PERCEPTION AND COORDINATION
MODULE A
PERCEPTION – an awareness, receiving
impression or integration, interpretation through
our senses.
COORDINATION – ability to perform skilled
motor acts; an organized working together of
muscles and group of muscles aimed at bringing
about purposeful movement.
Sensory perception – ability to receive sensory
impression through cortical association r/t the
stimulus to past experience and form an
impression of the structure of the stimulus.
STIMULI
EXTERNAL : visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile,
gustatory
INTERNAL : KINESTHETIC – awareness of
position and movement of body parts
VISCERAL – large organ within the
body that can produce stimuli that make a
person aware of them. Ex. Full stomach
NERVOUS SYSTEM
-coordinates and controls all activities in the
body.
-gen fxn:
1.receiveing info – sensory / afferent pathways
2.communicating info
3.process information
4.transmit info – body action, control,
modification – motor / efferent pathways
Neuron – basic structural and fxnal unit of the
nervous system; miniature NS
Neuroglial cells – provide nourishment, support
and protection; may be source of tumor in CNS
CNS
**BRAIN
>CEREBRUM/CEREBRAL CORTEX
- composed of:
a. Hemisphere
1.Frontal – perception, interpretation, reasoning,
emotion and judgement
2.Parietal – sensory cortex, ability to recognize
body parts, discriminate L and R, relay to
thalamus
3.Temporal – memory storage, balance
4.Occipital – visual center, understanding of
written mater
~R and L hemisphere connected by Corpus
callosum
~Speech Centers:
Broca’s area – lateral inferior portion
Wernicke’s area – post. To the superior temporal
convolution
~Basal Ganglia – fxns as a part of the EPS,
postural adjustment and gross volitional mov’t.
~CSF – odorless and colorless fluid found in the
ventricles of he subarachnoid spaces and
central cord of spinal cord; normal amt – 90-
150mL brain and sc
– Purposes:
➢ Fluid cushion for nerve tissue
➢ Supports weight of the brain
➢ Carries nutrients to the brain
➢ Removes metabolites
Broca’s aphasia –difficulty in expression/what’s
in mind
Wernicke’s aphasia –altered comprehension &
understanding verbal language
>DIENCEPHALON/INTERBRAIN
Thalamus – all sensory fibers synapse for the
final relay to appropriate portion of sensory
condition perceived; houses pain threshold
Epithalamus – contains pineal body or epiphysis
(endocrine gland)
Subthalamus – receives fibers from globus
palidus; part of the efferent descending
pathway; alleviate Parkinson’s disease
(Dopamine)
Hypothalamus – contains cell bodies mediating
autonomic fx, endocrine fx, emotional
responses; appetite center
BRAIN STEM PARTS
➢ Midbrain –postural reflex
➢ Pons-rhythmic quality of resp.
➢ Medulla Oblongata-cardiac and
respi control
>BRAINSTEM
-deep in the center of the hemisphere and is not
visible when the intact brain is viewed.
>CEREBELLUM
-1° part of brain responsible for coordination
-3 fxns:
> keep body oriented in space &
maintain truncal equilibrium
>controls anti-gravity muscles
>checking/halting volitional mov’t
**SPINAL CORD
PNS
-peripheral nerves: sensory, motor and mixed ~HEARING

a. Somatic – innervates skeletal muscles  EXTERNAL Pinna

b. Autonomic – preserve homeostasis ○ Auditory canal (lined with
cerumen)
1 Sympathetic NS (Adrenergic) – fight/flight  MIDDLE EAR/TYMPANIC CAVITY
2 Paraympathetic NS (Cholinergic) – rest/digest ○ EAR DRUM – laterally
○ OVAL WINDOW – fluids (perilymph
& endolymph)
~EYES ○ OSSICLES – smallest bone in body
-70% receptors found  Hammer /malleus
-increase IOP – Glaucoma  Anvil /incus
 Stirrup /stapes
EXTERNAL & ACCESSORY AUDITORY TUBE
PHARYNGOTYMPANIC TUBE – connect middle
 Lacrimal sac cavity to throat
 Lacrimal ducts
 Nasolacrimal ducts  INNER – hearing and equilibrium/balance
 Extrinsic eye muscles – 6 cardinal gaze? ○ Cochlea – Organ of Corti (hearing
 Eyelids – protects from ext. debris rec)
(anterior) ○ Vestibule – equilibrium
 Eyelashes ○ Bony Labyrinth
 Conjunctiva – lubricant
~TOUCH
INTERNAL
~SPECIAL
 Eyeball – has “humor” to maintain shape
 Lens
A. Free Nerve Endings – touch &
 Tunics
pressure
○ Sclera – thick, white connective
B. Meissner’s Corpuscle / Tactile
tissue
corpuscle
Cornea – light enters; repairs
C. Expanded Tip Tactile Receptor –
itself
continuous touch
○ Vascular Tunic – middle coat
D. Hair end organ – initial contact
Choroid – prevents light from
E. Ruffini’s end-organs – heavy touch
scattering
joint
Anterior Smooth cilliary body
Cilliary body – lens is attached F. Pacinian corpuscle /Lamillated –
Iris – contains pupil where light tissue vibration
passes
○ Retina – contains photoreceptors Muscle spindle – respond to muscle
stretching
Rods – dim lights; peripheral
Golgi Tendon Receptors – measures amt
vision
of tension that each muscle contraction
Cones – bright light
builds up.
Lutein – contained by
retina
G. Electromagnetic receptors –
photoreceptors
~TASTE
SENSORY RECEPTORS
>sweet, sour, bitter, salty and umami (beef ✔ Thermoreceptors
taste, Monosodium glutamate) ✔ Nociceptors – pain
✔ Chemoreceptors
~SMELL ✔ Tactile receptors
Types: Favorable and Unfavorable ✔ Propioceptors – stretch or tension
Olfactory cells- affect limbic system ✔ Golgi Tendon Receptors – muscle
Anosmia – inability to smell fibers; contractions
✔ Krause corpuscles – conjunctiva
Additionals:

✔ Decerebrate (extension) ;
Decorticate(flexion)
✔ CRANIAL NERVES
• Olfactory
• Optic
• Occulomotor
• Trochlear
• Trigeminal
• Abducens
• Facial
• Vestibulocochlear
• Glossopharyngeal
• Vagus
• Spinal accessory
• Hypoglossal
✔ Assessment:

Sensory Somatic
– Controls voluntary activities (mov’t of
skeletal muscles)
– Sensory (afferent)
– Motor nerve division (efferent)
– Cranial nerves

Neurologic Status
– LOC – most impt indicator

CRANIAL NERVE ASSESSMENT

Visual acuity – Snellen’s chart

Visual field – cardinal gazes, indirect/ peripheral
vision
Occular fundus – optic disc, blood vessels, retina
and macula

✔ Argyll Robertsons Pupil – NR to light

✔ Anisocuria – unequal pupil size
✔ Consensual light reflex
✔ Contralateral tongue deviation