthemultiplierisnegative
    the1sdonotcorrespondwiththeshifts
    e.g.multiplyingby1101(3)shouldnothaveshiftsinthefirst,thirdand
    fourthpartialproducts
    Solution:
    Determinesignofproductbasedonsignofmultiplicandandmultiplier
    ANS=X*Y
    ANSis+ve ifXandYhavethesamesignelseANSisve
    Hence:
    Convertmultiplier,multiplicandtopositivenumbers
    tonegateanumber,complementthatnumberandadd1
    Multiplyunsignednumbersasbefore
    Notveryefficient
    Computesign,convertproductaccordingly
    approach
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    SignExtension:
    Convertinga2scomplementnumbertoalargerdatatype(shorttolong)
    For+ve numbers,youcanpadasmany0stotheMSBasyouwantwithout
    changingvalue
    For2scomplement,inordertochangefrom4bitsto8bitsorfrom8bitsto16
    bits,appendadditionalbitsontheleftsideofthenumber.Filleachextrabitwiththe
    valueofthenumber'smostsignificantbit(thesignbit)

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    Multiplication(withsignextension):

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