Rectifier 2002 PDF

Chapter 2
AC to DC CONVERSION
(RECTIFIER)
Single-phase, half wave rectifier
Uncontrolled
R load
R-L load
R-C load
Controlled
Free wheeling diode
Single-phase, full wave rectifier
R load
R-L load,
Controlled R, R-L load
continuous and discontinuous current mode
Three-phase rectifier
uncontrolled
controlled
Power Electronics and
Drives (Version 2),
Dr. Zainal Salam, 2002
Rectifiers
DEFINITION: Converting AC (from
mains or other AC source) to DC power by
using power diodes or by controlling the
firing angles of thyristors/controllable
switches.
Basic block diagram
AC input
DC output
Input can be single or multi-phase (e.g. 3phase).

Output can be made fixed or variable
Applications: DC welder, DC motor drive,
Battery charger,DC power supply, HVDC
Drives (Version 2),
Single-phase, half-wave with

R-load
+
vs
_
+
vo
_
vs
vo
t
io
Output voltage (average),
Vo = Vavg = Vm sin(t )dt

0
Vm
=
= 0.318Vm

Drives (Version 2),
RMS voltage
Output voltage (RMS)
Vo , RMS
Vm
1
2
=
(Vm sin( t ) ) d t =
0
2
Output current (DC),

Vo 0.318Vm
Io =
=
R
R
DC voltage is fixed at 0.318 or 31.8% of

the peak value
RMS voltage is reduced from 0.707
(normal sinusoidal RMS) to 0.5 or 50%
of peak value.
Half wave is not practical because of
high distortion supply current. The
supply current contains DC component
that may saturate the input transformer
Drives (Version 2),
Half-wave with R-L load

i
+
vTNB
_
+
vR
_
+
vL
_
vo
vs = vR + v L
di (t )
Vm sin( t ) = i (t ) R + L
dt
This is a first order differenti al equation.
Solution is in the form of :
i ( t ) = i f ( t ) + in ( t )
where : i f , in are known as " forced" and
" natural" response, respective ly.
From diagram, forced response is :
V
i f (t ) = m sin( t )
Z
where :
Z=
R 2 + ( L ) 2 and
L
= tan 1

Drives (Version 2),
R-L load
Natural response is when source = 0,
di (t )
=0
i (t ) R + L
dt
which results in :
in (t ) = Aet ; = L R
Hence
V
i (t ) = i f (t ) + in (t ) = m sin(t ) + Ae t
Z
A can be solved by realising inductor current
is zero before the diode starts conducting, i.e :
Vm
i (0) = sin(0 ) + Ae 0
Z
V
V
A = m sin( ) = m sin( )
Z
Z
Therefore the current is given as,
Vm
i (t ) = sin(t ) + sin( )e t
Z
or
V
i (t ) = m sin(t ) + sin( )e t
Z

Drives (Version 2),
]
6
R-L waveform
vs,
io
vo
vR
vL
Note :
vL is negative because the current is
decreasing, i.e :
di
vL = L
dt
Drives (Version 2),
Extinction angle
Note that the diode remains in forward biased
longer than radians (although the source is
negative during that duration)
The point when current reaches zero is when
diode turns OFF. This point is known as the
extinction angle, .
Vm
i ( ) = sin( ) + sin( )e
Z
which reduces to :
sin( ) + sin( )e
]= 0
=0
can only be solved numerically.

Therefore, the diode conducts between 0 and
To summarise the rectfier with R - L load,
Vm
t
+
t
e
sin(
)
sin(
)
Z
i (t ) = for 0 t
0
otherwise
Drives (Version 2),
RMS current, Power Factor

The average (DC) current is :
1 2
1
Io =
i (t )dt =
i (t )dt
2 0
2 0
The RMS current is :
1 2 2
1 2
I RMS =
i (t )dt =
i (t )dt
2 0
2 0
Power absorbed by the load is :
Po = ( I RMS )2 R
Power Factor is computed from definition :
P
pf =
S
where P is the real power supplied by the source,
which equal to the power absorbed by the load.
S is the apparent power supplied by the
source, i.e
S = (Vs , RMS ).( I RMS )
P
pf =
(Vs,RMS ).(I RMS )
Drives (Version 2),
Half wave rectifier, R-C Load

+
vs
_
iD
+
vo
_
vs
Vm
/2
Vmax
Vmin
2 3 /2
vo
Vo
iD
when diode is ON
Vm sin(t )
vo = (t ) / RC
when diode is OFF
V e
v = Vm sin
Drives (Version 2),
10
Operation
Let C initially
uncharged. Circuit
is energised at
t=0
Diode becomes
forward biased as
the source become
positive
When diode is ON
the output is the
same as source
voltage. C charges
until Vm
After t=/2, C
discharges into
load (R).
The source
becomes less than
the output voltage
Diode reverse
biased; isolating
the load from
source.
The output voltage
decays
exponentially.

Drives (Version 2),
11
Estimation
of
The slope of the functions are :

d (Vm sin t )
= Vm cos t
d (t )
and
d Vm sin e (t ) / RC
d (t )
1 (t ) / RC
= Vm sin
e
RC
At t = , the slopes are equal,

1 ( ) / RC
Vm cos = Vm sin
e
RC
Vm cos
1
=
Vm sin
RC
1
1
=
tan RC
= tan 1 ( RC ) = tan 1 (RC ) +
Drives (Version 2),
12
Estimation of
For practical circuits, RC is large, then :
= -tan( ) + = + =
2
2
and Vm sin = Vm
At t = 2 + ,
Vm sin( 2 + ) = (Vm sin )e ( 2 + ) RC
or
sin( (sin )e ( 2 + ) RC = 0
This equation must be solved numerically for

Drives (Version 2),
13
Ripple Voltage
Max output voltage is Vmax .
Min output voltage occurs at t = 2 +
Reffering to diagram, the ripple is :
Vo = Vmax Vmin
= Vm Vm sin( 2 + ) = Vm Vm sin
If V = Vm and = 2, and C is large such that
DC output voltage is constant, then 2.
The output voltage evaluated at t = 2 + is :
vo (2 + ) = Vm
2 + 2 2
RC
= Vm
RC
The ripple voltage is approximated as :

Vo Vm Vm
RC
RC
= Vm 1 e

Drives (Version 2),
14
Voltage ripple-contd
Approximation of exponent term yields:
2
1
e
RC
Substituting,
2 RC
2 Vm
Vo Vm
=
RC fRC
The output voltage ripple is reduced
by increasing C.
As C is increased, the conduction interval
for diode decreases.
Therefore, reduction in output voltage
ripple results in larger peak diode current.
EXAMPLE:
The half wave rectifier has 120V RMS source at
60Hz. R=500 Ohm and C=100uF. Determine (a)
the expression for output voltage, (b) voltage ripple.
Drives (Version 2),
15
Controlled half-wave
ig
vo
ia
+
vs
_
ia
+
vo
_
t
vs
ig
Average voltage :
Vm
1
[1 + cos ]
Vo =
Vm sin (t )dt =
2
2
RMS volatge
VRMS =
1
[Vm sin (t )] dt
Vm2
Vm
sin (2 )
=
+
t
d
t
[
1
cos(
2
]
1
4
2
2

Drives (Version 2),
16
Controlled h/w, R-L load

i
+
vR
_
+
vs
_
+
vL
_
+
vo
_
vs
vo
io
V
i (t ) = i f (t ) + in (t ) = m sin (t ) +
Z
Initial condition : i ( ) = 0,
V
i ( ) = 0 = m sin ( ) +
Z
A = m sin ( ) e
Z
t
Ae
Ae

Drives (Version 2),
17
Extinction angle
Substituting for A and simplifying,
( t )
V
m sin (t ) sin ( )e
Z
i (t ) = for t
0 otherwise
Extinction angle, is defined when i = 0,

(
V
i( ) = 0 = m sin ( ) sin ( )e
Z
which can only be solved numerically.

Angle ( ) is called the conduction angel.
i.e the diode conducts for degrees.

Drives (Version 2),
18
RMS voltage and current

Averagevoltage:
V
1
Vo = Vm sin(t )dt = m [cos cos ]
2
2
Averagecurrent
1
Io = i(t )d
2
RMScurrent
1 2
I RMS =
i (t )d
Thepowerabsorbedby theloadis :
Po = I RMS2 R
EXAMPLES
1. Design a circuit to produce an average voltage of 40V
across a 100 ohm load from a 120V RMS, 60Hz supply.
Determine the power factor absorbed by the resistance.
2.
A half wave rectifier has a source of 120V RMS at
60Hz. R=20 ohm, L=0.04H, and the delay angle is 45
degrees. Determine: (a) the expression for i(t), (b)
average current, (c) the power absorbed by the load.
Drives (Version 2),
19
Freewheeling diode (FWD)

Note that for single-phase, half wave
rectifier with R-L load, the load (output)
current is NOT continuos.
A FWD (sometimes known as
commutation diode) can be placed as
shown below to make it continuos
io
+
vR
_
+
vs
_
+
vL
_
+
vo
_
io
io
vo= 0
+
vs
_
vo= vs
+
vo
+
vo
io
D1 is on, D2 is off
D2 is on, D1 is off

Drives (Version 2),
20
Operation of FWD
Note that both D1 and D2 cannot be turned
on at the same time.
For a positive cycle voltage source,
D1 is on, D2 is off
The equivalent circuit is shown in Figure (b)
The voltage across the R-L load is the same as
the source voltage.
For a negative cycle voltage source,
D1 is off, D2 is on
The equivalent circuit is shown in Figure (c)
The voltage across the R-L load is zero.
However, the inductor contains energy from
positive cycle. The load current still circulates
through the R-L path.
But in contrast with the normal half wave
rectifier, the circuit in Figure (c) does not
consist of supply voltage in its loop.
Hence the negative part of vo as shown in the
normal half-wave disappear.
Drives (Version 2),
21
FWD- Continuous load

current
The inclusion of FWD results in continuos
load current, as shown below.
Note also the output voltage has no
negative part.
output
vo
io
t
iD1
Diode
current
iD2
0

Drives (Version 2),
22
io
iD1
Full wave rectifier with R load
is
+
vs
_
+
vo
_
Bridge circuit
is
+
vs
_
iD1
+
vs1
_
vo
+
vs2
_
io
iD2
Center-tapped circuit

Drives (Version 2),
23
Notes on full-wave
Center-tapped rectifier requires center-tap
transformer. Bridge does not.
Center tap requires only two diodes,
compared to four for bridge. Hence, per
half-cycle only one diode volt-drop is
experienced. Conduction losses is half of
bridge.
However, the diodes ratings for centertapped is twice than bridge.
For both circuits,
vo =
{V Vsinsintt
m
0 t
t 2
DC voltage :
2Vm
1
= 0.637Vm
Vo = Vm sin (t )dt =
0

Drives (Version 2),
24
Bridge waveforms
vs
Vm
vo
Vm
vD1
vD2
-Vm
vD3 vD4
-Vm
io
iD1 iD2
iD3
iD4
is

Drives (Version 2),
25
Center-tapped waveforms
vs
Vm
vo
Vm
vD1
-2Vm
vD2
-2Vm
io
iD1
iD2
is

Drives (Version 2),
26
Full wave bridge, R-L load

iD1
io
+
vR
_
is
+
vs
_
+
vL
_
+
vo
_
iD1 , iD2
iD3 ,iD4
output
vo
io
vs
is
supply

Drives (Version 2),
27
R-L load analysis:

approximation with large L
Using Fourier Series, output voltage
is described as :
vo (t ) = Vo +
Vn cos(nt + )
n = 2, 4...
where
2V
Vo = m
2V
1
1
Vn = m
n 1 n + 1
The DC and harmonic currents are :
Vo
Io =
R
Vn
Vn
=
In =
Z n R + jnL
Note that as n increases, voltage

amplitude for the nth harmonic decreases.
This makes I n decreases rapidly for
increasing n. Only a few terms sufficient
to approximate output.
Drives (Version 2),
28
R-L load analysis

IfLis large enough, it is possible to drop all the
harmonic terms, i.e. :
Vo 2Vm
=
i(t ) I o =
,
R
R
for L >> R,
The approximation with large L is shown below.
iD3 ,iD4
output
2Vm/R
approx.
exact
iD1 , iD2
vo
io
is
supply

Drives (Version 2),
29
Examples
I RMS = I o 2 + I n, RMS 2 = I o
Power delivered to the load : Po = I RMS 2 R
EXAMPLE: Given a bridge rectifier has an

AC source Vm=100V at 50Hz, and R-L
load with R=10ohm, L=10mH
a) determine the average current in the load
b) determine the first two higher order
harmonics of the load current
c) determine the power absorbed by the load

Drives (Version 2),
30
io
iD1
Controlled full wave, R load
is
+
vs
_
+
vo
_
Vm
1
[1 + cos ]
Vo = Vm sin (t )dt =
VRMS
1
[Vm sin (t )] dt
=
= Vm
1 sin (2 )
+
2 2
4
The power absorbed by the R load is :

VRMS 2
Po =
R
Drives (Version 2),
31
Controlled, R-L load

iD1
io
+
vR
_
is
+
vs
_
+
vL
_
+
vo
_
io
vo
Discontinuous mode
+
io
vo
Continuous mode
Drives (Version 2),
32
Discontinuous mode
Analysis similar to controlled half wave with
R - L load :
V
i (t ) = m sin(t ) sin( )e (t )
Z
for t
Z = R 2 + (L) 2
L
L
and = tan 1 ; =
R
R
For discontinous mode, need to ensure :
< ( + )
Note that is the extinction angle and
must be solved numerically with condition :
io ( ) = 0
The boundary between continous and
discontinous current mode is when in
the output current expression is ( + ).
For continous operation current at
t = ( + ) must be greater than zero.
Drives (Version 2),
33
Continuous mode
i ( + ) 0
sin( + ) sin( + )e ( + ) 0
Using Trigonometry identity :
sin( + ) = sin( ),
sin( ) 1 e (
] 0,
Solving for
1 L
= tan
R
Thus for continuous current mode,
1 L
tan
R
Average (DC) output voltage is given as :
2Vm
1 +
=
Vo =
V
t
d
t
(
)
sin
cos
m

Drives (Version 2),
34
Single-phase diode groups

D1
io
+
vs
_
D3
vp
+
vo
_
D4
D2
vn
vo =vp vn
In the top group (D1, D3), the cathodes (-) of the two
diodes are at a common potential. Therefore, the
diode with its anode (+) at the highest potential will
conduct (carry) id.
For example, when vs is ( +), D1 conducts id and D3

reverses (by taking loop around vs, D1 and D3).
When vs is (-), D3 conducts, D1 reverses.
In the bottom group, the anodes of the two diodes

are at common potential. Therefore the diode with
its cathode at the lowest potential conducts id.
For example, when vs (+), D2 carry id. D4 reverses.

When vs is (-), D4 carry id. D2 reverses.
Drives (Version 2),
35
Three-phase rectifiers
D1
-
+ van
io
D3
n
+ vbn
+ vcn
D5
vpn
D2
D6
vnn
+
vo
_
vo =vp vn
D4
van
Vm
vbn
vcn
vp
Vm
vn
vo =vp - vn
0

Drives (Version 2),
4
36
Three-phase waveforms
Top group: diode with its anode at the
highest potential will conduct. The other
two will be reversed.
Bottom group: diode with the its cathode at
the lowest potential will conduct. The other
two will be reversed.
For example, if D1 (of the top group)
conducts, vp is connected to van.. If D6 (of the
bottom group) conducts, vn connects to vbn .
All other diodes are off.
The resulting output waveform is given as:
vo=vp-vn
For peak of the output voltage is equal to
the peak of the line to line voltage vab .
Drives (Version 2),
37
Three-phase, average voltage

vo
vo
/3
Vm, L-L
0
/3
2/3
Considers only one of the six segments. Obtain

its average over 60 degrees or 3 radians.
Average voltage :
2 3
1
Vo =
Vm, L L sin(t )dt
33
3Vm, L L
[cos(t )]233
=
3Vm, L L
=
= 0.955Vm, L L
Note that the output DC voltage component of

a three - phase rectifier is much higher than of a
single - phase.
Drives (Version 2),
38
Controlled, three-phase
D1
+ van
io
D3
-
+ vbn
+ vcn
D5
vpn
+
vo
_
D2
vnn
D6
D4
Vm
van
vbn
vcn
vo

Drives (Version 2),
39
Output voltage of controlled

three phase rectifier
From the previous Figure, let be the
delay angle of the SCR.
Average voltage can be computed as :
2 3+
1
Vo =
Vm, L L sin(t )dt
3 3+
3Vm, L L
=
cos

EXAMPLE: A three-phase controlled rectifier has

an input voltage of 415V RMS at 50Hz. The load
R=10 ohm. Determine the delay angle required to
produce current of 50A.

Drives (Version 2),
40

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Chapter 2

Single-phase, full wave rectifier

Input can be single or multi-phase (e.g. 3phase).

Single-phase, half-wave with

Output voltage (average),

Vo = Vavg = Vm sin(t )dt

Power Electronics and

Output current (DC),

DC voltage is fixed at 0.318 or 31.8% of

Half-wave with R-L load

Power Electronics and

Power Electronics and

can only be solved numerically.

RMS current, Power Factor

Half wave rectifier, R-C Load

Power Electronics and

The slope of the functions are :

At t = , the slopes are equal,

Power Electronics and

The ripple voltage is approximated as :

Power Electronics and

Power Electronics and

Controlled h/w, R-L load

Power Electronics and

Extinction angle, is defined when i = 0,

which can only be solved numerically.

Power Electronics and

RMS voltage and current

Freewheeling diode (FWD)

Power Electronics and

For a negative cycle voltage source,

FWD- Continuous load

Power Electronics and

Full wave rectifier with R load

Power Electronics and

Power Electronics and

Power Electronics and

Power Electronics and

Full wave bridge, R-L load

Power Electronics and

R-L load analysis:

Note that as n increases, voltage

R-L load analysis

The approximation with large L is shown below.

Power Electronics and

EXAMPLE: Given a bridge rectifier has an

Power Electronics and

Controlled full wave, R load

The power absorbed by the R load is :

Controlled, R-L load

Power Electronics and

Single-phase diode groups

For example, when vs is ( +), D1 conducts id and D3

In the bottom group, the anodes of the two diodes

For example, when vs (+), D2 carry id. D4 reverses.

Power Electronics and

Three-phase, average voltage

Considers only one of the six segments. Obtain

Note that the output DC voltage component of

Power Electronics and

Output voltage of controlled

EXAMPLE: A three-phase controlled rectifier has

Power Electronics and