Project Report

Submitted On
Light Dependence Resistance

Submitted By: A. Varun

Class XII

Kendriya Vidyalaya no. 2 Pondicherry

University Campus
Periyakalapaet, Pondicherry 605014

A PHYSICS PROJECT
LIGHT SENSOR AND DARK SENSOR USING
LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

By
Varun A
Of Class XII

Certificate
This is to certify that Varun A, student of Class XII,
Kendriya Vidyalaya Pondicherry university campus
has
completed
the
project
titled
LIGHT
DEPENDENCE RESISTANCE during the academic
year 2012-2013 towards partial fulfilment of credit
for the Physics practical evaluation of CBSE 2013,
and submitted satisfactory report, as compiled in
the following pages, under my supervision Mr.
Venkatakrishnan, Department of Physics, Kendriya
Vidyalaya
Pondicherry
university
campus,
Pondicherry.

Teacher Incharge signature

Principal signature

External signature

Acknowledgements
"There are times when silence speaks so much more
loudly than words of praise to only as good as belittle a
person, whose words do not express, but only put a
veneer over true feelings, which are of gratitude at this
point of time."
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my
physics master Miss. Venkatakrishnan , for his vital
support, guidance and encouragement, without which
this project would not have come forth. I would also like
to express my gratitude to the staff of the Department
of Physics at Kendriya Vidyalaya Pondicherry university
campus for their support during the making of this
project.

(((A.Varun)))

INTRODUCTION
In the society, sometimes street lights glow in day
time due to any reason. In mines area people face
many difficulties due to absence of light in the
nights. In frontier and hilly areas, people face many
problems due to damaged street lights. For solve
above these problems, we create a device in which
the lights glow in night and in day time, they off
automatically and don't glow. Due to use of it, we
can solve above problems and can also save
electricity and men's power.

PRINCIPLE
This project is based on Light Dependent Resistance
(L.D.R.).LDR is a resistance, in which opposing
power of current depends on the presence of
quantity of light present, i.e. the resistance of LDR
increases or decreases, according to quantity of
light which falls on it. If LDR places in darkness, the
resistance of LDR increases and when light falls on
it, the resistance of LDR decreases and act as a
conductor. Any LDR in the presence of light and
darkness changes its resistance is depending on the
different types of LDR.

BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF
COMPONENTS
1. TRANSISTOR: When a thin slice of p-type is
sandwiched between two blocks of n-type, then n-pn transistor is formed. It consists of emitter, base,
and collector. In the project, common emitter n-p-n
transistor
(BC-547) is used.

2. CARBON RESISTOR: A carbon resistor has

generally four rings or bands A, B, C and D of
different colours corresponding to the value of
resistance. In project, we use carbon resistance of
two 100 kilo-ohms, 470 ohms and 330 ohms.

3. LDR: LDR means light dependent resistance

which is used to complete the circuit.

4. LED: A light-emitting diode (LED) is a

semiconductor light source. When a light-emitting
diode is forward-biased (switched on), electrons are
able to recombine with electron holes within the
device, releasing energy in the form of photons. In
this project, we use led of white colour.

5. BATTERY: This is a rectangular prism shape with

rounded edges and a polarized snap connector at
the top. In project, we use 9-Volt battery.
6. WIRES: A wire is a single, usually cylindrical,
flexible strand or rod of metal. These are used to
connect components.

Aim
(a) Dark sensor using L.D.R, led, battery,
transistor and a few resistors.

(b) Light sensor using L.D.R, led, battery,

transistor and a few resistors.

Circuit Diagram
(a) Dark Sensor

(b) Light Sensor

WORKING
(a)

Dark Sensor

Let 9V-DC is flowed in the circuit. When light falls on

LDR then the resistance of LDR will decrease and
approximate equal to 10 ohms. 9V DC comes from
330 ohms resistance and passes through an LED to
the collector end of the BC-547 transistor. Also 9V
DC comes though a 100 kilo-ohms resistance to one
end of LDR and to the base of the transistor. When
DC voltage comes through the base of transistor,
the current starts to flow through the emitter of
transistor and completes the circuit to the negative
end of the DC voltage. Another end of the 100 kiloohms resistor is connected to the emitter. When

light falls on the LDR, the resistance offered by the

LDR is very high (nearly millions). The current will
not flow through the LDR and the circuit wont be
shunted. Therefore the circuit is complete through
the 100 kilo-ohms resistor and the led will glow.
When no light falls on the LDR, the LDR offers very
low resistance (nearly 10 ohms) and the circuit is
shunted and therefore the led doesnt glow. The LDR
is also connected to minimise the current flow to the
battery.

USES
It can be used in street lights.
It can be used in mines areas.
It can be used in hilly areas.
It can be used in frontier areas.
It can be used in houses.
It can be used in jail lights.
By using laser, it can be used for safety purposes.

(b)

Light Sensor

Let 9V-DC is flowed in the circuit. When light falls on

LDR then the resistance of LDR will decrease and
approximate equal to 10 ohms. 9V DC comes from
470 ohms resistance and passes through an LED to
the collector end of the BC-547 transistor. Also 9V
DC comes though one end of LDR and the other end
to 100 kilo-ohms and to the base of the transistor.
When DC voltage comes through the base of
transistor, current starts to flow through the emitter
of transistor and completes the circuit to the
negative end of the DC voltage. Another end of the
LDR is connected to the emitter. When light falls on

the LDR, the resistance offered by the LDR is very

high (nearly millions). Therefore the circuit is not
complete and the led will not glow. When no light
falls on the LDR, the LDR offers very low resistance
(nearly 10 ohms) and therefore the led glows. The
100 kilo-ohms is connected to minimise the current
flow to the battery.

USES
By using laser, it can be used for safety purposes.
It can be used to find the intensity of sunlight
falling on the
LDR.
It can be used in mines areas for current indicator
using
another light.
It can be used in hilly areas.
It can be used in houses.

 By using buzzer, it can be used for security

purposes in jails.