YS>%;dj

22
fuu mdvu bf.kSfuka Tng

r" ld,h yd f.h inkaO .eg i`oSug

r yd ld,h we;=<;a f;dr;=re m%ia;drhl ksrEmKhg

j mud" ld,h yd YS>%;dj inkaO .eg i`oSug

tfiau Tn uyd ud.j, .uka .kakd wjia:dj, f.iSud ksrEmKh lsug

40 kmph yd 60 kmph wd f,i igyka lr we;s ud. ix{d mqjre oel ;sfnkjd
fkd wkqudkh' ;jo f,d r: jeks nr jdykj, o msgqmi 40 kmph f,i igyka
lr ;snQ wjia:d u;lhg kd .ekSug W;aidy .kak'

yelshdj ,efnkq we;'

22'1 f.h

10 m

,s n,fhka ls%hd lrk fi,a, fudag r:hla A ,laIHhl isg gr 10la ka

msys B ,laIHh fj; .uka lsug .; jk ld,h ;;amr 5la hehs is;uq'
tk" fudag r:h ;;amr 5la ;=< .uka lrk r m%udKh gr 10la f' fudag
r:h wdrNfha isg iEu ;;amrhl u bhg .uka lrk r m%udKh iudk
k th iEu ;;amrhla ;=< u bhg .uka .kakd r m%udKh jkafka g
la" tk" g 2la h' tA wkqj fudag r:h A isg bhg .uka .kakd r m%udKh
fjkia f YS>%;dj ;;amrhg gr folla ne.ska f' tu w.h A isg B olajd
fudag r:h p,kh jQ f.h f,i yekah yels h'
p,kh jk h jia;=jla kEu tAll ld,hla ;=< .uka lrk r m%udKh ksh;
w.hla jk wjia:djl tu jia;=j tAldldr f.fhka p,kh f hehs lshkq
,ef' ;j o" tfia tall ld,hl .uka lrk r m%udKhg f.h hehs lshkq
,ef' fuu mdvu ;=< ka bhg i,lkq ,nkafka tAldldr f.fhka p,kh
jk jia;+ka ms<sn| muKla f'
tfia kuq;a uyd ud.j, .uka .kakd jdykhlg ud.j, mj;sk ;onoh yd
fjk;a fya;+ka ksid uq .uk ;=< u tl u f.hla r|jd .ekSug yels fkdf'
tla tla wjia:df jdykhla .uka .kakd f.h oek .ekSug jdykfha i lr
we;s f.udkh k WmlrKh fhdod .kq ,ef'
rEmfha oelafjk f.udkfhka ksrEmKh jk f.h
80 kmph f,i ,shd oelah yels h' th 80 km /h f,i fyda
80 kmh1 f,i o ,shd oelah yels h'

42

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oyd h'

tAldldr f.fhka p,kh jk jia;=jla i|yd" tu jia;=j .uka .kakd r" tA i|yd
.; jk ld,h iy tu .ufka jia;=f f.h hk rdYs ;=k w;r inkaOh my;
wdldrhg ,shd oelah yels h'

f.h = .uka l< r
.; jQ ld,h

tu inkaOh u fufia o ir, wdldrfhka ^Nd. rys; j& oelah yels h'

r = f.h ld,h

ksoiqk 1
tlu f.fhka iq<fa md hk l=re msydgqjla ;;amr 20la ;=< gr 100l rla
md .sfha k l=re msydgqj md .sh f.h .Kkh lrkak'

md .sh r

md .sh f.h =
.; jQ ld,h

ksoiqk 2
;;amrhg gr 5l ksh; f.fhka mshdUd hk l=re,af,l= ks;a;=jla ;=< mshUd
hk r .Kkh lrkak'

mshUd hk r = f.h ld,h
= 5 ms-1 60 s
= 300 m

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oyd h' 43

ksoiqk 3

mehg lsf,dagr 60l tAldldr f.fhka wf.S ud.hl .uka .kakd fudag
r:hlg lsf,dagr 150l rla .uka lsug .; jk ld,h .Kkh lrkak'
r

.; jk ld,h =

f.h


=

=

;;amrhl hk r =
=
fha f.h =

uyd ud.fha .uka .kakd h;=remehl f.udkfha 36 kmh1 f,i fkdfjkia j

i|yka ;sh tu h;=remeh ;;amr 5la ;=< .uka l< r m%udKh fldmuK o@
fuys f.h mehg lsf,dagrj,ska we;' th ;;amrhg gj,g yrjd .ksuq'


f.h 36 kmh1 neka
meh 1l hk r = 36 km
= 36 1000 m
kuq;a meh 1 = ;;amr 60 60
;;amr 60 60l hk r = 36 1000 m

s
r
f.h

neka

h ix{d l=k miq lsug .;jk ld,h = ;;amr 75

= ;;amr 75

ksoiqk 6

mehg lsf,dag 72l taldldr f.fhka .uka .kakd gr 60la . hlg gr

100la . md,ula miq lr hEug .; jk ld,h fidhkak'

60 m

60 m

mehg lsf,dagr 60l tAldldr f.fhka .uka .kakd gr 75la . hlg

ix{d l=`Mkla miq lsug .; jk ld,h fldmuK o@
75 m
75 m

100 m

fuys h g 160l rla hEug .; jk ld,h fih hq;= h' tA i|yd" uq,ska
u f.h ;;amrhg gj,ska fidhd .ksuq'

l=`Mk yuq jk g
l=`Mk miq l< g

ix l=K miq lsf h .uka l< r = 75 m
m<uqj f.h" ;;amrhg gj,ska fidhd .ksuq'

fha f.h 60 kmh1 jk neka

mehl hk r
= 60 km
44 fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oyd h'

ld,h =

ksoiqk 4

;;amr 1l hk r =

h;=remeh ;;amrhl .uka l< r = 10 m
;;amr 5l .uka l< r = 10 5 m
= 50 m
ksoiqk 5

ms1

72 kmh1 =

= 20 ms1
md,u miq lr hEf .uka l< uq r = 100 + 60 m
= 160 m
h ;;amr 1l .uka lrk r = 20 m
tk" gr 20la hEug .; jk ld,h = ;;amr 1
gr 160la hEug .; jk ld,h

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oyd h'

45

6' niar:hla 40 kmh-1 f.fhka ks;a;= 15la .uka lr" bka miq 70 kmh-1 f.fhka
ks;a;= 30la .uka lrhs' nia r:fha uOHl f.h .Kkh lrkak'

uOHl f.h
idudkH uyd ud.j, .uka .kakd jdykj,g tlu f.hla mj;ajd .; fkdyels h'
fujeks wjia:dj, uOHl f.h ms<sn`o ixl,amh jeo.;a f' h jia;=jla .uka
.kakd uq r" tA i|yd .; jk uq ld,fhka fnfuka ,efnk w.hg uOHl
f.h hehs lshkq ,ef'
ksoiqk 7
k.rdka;r .uka.kakd nia r:hlg uq,a lsf,dagr 25 .uka lsu i|yd meh
la o B< lsf,dagr 80l r .uka lsu i|yd meh 1l ld,hla o .; jQfha k
nia r:fha uOHhl f.h .Kkh lrkak'

7' 54 kmh-1 l tAldldr f.fhka Odjkh jk hlg ix{d l=kla miq lsug
.; jQ ld,h ;;amr 10la k fha . .Kkh lrkak'
8' 72 kmh-1 l tAldldr f.fhka .uka .kakd gr 60la . hlg gr 100la
. h fldjla miq lsug .; jk ld,h fidhkak'
9' A k.rfhka 0800hg msg;a jQ hla mehg lsf,dagr 60l tAldldr f.fhka B
k.rh n,d .uka .kakd w;r" tu f,djgu B k.rfhka msg;a jQ hla mehg
lsf,dagr 40l tAldldr f.fhka A k.rh n,d msg;a f' A yd B k.r w;r r
lsf,dagr 100la k" h fol tlsfkl uqK.efik f,dj .Kkh lrkak'
10' k.r follska tl u f,djg msg;a jk h;=remelrefjdaa fofofkla
mehg lsf,dagr 40 yd mehg lsf,dagr 50l tAldldr f.hlska yuqu i|yd
.uka lr;s' fofokd yuq jQfha .uka wdrN lr meh g miqj k" k.r w;r
r .Kkh lrkak'

22'2 r-ld, m%ia;dr

h

22'1 wNHdih
1' tAldldr f.fhka mshdir lrk .=jka hdkhla meh 4 lsf,dagr 1200l rla
.uka lrhs k .=jka hdkfha f.h .Kkh lrkak'

2' tAldldr f.fhka j hk <ufhl= gr 200la u i|yd ;;amr 40la .; lrhs

k <uhdf.a f.h mehg lsf,dagrj,ska fidhkak'
3' tAldldr f.fhka .uka .kakd ,s hlg tla kl lsf,dagr 300l rla
.uka lsu i|yd meh 6la .; h' ;j;a kl tu hg tu r m%udKhu .uka
lsu i|yd .; jQ ld,h meh 8la h' k fol ;=< h .uka lr we;s f.
w;r wka;rh fidhkak'

p,kh jk jia;=jl ld,h wkqj r fjkia u ksrEmKh lsu i|yd m%ia;dr

fhdod.; yels h' tys jia;=j p,kh jk ld,h x - wlaIh Tiafia o p,kh jk
r m%udKh y - wlaIh Tiafia o ksrEmKh lrkq ,ef' tfia wkq ,nk m%ia;dr
r-ld, m%ia;dr f,i yekaf'
tAldldr f.fhka .uka .kakd lD;s%u pkasldjl p,kh kslaIKh lsfuka
,nd .;a f;dr;=re wkqj ilia lrk ,o j.=jla my; oelaf'
wdrNfha isg .; jQ ld,h
^;;amr&
wdrNl ia:dkfha isg .uka
l< r m%udKh ^gr&

10

15

20

100

200

300 400

25

30

35

40

500

600

700

800

tu f;dr;=re weiqfrka wk ,o r-ld, m%ia;drhla my; oelaf'

4' 300 kmh-1 tAldldr f.fhka .uka .kakd wNHjldY hdkhlg lsf,dagr
4500l rla .uka lsug .; jk ld,h fldmuK o@
5' 48 kmh-1 tAldldr f.fhka .uka .kakd fudag r:hla ;;amr 30la ;=< .uka
.kakd r m%udKh grj,ska fidhkak'
46 fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oyd h'

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oyd h'

47

r ^km&
D

12
800
700

600

r ^m&

10

400

A
0
10

300
200

10 15

20 25

30

35

40

ld,h ^;;amr&

lD;s%u pkasldj .uka l< uq r .; jQ ld,fhka fnfuka pkasldj .uka l<
f.h .Kkh l< yels h'

30 40

50 60

70 80

by; m%ia;drh wkqj"
ksu,af.a ksfjfia isg ;=rdf.a ksfjig we;s r = 6 km
ksu,ag tu r .uka lsug .; jQ ld,h = ks;a;= 30


=
ksu,a ;=rdf.a ksfji lrd mdmefhka .uka l< f.h =

pkasldj p,kh jk f.h

fuys AB fLdf wkql%uKh

20

ld,h ^ks;a;=&

100

500

500 300
25 15

kuq;a pkasldj f wjia:df tAldldr f.fhka .uka lrk ksid" kE u tAll

ld,hl .uka lrk r u.ska o pkasldf f.h ,ef'
tA wkqj m%ia;drfha wkql%uKh yd pkasldj p,kh jQ f.fha ixLHd;aul w.h
iudk jk nj Tng kslaIKh lsug yels f' f wkqj" tAldldr f.fhka
p,kh jk jia;=jla i|yd r-ld, m%ia;drh f,i ir, fLdjla ,efnk w;r"
tu ir, fLdf wkql%uKh u.ska f.h ,ef'
r-ld, m%ia;drhl wkql%uKh = p,kh jk jia;=f f.h

=


r fkdfjkiaj we;af;a ksu,a ;=rdf.a ksjfia /` is ld,fha h'


ksu,a ;=rdf.a ksfjfia / ish ld,h = ks;a;= 20
ksu,ag ;=rdf.a ksfjfia isg wdmiq meug .; jQ ld,h = ks;a;= 20
=
ksu,a wdmiq me f.h =

ksoiqk 1
ksu,a ;u md mefhka ;=frl=f.a ksfjig f.dia tys u`o f,djla / isg" kej;
;u ksfjig wdmiq meu oelau i|yd wk ,o r-ld, m%ia;drhla my;
oelaf' m%ia;drh weiqfrka"

^i& ksu,a ;=rdf.a ksfji lrd .uka l< f.h
^ii& ;=rdf.a ksfjfia isg wdmiq me f.h .Kkh lrkak'
48 fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oyd h'

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oyd h'

49

22'2 wNHdih
1' wf.S ud.hl tAldldr f.fhka .uka .kakd fudagr:hla .uka l< r yd
tA i|yd .; jQ ld,h my; j.=f oelaf'
ld,h ^meh&
r
^lsf,dagr&

0
0

1
60

2
120

3
180

4
240

5
300

6
360

^i& by; f;dr;=re weiqfrka r-ld, m%ia;drhla w`kak'

^ii& m%ia;drfha wkql%uKh fidhkak'
^iii& tkhska fudagr:h .uka .;a f.h .Kkh lrkak'
2' p,kh jk jia;=jl ld,h yd r fjkia u my; j.=f oelaf'
ld,h ^s&
r ^m&

0
0

2
6

4
12

6
18

8
24

10
30

^i& by; f;dr;=re weiqfrka r-ld, m%ia;drhla w`kak'

^ii& m%ia;drfha wkql%uKh fidhkak'
^iii& tkhska jia;=j p,kh jk f.h .Kkh lrkak'
3' u.S m%jdyk nia r:hla .uk wdrNfha isg tAldldr f.hlska meh 2la ;=<
lsf,dagr 60la .uka lrhs' bka miq meh 2la ;=< lsf,dagr 40la .uka lr
.ukdka;hg <d f' nia r:fha p,kh r-ld, m%ia;drhl ksrEmKh lrkak'
4' ;u ksfjfia isg k.rh fj; h;=remefhka .uka .;a ksfil=f.a p,s;h
ksrEmKh lsu i`oyd wk ,o r-ld, m%ia;drhla my; oelaf'
r ^km&
7
6

5
4

by; wm f.h f,i w: oelajQfha tAll ld,hl .uka l< rhs' fjk;a
whqrlska lsjfyd;a" ld,hg idfmalaI j r fjkia f YS>%;djhs' fuu YS>%;dj
ms<sn| woyi" tfkod ;fha yuq jk fjk;a l%shdj,s ia;r lsug o fhdod
.; yels h' ksoiqkla f,i" lrduhlska c,h .,d tk wjia:djla i<luq' tu
lrdufhka" kE u ;;amr tll ld, m%dka;rhla ;=< .,d tk c, m%udKh
/iafldg tu c, mudj uek ne g ,efnk w.h ksh; w.hla k" tg tu
lrdufha c,h taldldr YS>%;djlska hq;= j .,d tkafka hehs lshkq ,ef' ;j o
fuys ,efnk tu ksh; w.hg lrdufhka c,h .,d taf YS>%;dj hehs lshkq
,ef'
ld,h ;;amrj,skq;a" c, mudj ,Sgrj,skq;a ukskq ,nk g" YS>%;dfjys tAll
jkqfha ;;amrhg ,Sgr (ls1) h'
,Sgr 1000l Od;djla we;s gexlshla tAldldr j c,h .,d tk k<hla u.ska
uqukskau msru i|yd ks;a;= 20la .; f hehs is;uq'
tg" ks;a;= 20la ;=< .,d wd c, m%udKh
ks;a;= 1la ;=< .,d wd c, m%udKh

tA wkqj tAll ld,hla ;=< tk ks;a;=jla ;=< k,fhka .,d wd c, m%udKh

,Sgr 50la f' tneka k<fhka c,h .,d tk YS>%;dj ks;a;=jg ,Sgr 50la f,i
m%ldY l< yels h'

fjkia jQ mudj
mudj fjkia f YS>%;dj =
.; jQ ld,h
fjk;a whqrlska"

22'3 mudj yd ld,h

fjkia jQ mudj = mudj fjkia f YS>%;dj .; jQ ld,h

2
1
A
0

50

10 15

20 25

30

35

ld,h ^ks;a;=&

^i& Tyqf.a ksfjfia isg k.rhg we;s r fldmuK o@
^ii& k.rhg hEu i|yd Tyqg .; jQ ld,h fldmuK o@
^iii& ksid .uka l< uOHl f.h .Kkh lrkak'
^iv& Tyqf.a .uka uf.a AB" BC yd CD fldgia .uka l< f. fjk fjk u
.Kkh lrkak'
fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oyd h'

ksoiqk 1
bkaOk msrjqy,l we;s bkaOk iemhq k<hlska fudag r:hlg ,Sg 30l
bkaOk m%udKhla msru i|yd .; jQ ld,h ;;amr 60la k" k<fhka bkaOk
.,d tk YS>%;dj fidhkak'
fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oyd h'

51

bkaOk .,d tk YS>%;dj =

.,d tk bkaOk m%udKh

.; jQ ld,h

ksoiqk 2
la o Wi
>kldN yeve;s .Dyia: j;=r gexlshl . g 2la o m<, g
grhla o f' gexlsh imQKfhka c,fhka ms we;s gl k,hla u.ska th
imQKfhka u ysia lsu i|yd .; jQ ld,h ks;a;= 50la k k,fhka c,h msg
jQ YS>%;dj fidhkak ^k<h ;=<ska c,h tAldldr j .,d wdf hehs Wml,amkh
lrkak&'

gexlsfha mudj

1 m3 = 1000 l jk neka"
gexlshg msrh yels c, m%udKh = 3 1000 l

= 3000 l

k<fhka c,h msg jQ YS>%;dj =

=

gexlsfha Od;dj
.; jQ ld,h
3000 l

ks;a;= 50
= ks;a;=jg ,Sg 60

ksoiqk 3

3

22'3 wNHdih
1' ksjdi fhdackd l%uhlg c,h iemhSu i|yd b lr we;s >kldN yeve;s j;=r
gexlshl . gr 3la o m<, gr 2la o Wi gr 1'5la o f'

^i& gexlsfha mudj .Kkh lrkak'

^ii& tu mudj ,Sg lSh o@

^iii& ks;a;=jg ,Sg 300l tAldldr YS>%;djlska c,h .,d tk k<hlska
fuu gexlsh imQKfhka msrug .;jk ld,h fldmuK o@
2' me;a;l . gr 2la jQ >kldldr gexlshla imQKfhka c,fhka msru i|yd
.; jQ ld,h ks;a;= 40la k" c,h iemfhk k<fhka c,h .,d wd YS>%;dj
ks;a;=jg ,Sg lSh o@ ^b`.sh : 1 m3 = 1000 l&
3' . fikagr 80la o m<, fikagr 60la o Wi fikagr 40la o jQ ud
gexlshla ks;a;=jg 6 ll f.fhka c,h .,d tk k<hlska msru i|yd .; jk
ld,h fldmuK o@ ^b`.sh : 1cm3 = 1ml&
4' c,h fnod yk uOHia:dkhl b lr we;s c, gexlshl mudj 1800 m3 ls'
500 ls-1 l YS>%;djlska gexlsfhka c,h fnod ykq ,nhs k gexlsfhka y wvla
c,h msg ug .; jk ld,h ks;a;= lSh o@
5' ks;a;=jg ,Sg 120l YS>%;dfjka bkaOk .,d tk k,hlska ysia gexlshla msru
i|yd .; jQ ld,h ks;a;= 40ls' gexlsfha Od;dj fidhkak'

frda.sfhl=g ;;amrhg ,s,Sgr 0'2l YS>%;djlska Yr.; jk fia fia,hska hrh

,nd we;' ,s,Sgr 450l fia,hska m%udKhla Yr.; u i|yd .; jk ld,h
.Kkh lrkak'

52

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oyd h'

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oyd h'

53

idrdxYh
f.h

jia;=j p,kh jQ r
jia;=j p,kh jQ ld,h

fjkia jQ mudj
mudj fjkia f YS>%;dj =

.; jQ ld,h

Y% wNHdih
1' yrialv j.M,h j.gr 0'5la jQ is,skavrdldr j;=r gexlshla tAldldr
iS>%;dfjka c,h msg lrk k<hla u.ska msrf ks;a;= 1 ;;amr 10la ;=<
c, l| by< k.sk Wi fikagr 70la k" k<fhka c,h .,d tk iS>%;dj
.Kkh lrkak'
2' X yd Y h ia:dk folla w;r r 420 km ls' X h ia:dkfha isg
mehg lsf,dagr 100l f.fhka .uka lrk hla Y olajd hEug
fm'j' 7'00g msg;a f' Bg meh 1lg miq Y h ia:dkfha isg mehg lsf,dagr
60l f.fhka .uka lrk hla X olajd hdug msg;a f' h fol uqyqKg
uqyqK yuq jkafka lShg o@
3' A iy B h ia:dk msysgd we;af;a 300 km ks' tla hla A isg B fj;
f.dia wdmiq meug meh 12la .kakd w;r" meh 2 ld,hla B hmf<a
kj;d ;ef' uq,a h msg;a meh 10g miq ;j;a hla B n,d hEug uq,a
fha f.fhka u A isg .uka wrUk ,' h fol uqK .efik g miq j
msg;a jQ h fldmuK rla .uka lr we;a o@

54

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oyd h'