TRNG I HC CN TH

KHOA NNG NGHIP V SINH HC NG DNG

GIO TRNH

CNG NGH CH BIN THY HI SN

M S: CB349

Bin san: Ths.PHAN TH THANH QU

Nm 2005

M U
t nc Vit Nam c li th l c b bin di, nhiu sng ngi, ao h nn
vic khai thc v nui trng thy sn m ra trin vng ln v vic cung cp thy
sn cho nhu cu i sng nhn dn, cho xut khu v phc v cho vic pht trin
ngnh chn nui gia sc.
Khai thc v thu hach tt ngun thy sn phc v cho loi ngi l mt vn
cc k quan trng, nhng k thut ch bin cn nhiu hn ch, v vy cha s
dng c trit ngun li qu gi ny.
Theo thng k ngun ng vt thy sn ang cung cp cho nhn lai trn 20%
tng s protein ca thc phm, c bit nhiu nc c th ln n 50%. Gi tr v
ngha dinh dng ca tht c cng ging nh tht gia sc ngha l protein ca tht c
c y cc lai axit amin, m c bit l c cc axit amin khng thay th. Tht
c ti c mi v thm ngon, d tiu ha, d hp thu.
Du c ngoi vic cung cp lipid cho con ngi, cn c gi tr sinh hc rt cao,
c bit l cc axit bo khng no c tc dng ln trong vic trao i cht ca c th.
Ngoi ra, lipid ca ng vt thy sn l ngun rt giu vitamin A v D.
Trong ng vt thy sn cn cha nhiu nguyn t vi lng v vi lng rt cn
thit cho c th.
C v ng vt thy sn c s dng n ti hoc ch bin thnh nhiu
sn phm khc nhm cung cp tc thi hoc d tr trong thi gian nht nh. Tuy
nhin, nguyn liu thy sn rt d n hng, v vy cng vic bo qun phi c
t ln hng u ca khu cht lng. Mt khi nguyn liu gim cht lng th
khng c k thut no c th nng cao cht lng c.
Nhu cu tiu th ca nhn dn ngy cng cao, v vy vic nghin cu ch bin
ra cc sn phm mi, hon thin cc sn phm ang sn xut nng cao cht lng
ca sn phm l nhim v quan trng ca cc nh sn xut, cc k s ngnh cng
ngh thc phm.
Vi ni dung gio trnh ny nhm gip sinh vin hiu c thnh phn ha hc
ca nguyn liu thy sn c nh hng n cht lng sn phm trong qu trnh ch
bin cc sn phm lnh, sn phm lnh ng v cc sn phm khc ch bin t ngun
nguyn liu thy sn.
Gip cho sinh vin c th hiu r cc bin i ca ng vt thy sn sau khi
cht nh s t cng, s t phn gii, bin i do vi sinh vt c nh hng rt ln n
cht lng sn phm thy sn. T sinh vin c th hiu r vic tm ra phng php
nh bt, s ch, vn chuyn v bo qun thch hp l rt cn thit nhm hn ch v
ko di thi gian xy ra cc bin i trn. Sinh vin s bit cch nh gi v chn
nguyn liu thch hp ch bin mt s loi sn phm thy sn khc nhau.
Sinh vin cng c trang b mt s qui trnh cng ngh ch bin sn phm
thy sn v cch iu khin qui trnh sn xut m bo cht lng sn phm.
Vi kin thc ca hc phn ny, sinh vin c th ng dng trong cc nh my
ch bin sn phm sy kh, xng khi, t bit l trong cc nh my ch bin lnh
ng thy sn - th mnh ca vng ng Bng Sng Cu Long.
1

THNH PHN HA HC V TNH

CHT CA NG VT THY SN

Chng I.

1.1. Thnh phn ha hc ca thy sn v nh hng ca

thnh phn ha hc n cht lng
1.1.1 Thnh phn ha hc ca thy sn
Thnh phn ha hc gm: nc, protein lipid, mui v c, vitamin... Cc thnh
phn ny khc nhau rt nhiu, thay i ph thuc vo ging, loi, gii tnh, iu kin
sinh sng,... Ngoi ra, cc yu t nh thnh phn thc n, mi trng sng, kch c c
v cc c tnh di truyn cng nh hng n thnh phn ha hc, c bit l c
nui. Cc yu t ny c th kim sot c trong chng mc no .
Cc thnh phn c bn ca c v ng vt c v c th chia thnh nhng nhm
c cng tnh cht.
Bng 1.1. Cc thnh phn c bn (tnh theo % cn bn t) ca c v tht b
Thnh phn
Protein
Lipid
Carbohydrate
Tro
Nc

Ti thiu
6
0,1
0,4
28

C (phi l)
Thng thng
16 21
0,2 25
< 0,5
1,2 1,5
66 81

Tht nc b
Ti a
28
67
1,5
96

20
3
1
1
75

S khc nhau v thnh phn ha hc ca c v s bin i ca chng c nh

hng n mi v v gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm, vic bo qun ti nguyn liu
v qui trnh ch bin.
Thnh phn ha hc ca c tng c quan, b phn c s khc nhau
Bng 1.2. Thnh phn ha hc ca c (%)
Thnh phn
Nc
Protein
Lipid
Ch tiu
Tht c
48 85,1
10,3 24,4
0,1 5,4
Trng c
60 - 70
20 - 30
1 - 11
Gan c
40 - 75
8 - 18
3-5
Da c
60 - 70
7 - 15
5 - 10
Bng 1.3. Thnh phn ha hc ca mt s loi thy sn
Thnh
phn
Loi
Mc
Tm
Hu
S
Trai

Mui v c
0,5 5,6
12
0,5 1,5
1-3

Protein
%

Lipid
%

Glucid
%

Tro
%

Canxi
mg%

Phosphat
mg%

Fe
mg%

17-20
19 -23
11-13
8,8
4,6

0,8
0,3 1,4
1-2
0,4
1,1

2
3
2,5

1,3 1,8
2,2
4
1,9

54
29 - 30
0,21
37
668

33-67
82
107

1,2
1,2-5,1
1,9
1,5

c
Cua

11-12
16

0,3-0,7
1,5

3,9-8,3
1,5

1 4,3
-

1310-1660
40

51-1210
-

1.1.2. nh hng ca thnh phn ha hc n cht lng

Yu t nh hng r nht n thnh phn ha hc ca c l thnh phn thc n.
Thng thng c nui thng c cho n thc n cha nhiu lipid c pht trin
nhanh. Tuy nhin, khi hm lng lipid cao d cung cp nng lng th lipid d
tha s c tch ly cc m lm cho c c hm lng lipid rt cao. Ngoi nh
hng khng tt n cht lng ni chung, n cng c th lm gim nng sut ch
bin v lipid d tr c xem nh ph liu, b loi b ni tng sau khi moi rut v phi l.
Cch thng thng gim hm lng lipid ca c nui trc khi thu hoch l
cho c i mt thi gian. Ngoi ra, cho c i cn c tc dng gim hot ng ca
enzym trong ni tng, gip lm chm li cc bin i xy ra sau khi c cht.
1.1.2.1. Protein
c cu to t cc acid amin, cc acid amin khng thay th quyt nh gi tr
dinh dng ca thc phm. Protein ca ng cc thng thiu lysine v cc acid amin
c cha lu hunh (methionine, cysteine), trong khi protein ca c l ngun giu cc
acid amin ny. Do , protein c c gi tr dinh dng cao hn cc loi ng cc khc.
C th chia protein ca m c c ra thnh 3 nhm:
* Protein cu trc (Protein t c)
Gm cc si myosin, actin, actomyosin v tropomyosin, chim khong 65-75%
tng hm lng protein trong c v khong 77-85% tng hm lng protein trong
mc. Cc protein cu trc ny c chc nng co rt m nhn cc hot ng ca c.
Myosin v actin l cc protein tham gia trc tip vo qu trnh co dui c. Protein cu
trc c kh nng ha tan trong dung dch mui trung tnh c nng ion kh cao
(>0,5M).
* Protein cht c (Protein tng c)
Gm myoglobin, myoalbumin, globulin v cc enzym, chim khong 25-30%
hm lng protein trong c v 12-20% trong mc. Cc protein ny ha tan trong
nc, trong dung dch mui trung tnh c nng ion thp (<0,15M). Hu ht
protein cht c b ng t khi un nng trong nc nhit trn 50oC.
Trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun, myoglobin d b oxy ha thnh
metmyoglobin, nh hng n mu sc ca sn phm.
* Protein m lin kt:
Bao gm cc si collagen, elastin. Hm lng colagen c tht c thp hn
ng vt c v, thng khong 1-10% tng lng protein v 0,2-2,2% trng lng
ca c tht. Chim khong 3% c xng v khong 10% c sn (so vi 17% trong
cc loi ng vt c v. C trong mng li ngoi bo, khng tan trong nc, dung
dch kim hoc dung dch mui c nng ion cao.
im ng in pI ca protein c vo khong pH 4,5-5,5. Ti gi tr pH ny,
protein c ha tan thp nht.

Hnh 1.1. S ha tan ca protein t c trc v sau khi ng kh cc gi tr pH t 2 n 12

Cu trc hnh thi ca protein c d b bin i do mi trng vt l thay

i. Hnh 1.1 cho thy tnh tan ca protein trong si c thay i sau khi ng kh.
Vic x l vi nng mui cao hoc x l bng nhit c th dn n s bin tnh,
sau cu trc protein b thay i khng hi phc c.
Khi protein b bin tnh di nhng iu kin c kim sot, c th s dng
cc c tnh ca chng cho mc ch cng ngh. V d trong sn xut cc sn phm t
surimi, ngi ta li dng kh nng to gel ca protein trong si c. Protein t c
tht c sau khi xay nh, ra sch ri cho thm mui v ph gia to tnh n nh, tip
n qu trnh x l nhit v lm ngui c kim sot gip protein to gel rt mnh
(Suzuki, 1981).
Cc protein tng c cn tr qu trnh to gel, chng c xem l nguyn nhn
lm gim bn gel ca sn phm. V vy, trong cng ngh sn xut surimi vic ra
tht c trong nc nhm nhiu mc ch, mt trong nhng mc ch l loi b protein
ha tan trong nc, gy cn tr qu trnh to gel.
Protein tng c c kh nng ha tan cao trong nc, l nguyn nhn lm mt
gi tr dinh dng do mt lng protein ng k thot ra khi ra, p mui, tan
gi,V vy cn ch duy tr gi tr dinh dng v mi v ca sn phm.
Protein m lin kt da c, bong bng c, vch c khc nhau. Tng t nh
si collagen trong ng vt c v, cc si collagen cc m ca c cng to nn cu
trc mng li mng vi mc phc tp khc nhau. Tuy nhin, collagen c km
bn nhit hn nhiu v t c cc lin kt cho hn nhng nhy cm hn collagen
ng vt mu nng c xng sng.
1.1.2.2. Thnh phn trch ly cha nit phi protein (Non Protein Nitrogen)
Cht phi protein l thnh phn ha tan trong nc, c khi lng phn t thp
v chim khong 9-18% tng hm lng protein c xng, khong 33-38% cc
loi c sn. Thnh phn chnh ca hp cht ny bao gm cc cht bay hi (amoniac,
amine, trimethylamin, dimethylamin), trimethylamineoxid (TMAO), dimethylamineoxid
(DMAO), creatin, cc acid amin t do, nucleotide, ur (c nhiu trong c sn) .....
Bng 1.4 lit k mt s thnh phn trong nhm nit phi protein ca cc loi c,
4

tm hm, tht gia cm v tht ng vt c v.

Bng 1.4. S khc nhau c bn v thnh phn cc cht phi protein t c
Thnh phn theo mg/100g
trng lng t
- Tng nit phi protein
- Tng acid amin t do
+ Arginine
+ Glycine
+ Acid glutamic
+ Histidine
+ Proline
- Creatine
- Betaine
- TMAO
- Anserine
- Carnosine
- Ur

Tuyt
1.200
75
<10
20
<10
<1,0
<1,0
400
0
350
150
0
0

C
Trch
1.200
300
<10
20
<10
86
<1,0
400
0
250
0
0
0

Nhm
3.000
100
<10
20
<10
<1,0
<1,0
300
150
500-103
0
0
2.000

Tm
hm

Gia
cm

5.500
3.000
750
102-103
270
750
0
100
100
0
0
-

1.200
440
<20
<20
55
<10
<10
0
280
180
-

ng
vt c
v
3.500
350
<10
<10
36
<10
<10
550
0
150
200
35

Ngun: Shewan, 1974.

Thnh phn cht trch ly cha nit phi protein khc nhau ph thuc vo loi,
kch c, ma v, phn c ly mu, .

A, B: hai loi c bin xng

C: loi c sn

D: loi c nc ngt

Hnh 1.2. S phn b nit phi protein trong c tht c

(Ngun: Konosu v Yamaguchi, 1982; Suyama v cng s, 1977)

Cc cht trch ly cha nit phi protein rt quan trng i vi cc nh ch

bin thu sn bi v chng nh hng n mi tnh cht ca thc phm nh: mu sc,
mi v, trng thi cu trc, dinh dng, s an ton v s h hng sau thu hoch.
a. Trimethylamin oxyt (TMAO)
TMAO l thnh phn c trng v quan trng ca nhm cht cha nit phi
protein. TMAO c ch yu trong cc loi c nc mn v t c tm thy trong cc
loi c nc ngt. Hm lng TMAO trong c khc nhau ty theo loi, iu kin sinh
sng, kch c. C hot ng bi li nhiu, kch c ln cha nhiu TMAO hn c nh,
t bi li trong nc. Hm lng TMAO cha cao nht trong cc loi c sn (c nhm)
v mc, chim khong 75-250 mgN/100g, c tuyt cha t hn (60-120 mgN/100g).
Theo Tokunaga (1970), hm lng TMAO c ni nh c trch, c thu, c ng
tp trung cao nht trong c tht sm (vng ti), trong khi cc loi c y tht trng
c hm lng TMAO cao hn nhiu trong c tht mu sng. TMAO c vai tr iu
ha p sut thm thu ca c, v vy gip c chng li p sut thm thu gy ra do s
chnh lch nng mui trong nc bin.
b. Cc axit amin t do
Cc axit amin t do chim khong 0,5-2% trng lng c tht, chng gp phn
to nn mi v thm ngon c trng ca nguyn liu. Hm lng axit amin t do cng
nhiu th vi khun gy h hng pht trin cng nhanh v sinh ra mi ammoniac. Cc
loi c c c tht sm v thng vn ng nh c ng, c thu c hm lng histidine
cao. C tht sm cha histidin nhiu hn c tht trng. Trong thi gian bo qun,
histidine b vi sinh vt kh nhm carboxyl hnh thnh c t histamine.

Hnh 1.3. S to thnh histamine t histidine

c. Ur
Ur c ph bin trong tt c c tht c, nhng ni chung c t hn 0,05% trong
c tht ca c xng, cc loi c sn bin c cha mt lng ln ur (1-2,5%). Trong
qu trnh bo qun, ur phn hu thnh NH3 v CO2 di tc dng ca enzym urease
ca vi sinh vt. Do ur ho tan trong nc v thm qua mng t bo nn n d c
tch ra khi ming phi l
d. Amoniac
Amoniac c mi c trng (mi khai). Trong c tht ca c ti c mt lng
nh amoniac. Trong c xng, lng amoniac thp nhng khi b h hng do vi sinh
vt th lng amoniac tng nhanh. Khi s h hng tin trin, pH ca c tht chuyn
sang mi trng kim do lng amoniac tng ln v to nn mi n thi ca c.
6

e. Creatine
L thnh phn chnh ca hp cht phi protein. C trng thi ngh ngi creatine
tn ti di dng mch vng phospho v cung cp nng lng cho qu trnh co c.
1.1.2.3. Enzym
Enzym l protein, chng hot ng xc tc cho cc phn ng ho hc trong
ni tng v trong c tht. Enzym tham gia vo qu trnh trao i cht t bo, qu
trnh tiu ho thc n v tham gia vo qu trnh t cng. Sau khi c cht enzym vn
cn hot ng, v th gy nn qu trnh t phn gii ca c, lm nh hng n mi v,
trng thi cu trc, v hnh dng b ngoi ca chng. Sn phm ca qu trnh phn gii
do enzym l ngun dinh dng cho vi sinh vt, lm tng nhanh tc n hng.
Trong nguyn liu c nhiu enzym khc nhau. Cc nhm enzym chnh nh
hng n cht lng nguyn liu l:
Enzym thu phn
Enzym oxy ho kh
Nhiu loi protease c tch chit t c tht c v c tc dng phn gii lm
mm m c. S mm ho ca m c gy kh khn cho ch bin. Cc enzym thu phn
protein quan trng trong nguyn liu gm: Cathepsin, protease kim tnh, collagenase,
pepsin, trypsin, chimotrypsin.
Cc emzym thu phn lipid quan trng trong c gm c: Lipase, phospholipase.
Chng thng c trong cc c quan ni tng v trong c tht. Enzym thu phn lipid
rt quan trng i vi c ng lnh, cc loi c ny lipid c th b thu phn khi
hot ng ca nc thp. Qu trnh bo qun lnh ng cc axit bo t do c sinh ra
t photpholipid v triglyxerit, c nh hng xu n cht lng ca c. Axit bo t do
gy ra mi v xu, nh hng n cu trc v kh nng gi nc ca protein c tht.
Cc enzym oxy ho kh bao gm: Phenoloxidase, lipoxygenase, peroxidase.
Polyphenoloxidase c bit quan trng trong tm v chng l nguyn nhn gy nn
m en cho nguyn liu sau thu hoch.
1.1.2.4. Lipid
C s dng cht bo nh l ngun nng lng d tr duy tr s sng trong
nhng thng ma ng, khi ngun thc n khan him.
Hm lng lipid trong c dao ng nhiu (0,1-30%). C c phn loi theo
hm lng cht bo nh sau:
- C gy (< 1% cht bo) nh c tuyt, c tuyt sc en...
- C bo va (<10% cht bo) nh c bn li nga, c nhng, c mp
- C bo (>10% cht bo) nh c hi, c trch, c thu, ...
Bng 1.5. Hm lng cht bo trong c tht ca cc loi c khc nhau
Loi c

Hm lng cht bo (%)

0,1 0,9
0,5 9,6
1,1 3,6
0,4 - 30
1 - 35

C tuyt
C bn
C sao
C herring
C thu
7

a. S phn b cht bo trong c

Cht bo ca cc loi c bo thng tp trung trong m bng v y l v tr c
t c ng nht khi bi li trong nc. M m cn tp trung m lin kt, nm gia
cc si c. Vi c gy, hm lng cht bo trong c d tr ch yu trong gan.

Hnh 1.4. S phn b lipid tng s cc phn khc nhau ca c th c thu (hnh trn)
v c t vy lng c ngun gc t Nauy (hnh di)
Ngun: Lohne, 1976

b. Dng t nhin ca cht bo

Lipid trong cc loi c xng c chia thnh 2 nhm chnh: phospholipid v
triglycerit. Phospholipid to nn cu trc ca mng t bo, v vy chng c gi l
lipid cu trc. Triglycerit l lipid d tr nng lng c trong cc ni d tr cht bo,
thng trong cc bo m c bit c bao quanh bng mt mng phospholipid v
mng li colagen mng hn. Triglycerit thng c gi l lipid d tr. Mt s loi
c c cha cc este dng sp nh mt phn ca cc lipid d tr.
Thnh phn cht bo trong c khc xa so vi cc loi ng vt c v khc.
im khc nhau ch yu l chng bao gm cc acid bo cha bo ha cao (14-22
nguyn t cacbon, 4-6 ni i). Hm lng axit bo cha bo ha trong c bin (88%)
cao hn so vi c nc ngt (70%). Cht bo trong c cha nhiu acid bo cha bo
ha do rt d b oxy ha sinh ra cc sn phm cp thp nh aldehyde, ceton, skaton.
Tuy nhin, lipid trong thy sn rt c li cho sc khe ngi tiu dng. Cc hp cht
c li trong lipid c l cc axit bo khng no cao, c bit l: Axit eicosapentaenoic
(EPA 20:5) v axit docosahexaenoic (DHA 22:6)
im ng c ca du c thp hn ng vt khc. nhit thng trng
thi lng, nhit thp b ng c mc khc nhau.
8

1.1.2.5. Gluxit
Hm lng gluxit trong c tht c rt thp, thng di 0,5%, tn ti di dng
nng lng d tr glycogen. Tuy nhin, hm lng glycogen cc loi nhuyn th
chim khong 3%.C va trng lng gluxit d tr rt thp. Sau khi cht, glycogen
c tht chuyn thnh axit lactic, lm gim pH ca c tht, mt kh nng gi nc ca
c tht. S bin i ca pH c tht sau khi c cht c ngha cng ngh rt ln.
1.1.2.6. Cc loi vitamin v cht khong
C l ngun cung cp chnh vitamin nhm B (thiamin, riboflavin v B12),
vitanin A v D c ch yu trong cc loi c bo. Vitamin A v D tch ly ch yu
trong gan, vitamin nhm B c ch yu trong c tht c.
Vitamin rt nhy cm vi oxy, nh sng, nhit . Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh ch
bin (sn xut hp, tan gi, p mui, ...) nh hng ln n thnh phn vitamin.
V vy, cn phi ch trnh tn tht vitamin trong qu trnh ch bin.
Cht khong ca c phn b ch yu trong m xng, c bit trong xng
sng. Canxi v phospho l 2 nguyn t chim nhiu nht trong xng c. Tht c l
ngun giu st, ng, lu hunh v t. Ngoi ra cn c niken, coban, ch, asen, km.
- Hm lng cht st trong tht c nhiu hn ng vt trn cn, c bin nhiu
hn c nc ngt, c tht c mu sm nhiu hn tht c mu trng.
- Sunfua (S) c ph bin trong tht cc loi hi sn, chim khong 1% cht kh
ca tht. Sunfua trong tht c phn ln tn ti dng hp cht hu c sunfua ha tan.
Hm lng sunfua nhiu hay t c nh hng ln n mu sc ca sn phm.
- Hm lng ng trong c t hn so vi ng vt thy sn khng xng sng.
- Hm lng iod trong tht c t hn so vi ng vt hi sn khng xng sng.
C bin c hm lng iod cao hn c nc ngt. Hm lng iod ca ng vt hi sn
ni chung nhiu gp 10 - 50 ln so vi ng vt trn cn. Tht c c nhiu m th hm
lng iod c xu hng tng ln.

1.2. Tnh cht ca ng vt thy sn

1.2.1. Tnh cht vt l
1.2.1.1. Hnh dng:
Hnh dng c th v chc nng ca c hon ton thch nghi vi cuc sng bi
li t do trong nc. C c nhiu dng:
- Hnh thoi: c nc, c thu, c ng.
- Hnh tn: c c, c kim.
- Hnh dp: c chim, c ui, c bn.
- Hnh rn: c khoai, c h, c da.
C th chia thnh 2 dng c bn: c thn trn v c thn dt
- C thn trn nh: c ng, c thu, c nhm. Chng thng hot ng bi li.
- C thn dt nh c ui, c bn thch ng vi i sng y bin, v t bi li.
Vi sinh vt c tm thy trn b mt ngoi ca c sng v c va mi nh
bt. Nu c c t l din tch b mt so vi khi lng ca n (cn gi l din tch b
9

mt ring) cng ln th cng d b h hng do hot ng ca vi sinh vt b mt c.

V vy, trc khi x l v bo qun, cn phi ra sch c loi b lp nht b mt
c cha vi sinh vt.
1.2.1.2. T trng ca c
Gn bng t trng ca nc, thay i ty theo b phn trn c th ca c, ph
thuc vo thn nhit ca c, c c nhit cng nh th t trng cng nh.
1.2.1.3. im bng
L im nhit lm cho c bt u ng bng, nc trong c th c tn
ti dng dung dch do im bng tun theo nh lut Raun. Dung dch cng long
ng bng cng nhanh, im ng bng ca c gn im ng bng ca nc (0oC).
Thng thng im bng ca cc loi c t -0,6oC -2,6oC. im bng ca c t l
nghch vi pH ca dung dch trong c th c. p sut thm thu ca ng vt thy sn
nc ngt thp hn nc mn do im bng ca thy sn nc ngt cao hn nc mn.
1.2.1.4. H s dn nhit
Ph thuc ch yu vo hm lng m, c c hm lng m cng ln th h s
dn nhit cng nh. Tuy nhin h s dn nhit cn ph thuc vo nhit . Tht c
ng kt c h s dn nhit ln hn c cha ng kt, nhit ng kt cng thp h
s dn nhit cng cao.
1.2.2. Tnh cht ha hc ca ng vt thy sn
Ch yu nghin cu h thng keo, l cc loi protein
1.2.2.1. Tnh cht ha hc th keo ca ng thy sn
Do cu to t nhng hp cht nitrogen, cc hp cht ny cu to nn c quan
ca c to cho cu trc ca c c chc, n hi v do dai nht nh (cu to
t cc thnh phn phc tp nhng ch yu l protein). Cu to ca c th c l mt
hn hp nng lng cht ha hc m trc ht l cc loi protein, sau l lipid ri
cc mui v c v nhng cht khc na to thnh mt dung dch keo nht trong
nc l dung mi.
1.2.2.2. Trng thi tn ti ca nc
Tn ti 2 trng thi l nc kt hp v nc t do
- Nc t do: l dung mi tt cho nhiu cht ha tan ng kt 0oC, kh nng
dn in ln, c th thot ra khi c th ca sinh vt p sut thng.
- Nc kt hp: khng l dung mi cho cc cht ha tan, khng ng kt, kh
nng dn in nh, khng bay hi p sut thng.
1.2.2.3. Hnh thc tn ti ca nc
Thng tn ti di 2 hnh thc: tn ti vi ht thn nc v cht thn nc
* Ht thn nc: tn ti di dng nc khuch tn, nc t do, nc hp ph
- Nc hp ph: l lp nc bn trong, kt hp vi cc ht thn nc bng lc
phn t trn b mt hoc 1 gc nht nh no
- Nc khuch tn: l lp nc gia, khng kt hp vi cc ht thn nc,
dy lp nc khuch tn dy hn lp nc hp ph rt nhiu
* Cht thn nc: tn ti di 2 hnh thc nc kt hp v nc t do.
10

- Nc kt hp
+ Nc kt hp vi protein dng keo c tc nc do protein dng keo c
hp th.
+ Nc kt hp protein keo tan: l nc kt hp v protein trng thi ha
tan, mui v c v cc cht trng thi keo ha tan khc, nc ny l nc do keo ha
tan hp th.
- Nc t do: gm nc c nh, nc c kt cu t do v nc dnh t.
+ Nc c nh: l nc cha rt nghim ngt trong kt cu hnh li, n l
mt dng keo c nc ny rt kh p ra.
+ Nc kt cu t do: tn ti nhng l nh v khe h ca ktcu hnh li ca
mng si c hoc nhng t chc xp nhiu l rng ca m lin kt, nc ny d p
ra
+ Nc dnh t: rt mng, thng dnh st trn b mt ca c tht c.
Nc kt hp c ngha rt quan trng trong s sng ca ng vt thy sn.
Bn cnh nc kt hp cn to gi tr cm quan cho ng vt thy sn, to mi v
thm ngon.

11

CC BIN I CA NG VT
THY SN SAU KHI CHT

Chng II.

C t khi nh c n khi cht, trong c th ca n bt u c hng lot s

thay i v vt l v ha hc. S bin i ca c sau khi cht c m t theo s :

Hnh 2.1.

2.1. Cc bin i cm quan

Bin i v cm quan l nhng bin i c nhn bit nh cc gic quan nh
biu hin bn ngoi, mi, kt cu v v.

2.1.1. Nhng bin i c ti nguyn liu

Trong qu trnh bo qun, nhng bin i u tin ca c v cm quan lin quan
n biu hin bn ngoi v kt cu. V c trng ca cc loi c thng th hin r
vi ngy u ca qu trnh bo qun bng nc .
Bin i nghim trng nht l s bt u mnh m ca qu trnh t cng. Ngay
sau khi cht, c tht c dui hon ton v kt cu mm mi, n hi thng ch ko di
trong vi gi, sau c s co li. Khi c tr nn cng, ton b c th c kh un cong
th lc ny c ang trng thi t cng. Trng thi ny thng ko di trong mt ngy
hoc ko di hn, sau hin tng t cng kt thc. Khi kt thc hin tng t cng,
c dui ra v tr nn mm mi nhng khng cn n hi nh tnh trng trc khi t
cng. Thi gian ca qu trnh t cng v qu trnh mm ho sau t cng thng khc
nhau tu theo loi c v chu nh hng ca cc yu t nh nhit , phng php x
l c, kch c v iu kin vt l ca c (Bng 2.1).
S nh hng ca nht i vi hin tng t cng cng khng ging nhau.
i vi c tuyt, nhit cao lm cho hin tng t cng din ra nhanh v rt mnh.
12

Nn trnh iu ny v lc t cng mnh c th gy ra rn nt c tht, ngha l m lin

kt tr nn yu hn v lm t gy ming phil .
Bng 2.1 S bt u v khong thi gian t cng mt s loi c khc nhau

C tuyt (Gadus morhua)

B sc
B sc
B sc
Khng b sc

0
10-12
30
0

Thi gian k
t khi cht
n khi bt
u t cng
(gi)
2-8
1
0,5
14-15

C song (Epinephelus
malabaricus)
C r phi xanh
(Areochromis aureus)

Khng b sc

18

B sc
Khng b sc

0
0

1
6

Khng b sc

0-2

2-9

26,5

B sc

<1

35-55

B sc

20-30

18

B sc

7-11

54-55

B sc

18

110

B sc

22

120

>72

B sc
Khng b sc

5
10
15
20
0
10
20
0
0

12
6
6
6
8
60
16
1
6

>72
72
48
24
-

Loi c

C r phi nh (60g)
(Tilapia mossambica)
C tuyt ui di
(Macrourus whitson)
C cm (Engraulis
anchoita)
C bn (Pleuronectes
platessa)
C tuyt en (Pollachius
virens)
C qun (Sebastes spp.)
C bn Nht Bn
(Paralichthys olivaceus)
C bn Nht Bn
(Paralichthys olivaceus)

C chp (Cyprinus
carpio)

Ngun:

Nhit
(0C)

iu kin

Thi gian k
t khi cht n
khi kt thc t
cng (gi)
20-65
20-30
1-2
72-96

Hwang, 1991; Iwamoto, 1987; Korhonen, 1990; Nakayama, 1992;

Nazir v Magar, 1963; Partmann, 1965; Pawar v Magar, 1965;
Stroud, 1969; Trucco, 1982.

Ni chung, ngi ta tha nhn rng iu kin nhit cao th thi im t cng
n sm v thi gian t cng ngn. Tuy nhin, qua nghin cu, c bit i vi c
13

nhit i, ngi ta thy rng nhit li c nh hng ngc li i vi s bt u

ca qu trnh t cng. Bng chng l i vi cc loi c ny th s t cng li bt u
xy ra sm hn nhit 0oC so vi nhit 10oC cc loi c khc, m iu ny c
lin quan n s kch thch nhng bin i sinh ho 0oC. (Poulter v cng s, 1982;
Iwamoto v cng s, 1987). Tuy nhin, Abe v Okuma (1991) qua nghin cu s xut
hin qu trnh t cng trn c chp cho rng hin tng t cng ph thuc vo s
khc bit gia nhit mi trng ni c sng v nhit bo qun. Khi c s khc
bit ln th khong thi gian t khi c cht n khi xy ra hin tng t cng tr nn
ngn hn v ngc li.
Hin tng t cng xy ra ngay lp tc hoc ch sau mt thi gian rt ngn k t
khi c cht nu c i v ngun glycogen d tr b cn hoc c b sc (stress). Phng
php p v git cht c cng nh hng n thi im bt u hin tng t cng.
Lm cht c bng cch gim nhit (c b git cht trong nc lnh) lm cho s t
cng xut hin nhanh, cn khi p vo u c th thi im bt u t cng s n
chm, c th n 18 gi (Azam v cng s , 1990; Proctor v cng s , 1992).
ngha v mt cng ngh ca hin tng t cng l rt quan trng khi c c
phil vo thi im trc hoc trong khi t cng. Nu phil c trong giai on t cng,
do c th c hon ton cng nn nng sut phi l s rt thp v vic thao tc mnh
c th gy rn nt cc ming phil. Nu c c phil trc khi t cng th c c th
co li mt cch t do v ming phil s b ngn li theo tin trnh t cng. C mu sm
c th co li n 52% v c mu trng co n 15% chiu di ban u (Buttkus, 1963).
Nu luc c trc khi t cng th cu trc c tht rt mm v nho. Ngc li, luc c
giai on t cng th c tht dai nhng kh, cn nu luc c sau giai on t cng th
tht c tr nn sn chc, mm mi v n hi.
C nguyn con v c phi l ng lnh trc giai on t cng c th s cho ra cc
sn phm c cht lng tt nu r ng mt cch cn thn chng nhit thp,
nhm mc ch lm cho giai on t cng xy ra trong khi c vn cn c ng lnh.
Nhng bin i c trng v cm quan sau khi c cht rt khc nhau ty theo
loi c v phng php bo qun. bng 2.2, EEC a ra m t khi qut
hng dn nh gi cht lng ca c. Thang im t 0 n 3 trong im 3 tng
ng vi mc cht lng tt nht.

2.1.2. Nhng bin i cht lng

C th pht hin v chia cc kiu n hng c trng ca c bo qun bng nc
theo 4 giai on (pha) nh sau:
- Giai on (pha) 1: C rt ti v c v ngon, ngt, mi nh rong bin. V tanh
rt nh ca kim loi.
- Giai on (pha) 2: Mt mi v v c trng. pH ca tht c tr nn trung tnh
nhng khng c mi l. Cu trc c tht vn cn tt .
- Giai on (pha) 3: C du hiu n hng v ty theo loi c cng nh l kiu
n hng (hiu kh, ym kh) m s to ra mt lot cc cht d bay hi, mi kh chu.
Mt trong nhng hp cht bay hi c th l trimethylamin (TMA) do vi khun sinh ra
t qu trnh kh trimethylamin oxyt (TMAO). TMA c mi c tanh rt c trng.
Ngay khi bt u giai on (pha) ny, mi l c th l mi hi chua, mi nh tri cy
v mi hi ng, c bit l cc loi c bo. Trong nhng thi k tip theo ca giai
on ny, cc mi tanh ngt, mi nh bp ci, mi khai, mi lu hunh v mi i kht
tng ln. Cu trc hoc l tr nn mm v sng nc hoc l tr nn dai v kh.
14

- Giai on (pha) 4: c trng ca c c th l s n hng v phn hy (thi

ra).

15

Bng 2.2. nh gi ti: Qui ch ca Hi ng (EEC) No. 103/76 OJ No.L20

(28-01-1976) (EEC,1976).
Cc b
phn
c
kim tra
Da

Cc tiu ch
im
3
Sng, h sc t
ng nh, khng
bin mu

Biu hin bn ngoi

H sc t ang
H sc t sng
nhng khng bng trong qu trnh bin
mu v m c.
lng.
Dch nht hi c.

Mt

Dch nht trong

sut nh c nc.
Li (phng ln).

Mang

Gic mc trong
sut.
ng t en, sng.
Mu sng.

Tht
(ct t
phn
bng)
Mu
(dc
theo ct
sng)
Cc c
quan

Khng c dch
nht.
Hi xanh , trong
m, nhn v sng.
Khng thay i
mu nguyn thy.
Khng mu.

Thn v phn cn
li ca cc c quan
khc phi sng
nh mu trong
ng mch ch.

Tht

Chc v n hi.
B mt nhn.

Ct
sng
Mng
bng

Gy, thay v ri ra.

Mang,
da,
khoang
bng.

Rong bin.

1)

0
1)

H sc t m
c.

Dch nht m c

Li v hi trng.

Dch nht trng

c.
Phng.

Gic mc hi c

Gic mc c.

Gic mc c nh
sa.
ng t xm xt.
1)
Hi vng.

ng t en, m.
Gim mu.

ng t m c.
ang tr nn bin
mu.
Hi c vt ca dch Dch nht m c.
nht.
Mt nh nhung,
Hi c.
c sp, m c.
Mu hi bin i.

1)

Dch nht c nh
sa.
1)
c hn.

Pht hng.

Hng.

1)

Thn v phn cn
li ca cc c quan
khc phi c,
mu b bin mu.

Thn, phn cn li
ca cc c quan
khc v mu phi
c mu nht.

1)

iu kin
Km n hi.
Hi mm (mm
xu), km n hi .
Nh c sp (mt
nh nhung) v b
mt m c.
Dnh

Hi dnh

Dnh han ton vo Dnh

tht.

Hi dnh

Mi
Khng c mi rong Hi chua.
bin hoc bt k
mi kh chu no.

Hoc trng thi t hi hn.

16

Lm gia.

Thn, phn cn
li ca cc c quan
khc v mu phi
c mu nu nht.
1)

Mm (mm xu).
Vy d dng tch
khi da, b mt rt
nhn nheo, c
chiu hng ging
bt.
1)
Khng dnh.
1)

Khng dnh.

1)

Chua

C th dng thang im nh gi cm quan i vi c luc nh trnh by

hnh 2.2. Thang im c nh s t 0 n 10. im 10 ch ti tuyt i, im
8 ch cht lng tt, im 6 ch mc cht lng trung bnh, tht c khng c v c
trng v im 4 ch mc b loi b. Khi dng thang im ny, th c dng ch S
cho thy giai on u tin, cht lng ca c gim nhanh chng, giai on 2 v
3 tc gim cht lng chm hn, cn giai on cui cng, tc gim cht lng
xy ra nhanh mt khi c b n thi.

Hnh 2.2 Bin i cht lng ca c tuyt p (0oC)

Ngun: Huss, 1976

2.2. Cc bin i t phn gii

Nhng bin i t phn gii do hot ng ca enzym gp phn lm gim cht
lng ca c, cng vi qu trnh n hng do vi sinh vt gy nn.

2.2.1. S phn gii glycogen (qu trnh glycosis)

Glycogen b phn gii di tc dng ca men glycolysis trong iu kin khng
c oxy bng con ng Embden Meyerhof, dn n s tch ly acid lactic lm gim
pH ca c tht c. i vi c tuyt, pH c tht gim t 6,8 xung mc pH cui cng
l 6,1-6,5. Vi mt s loi c khc, pH cui cng c th thp hn: c thu c ln th
pH c th gim xung n mc 5,8-6,0; c ng v c bn li nga th pH gim
xung n 5,4-5,6; tuy nhin pH thp nh vy t khi thy cc loi c xng bin.
pH ca c tht c him khi thp bng pH ca c tht ng vt c v sau khi cht. V d
c tht b th pH thng gim xung n 5,1 trong giai on t cng. Lng axit
lactic c sn sinh ra c lin quan n lng cacbohydrat d tr (glycogen) trong m
c khi ng vt cn sng. Ni chung, do c tht c c hm lng glycogen tng i
thp so vi ng vt c v nn sau khi c cht th lng acid lactic c sinh ra t hn.
Trng thi dinh dng ca c, hin tng sc v mc hot ng trc khi cht cng
c nh hng ln n hm lng glycogen d tr v do nh hng n pH cui
cng ca c sau khi cht.
17

Theo quy lut, c n nhiu v ngh ngi nhiu s c hm lng glycogen

nhiu hn c b kit sc. Mt nghin cu gn y v c chch Nht Bn (Chipa v
cng s, 1991) cho thy rng ch vi pht gy giy gia khi nh bt c lm cho pH
ca c gim 0,5 n v trong 3 gi so vi c khng giy gia khi nh bt th pH ca
n ch gim 0,1 n v trong cng thi gian nh trn. Ngoi ra, cc tc gi ny cn cho
thy vic ct tit lm gim ng k s sn sinh axit lactic sau khi cht.
pH ca c tht c gim sau khi c cht c nh hng n tnh cht vt l ca c
tht c. Khi pH gim, in tch b mt ca protein si c gim i, lm cho cc protein
b bin tnh cc b v lm gim kh nng gi nc ca chng. M c trong giai
on t cng s mt nc khi luc v c bit khng thch hp cho qu trnh ch bin
c x l nhit, v s bin tnh do nhit cng lm tng s mt nc. S mt nc c nh
hng xu n cu trc ca c tht c v Love (1975) cho thy gia dai c tht
v pH c mi quan h t l nghch, dai mc khng th chp nhn c (mt nc
khi luc) s xy ra c tht c pH thp (Hnh 2.3).

Hnh 2.3. Mi quan h gia cu trc ca c tht c tuyt v pH

Du chm en tng ng vi c nh bt St. Kilda, bin i Ty Dng.

Du tam gic tng ng vi c nh bt Fyllas Bank, Davis Strait .
Ngun: Love (1975)

S bin i pH ca c sau khi cht ph thuc rt ln vo nhit mi trng

Vd. 5oC, s bin i pH ca c din ra nh sau (hnh 2.4):
A - B: 4 - 6 gi
B - C - D: 5 - 10 gi
D - E: 3 - 4 ngy
E - F - G: 3 - 4 ngy
T th hnh 2.4 ta thy khi pH gim xung thp nht th c cng v khi pH
tr li trung tnh th c mm v sau khi mm th tin n t phn gii ri thi ra.
Khi pH gim, s ht nc ca c th c cng gim. Khi pH = 7 lng nc ht
vo bng dung tch ca c tht. Khi pH = 6 th di 50% v khi pH = 5 th gn n
im ng in ca protein nn lng nc ht vo b nht ch khong 25%.
18

Tm li: C bt ln mt thi gian ri cht c pH = 7, sau gim xung

n pH thp nht, c tr nn cng. pH gim n mt mc no li tng ln gn
trung tnh, c lc ny tr nn mm.
pH

7,2
7,1

Cht

T cng

7,0

Thi gian

6,9
6,8
6,7
6,6
6,5
6,4
A.

C D

Hnh 2.4. S s bin i pH ca c sau khi cht

A. Thi gian khi nh bt

B. Thi gian khi cht, bt u t cng

C. C c pH thp nht

D. C cng nht

E. C bt u mm

F: C bt u n hng

G: C n hng

2.2.2. S phn hy ATP

Sau khi cht, ATP b phn hy nhanh to thnh inosine monophosphate (IMP)
bi enzym ni bo (s t phn). Tip theo s phn gii ca IMP to thnh inosine v
hypoxanthine l chm hn nhiu v c xc tc chnh bi enzym ni bo IMP
phosphohydrolase v inosine ribohydrolase, cng vi s tham gia ca enzym c trong
vi khun khi thi gian bo qun tng. S phn gii ATP c tm thy song song vi
s mt ti ca c, c xc nh bng phn tch cm quan.
ATP b phn hy xy ra theo bi cc phn ng t phn:
Hx (hypoxanthine)
ATP

ADP
Pi

AMP
Pi

IMP
NH3

HxR(inosine)
Pi

Trong tt c cc loi c, cc giai on t phn xy ra ging nhau nhng tc

t phn khc nhau, thay i ty theo loi.
19

Glycogen v ATP hu nh bin mt trc giai on t cng, trong khi IMP

v HxR vn cn duy tr. Khi hm lng IMP v HxR bt u gim, hm lng Hx
tng ln. pH gim xung n mc thp nht giai on t phn ny.
ATP nh l cht ch th ha hc v ti: Ch s ha hc v ti ca c l
biu hin bn ngoi bng cch nh lng, nh gi khch quan v cng c th bng
cch kim tra t ng. Mt mnh ATP khng th s dng nh gi ti bi v
ATP nhanh chng chuyn i to thnh IMP. Sn phm trung gian ca s phn hy
ny tng v gim lm cho kt qu khng chnh xc. Khi xc nh kt qu, cn ch
n inosine v hypoxanthin, cht chuyn ha cui cng ca ATP. Hypoxanthine c
dng nh mt tiu chun nh gi mc ti ca c. Tuy nhin, iu ny c th
dn n s nhm ln khi so snh gia cc loi vi nhau. mt s loi qu trnh phn
hy to thnh HxR trong khi cc loi khc li sinh Hx. V vy, nhn bit mc
ti ca c mt cch chnh xc ngi ta a ra tr s K. Tr s K biu din mi lin
h gia inosine, hypoxanthine v tng hm lng ca ATP thnh phn:
[HxR] + [Hx]
K% =

x 100
[ATP] + [ADP] + [AMP] + [IMP] + [HxR] + [Hx]

Trong , [ATP], [ADP], [AMP], [IMP], [HxR], [Hx] l nng tng i ca

cc hp cht tng ng trong c tht c c xc nh ti cc thi im khc nhau
trong qu trnh bo qun lnh. Tr s K cng thp, c cng ti.
IMP v 5 nucleotide khc c tc dng nh cht to mi cho c, chng lin kt
vi acid glutamic lm tng mi v ca tht c. IMP to mi v c trng, hypoxanthine
c v ng. S mt mi v c ti l kt qu ca qu trnh phn hy IMP.
Surette v cng s (1988) theo di s t phn gii c tuyt thanh trng v
khng thanh trng thng qua cc cht d ha ATP. Tc hnh thnh v b gy phn
t IMP nh nhau trong c 2 mu m c ca c tuyt thanh trng v khng thanh trng
(hnh 2.5a v 2.5b) cho thy qu trnh d ha i vi s phn gii ATP n inosine
hon ton do cc enzym t phn gii.

20

Hnh 2.5a. S bin i i vi IMP, Ino v Hx trong ming phil c tuyt v trng 3oC

Hnh 2.5b. S bin i i vi IMP, Ino v Hx trong ming phil c tuyt cha v
trng 3oC

2.2.3. S phn gii protein

Bin i t phn ca protein trong c t c ch . H enzym protease quan
trng nht l men cathepsin, trong c chng hot ng rt thp, nhng ngc li hot
ng mnh cc loi tm, cua v nhuyn th.
a. Cc enzym cathepsin
Cathepsin l enzym thy phn nm trong lysosome. Enzym quan trng nht l
cathepsin D tham gia vo qu trnh thy phn protein ni ti ca t bo to thnh
peptide pH = 2-7. Sau peptide tip tc b phn hy di tc ca men cathepsin A,
B v C. Tuy nhin, qu trnh phn gii protein di tc dng enzym thy phn trong
tht c rt t. Enzym cathepsin c vai tr chnh trong qu trnh t chn ca c pH thp
v nng mui thp. Enzym cathepsin b c ch hot ng nng mui 5%.
b. Cc enzym calpain
Gn y, ngi ta tm thy mi lin h gia mt nhm enzym proteaza ni
bo th hai - c gi l "calpain" hay "yu t c hot ha bi canxi" (CAF) - i
vi qu trnh t phn gii c tht c c tm thy trong tht, cc loi c c vy v gip
xc.Cc enzym calpain tham gia vo qu trnh lm gy v tiu hy protein trong si c.
21

c. Cc enzym collagenase
Enzym collagenase gip lm mm t bo m lin kt. Cc enzym ny gy ra
cc vt nt hoc b gy cc myotome khi bo qun c bng trong mt thi gian
di hoc khi bo qun ch trong thi gian ngn nhng nhit cao. i vi c hi
i Ty Dng, khi nhit t n 17oC th s nt rn c l khng th trnh khi, c
l l do s thoi ha ca m lin kt v do s co c nhanh v nhit cao khi xy ra
qu trnh t cng.

2.2.4. S phn ct TMAO

Trimetylamin l mt amin d bay hi c mi kh chu c trng cho mi thu
sn n hng. S c mt ca trimetylamin trong c n hng l do s kh TMAO
di tc dng ca vi khun. S gia tng TMA trong thy sn ph thuc ch yu vo
hm lng ca TMAO trong nguyn liu c. TMA c dng nh gi cht lng
ca c bin. Tin trnh ny b c ch khi c c lm lnh.
(CH3)3NO

Vi khun

TMAO

(CH3)3N
TMA

Trong c tht ca mt s loi tn ti enzym c kh nng phn hy TMAO

thnh dimethylamin (DMA) v formaldehyde (FA)
(CH3)3NO

enzym

(CH3)2NH

HCHO

TMAO
DMA
formaldehyde
Enzym xc tc qu trnh hnh thnh formaldehyt c gi l TMAO-ase hoc
TMAO demethylase, n thng c tm thy trong cc loi c tuyt.
c lnh ng formaldehyde c th gy ra s bin tnh protein, lm thay i
cu trc v mt kh nng gi nc ca sn phm. S to thnh DMA v formaldehyde
l vn quan trng cn quan tm trong sut qu trnh bo qun lnh ng. Tc
hnh thnh formaldehyde nhanh nht khi nhit lnh ng cao (lnh ng chm).
Ngoi ra, nu c b tc ng c hc qu mc trong cc khu t khi nh bt n khi
lm lnh ng v nu nhit trong qu trnh bo qun lnh ng b dao ng th
lng formaldehyde hnh thnh s tng.
Bng 2.3. Tm tt nhng bin i trong qu trnh t phn gii ca c p lnh
Enzym
Enzym phn gii
glycogen

C cht
Glycogen

Enzym gy ra t
phn gii, lin
quan n s ph
hy nucleotid

ATP ADP
AMP IMP

Cathepsin

Cc
protein,
Cc peptid

Cc bin i xy ra
- To ra acid lactic, lm
gim pH ca m, lm
mt kh nng gi nc
trong c.
- Nhit cao khi xy
ra t cng c th dn
n s nt c tht
- Mt mi c ti, dn
dn xut hin v ng
do Hx ( nhng giai
on sau)
- M b mm ha gy
kh khn hoc cn tr
cho vic ch bin
22

Ngn chn/Km hm
- Trn thc t, nu c th nn
qu trnh t cng ca c
din ra nhit cng gn
0oC cng tt.
Phi trnh gy cng thng cho
c giai on trc khi xy ra
t cng.
- Tng t nh trn.
- Bc d vn chuyn mnh tay
hoc nn s lm tng s ph
hy
- Trnh mnh tay khi thao tc
lc bo qun v bc d.

Chymotrypsin,
trypsin,
cacboxypeptidase

Cc
protein,
Cc peptid

Calpain

Cc
protein si
c
M lin
kt

Collagenase

TMAO
demethylase

TMAO

T phn gii khoang

bng ca cc loi c
tng ni (gy hin
tng v bng)
- Lm mm m c v
gip xc lt xc
- Vt nt trn ming
phil
- Gy mm ha
- To ra formaldehyt
lm cng c ca h c
tuyt khi ng lnh

- Vn s gia tng khi ng

lnh/r ng hoc bo qun
lnh trong thi gian di.
- Loi b canxi ngn chn
qu trnh hot ha
- S thoi ha ca m lin kt
lin quan n thi gian v nhit
bo qun lnh
- Bo qun c nhit <30oC
- Tc ng vt l qu mc v
qu trnh ng lnh/r ng
lm tng hin tng cng c
do FA

2.3. Bin i do vi sinh vt

2.3.1. H vi khun c va mi nh bt
c tht v cc c quan bn trong ca c ti, vi khun hin din rt t.
c ti vi khun ch c th tm thy trn da (102 - 107cfu/cm2), mang (103 - 109cfu/g)
v ni tng (103 - 109cfu/g) (Shewan, 1962). H vi sinh vt ca c va nh bt li
ph thuc vo mi trng ni nh bt hn l vo loi c (Shewan, 1977). S lng
vi khun tn ti trong c cao hay thp ty thuc vo c sng trong mi trng nc
m hay nc lnh. Vi khun trn da v mang c sng trong vng nc n i, mi
trng nc sch t hn so vi c sng trong vng nc nhit i, mi trng
nhim. S lng vi khun trong ni tng c c lin quan trc tip n ngun thc n
ca c: cao c n tp v thp c khng n tp. Ngoi ra s lng vi khun thay i
cn ty thuc vo ma sinh sng. C sng trong ma h c s lng vi khun cao
hn.

Tht (t hin din)

Ni tng (103 - 109cfu/g)

Da (102 - 107cfu/cm2)

Mang (103 - 109cfu/g)

S lng vi khun tn ti cc loi gip xc v thn mm gn ging vi s
lng vi khun tn ti trn c.
23

V (102 - 107cfu/cm2)

Mang, rut tm sng: (103 - 109cfu/g)

Vi khun c mi va nh bt ch yu gm vi khun hiu kh, k kh
khng bt buc, vi khun G- nh Pseudomonas, Alteromonas, Acinetobacter,
Moraxella, Flavolacberium, Cytophaga and Vibrio. C sng trong vng nc m d
b nhim bi vi khun G+ nh Micrococcus, Bacillus v Coryneform.
Cc loi Aeromonas c trng cho c nc ngt, trong khi c mt s vi
khun cn natri pht trin th c trng cho c bin. Cc loi ny bao gm Vibrio,
Photobacterium v Shewanella. Tuy nhin, d Shewanella putrefaciens cn natri cho
s pht trin nhng chng ny cng c th phn lp t mi trng nc ngt
(DiChristina v DeLong, 1993; Gram v cng s, 1990; Spanggaard v cng s,
1993). Mc d S. putrefaciens c tm thy trong nc ngt nhit i, nhng n
khng ng vai tr quan trng trong s h hng ca c nc ngt (Lima dos Santos,
1978; Gram, 1990).
Vi khun hin din loi thn mm ging vi vi khun trong c bin nhng
s lng vi khun G+ nh Bacillus, Micrococcus, Enterobacteriaceae v
Streptococcus chim s lng ln hn.
Bng 2.4. H vi khun c nh bt t vng nc khng b nhim
Gram (-)
Pseudomonas
Moraxella
Acinetobacter
Shewanella putrefaciens
Flavobacterium Cytophaga
Vibrio
Photobacterium Aeromonas

Gram (+)
Bacillus
Clotridium
Micrococcus
Lactobacillus
Cc vi khun
c dng hnh
chy

Ghi ch

Vibrio v Photobacterium c trng cho

nc bin;
Aeromonas c trng cho nc ngt

Hai loi vi khun gy bnh thng lm bin i mi v ca c v nhuyn

th gm: Clostridium botulinum loi E, B, F v Vibrio parahaemolyticus.
- Clostridium botulinum l vi khun sinh bo t khng nhit. Vi khun ny
khng c hi nu tn ti mt lng nh trong c ti. Vi khun s tr nn rt nguy
him khi iu kin bo qun hoc ch bin khng tt to iu kin thun li cho bo
t sinh sn, pht trin v sn sinh c t. Vi khun loi E, B, F c kh nng khng
24

nhit thp.
- Vibrio parahaemolyticus l loi vi khun t chu nhit, a mui gy bnh
vim ng rut vi cc triu chng bnh ging nh triu chng bnh gy ra do
Salmonella. Bnh ch xy ra khi n vo lng ln t bo vi khun (khong 106cfu/g),
mc thng thng c th chp nhn c l 103cfu/g. Loi vi khun ny rt nhy cm
vi nhit (nng v lnh).
Ngoi ra, mt s loi vi khun khc c tm thy trong c v cc loi hi
sn khc nh Clostridium perfringen, Staphylococcus aureus , Salmonella spp.,
Shigella spp. b ly nhim do qu trnh vn chuyn v ch bin khng m bo v
sinh.

2.3.2. S xm nhp ca vi sinh vt

Tht ca c sng khe mnh hoc c va nh bt th khng c vi khun v h
thng min dch ca c ngn chn s pht trin ca vi khun trong tht c. Khi c cht,
h thng min dch b suy yu v vi khun c t do sinh si pht trin. Trn b mt
da, vi khun phn ln nh c cc ti vy. Trong qu trnh bo qun, chng s xm
nhp vo c tht bng cch i qua gia cc si c. Nhng nghin cu ca Murray v
Shewan (1979) cho thy rng trong qu trnh bo qun bng ch c mt lng rt
hn ch vi khun xm nhp vo c tht. C th dng knh hin vi pht hin c vi
khun trong c tht mt khi lng vi sinh vt trn b mt da tng ln trn 106 cfu/cm2
(Ruskol v Bendsen, 1992). iu ny quan st thy c c hai trng hp khi bo
qun c bng v nhit thng. Khng c s khc nhau v m hnh xm nhp
ca vi khun gy h hng c trng (v d, S. putrefaciens) v vi khun khng gy h
hng c.
V thc s ch c mt lng gii hn vi sinh vt xm nhp c tht v s pht
trin ca vi sinh vt ch yu din ra trn b mt c, nn s h hng ca c ch yu l
do cc enzym ca vi khun khuch tn vo c tht v cc cht dinh dng khuch tn
ra pha ngoi.
S h hng ca c xy ra vi nhng tc khc nhau v iu c th gii
thch bng s khc nhau v tnh cht ca b mt c. Da c c chc rt khc nhau.
Do vy, nhng loi c nh c tuyt mc-lang (Merlangius merlangus) v c tuyt
(Gadus morhua) c lp da rt mng manh th s h hng xy ra nhanh hn so vi mt
s loi c thn dt nh c bn l loi c c lp biu b v h b rt chc chn. Hn th
na, nhm c sau c lp cht nht rt dy m y li l ni c cha mt s thnh phn
khng khun nh khng th v enzym phn gii c cc loi vi khun (Murray v
Fletcher, 1976; Hjelmland v cng s, 1983).

2.3.3. Bin i ca vi sinh vt trong sut qu trnh bo qun v gy n

hng
i vi c n i, gn nh ngay lp tc sau khi c cht th cc vi khun bt u
giai on sinh trng theo cp s nhn. iu ny cng ng vi c p , c l l do
h vi sinh vt ca chng thch nghi vi nhit lnh. Trong qu trnh bo qun
bng , lng vi sinh vt s tng gp i sau khong mt ngy v sau 2-3 tun s t
105-109 cfu trong mt gam tht hoc trn mt cm2 da. Khi bo qun nhit thng,
sau 24 gi th lng vi sinh vt t gn vi mc 107-108 cfu/g.
i vi c nhit i: Vi khun trong c nhit i thng tri qua giai on tim
n (pha lag) t 1 n 2 tun nu c c bo qun bng , sau mi bt u giai
on sinh trng theo cp s nhn. Ti thi im b h hng, lng vi khun trong c
25

nhit i v c n i u nh nhau (Gram, 1990; Gram v cng s, 1990).

Nu c p c bo qun trong iu kin ym kh hoc trong mi trng
khng kh c cha CO2, lng vi khun chu lnh thng thng nh S. putrefaciens v
Pseudomonas thng thp hn nhiu (ngha l trong khong 106-107 cfu/g) so vi khi
bo qun c trong iu kin hiu kh. Tuy nhin, lng vi khun a lnh c trng nh
P. phosphoreum t n mc 107-108 cfu/g khi c h hng (Dalgaard v cng s,
1993).

2.3.4. Vi sinh vt gy n hng c

Cn phn bit r thut ng h vi sinh vt khi h hng (spoilage flora) vi vi
khun gy h hng (spoilage bacteria), v thut ng u tin ch n thun l ni n
cc vi khun hin din trong c khi chng b h hng, cn thut ng sau li ni n
mt nhm vi khun c trng gy nn s bin mi v v c lin quan vi s h hng.
Mt lng ln vi khun trong c n khng c vai tr g trong qu trnh h hng. Mi
sn phm c c nhng vi khun gy hng c trng ring ca n v lng vi khun
ny (so vi lng vi khun tng s) c lin quan n thi hn bo qun.
Bng 2.5. Cc hp cht c trng trong qu trnh n hng ca tht c bo qun hiu kh hoc
c ng gi c v nhit mi trng
Vi sinh vt c trng gy n hng

Cc hp cht n hng c trng

Shewanella putrefaciens

TMA, H2S, CH3SH, (CH3)2S, Hx

Photobacterium phosphoreum

TMA, Hx

Cc loi Pseudomonas

Ceton, aldehyde, este, cc sunfit khng phi H2S

Vibrionaceae

TMA, H2S

Cc vi khun gy hng hiu kh

NH3, cc acid: acetic, butyric v propionic

Bng 2.6. C cht v cc hp cht gy bin mi do vi khun sinh ra trong qu trnh n hng
ca c
C cht

Cc hp cht sinh ra do hot ng ca vi khun

TMAO
Cysteine
Methionine
Carbohydrat v lactat
Inosine, IMP
Cc acid amin (glycine, serine, leucine)
Cc acid amin, ur

TMA
H2S
CH3SH, (CH3)2S
Acetat, CO2, H2O
Hypoxanthine
Cc este, ceton, aldehyde
NH3

Trc tin vi khun hiu kh s dng ngun nng lng carbohydrate v

lactate pht trin to thnh CO2 v H2O. Kt qu ca tin trnh ny lm gim th
oxy ha kh trn b mt sn phm. Di iu kin ny, vi khun ym kh
(Alteromonas putrefacien, Enterobacteriaceae) pht trin kh TMAO thnh TMA
theo bi cc phn ng sinh ha:
CH3CHOHCOOH + (CH3)3NO

TMAO - reductase

26

CH3COCOOH + (CH3)3N + H2O

Axit lactic

TMAO

Pyruvate

TMA

CH3COCOOH + (CH3)3NO + H2O

CH3COOH + (CH3)3N + CO2 + H2O

Pyruvate

axit acetic

TMAO

TMA

Sn phm to thnh cui cng l TMA to mi v xu cho c.

Bc tip theo trong sut qu trnh n hng do vi sinh vt c l s phn
hy amino acid, c ch din ra nh sau:
R - CH2 - CH(NH2) - COOH
Decarboxylase

deaminase oxidative

oxydase

R - CH2 - CH2 - NH2

amin

RCH2 - CO - COOH + NH3

-ceto-acid Decarboxylase

RCH2 - COOH + NH3

axit bo

Ch c mt lng nh NH3 to thnh trong giai on t phn gii nhng

phn ln c to thnh t s phn hy cc acid amin.
c nhm, lng NH3 to thnh trong sut giai on bo qun rt ln bi
v hm lng ur trong tht c nhm rt cao, thnh phn ny b phn hy di tc
dng ca vi khun sn sinh enzym urease to thnh CO2 v NH3 theo phn ng:
(NH2)2 CO

H2O

urease

CO2

2NH3

TMA, NH3, amin c gi chung l tng nit baz bay hi (TVB), thng
c s dng nh ch tiu ha hc nh gi cht lng c (ch yu l TMA). Gii
hn cho php TVB-N/100g c bo qun lnh l 30-35mg. c ti hm lng
TMA chim rt thp. Sau thi gian bo qun, vi khun kh TMAO to thnh TMA
lm cho c b n hng. TMA l ch tiu c bn nh gi mc ti ca c. Cht
lng c bo qun lnh c gi l tt khi hm lng TMA-N/100g <1,5mg, 1015mg TMA-N/100g l gii hn cho php vi ngi tiu dng.
Vi khun phn hy acid amin c cha lu hunh nh cysteine, methionine
to thnh H2S, CH3-SH (methyl mercaptane) v (CH3)2S dimethylsulphide. Cc hp
cht bay hi ny to mi v xu cho sn phm, ngay c liu lng rt thp (ppb),
lm gim gi tr cm quan ca sn phm.
Cc loi gip xc thng rt nhy cm vi vi sinh vt gy n hng so vi
c do c cha hm lng phi protein cao. Khi hm lng arginine phosphate cao, n
c th b dephosphorylate bi phn ng t phn. Vi khun c th phn hy arginine
thnh ornithine. Sau ornithine tip tc b decarboxylate to thnh hp cht
putrescine to mi v xu cho sn phm.
Bo qun c trong iu kin ym kh mt thi gian di, kt qu vi khun
phn hy cc acid amin to sn phm NH3. Loi vi khun hot ng trong iu kin
k kh bt buc l Fusobacterium. S pht trin ca chng ch xy ra c n hng.

2.3.5. Cc yu t nh hng n s pht trin ca vi sinh vt

2.3.5.1. Cc yu t bn trong
Cc nhn t bn trong c lin quan trc tip n cht lng ca c. Cc
nhn t ny bao gm cc c tnh ha hc v vt l ca c nh pH, hot ng ca
nc, th oxy ha kh (Eh), thnh phn, cc cht khng vi khun t nhin v cu trc
sinh hc.
a. pH
27

Nhiu loi vi sinh c th pht trin khi gi tr pH thay i trong phm vi

rng. pH gii hn cho s pht trin ca vi sinh vt thay i t 1-11. pH ti u cho
hu ht cc loi vi sinh vt pht trin khong 7,0. S pht trin ca vi sinh vt gi tr
pH khc nhau, cho trong bng sau:
Bng 2.7. pH ti u v gii hn pH cho s pht trin ca vi sinh vt
pH

Min.

Opt.

Max.

Vi khun

4,4

7,0

9,8

Nm men

1,5

4,0 6,0

9,0

Nm mc

1,5

7,0

11,0

Vi sinh vt

Tuy nhin, c mt vi trng hp ngoi l. Vi khun chu axit nh vi khun

axit lactic, axit acetic c th pht trin pH < 4,4. pH ti u cho s pht trin ca acid
acetic trong khong 5,4-6,3 v ca acid lactic t 5,5-6,0. Vi khun baz c th pht
trin mi trng pH kim. Vibrio parahaemolyticus pht trin khong pH t 4,811,0 v Enterococcus pht trin khong pH t 4,8-10,6.
b. hot ng ca nc (aw)
Nc cn cho qu trnh pht trin v trao i cht ca vi sinh vt. Thng s
quan trng nht dng o lng nc l hot ng ca nc (aw).
hot ng ca nc trong thc phm l t s gia p sut ha hi ring
phn ca nc trong thc phm (P) v p sut ha hi ring phn ca nc tinh khit
(Po) cng nhit .
aw = P/Po
Gim hot ng ca nc bng cch gim p sut ha hi ca thc
phm. iu ny c th thc hin bng cch cho bay hi mt phn nc hoc b sung
thm cc cht tan vo sn phm. S pht trin ca cc nhm vi sinh vt khc nhau b
gii hn bi hot ng ca nc thp.
Bng 2.8. aw thp nht cho s pht trin ca vi sinh vt
aw thp nhp

Vi sinh vt
Vi khun gram m

0,95

gram dng

0,91

Nm mc

0,80

Nm men

0,88

Tuy nhin c mt vi loi vi sinh vt c hiu trong qu trnh bo qun c

c th pht trin hot ng ca nc thp. C 3 dng ch yu l dng a mui,
a kh v thm thu. Dng a mui khng th pht trin trong mi trng khng
mui v yu cu cung cp lng mui thng xuyn cho s pht trin. Chng thng
l loi vi khun c kh nng khng mui cao hn cc loi vi sinh vt khc ( hot
ng ca nc thp nht aw = 0,75). Loi vi khun a kh c nh ngha l loi vi
khun c kh nng pht trin rt nhanh di iu kin kh aw = 0,85 ( hot ng
28

ca nc thp nht aw = 0,6). Vi sinh vt a kh c bit l cc loi nm mc

v nm men.
Vi sinh vt thm thu c kh nng pht trin trong mi trng c p sut
thm thu cao. Dng thng c ng dng nht l nm men khng ng, aw cn
thit cho s pht trin ging vi vi khun thm thu (aw thp nht = 0,6).
C, gip xc v cc loi thn mm thng c aw > 0,98.
c. in th oxy ha kh (Eh)
Vi sinh vt c nh hng n th oxy ha kh ca c trong sut qu trnh
pht trin. c bit xy ra vi vi khun hiu kh, khi vi khun ny pht trin lm cho
Eh ca c gim xung thp. Vi vi khun k kh, hin tng ny xy ra khng ng
k. Khi vi khun hiu kh pht trin n s ly ht O2 trong c, lm cho Eh gim xung
thp. Kt qu lm cho mi trng tr nn thiu cht oxy ha v giu cht kh.
Vi sinh vt pht trin gi tr Eh cao c gi l vi sinh vt hiu kh bt
buc v nhng loi khc pht trin gi tr Eh thp c gi l vi sinh vt k kh bt
buc. Khc vi vi sinh vt hiu kh v k kh bt buc, vi sinh vt k kh khng bt
buc c th pht trin c gi tr Eh cao v thp bi v chng c h iu khin bng
cch ng hoc m van lm tng hoc gim Eh hoc c s hin din hay khng c
s hin din ca oxy.
* Vi khun hiu kh bt buc
Vi khun hiu kh bt buc trong c bao gm Pseudomonas spp.,
Acinetobacter-Moraxella spp., micrococci v mt vi loi thuc nhm Bacillus spp.,
s dng oxy nh l cht nhn in t trong qu trnh h hp. Chng c th phn gii
protein v lipid to sn phm cui cng l CO2 v H2O. Chng thng pht trin trn
b mt ca c nguyn con v c phil khi mi trng c y oxy.
* Vi khun k kh bt buc
Clostridia ch c th pht trin vi th oxy ha kh thp (-300mv) v mt
s loi khc ch c th pht trin trong iu kin khng c oxy. Gi tr Eh ti a m vi
khun k kh pht trin t +30 n -250 mv. Mt s loi vi khun k kh c th pht
trin th oxy ha kh cao hn nhng trong mi trng khng c oxy tt hn l c
s hin din ca oxy. Vi khun k kh khng sinh bo t nh Bacteroides thng
khng chu c vi th oxy ha kh cao, trong khi cc loi clostridia c th sng st
mt thi gian di th oxy ha kh cao (+110 mv) trong s hin din ca oxy v i
khi cng pht trin th oxy ha kh cao (+370 mv) trong iu kin khng c oxy. Vi
sinh vt k kh bt buc thng pht trin nhiu nht phn trong ca c cha ch
bin.
C mi va nh bt, Eh trong m c c lun lun dng (+200 n +300
mv). Trong sut qu trnh bo qun, Eh gim nhanh v cn li mc rt thp, Eh m
trong sut qu trnh n hng (- 300 n - 400 mv).
C mi quan h rt gn gia Eh v s hin din ca TMAO. V d c
tuyt, Eh trong m c gim cng vi s kh TMAO thnh TMA. c mui, vi khun
kh TMAO b c ch nh aw thp, v vy TMAO dao ng khng ln, Eh thay i
khng ng k v vn duy tr gi tr dng.
* Vi khun k kh khng bt buc
Vi khun k kh khng bt buc trong c nh Lactobacillaceae,
Enterobacteriaceae, Corynebacteriaceae v vi khun kh TMAO nh Pseudomonas
29

spp., Acinetobacter-Moraxella spp. c th s dng oxy nh cht nhn in t, nhng

trong iu kin khng c oxy chng c th nhn cc in t khc nh NO3-, SO42-,
TMAO. Chng c th pht trin trn b mt v c bn trong tht c, hot ng phn
gii protein v lipid. Sn phm ca s phn gii thng l cc acid hu c v TMA
(trong trng hp vi khun kh TMAO). Chng l cc vi khun rt quan trng gy
nn s n hng thc phm. Mt s loi k kh khng bt buc nh
Enterobacteriaceae l vi khun gy nh hng n sc khe cng ng.
d. Gi tr dinh dng ca c
hot ng v pht trin, vi sinh vt cn nc, ngun nng lng cacbon,
nit, cc loi khong v vitamin. Trng thi t nhin v gi tr dinh dng ca c s
nh hng n s pht trin ca chng.
* Ngun nng lng
Carbohydrate (mono-, di-, v polysaccharide), cc acid hu c, cc hp
cht ru l ngun nng lng chnh. Cc acid amin, di-, tri-, polypeptide cng c th
s dng nh ngun nng lng. Hm lng carbohydrate trong c v cc loi gip xc
rt thp (< 1%), ng vt thn mm cha hm lng carbohydrate cao hn (> 3%).
* Ngun nit
Vi sinh vt cn nit cho qu trnh sinh tng hp ca chng. Chng c th s
dng ngun acid amin, peptide, nucleotide, ur, amoniac (hp cht phi protein) v
protein. Cc thnh phn ny c tm thy trong c, gip xc v ng vt thn mm.
* Khong
Khong c vai tr trong vic thay i chc nng t bo. Khong hin din
trong c di dng mui. Loi v lng khong khc nhau ty thuc vo loi c v
thng thay i theo ma.
* Vitamin
Mt s vi sinh vt khng th sn xut vitamin (auxotrophics), s pht trin
ca chng da trn s hin din ca mt hay nhiu vitamin c sn trong c. Vi khun
gram dng cn nhiu vitamin B hn vi khun gram m. Nhn chung, tht c l ngun
cung cp tt vitamin nhm B. Vitamin A v D c nhiu trong loi c bo.
e. S hin din ca cht khng vi sinh vt t nhin
Cht nht trn da c c cha mt lng lysozyme gip kch thch murein, l
thnh phn chnh ca vch t bo vi khun gram dng. Vch t bo vi khun gram
m bao gm 2 lp mng ngoi (lipo-protein v lipo-polysaccharide), gip bo v lp
murein bn trong chng li tc ng ca lysozyme, mc d mt vi loi vi khun
gram m nh Enterobacteriaceae nhy cm vi lysozyme.
f. Cu trc sinh hc
Da v mng bng ca c, v ca cc loi gip xc, mng ngoi ca ng vt
thn mm c cu trc sinh hc c tc dng bo v, chng li s xm nhp ca vi
khun vo bn trong t bo, gip ngn cn s n hng.
2.3.5.2. Cc nhn t bn ngoi
Cc nhn t mi trng bao gm cc c tnh vt l v ha hc ca mi
trng bo qun c.
a. Nhit
30

Nhit l yu t mi trng quan trng nht c nh hng n s tn

ti v pht trin ca vi sinh vt. C 3 nhm vi sinh vt chnh pht trin cc khong
nhit khc nhau bao gm: vi khun chu nhit, chu m v chu lnh.
Bng 2.9. S pht trin ca vi sinh vt cc khong nhit khc nhau
Nhm VSV
Min.
-18
5
37

Chu lnh
Chu m
Chu nhit

Nhit (oC)
Opt.
10
30 - 37
55

Max.
20
50
70

b. m tng i (R.H.)
hot ng ca nc (aw) c lin quan n m tng i cn bng (ERH)
ERH (%) = aw . 100
Cn phi iu khin m tng i cn bng trong sn phm mt cch
nghim ngt trnh s ht hoc mt nc do s bay hi.
c. S hin din loi v nng kh trong mi trng
Thay th khng kh bng mt hoc nhiu loi kh khc (O2, CO2, N2) s c
nh hng n s pht trin ca vi sinh vt.

2.4. S oxy ha cht bo

Trong lipid c c mt lng ln acid bo cao khng no c nhiu ni i nn

chng rt nhy cm vi qu trnh oxy ha bi c ch t xc tc. Bin i xy ra quan

trng nht trong cht bo ca c l tin trnh oxy ha ha hc.

2.4.1. S oxy ha ha hc (t oxy ha)

- Giai on khi u
Ro (gc t do)

RH
(cht bo cha bo ha)

Bc khi u c th c tng cng di tc dng ca ngun nng

lng nh khi gia nhit hoc chiu sng (c bit l ngun nh sng UV), cc hp
cht hu c, v c (thng tm thy di dng mui Fe v Cu) l cht xc tc rt
nhy cm v vy c nh hng rt mnh, kch thch qu trnh oxy ha xy ra.
- Giai on lan truyn
Ro

O2

ROOo (gc peroxy)

ROOo

RH

Ro + ROOH (hydroperoxide)

C ch ca s phn hy hydroperoxide cha c bit r, nhng c mt vi

s phn hy hydroperoxide to thnh aldehyde v ketone m khng cn s phn ct
chui cacbon. Cc hp cht to thnh mi v xu cho sn phm c hnh thnh sau
khi chui cacbon b phn ct. Cc thnh phn ny sau khi phn ct to thnh cc hp
31

cht ha tan trong nc, sau c th b phn gii di tc dng ca vi sinh vt to

thnh CO2 v H2O.
- Giai on kt thc
Ro

Ro

RR

ROOo

Ro

ROOR

2.4.2. S to thnh gc t do do hot ng ca enzym

Dng phn gii lipid ny lin quan n c 2 qu trnh thy phn lipid v s
phn hy acid bo do hot ng ca enzym lipoxidase. Qu trnh thy phn lipid gy
ra do vi sinh vt hoc enzym lipase ni ti. Bc u tin ca phn ng ny l s thy
phn triglyceride to thnh glycerol v cc acid bo t do. Trong sut thi gian bo
qun lnh c, s thy phn xy ra do enzym trong ni tng c khng quan trng,
lng acid bo t do hnh thnh trong sut giai on bo qun khi nhit bo qun
gia tng. Tuy nhin, khng c mi lin h gia hm lng acid bo t do v mc
to thnh gc t do. C ch ca s phn hy acid bo t do cha c bit r. Mt s
vi sinh vt sn xut enzym lipoxydase kch thch chui acid bo phn ng vi oxy to
sn phm hydroperoxide, hp cht ny d dng b phn ct to thnh aldehyde v
ketone to mi v xu cho sn phm.

32

CC BIN PHP BO QUN TI

NGUYN LIU THY SN
Chng III.

Trong sut chiu di lch s, con ngi thch n c ti hn l cc dng sn

phm c khc. Tuy nhin, do c h hng rt nhanh nn t rt lu trong lch s con
ngi phi pht trin nhng phng php bo qun c.

3.1. Lu gi v vn chuyn c sng

trnh s h hng v s gim st cht lng ca c th cch d thy nht l
gi cho c vn cn sng cho n khi n. Vn chuyn c sng cho mc ch thng mi
v tiu dng c Trung Quc p dng i vi c chp c l hn 3000 nm.
Ngy nay, vic gi c sng cho vic tiu dng l mt phng php thng thy c
cc nc pht trin ln cc nc ang pht trin vi c quy m cng nghip ln th
cng.
Khi vn chuyn c sng, c trc tin c nui dng trong b cha bng
nc sch. Trong khong thi gian ny, nhng con c b thng, yu hoc cht s
c vt ra. C b b i v nu c th c th ngi ta h nhit ca nc nhm
lm gim tc ca qu trnh trao i cht v lm cho c t hot ng hn. Qu trnh
trao i cht xy ra mc thp s lm gim mc nhim bn nc do amoniac, nitrit
v kh cacbonic l nhng cht c i vi c. ng thi, tc trao i cht thp cng
lm c gim kh nng ly xy t nc. Nhng cht c trn s c xu hng lm tng
t l c b cht. Do c t hot ng hn nn ngi ta c php tng mt ca c
trong cc thng cha.
Mt s lng ln cc loi c thng c gi sng trong cc b cha, lng ni,
ging o v cc ao c. Cc b cha, thng l ca cc cng ty nui c, c th c
lp cc thit b iu chnh oxy, h thng tun hon v lc nc, thit b iu chnh
nhit . Tuy nhin, trong thc t ngi ta thng s dng cc phng php n gin
hn. V d nh cc r ln an bng l c c dng nh cc lng ni ( Trung Quc),
cc ao c n gin c xy vng nc ng ca mt khc sng hoc sui nh
gi cc loi suribi (Platystoma spp.), loi pacu (Colossoma spp.) v piracucu
(Arapalma gigas) thuc lu vc sng Amazon v Parana Nam M
Cc phng php vn chuyn c ti cng khc nhau nh t vic dng nhng
h thng rt phc tp c lp trong cc xe ti m ngi ta c th iu chnh nhit ,
lc v tun hon nc v cung cp thm xy (Schoemaker, 1991) cho n vic s
dng nhng h thng th cng n gin vn chuyn c bng cc ti ni-lng c
bm bo ha xy (Berka, 1986). C nhng xe ti c th vn chuyn ti 50 tn c hi
sng, tuy nhin li cng c th vn chuyn vi kg c sng mt cch tng i d dng
trong mt ti ni-ng.
Cho n nay, mt s ln cc loi nh c hi, c chp, c chnh, c trp, c bn,
c bn sao, c tr, c r phi,vm, hu, s, tm, cua v tm hm u c th c gi
sng v vn chuyn mt cch thng xuyn t nc ny sang nc khc.
32

C s khc bit ln v tp tnh v sc chu ng gia cc loi c khc nhau. Do

vy, phng php gi v vn chuyn c sng phi c nghin cu k ty thuc vo
loi c c th v thi gian cn phi gi ngoi mi trng sng t nhin trc khi git
m. V d, i vi loi c phi (Protopterus spp.) ngi ta c th vn chuyn v gi
sng chng ngoi mi trng nc trong mt thi gian di ch n thun bng cch
gi m cho da ca chng.
Mt vi loi c, c bit l c nc ngt, chu ng c tt hn i vi nhng
thay i v nng xy trong dung dch v c khi c cc cht c hi. iu ny c l
l do c tnh sinh hc ca chng vn thch nghi vi s bin ng ln hng nm v
thnh phn nc ca mt s con sng (cc chu trnh bin i ca cht huyn ph v
xy ha tan). Trong nhng trng hp ny, c sng c gi v vn chuyn ch bng
cch thay i nc thng xuyn trong cc thng vn chuyn (xem hnh 4.1 (a) v
(b)). Phng php ny c s dng rng ri cc vng thuc lu vc sng Amazon,
Parana v Orinoco Nam M, Chu (c bit l Trung Quc, ni m cc
phng php phc tp hn cng c s dng) v Chu Phi (NGoma, 1993)
Trong trng hp gii thiu hnh 3.1.a, cc chu nhm cha c nc ngt cn
sng thng c dc theo hnh lang trn tu khch. Cc chu c ph bng l c
v bo lc bnh ngn c nhy ra khi chu v hn ch s bay hi nc. Nc trong
cc chu c thay thng xuyn v ngi ta phi lun theo di c.
Trong trng hp gii thiu hnh 3.1.b, c chp c gi trong mt thng
kim loi v c ch i bng xe p. y l mt thc t kh ph bin Trung Quc
v cc nc chu khc. V d nh Bng cc, hng ngy ngi ta thng bn do
cc loi c da trn cn sng trn ng ph.

(a)

(b)

Hnh 3.1 (a) Vn chuyn cc nc ngt cn sng Congo (N Goma, 1993)

(b) Ngi bn c do trn ng ph ( Trung Quc) bn c cn sng trong ngy

Ngun: Suzhou,1993, nh chp ca H. Lupin

Tin b gn y nht l vic gi v vn chuyn c trng thi ng ng. Theo
phng php ny, thn nhit ca c c h xung rt nhiu gim qu trnh trao i
cht ca c v ngng hon ton s vn ng ca c. Phng php ny gim ng k v
t l c cht v tng mt khi ng vo ti cha c, nhng phi kim sot nhit
tht cht ch duy tr nhit ng ng. i vi mi loi c c mt nhit ng
ng thch hp. Mc d phng php ny c s dng vn chuyn tm
kuruma (Penaeus japonicus) v tm hm sng trong mn ca t c lm lnh
33

trc nhng cng ch nn xem phng php ny nh l mt k thut thc nghim i

vi hu ht cc loi.
Mc d, vic gi v vn chuyn c sng cng ngy cng ang tr nn quan
trng nhng n khng phi l gii php kh thi i vi mt s lng ln c c nh
bt trn th gii.

3.2. Gi nhit thp

3.2.1. Lm lnh
C v cc loi hi sn khc l loi thc phm rt d b h hng, ngay c khi
c bo qun di iu kin lnh, cht lng cng nhanh chng b bin i. Nhn
chung, c c cht lng tt theo mong mun, c v cc loi hi sn khc phi
c em i tiu th cng sm cng tt sau khi nh bt trnh nhng bin i to
thnh mi v khng mong mun v gim cht lng do hot ng ca vi sinh vt. V
vy c thng thng ch nn bo qun mt thi gian ngn trnh gim s bin i
cht lng khng mong mun.
Nh cp n trong chng 2, s gim cht lng ca c thy u tin l
s bin mu theo bi s hot ng ca cc enzym c trong ni tng v trong tht c.
Vi sinh vt u tin pht trin trn b mt c, sau xm nhp vo bn trong tht c,
phn hy m c v lm bin mu sn phm thc phm..
Nhn chung nhit bo qun c c nh hng rt ln n tc phn gii v
n hng do vi sinh vt. Nhit bo qun gim, tc phn hy gim v khi nhit
thp s h hng hu nh b ngng li.
a. Tnh cht ca nc
lm lnh c, vn cn thit l nhit mi trng xung quanh phi lnh
hn nhit ca c. Mi trng lm lnh c th th rn, lng hoc kh nhng nc
l mi trng lm lnh l tng nht. Nc c th lm lnh c xung rt nhanh
thng qua vic tip xc trc tip vi c.
S dng nc lm lnh v cc nguyn nhn sau:
- Gip gim nhit : Bng cch gim nhit xung gn 0oC, s sinh trng
ca cc vi sinh vt gy n hng v gy bnh gim, do vy s gim c tc n
hng v lm gim hoc loi b c mt s nguy c v an ton thc phm.
- Nc

ang tan c tc dng gi m cho c

- Mt s tnh cht vt l c li ca nc : Nc c mt s u im khi so

snh vi cc phng php lm lnh khc k c lm lnh bng khng kh.
+ Nc c kh nng lm lnh ln: Lng nhit yu cu chuyn t trng
thi rn sang trng thi lng gi l n nhit: 1 kg nc cn 80 kcal nhit lm tan
chy. Cch biu din 80 kcal/kg c gi l n nhit nng chy. Da vo tnh cht ny
cho thy cn mt lng nhit ln tan chy nc . V vy c th ng dng nc
lm lnh nhanh sn phm thc phm.
1 kcal l lng nhit yu cu tng nhit ca 1 kg nc ln 1oC. Nhit yu
cu lm m nc nhiu hn so vi hu ht cc cht lng khc. Kh nng gi nhit
ca cht lng so vi nc c gi l nhit dung ring. Nhit dung ring ca nc l
1, cc cht lng khc < 1.
34

VD: - Nc : 0,5
- C t: 0,96 (thng ly gn = 1)
- C lnh ng: 0,4
- Khng kh: 0,25
- Cc loi kim loi: 0,1
Nhit dung ring c th dng xc nh lng nhit cn di chuyn l bao
nhiu lm lnh mt loi cht lng. y:
Nhit cn di chuyn = khi lng mu * s thay i nhit * nhit dung
ring
VD: lm lnh 60 kg nc t - 5oC n -10oC cn di chuyn mt lng
nhit l: 60 * [(- 5 - (-10)]oC * 0,5 (nhit dung ring ca nc ) = 150 kcal
Chng ta cng c th tnh lng nc cn l bao nhiu lm lnh 1 khi
lng c cho.
Nu chng ta mun lm lnh 10 kg c t 25oC xung n 0oC, chng ta cn
phi di chuyn mt lng nhit l 10 * (25 0) * 1 = 250 kcal
Tuy nhin, khi nc tan chy n hp thu 1 lng nhit l 80 kcal /kg
V vy khi lng nc cn l: 250/80 = 3,12 kg
+ Nc tan l mt h t iu chnh nhit : Nc tan l s thay i
trng thi vt l ca nc (t rn sang lng) v iu kin bnh thng n xy ra
mt nhit khng i (0oC).
- S tin li khi s dng nc
+ p l phng php lm lnh lu ng

+ Lun sn c nguyn liu sn xut nc .

+ Nc c th l mt phng php bo qun c tng i r tin
+ Nc l mt cht an ton v mt thc phm.
- Thi gian bo qun ko di
b. Cc loi nc
Nc c th c sn xut theo cc dng khc nhau; cc dng thng c
s dng nhiu nht p c l vy, a, ng v cy. cy phi c
xay ra trc khi dng p c.
Nc lm bng nc ngt, hoc bt k t ngun nguyn liu no, cng lun
l nc nn s khc nhau nh v hm lng mui v cng th khng c nh
hng g ln trong thc t thm ch c khi so snh chng vi nc lm t nc ct.
Cc tnh cht vt l ca cc loi nc khc nhau c nu ra trong bng 3.1.
Kh nng lm lnh c tnh bng khi lng ca nc (80 kcal/kg); do vy
r rng t bng 3.1 ta thy nu cng mt th tch ca hai loi khc nhau s khng
c cng kh nng lm lnh. Th tch ring ca nc c th gp hai ln nc, do vy
iu quan trng khi bo qun nc l phi xem xt th tch ca cc thng cha.
Nc cn thit lm lnh c xung 0oC hoc dng b tn tht nhit lun c
tnh bng kg.
35

iu kin kh hu nhit i, bt u tan rt nhanh. Mt phn ca nc tan

ra s chy i nhng mt phn s c gi li trn b mt ca nc . Din tch b
mt trn mt n v khi lng cng ln, th lng nc trn b mt nc cng ln.

Bng 3.1. Cc tnh cht vt l khc nhau ca nc s dng p c

Loi nc
vy
a
ng
cy
cy c xay ra

Kch thc (1)

10/20 - 2/3 mm
30/50 - 8/15 mm
50 (D) - 10/12 mm
Thay i (3)
Thay i

Th tch ring
(m3/tn) (2)
2,2 2,3
1,7 1,8
1,6 2,0
1,08
1,4 1,5

Khi lng ring

(tn/m3)
0,45 0,43
0,59 0,55
0,62 0,5
0,92
071 0,66

Ngun: Myers, 1981.

Ghi ch:
(1) ph thuc vo loi nc v s iu chnh trn my lm nc
(2) gi tr danh ngha, tt nht nn xc nh bng thc t ti mi loi nh my nc
(3) thng cc cy c khi lng 25 hoc 50 kg/cy.
vy cho php phn b nc d dng hn, ng u hn v nh nhng
hn xung quanh c, trong cc hp v thng cha, do vy s t hoc khng gy h hng
c hc i vi c v lm lnh c nhanh hn cc loi khc. Mt khc, vy c xu
hng chim nhiu th tch hn trong cc hp v thng cha vi cng mt kh nng
lm lnh v nu t th kh nng lm lnh s gim nhiu hn so vi cc loi nc
khc (v din tch ca mt n v khi lng ln hn).
Vi cy xay ra, c mt ri ro l cc mnh to v cng c th lm cho c h
hng v mt vt l. Tuy nhin, nc xay lun cha nhng mnh rt nh m nhng
mnh ny tan rt nhanh trn b mt c v nhng mnh to hn s tn ti lu hn v
b li cc tn tht nhit. cy th cn t khng gian bo qun khi vn chuyn, tan
chm v ti thi im nghin th li cha t nc hn so vi vy v a. V
nhng l do ny, rt nhiu ng dn ca ngh c th cng vn s dng cy (nh ti
Colombia, Senegal v Philippine).
c. Tc lm lnh
Tc lm lnh ch yu ph thuc vo din tch trn mt n v khi lng c
tip xc vi nc hoc hn hp nc /nc. Din tch ca mt n v khi
lng cng ln, tc lm lnh cng nhanh v thi gian yu cu t c nhit
trung tm ca c l 0oC cng ngn. Khi nim ny cng c th din t nh sau: thn
c cng dy, tc lm lnh cng thp.
ng cong tiu biu ca vic lm lnh c trong nc khi s dng cc loi
nc khc nhau v nc lnh (CW) c biu din trn th hnh 3.2
T th 3.2 r rng phng php lm lnh c nhanh nht l dng nc lnh
(CW) hoc nc bin lnh (CSW), mc d trong thc t khng my khc bit so vi
khi dng vy. Tuy nhin, cng c s khc bit ng k trong vic lm h nhanh
nhit ban u nu so snh cc phng php va ni n vi vic s dng cy
xay ra v ng do c s khc nhau v din tch tip xc gia c vi nc v vi
nc tan.
ng cong tc lm lnh cng c th b nh hng bi loi thng cha v
nhit bn ngoi. Do s tan chy lm lnh c ng thi b li tn tht nhit
36

nn s chnh lch gradient nhit c th xut hin trong nhng hp v thng cha
trong thc t. Kiu chnh lch nhit ny s lm nh hng n tc lm lnh,
c bit l nhng hp pha trn hoc pha bn cnh ca cc hp xp chng ln nhau
v cng d xy ra hn khi dng ng v cy xay ra.
Nhng ng cong v tc lm lnh nh trong hnh 3.2 rt c ch trong vic
xc nh gii hn ti hn ca tc lm lnh khi p dng HACCP trong x l c ti.
V d trong vic xc nh gii hn ti hn lm lnh c l phi t c nhit
trung tm l 4,5oC trong thi gian khng qu 4 gi theo th 3.2 th iu ny ch c
th t c khi s dng vy hoc nc lnh (hoc nc bin lnh).
Trong hu ht cc trng hp, s chm tr trong vic t nhit 0oC trung
tm con c c th khng c nh hng ln trong thc t bi v nhit ca b mt c
l 0oC. Tri li, qu trnh nng nhit cho c th c ri ro cao hn nhiu bi v nhit
b mt ca c (thc t l im c ri ro cao nht) s hu nh ngay lp tc t
n nhit ca mi trng bn ngoi v do vy qu trnh h hng s d xy ra. V c
ln phi mt nhiu thi gian hn so vi c b nng nhit v ng thi din tch b
mt (ni qu trnh h hng bt u) trn mt n v khi lng ca c ln li b hn,
nn so vi c b th c ln thng cn thi gian hi di hn mt cht mi h hng.
Hin tng ny hin ang c s dng rng ri (v b lm dng) trong thc t vn
chuyn nhng loi c ln (c ng v c chm).

Hnh 3.2. Qu trnh lm lnh c vng loi ln (Pseudosciaena crocea) vi ba loi khc
nhau v nc lnh (CW).

Hnh 3.2 biu din qu trnh lm lnh c vng ln vi ba loi khc nhau
v nc lnh. T l c/ l 1:1, dng chung mt loi thng cch nhit (c ch thot
nc) trong cc th nghim song song (s liu c c t Hi tho quc gia
FAO/DANIDA v nhng thnh tu trong cng ngh lm lnh v ch bin c, Thng
Hi, Trung quc, thng 6/1986).
Cc loi c nh s nng nhit rt nhanh v chc chn l nhanh hn so vi c
loi c ln. Mc d nhng nghin cu v nng nhit c ti trc kia t c ch ,
nhng chng rt cn thit trong k hoch HACCP xc nh gii hn ti hn.
37

d. Lng nc tiu th
Lng nc tiu th b nh hng bi cc yu t:
- Lng nc cng b tan chy theo bi nhit mi trng khng kh xung
quanh. V vy c lng nc rt ln b mt i khi nhit mi trng xung quanh
cao, tr khi c v nc c bo v bng lp vt liu cch nhit vi mi trng
bn ngoi.
- Phng php bo qun c trong nc
- Thi gian cn bo qun lnh c
- Phng php c c lm lnh xung nhanh
Tuy nhin, c th tnh lng nc tiu th bng tng ca hai thnh phn:
lng nc cn thit lm lnh c xung 0oC v lng nc b cc tn tht
nhit qua vch ca thng cha.
Lng nc cn thit lm lnh c n 00C
V l thuyt, lng cn thit lm lnh c t nhit Tf xung 0oC c th
c tnh ton d dng t phng trnh cn bng nng lng sau:
L . mi = mf . Cpf . (Tf - 0)

(3.a)

Trong :
- L: n nhit nng chy ca nc (80 kcal/kg)
- mi: khi lng nc b tan ra (kg)
- mf: khi lng c c lm lnh (kg)
- Cpf: nhit dung ring ca c (kcal/kg.oC)
T (3.a) ta c:

mi = mf . Cpf . Tf / L

(3.b)
o

Nhit dung ring ca c gy vo khong 0,8 (kcal/kg. C), iu ny c ngha l

mt mc xp x c th c tnh theo phng trnh sau:
mi = mf . Tf / 100

(3.c)

y l cng thc rt tin li, d nh v cho php nhanh chng c tnh c

lng nc cn thit lm lnh c xung 0oC.
C bo c nhit dung ring thp hn so vi c gy, do theo l thuyt, lng nc
cn dng cho mi kg c bo t hn cho mi kg c gy. Tuy nhin v mc ch an ton
v sinh nn tnh cho c bo ging nh c gy. C th xc nh chnh xc hn v gi tr
nhit dung ring, nhng chng t lm thay i kt qu tnh ton.
Tuy nhin, l do chnh cn s dng nhiu nc l do c s hao ht. C
nhng hao ht do t v b ri vi trong qu trnh x l c, nhng hao ht quan
trng nht l do s tn tht nhit.

38

Lng nc cn b tn tht nhit

V nguyn tc s cn bng nng lng gia nng lng mt i, do nc tan
b li nhit t bn ngoi thng cha c th c tnh theo cng thc sau
(3.d)
L . (dMi/dt) = - U . A . (Te - Ti)
Trong :
- Mi: khi lng nc b tan ra b li tn tht nhit (kg)
- U: h s truyn nhit chung (kcal/h.m2.oC)
- A: din tch b mt thng cha (m2)
- Te: nhit mi trng bn ngoi (oC)
- Ti: nhit ca nc (thng chn l 0oC)
- t: thi gian bo qun (gi)
Phng trnh 3.d c th ly tch phn d dng (gi s Te l hng s) v kt qu:
Mi = Mio - (U . A. Te / L) . t

(3.e)

C th c tnh tn tht nhit bng cch tnh U v o din tch A. Tuy nhin,
cch tnh ny t khi cho kt qu chnh xc v lng nc yu cu do mt s cc yu
t thc t (thiu cc s liu ng tin cy v cht liu ca thng cha v iu kin ca
qu trnh trao i nhit, thng cha khng ng nht v cu trc v hnh dng, nh
hng ca np v l x nc, tc dng bc x, kiu sp xp cc thng cha).
C th tnh ton lng nc yu cu chnh xc hn nu s dng cc th
nghim v s tan chy ca nc xc nh h s truyn nhit ca dng c cha
trong cc iu kin lm vic thc t (Boeri v cng tc vin; 1985 ; Lupin, 1986 a).
Th nghim v s tan chy ca nc c th tin hnh d dng v khng cn
c c. Cho y nc vo thng cha v cn trc khi tin hnh th nghim. Sau
nhng khong thi gian nht nh, x nc tan (nu trc cha x) v em
thng i cn. Vic gim khi lng l du hiu ca vic nc mt i do tn tht
nhit. Hnh 3.3 gii thiu hai th nghim trong cc iu kin thc t.
Nhng kt qu th hin trn hnh 3.3 c th c ni suy t kinh nghim thng
qua phng trnh c dng ng thng sau :
Mi = Mio - K . t

(3.f)

So snh cc phng trnh 3.e v 3.f, ta c:

K = (Uef . Aef . Te/L)

(3.g)

- Uef: h s truyn nhit chung

- Aef: din tch b mt hu ch
T phng trnh 3.g ta c :
K = K . Te

(3.h)

v cui cng c th xc nh c gi tr K nu tin hnh th nghim cc nhit

khc nhau.
u im ca phng php th nghim v s tan chy ca nc l c th tm
c K thc nghim t dc ca nhng ng thng nh trong th 3.3 bng
phng php th hoc hi quy (hin nay c th tm c bng cc chng trnh ph
trong cc my tnh khoa hc kiu b ti). Trong trng hp nhng ng thng nh
trong th hnh 3.3, s tng quan nh sau:
i vi hp nha:
Mi = 10,29 - 1,13.t

r = - 0,995
39

(3.i)

K = 1.13 kg nc /gi
i vi thng cch nhit:
Mi = 9,86 - 0,17 . t,

r = - 0,998

(3.j)

K = 0,17 kg nc /gi
Trong : r l h s tng quan hi quy

Hnh 3.3. Cc kt qu th nghim v s tan chy ca nc trong iu kin thc

Trong : (O) hp nha tiu chun (khng cch nhit) c tng khi lng l 40
kg (X) thng cha cch nhit bng nha (Metabox 70 ca an Mch). C hai loi
c trong bng mt, khng xp chng ln nhau, dng vy, nhit bn ngoi
trung bnh (Te) l 28oC.
Ngun: S liu c c t Hi tho quc gia FAO/DANIDA v Cng ngh v
khim sot cht lng c, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, thng 3/1986.
T phng trnh 3.i v 3.7.j cho thy lng nc tiu th do tn tht nhit
trong nhng iu kin ny i vi hp nha s ln gp 6,6 ln so vi thng cch nhit.
R rng rng trong iu kin kh hu nhit i, thc t khng th x l c mt cch
ng n bng nc khi ch s dng cc hp khng cch nhit, do vy cn phi s
dng cc thng cch nhit, ngay c khi c thm cc h thng thit b lnh.
Tng lng nc cn thit l tng ca mi (phng trnh 3.b v 3.c) v Mi
(theo phng trnh 3.f) khi c tnh c t (l thi gian c c bo qun lnh c
trong hp hoc thng cha mi trng hp c th).
Mc d c th tnh ton lng nc cn l bao nhiu lm lnh c trc
khi gi lnh, s tnh ton ny rt phc tp v khng mang li tnh thc t. Theo kinh
nghim thc t cho thy, khi lm lnh c nhit i, t l lm lnh t nht l 1 phn nc
, 1 phn c (t l 1:1). Nc nn c b sung cng nhiu cng tt. Ch p
lnh c tt khi cui giai on vn chuyn, trc khi em ch bin c vn cn lnh v
vn cn mt t nc hin din.
40

Tuy nhin, c mt s trng hp rt kh c th lm lnh trc tip vi nc .

C khi nh bt khng c bo qun lnh ngay s c s thay i cht lng rt ln
trong thi gian ngn. Khi lm lnh c trong nc bin c cha 3-3,5% mui, im
lnh ng t c khong - 2oC.
Lm lnh bng nc bin l nc bin c lm lnh xung bi hn hp nc
vi nc bin. Cho mi h thng, t l c v nc bin l t 3:1 n 4:1
Qu trnh lm lnh hoc lnh ng trong nc bin c th nhanh hn qu trnh
lm lnh trong nc tan chy bi v c s tip xc mnh gia c v mi trng lm
lnh. Tuy nhin, trong thc t qu trnh lm lnh s khng lun lun xy ra nhanh bi
v c s gii hn truyn nhit trong h thng lm lnh.
Lm lnh trong nc bin vi t l 1:4 , nhng hm lng mui trong c khng
c vut qu 1% tnh theo trng lng. Tuy nhin, nng mui 1% trong c i
khi khng c chp nhn trong nhiu dng sn phm c (c ti, c lnh ng, c
dng trong cc ba n). Trong cc trng hp khc, nng mui 1% trong c vn
c chp nhn (c ng hp, c sy v xng khi).
Ngoi ra, lng nc tiu th cn b nh hng bi cc yu t:
-

Nguyn liu c x l trong mt hay di nh nng mt tri

Mt iu quan trng, c bit cc nc vng nhit i, l lng nc tiu

th tng ln khi cc hp v thng cha c t di nh nng mt tri. Hnh 3.4 biu
din kt qu cc th nghim v s tan chy ca nc tin hnh vi mt hp cha
trong bng mt v mt hp cha tng t t di nh nng mt tri (hai hp c
cng mu sc).

Hnh 3.4. Kt qu cc th nghim v s tan chy ca nc di cc iu kin thc

Trong : (O) Hp nha t trong bng mt, (x) hp nha ngoi nng. Cc
hp nha u c khi lng cha l 40 kg, mu , khng xp chng ln nhau, dng
vy, v nhit trung bnh bn ngoi (nhit bu kh) l 280C.

41

Ngun: S liu thu c t Hi tho quc gia FAO/DANIDA v Cng ngh v

Qun l cht lng c, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, thng 3 nm 1986.
Cc hp nha t trong bng mt ging nh cc hp nha trong th hnh
3.3 (xem phng trnh 3.i). Phng trnh hi quy i vi hp t ngoi nng nh sau:
Mi = 9,62 - 3,126 . t

(3.k)

Qua phng trnh cho thy, vi loi hp ny th lng nc tiu th khi

hp ngoi nng s l 2,75 ln so vi khi trong bng mt (3,126/1,13). S khc bit
ln ny l do tc dng ca bc x nhit. Ty theo b mt, loi vt liu, mu sc ca b
mt v s bc x ca mt tri, nhit b mt do bc x c th s cao hn nhiu so
vi nhit bu kh. o trc tip nhit b mt ca cc hp v thng cha trong cc
iu kin thc t nhng nc nhit i cho thy nhit do bc x b mt c th t
ti 70oC.
- Cch xp cc chng hp v thng cha

Hnh 3.5. Kt qu cc th nghim v s tan chy ca nc khi bo qun trong mt chng

cc hp nha xp ln nhau.

Ngun: Boeri v cng tc vin, 1985.

Hnh 3.5 biu din kt qu cc th nghim v s tan chy ca nc khi bo
qun trong mt chng hp nha xp ln nhau. Hp nha c sc cha 35 kg t trong
phng lnh nhit 50C, dng vy.
Trong mt chng hp hoc thng, khng phi tt c chng u tiu th mt
lng nc nh nhau. Hnh 3.5 cho kt qu cc th nghim nc tan c tin
hnh cho mt chng cc hp. Cc hp v thng pha trn nh s tiu tn nhiu nc
hn cc hp v thng di y v cc hp v thng gia li cn tiu th t hn.
- Lng nc cho vo vch hp v thng cha
Cn nh rng nc s khng tan ng u bn trong cc hp hoc thng m
qu trnh tan s ph thuc vo s chnh lch nhit gia nhit mi trng bn
42

ngoi v nhit bn trong hp/thng. Trong hnh 3.6, mt hp nha kiu thng mi
c cha c tuyt mecluc p lnh cho thy c s thiu ht nc cc vch do
nhng chnh lch nhit ti cc vch hp.

Hnh 3.6. Hp nha kiu thng mi vi c tuyt melluc (M hubbsi) c p lnh cho thy
cc nh hng ca s thiu nc cc vch hp.

3.2.2. Thi hn s dng ca c bo qun lnh

Thi gian bo qun c lm lnh thay i ty theo loi. C c nh bt trong
vng nhit i v mt thi gian sau mi p s c thi gian bo qun ngn hn c
ca cng mt loi c nh bt trong nc lnh. Tc n hng tng i cc
nhit khc nhau thng c s dng c tnh s thay i cht lng ca c
nhit c bit trc. Tuy nhin, iu ny ch ng dng vi c bo qun nhit
trn 0oC.
Hot ng ca vi sinh vt l nguyn nhn ch yu lm cho cc sn phm c ti
b n hng. V vy, thi hn s dng cc sn phm c ti s tng ng k khi bo
qun chng nhit thp. cc nc cng nghip ho, vic bo qun c ti bng
nc ( 0oC) rt ph bin v thi hn s dng ca sn phm cc nhit bo
qun khc nhau (toC) c biu din thng qua tc n hng tng i RRS
(relative rate of spoilage- RRS), c xc nh bng cng thc ( Nixon, 1971).
Tc n hng tng i ti toC =

Thi gian bao quan 0 0 C

Thi gian bao quan t 0 C

iu kin bnh thng, nc tan chy 0oC. 0oC l nhit cn bn c

s dng so snh thi hn bo qun c ti v cc loi hi sn khc nhau. Da vo
phng trnh Arrhenius cho php chng ta tnh ton mi quan h v tc n hng
tng i ca c v cc loi hi sn khc nhit trn 0oC.
C nhit i c kh nng chu nhit cao hn . M hnh xc nh tc n
hng ca c nhit i, vi nm trong khong 0 - 30oC (Dalgaard v Huss, 1994)
Ln (tc n hng tng i ca c nhit i) = 0,12*toC
43

Hnh 3.7. th biu din ch s logarit t nhin ca tc n hng tng i cc

loi c nhit i theo nhit bo qun

Ngun: Dalgaard v Huss, 1994

i vi c n i, tc n hng tng i (RRS) c xc nh theo
phng trnh:
Tc n hng tng i (RRS) = (1+ 0,1*T)2
Reference: 0oC
V d: C tuyt: Thi hn bo qun 0oC = 12 ngy
Thi gian bo qun 4oC = 12/RRS = 12/1,96 = 6,12 ngy
Vi RRS = [1 + (0,1 * 4)]2 = 1,96
y: T l nhit ca c o bng C
Do cc m hnh nhit c xy dng da trn khi nim v tc n
tng i, cha xem xt n yu t cht lng ban u ca sn phm nn vic d bo
thi hn s dng cha tht chnh xc i vi cc sn phm c cht lng ban u khc
nhau. Tuy nhin, Spencer v Baines (1964) cho rng vn c th d bo c nh
hng ca c hai yu t l cht lng ban u ca sn phm v nhit bo qun.
nhit bo qun khng i, im s nh gi cht lng s thay i mt cch
tuyn tnh k t gi tr ban u n gi tr cui cng khi sn phm khng cn c
chp nhn na. xc nh c thi hn s dng ti mt nhit v mc cht lng
ban u bit trc, sau cng c th xc nh c thi hn s dng ti cc nhit
bo qun khc da vo m hnh n hng theo nhit .

Thi hn s dng =

iem chat lng tai thi iem cuoi - iem chat lng ban au
Toc o h hong ieu kien bao quan thc te

Thi hn bo qun c c th khc nhau thay i ty theo loi c nc ngt v

nc mn, vng kh hu (nhit i, n i) cho trong bng 3.2.
Bng 3.2 Thi hn s dng ca cc loi c khc nhau c nh bt t vng bin nhit
i v n i.
44

Ngun: Trch t s liu c cng b bi Lima dos Santos (1981); Poulter v cng s
(1981) v Gram (1989).

Loi c
Cc loi c nc mn
C tuyt, haddock
Whiting
C mecluc
C vn
C nng
C hanh
C m
C tr
Pandora
Jobfish
C nu
C ui
C bn
C bn
C bn
C thu 1)
C trch ma h
C trch ma ng
C sardin
Cc loi c nc ngt
C tr
C hi
C vc
C r phi
C mi
C chp
C phi

Haplochromi
s
Shad
Corvina
Bagr
Chincuna
Pacu

Loi c
Nc
Nc
Nc
Nc / t m
Nc
Nc
Nc
Nc
Nc
Nc
Nc / t m
Phng (dp)
Phng (dp
Hm lng cht
bo cao / thp
Rt bo
t bo
Rt bo
Nc
t bo
Nc / t bo
Nc
Nc
Nc / t bo
Nc / t bo
Nc

Thi hn s dng (ngy)

n i
Nhit i
2 - 24
6 - 35
9- 15
7- 9
10 - 31
8 - 22
10 - 28
6 - 28
16 - 19
8 - 21
16 - 35
21- 26
21 - 24
7 - 21
21
7 - 18
21 - 24
4 - 19
14 - 18
2-6
7 - 12
3-8
9 - 17
12 - 13
9 - 11
8 - 17

Bo va
Bo va
Bo va
Bo
Bo

9 - 16
6 - 40
15 - 27
16 - 24
13 - 32
10 - 27
12 - 26
16 - 21
11 - 25
6

25
30
25
40
40

1) Hm lng cht bo v thi hn s dng thay i theo ma

T kt qu trn cho thy:
- Thi gian bo qun lnh ca c nc ngt di hn cc loi c bin
- Thi gian bo qun lnh c vng nhit i di hn cc loi c vng n i
hoc hn i
45

- Thi gian bo qun lnh c gy di hn cc loi c bo

L thuyt gii thch v thi gian bo qun khc nhau cc loi c khc nhau v
cc vng kh hu khc nhau nh sau:
- C nc ngt c th trong phn tht ca n c cha cht khng khun c bit
m khng tm thy c bin, chnh cht khng khun ny ngn cn s n hng lan
truyn vo phn tht do bi hot ng ca vi sinh vt gy n hng. Cng thm vo
, hu nh c nc ngt khng c cha trimethylamin oxide (TMAO), cht ny c
nhiu trong cc loi c nc mn. c nc mn TMAO b phn ct sau khi cht to
thnh trimethylamin lm bin mu, mi v ca sn phm, lm cho sn phm c mi
amoniac. C nc ngt khng to ra sn phm c mi amoniac trong qu trnh bo
qun vi nc . V vy cht lng c th tt hn c nc mn sau cng thi gian
bo qun.
- S khc nhau gia cc loi c sng vng nhit i v n i trong sut qu
trnh bo qun c gii thch da vo nhit mi trng c ang sng. H vi sinh
vt v enzym ca loi c sng trong vng kh hu n i thch ng hiu qu vi nhit
thp hn so vi c sng trong vng nhit i. Enzym v vi khun to mi hot
ng thp nhit nc tan chy (0oC). Hot ng ny s tng c nhit i.
iu kt lun rng s thay i nhit trong phm vi rng s gy ra nhiu bin i
bi enzym v vi khun vi loi c nhit i v s ko di thi gian bo qun.
3. C bo thng c thi hn bo qun ngn hn c gy do cc cht bo trong
c cha nhiu acid bo cha bo ha, d b oxy ha to ra mi v i kht cho sn
phm. Ngoi ra, da c bo sng ngoi khi thng rt mng v iu ny c th gp
phn lm tng tc ng hng. V da mng nn cc enzym v vi khun xm nhp
vo trong nhanh hn.

3.3. Dng ha cht

- Khng c vi ngi s dng.
- Khng c mi l.
- Khng lm bin mu, mi nguyn liu.
- Tnh cht ha hc: phi n nh, d ha tan trong nc.
- C hiu lc st trng mnh.
- Khng lm mc dng c bo qun.
Nhng ha cht c th s dng c bo qun nguyn liu thy sn
- Loi mui v c: NaCl, hypochlorid, NaNO2, NaNO3.
- Loi acid: acid acetic, acid lactic, acid sorbic.
- Cc cht khc: formaldehyde, natri benzoat, acid salisilic.
Hin nay rt t s dng ha cht bo qun.

3.4. Bo qun trong bao gi c iu chnh kh quyn

Vi phng php ny, lng v thnh phn kh s dng thay i trong sut qu
trnh bo qun trong bao b c hn kn hay khng kn.

46

3.4.1. Kh s dng trong bo qun bng phng php MAP (Modified

Atmosphere Packaging)
Kh thng s dng trong k thut bo qun ny l N2, O2 v CO2. Quan trng
nht l kh CO2.
* Nitrogen (N2)
Kh N2 c nh hng n s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. Thay th khng kh bn
trong bao b bng kh N2 nhm c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt gy h hng sn
phm. Bt li chnh ca vic s dng nit ring l l to ra mi v xu cho sn phm.
* Oxy (O2)
Oxy c s dng trong hn hp kh trc ht l ngn chn s mt mu
ca m c. nng > 5%, oxymyoglobin c hnh thnh t myoglobin, to cho
m c c mu sng v c ch s bin i khng thun nghch ca myoglobin thnh
metmyoglobin. S dng nng O2 > 50%, ci thin c mi v ti ca sn phm
bao gi.
* CO2
Vi sinh vt cn CO2 cho qu trnh t trao i cht ca chng. nng CO2
cao (> 10%) vi sinh vt b c ch. Kh nng c ch vi sinh vt ph thuc vo loi vi
sinh vt, nng CO2, nhit bo qun, hot ng ca nc trong sn phm.
Thay th O2 bng CO2 trong bao gi bo qun s c ch c s pht trin ca vi sinh
vt hiu kh. Mt s nghin cu cho thy rng kh nng khng vi sinh vt ca CO2 ch
yu ph thuc vo s tc ng qua mng t bo. Cc kin khc cho rng tin trnh
tc ng ln mng t bo ch b c ch v cu trc mng t bo khng b ph hy
nghim trng. CO2 c nh hng trc tip n h enzym v vy c tc dng c ch s
pht trin ca vi sinh vt.

3.4.2. Vi sinh vt trong bo qun bng phng php MAP

Mt trong nhng tc dng quan trng nht ca vic ng dng phng php
MAP trong bo qun c v cc loi thy sn khc l c ch s h hng do vi sinh vt.
V vy s ko di thi gian bo qun..
Hot ng khng li vi sinh vt ca CO2 ph thuc vo hot ng ca pha khi
u v dng ban u ca vi sinh vt. Ko di giai on u (lag phase) l vn rt
quan trng nhm c ch c ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt. Gim tc pht trin sau pha
khi u c tc dng ko di thi gian bo qun. Gim nhit s lm gim tc
pht trin ca vi sinh vt.
CO2 c tc dng chnh trong vic c ch vi khun gram m. y l loi vi
khun gy h hng nhit thp. Ngc li vi khun gram dng t b c ch v vi
khun lactic t nhy cm nht. Nm mc v nm men cng b c ch.
Mi nguy ca s pht trin ca vi khun gy bnh trong MAP c gim n
mc thp nht nu dy chuyn ch bin c kim sot cn thn trong iu kin lnh.
Vi l do ny, kim tra nhit trong sut qu trnh bo qun, phn phi v tiu th l
vn rt quan trng. Vi s hin din ca CO2, s pht trin ca Staphylococcus
aureus, Salmonella and Listeria b c ch nhit thp, nhng nhit cao, s
pht trin c th xy ra. Bo t Clostridium botulinum pht trin p lc CO2 < 1 atm.
p lc CO2 > 1 atm c ch s hnh thnh bo t v sn sinh c t. p sut cao cng
tiu dit t bo sinh dng. Nhm vi sinh vt c bit c ch l vi sinh vt chu
lnh Clostridium botulinum nhm B v c bit l nhm E (trong c). Loi vi khun
47

ym kh ny c th pht trin v sinh c t nhit > 3,3oC. iu ny ch ra rng

c t c th hnh thnh 10oC trc khi s n hng xut hin.

3.4.3. ng dng MAP trong bo qun c v cc loi thy sn khc

Thnh phn hn hp kh s thay i ph thuc vo loi c c bo hay c gy.
C gy c th bo qun trong bao gi c cha 65% CO2, 25% N2 v 10% O2.
Tuy nhin, c bo khng th bao gi trong hn hp kh c cha O2 bi v phn cht
bo ca c rt nhy cm vi O2, chng s b oxy ha to ra cc gc t do. Vi c loi
ny nn bo qun trong bao gi vi hn hp kh cha 60% CO2 v 40% N2.
C bo qun trong mi trng kh quyn iu chnh c th ko di thi gian bo
qun ln n 50%, khi nhit bo qun thp.
Tuy nhin, CO2 ha tan nhiu trong cht bo v nc hn N2. Tc ha tan
tng khi nhit gim. Cc yu t ny lm gim p sut trong bao gi, kt qu lm
cho bao gi b h hng (collapse).
S ha tan CO2 trn b mt m c c lm gim pH sn phm, dn n lm cho
kh nng gi nc ca protein gim.
ng dng MAP trong bo qun cc loi nhuyn th c tc dng c ch s to
thnh cc m en trn v, khi nhit bo qun t 5 10oC.

3.4.4. Mt s nhn t quan trng cn ch khi s dng MAP

- Ch s dng cho c ti
- m bo nhit c di 2oC trc khi bao gi
- Bao gi trong iu kin lnh v vn chuyn sn phm ng gi n kho
bo qun lnh (< 2oC) cng nhanh cng tt sau khi bao gi.
- Kim tra hn hp kh s dng trong bao gi c ph hp khng: 65% CO2 +
25%N2 + 10% O2 (c gy); 60% CO2 + 40% N2 (c bo)
- Kim tra hn hp kh thng xuyn
- Cn phi gi nhit sn phm t 0-2oC trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn v
phn phi.
- Kim tra nhit sn phm thng xuyn, phi dao ng trong khong t 02 C khi n kho bo qun.
o

- Khi bo qun trong kho lnh (0-2oC) cn theo di nhit thng xuyn
m bo nhit c gi trong phm vi ny
- m bo thi gian bo qun nh ghi trn nhn

48

Chng IV.

K THUT LNH NG THY SN

4.1. Lnh ng
4.1.1. Mc ch ca qu trnh lnh ng
Mc ch ca qu trnh lnh ng thy sn l h nhit xung thp. V vy
lm chm li s n hng v sn phm c tan gi sau thi gian bo qun lnh ng
hu nh khng b thay i tnh cht ban u ca nguyn liu ti.
Bo qun lnh v lnh ng thng c p dng khi thy sn xut khu. Thy
sn lnh ng xut khu thng rt quan trng vi cc nc ang pht trin do gi
thnh sn phm cao nh tm lnh ng, mang li thu nhp c gi tr cao so vi cc
loi sn phm thc phm khc tiu th ni a.

4.1.2. Tin trnh lnh ng

Thy sn chim khong 75% trng lng nc. Lnh ng l tin trnh chuyn
i hu ht lng nc trong c thnh nc . Nc trong thy sn l dng cht ha
tan v dng keo. im lnh ng h xung di 0oC. im lnh ng ph thuc vo
nng cht ha tan trong dung dch. im lnh ng tiu biu ca thy sn l -1oC
n -2oC. Trong sut qu trnh lnh ng, nc dn dn chuyn i thnh nc ,
nng mui hu c v v c ha tan tng ln, im lnh ng tip tc h thp. Ngay
c nhit -25oC, ch c 90 n 95% nc thc s ng bng. Lng nc ny
khng bao gm nc lin kt (ngha l nc lin kt ha hc vi nhng phn t c
bit nh carbonyl, nhm amino ca protein v lin kt hydro). V vy khng bao gi
c im lnh ng c nh. Tuy nhin, phn ln nc (khong 75-80%) c ng kt
nhit -1oC v -5oC. Khong nhit ny c gi l im ti hn hay vng lnh ng.
Trong sut giai on u ca qu trnh lm lnh, nhit gim nhanh xung
di im lnh ng ca nc (0oC). Khi lng nhit yu cu tch ra ln trong giai
on 2 chuyn lng ln nc lin kt thnh nc , s thay i nhit rt t v
giai on ny c gi l giai on ngng nhit. C khong 3/4 nc c chuyn i
to thnh nc , nhit mt ln na bt u gim v trong sut giai on th 3 ny
hu nh lng nc cn li ng bng. Mt lng nh nhit c tch ra trong
sut giai on 3 ny.
Nhit (oC)
Giai on

Giai on
Giai on

Thi gian (gi)

50

Hnh 4.1. Nhit v thi gian lnh ng thy sn

S n hng tip tc gim nhanh nhit di 0oC. y l im quan trng

chuyn nhanh n im ti hn lnh ng. Tuy nhin, qu trnh lnh ng chm
cho kt qu sn phm c cht lng km v y l nguyn nhn chnh dn n s phn
gii protein.
Khi nhit ca sn phm gim xung di 0oC, dung dch u tin c lm
lnh xung nhanh, sau dung dch bt u kt tinh hoc hnh thnh kt ta v tinh
th nc hnh thnh giai on 2. u tin c mt t phn t, l nhng phn t
nh ca cht l lng khng ha tan trong cht lng hoc s kt hp ngu nhin ca cc
phn t nc to thnh tinh th nc theo tiu chun.
Sang giai on 2, cc tinh th ln dn ln, lng nhit tch ra chm kt qu lm
cho qu trnh lnh ng chm li, tinh th hnh thnh vi kch thc ln hn v s
lng t hn, c th gy ra s ph v vch t bo, kt qu lm mt cht dch v lm
thay i cu trc ca sn phm khi tan gi. Ngc li, lng nhit tch ra nhanh l kt
qu ca qu trnh lnh ng nhanh, to ra s lng ln tinh th nc nh. V vy
gim s hao ht cht dch v s ph v vch t bo.
Tuy nhin, vch t bo ca c c xem nh l lp mng elastic chng li s
ph v vch t bo t s hnh thnh tinh th nc ln gim s mt dch khi tan
gi c lnh ng. Thc t, phn ln lng nc c lin kt trong cu trc ca
protein v s khng b mt i do s r r khi tan gi. Lng nc lin kt ny c th
c xc nh khi p m c c ti bng tay v khng thy c cht lng thot ra.
Tuy nhin, s tan gi ca bt k loi sn phm c no cng c s mt cht dch
t phn tht c, c gii thch thng qua s phn gii protein trong sut tin trnh lnh
ng gy nn s bin i protein lm mt kh nng lin kt nc. S phn gii protein
da trn nng enzym (v cc thnh phn khc) v nhit . S gia tng nng
enzym lm gia tng tc phn gii. S phn gii ny s gim khi nhit h thp. D
nhin, khi nhit h thp, mt lng nc ln s chuyn thnh nc v nng
ca enzym trong dung dch tng ln. V vy di im lnh ng ca nc, nng
v nhit c mi quan h rt gn nhau.
Khong nhit ti u cho qu trnh phn gii protein t -1oC n -2oC. V
vy gim s r r cht dch khi tan gi n mc thp nht, thi gian nhit sn
phm nm trong khong nhit ny trong sut qu trnh lnh ng phi cng ngn
cng tt. S phn gii protein dn n s mt nc trong sut qu trnh bo qun lnh
ng.
Lnh ng nhanh l dng ph bin, c ng dng rng ri trong hu ht cc
tin trnh lnh ng thc phm. Trong lnh ng nhanh c khi nim lnh ng IQF
hay cn gi l lnh ng ri. Lnh ng nhanh rt kh xc nh. Mc d Anh
c ngh rng tt c cc loi c nn gim nhit t 0oC n -5oC trong 2 gi hoc t
hn. Tuy nhin, 2 gi vn b xem l thi gian qu di cho cc sn phm.
Nh ch ra trn, s h thp nhit lm gim tc phn ng. Hn th
na, khi lng nc trong c ng c n s tr nn dng lin kt. V vy gim
hot ng ca nc (aw) v cng gim c s pht trin ca vi khun. V vy c th
ni rng tin trnh lnh ng trong bo qun c l s kt hp ca s gim nhit v
h thp hot ng ca nc.

51

4.1.3. Cc dng thit b lnh ng

C 3 phng php c bn c ng dng cho qu trnh lnh ng c. Vic la
chn phng php no s da trn gi thnh, chc nng v tnh kh thi ph thuc vo
mt s nhn t v loi sn phm. 3 phng php l:
1. Lnh ng bng khng kh: y khng kh lnh c thi qua lin tc trn
sn phm
2. Lnh ng dng a hay lnh ng tip xc: sn phm c t tip xc vi
l rng a thit b lnh ng bng kim loi m cht lng lm lnh c a
ngang qua.
3. Lnh ng dng phun hoc ngm vo dung dch: sn phm c t trc tip
vi cht lng lm lnh
Tt c 3 dng lnh ng trn c ng dng trong qu trnh lnh ng sn
phm c trong nh my ch bin v trn tu nh bt.
4.1.3.1. Lnh ng dng kh thi (ng gi)
u im ln nht ca thit b lnh ng dng kh thi l tnh linh hot ca n.
N c th thch ng vi s thay i hnh dng bt thng ca sn phm. Khi sn phm
c hnh dng v kch thc thay i trong phm vi rng, lnh ng dng kh thi c
chn l tt nht. Tuy nhin, v tnh linh ng ny m n thng gy kh khn cho
ngi s dng v khng th bit c ng dng chnh xc ca n. Thit b ny d dng
s dng nhng tnh chnh xc v hiu qu khng cao.
Sn phm c th lnh ng trong thi gian thch hp, tc dng thi ca
khng kh nn t mc cn bng cao. t c tc lnh ng nht sau khi qua
thit b lnh ng, dng khng kh thi vo yu cu phi ging nhau trn mi con c
v mi bao gi.
Tc khng kh thi 5 m/s thng c p dng cho hu ht cc dng lnh
ng bng kh thi.
Vn tc kh thi (m/s)

Thi gian lnh ng

Hnh 4.2. Mi quan h gia thi gian lnh ng vi tc khng kh trong thit
b lnh ng bng kh thi

52

Thit b lnh ng kh thi lin tc c th iu chnh tc kh thi vo khi

vt qu gi tr cho php. Tc dng kh thi cao, khong 10 - 15 m/s c th mang
li gi tr kinh t cao cho thit b lnh ng dng lin tc.
Nhc im ca thit b lnh ng dng kh thi l tnh khng hiu qu v dng
kh thi vo khng ng nht trn sn phm.

Hnh 4.3. T ng gi

Hnh 4.3 m t dng thit b lnh ng dng kh thi. Khng kh lnh chuyn
ng t pha sau ti v tr li dn lnh khong trng pha di. T gm nhiu m
un c lp vi nhau, nh c th iu chnh nng sut lnh ca n d dng.
4.1.3.2. Lnh ng dng a (tip xc)
Lnh ng dng a c ng dng cho lnh ng c khi (block) nhng n
khng linh hot nh dng kh thi. Thit b c th l dng ng hoc nm ngang ty
theo cch sp xp ca a. Cc a c lm bng nhm, dng ct ngang, sp xp
thnh hng v cht lng lm lnh s i qua . Qu trnh trao i nhit din ra ngang
qua mt trn v mt di ca a. Qu trnh lnh ng c hnh thnh nh s tip xc
trc tip gia a lnh v sn phm.
Kch c ti a ca khi sn phm ng dng trong phng php ny thng l
1,07 mm x 535 mm. Tuy nhin, kch c ca khi sn phm c th thay i ty theo sn
phm v b dy ca khi sn phm c th thay i dao ng trong khong t 25 n
130 mm. Kch c ca khi sn phm c chn la ph thuc vo loi c em i lnh
ng.
* nh hng ca mc tip xc cc b mt truyn nhit trong t ng tip
xc
Mc tip xc v kh nng truyn nhit t thc phm vo dn lnh gim do:
-

Nhit truyn qua nhiu lp kim loi

Cc b mt tip xc khng phng

53

Kch thc, hnh dng cc khun ng thc phm khng ng tiu chun

Chiu cao khun v b dy sn phm khc nhau

S p nn khng t yu cu

Hnh 4.4. T ng tip xc v cc yu t nh hng n mc tip xc, truyn

nhit trong t ng tip xc

Bin php khc phc:

tng kh nng truyn nhit ca thc phm trong t ng tip xc c th p
dng cc bin php:
- Thay khay ng khun bng khung ghp khun
- Dng thp khng r lm khun
- S dng cc khun c kch thc ph hp vi sn phm trong khun, khng
d th tch khun khi sn phm ng bng
- Dng np y khun ph hp
- m bo lc p nn u v cho dn lnh
4.1.3.3. Lnh ng dng phun v ngm thm thu
y l loi thit b thng c ng dng cp ng sn phm IQF. Dng
thit b lnh ng ny t c s dng rng ri trong cng ngh ch bin c lnh ng
m ch thng c s dng lnh ng cc sn phm c bit hoc sn phm c gi
tr kinh t cao.
a. Cp ng dng ngm thm thu
S dng phng php cp ng dng ngm phi m bo s tip xc tt gia
b mt c v mi trng lnh ng m bo qu trnh truyn nhit xy ra c tt.
Mi trng lnh ng thng s dng l dung dch mui NaCl, c im eutectic l 21,2oC. t c im lnh ng ny, nhit nc mui khong -15oC c ng
dng cho tin trnh lnh ng. Trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn sn phm n kho bo
qun, nhit sn phm phi c gi mc cng thp cng tt.
54

Lnh ng c ng ln trong dung dch nc mui c th ko di n 3 ngy

t c qu trnh lnh ng hon ton. S dng thit b lnh ng dng kh thi
nhit cng thp cng tt t -50oC n -60oC, thi gian lnh ng t hn 24 gi.
Lnh ng trong dung dch nc mui trc kia c ng dng rng ri trong cng
nghip lnh ng c, ngy nay phng php lnh ng ny c thay th bng
phng php lnh ng dng kh thi.
b. Lnh ng dng phun (cp ng bng chuyn)
Lnh ng dng phun cng ging nh lnh ng dng hn hp trong ng sinh
hn. Tc lnh ng bng phng php lnh ng hn hp trong ng sinh hn rt
nhanh nh s tip xc trc tip vi sn phm. Trong phng php ny, hi lnh c
phun vo sn phm v nhit tch ra lm thay i trng thi mi trng lnh.
* CO
Vi phng php lnh ng ny oxyt carbon lng c phun trn sn phm
ngang qua cc ng trn bng ti, pha di c cc vi phun. CO s thay i trng thi
khi ngang qua cc vi phun v hp th mt lng nhit ln. Kt qu lm cho sn phm
lnh xung nhanh. Trong mt s h thng, cc lp CO rn (nc kh) c t
nm di bng ti v sn phm c t nm pha trn. CO lng sau c phun
trn u; s thng hoa ca nc kh xy ra nhit -78oC, c th lm lnh ng
xung t nht -75oC. Qu trnh lnh ng xy ra trong nhng trng hp ny rt nhanh
v s mt dch s gim xung t hn 1%.
* N2 lng
Trong trng hp lnh ng bng N2 lng, kh ha lng c phun ln sn
phm thi ngang qua bng ti ang chuyn ng. Kh N2 i ngc chiu vi bng ti.
V vy c nn c lm lnh s b trc khi a n phun N2 lng. p sut bnh
thng, nit lng si -196oC, v vy n cn c lm lnh s b xung trong ng
ng trc trnh cho sn phm b nc ra do qu trnh lm lnh xung qu nhanh (tc
thi). Sau khi phun, sn phm cn phi c n nh trc khi a ra khi bng ti
ca phng lnh ng. iu ny c th do nh hng ca s chnh lch nhit t mi
trng bn ngoi vi nhit tm sn phm a n trng thi cn bng. Sn phm
sau khi t n trng thi cn bng hon ton c a n phng bo qun lnh.
C CO v N2 cng c th s dng trong phng php lnh ng bng kh thi
vi thit b lnh ng dng xon c.
Xt v mt kinh t, cc phng php lnh ng c p dng ch bin sn
phm c lnh ng phi to ra c sn phm m bo cht lng, p ng yu cu
ngi tiu dng. VD. Phng php lnh ng dng a c s dng lnh ng c
dng khi (block). S dng bt k dng lnh ng no khc cho kt qu khng ng
nht cc pha. iu ny dn n gim hiu sut ca tin trnh ch bin giai on
sau. Lnh ng dng kh thi c th ng dng cho mi loi sn phm.
Cc dng thit b lnh ng bng chuyn
-

Lnh ng bng chuyn xon

Dng thit b bng chuyn xon c biu din hnh 4.5

55

Hnh 4.5. T ng bng chuyn xon

Bng chuyn gm nhiu thanh ghp t nm ngang khng song song vi nhau.
Pha ngoi c khong cch ln hn pha trong. Nh n chuyn ng xon dc trn
khung hnh tr. Bng chuyn vn chuyn sn phm chuyn ng t di ln trn,
khng kh lnh chuyn ng t trn xung di, trao i nhit vi sn phm thc
hin qu trnh lnh ng.
- Lnh ng dng thng

Hnh 4.6. T ng bng chuyn thng

T ng c ghp t nhng tm cch nhit v c t trc tip trn nn nh.

Bn trong c bng chuyn thng chy xuyn dc t vn chuyn sn phm. Dn lnh
vi qut gi pha trn to ra dng khng kh lnh thi xung b mt bng chuyn.
Khng kh ly nhit ca thc phm v a vo dn lnh. Bng chuyn va nng
thc phm va nhn nhit ca thc phm truyn vo khng kh.
Cc tm bng chuyn c to nn t nhng mc lin kt, nh n c th
chuyn ng mm do, un ln trn nhng con ln, ng thi cho khng kh xuyn
qua tng s trao i nhit.
56

4.1.4. X l sn phm thy sn sau lnh ng

ko di thi gian bo qun, m bng v bao gi sn phm thy sn lnh
ng rt cn thit.
4.1.4.1. M bng
M bng c ngha l o mt lp nc mng b mt ngoi ca thy sn lnh
ng bng cch phun sng hoc nhng vo nc to lp nc mng trn b
mt sn phm lnh ng, c ng dng rng ri trong bo qun sn phm lnh
ng thy sn nhm gip bo v sn phm trnh s mt nc v oxy ha. Lp nc
gip ngn cn hin tng thng hoa v cng hn ch lng khng kh thi ngang qua
b mt ca sn phm. V vy s gim c tc oxy ha sn phm. Lng nhit cn
thit cho tin trnh m bng cn c quan tm v thy sn c th c lm lnh s b
trong phng lnh ng trc khi chuyn n kho bo qun.
Trong qu trnh m bng, b mt sn phm nhn thm nhit vo v thy sn cn
c ti ng trong t cp ng trc khi chuyn n kho bo qun. to lp bng
p v ng u trn b mt ca thy sn, qu trnh m bng i hi phi c kim
sot mt cch cht ch.
a. Phng php m bng bng cch nhng vo thng nc
M bng bng cch ny khng c khuyn khch s dng v:
- Nhit ban u ca nc c th tng i cao so vi nhit b mt sn
phm lnh ng; n c lm gim xung khi m bng tip din v v th chiu dy
ca lp bng thay i.
- Nc s bn sau vi ln nhng
Nu p dng m bng bng phng php nhng th thng cha phi c cung
cp nc lnh lin tc v va vi mc ng chy trn.
Fillet lnh
ng

Fillet lnh ng sau khi m bng

Mc nc

Nc 0oC

Hnh 4.7. Thit b m bng nhng dng bng chuyn

57

 kim sot chiu dy lp bng cn phi kim sot:

- Mc nc: mc nc cao th lp bng dy hn
- Tc bng chuyn: ln cho lp bng mng hn
b. Phng php m bng bng cch phun sng
Phng php m bng bng cch phun l thch hp, nhng li kh c c lp
bng p, ng u.
lp bng p v ng u:
- Tc bng chuyn khng i s m bo thi gian va ng trong vng m
bng
- Phun t trn xung v t di ln mt lng nc lnh khng i v m bng
c c pha trn ln pha di sn phm
- S sp xp bng chuyn i lm cho thy sn i b mt to ra lp bng u n
- Cc vch ngn iu chnh c th c dng sp xp li cc thy sn chng
ln nhau trn bng chuyn. V th, mi sn phm c l ra hon ton.

Vi phun
Bng chuyn
Dy ai
bng chuyn

Hnh 4.8. Thit b m bng c bng chuyn i

Cc yu t nh hng n t l m bng
- Thi gian m bng
- Nhit thy sn
- Nhit nc m bng
- Kch thc sn phm
- Hnh dng sn phm

58

4.1.4.2. Bao gi
Sn phm nn c bao gi v hn kn li ngn chn qu trnh oxy ha sn
phm. Vt liu c chn la bao gi cn phi c kh nng ngn cn s thm thu
hi nc cao ngn chn s bc hi nc ca c trong sut qu trnh bo qun. V
vy khi chn la bao gi cn phi thch hp cho mi loi sn phm.

4.1.5. Bo qun lnh ng

4.1.5.1. Nhit bo qun
H nhit bo qun xung thp c th lm chm li s h hng ca thy sn
lnh ng do s phn gii protein, bin i cht bo v s mt nc. Nhit c
ngh bo qun sn phm c lnh ng l -30oC, ti thiu phi l -18oC.
4.1.5.2. Cc bin i xy ra trong thi gian bo qun sn phm lnh ng
a. S bin i protein
Protein bin i trong sut qu trnh lnh ng v bo qun lnh. Tc phn
hy ph thuc rt ln vo nhit .
b. Bin i cht bo
M c giu acid bo cha bo ha, v vy c th b oxy ha nhanh chng to
mi i kht trong sut thi gian bo qun. C th ngn chn s oxy ha cht bo ca
c bng cch m bng hoc bao gi trong bao b plastic c ht chn khng.
c. S bin i mu sc
Cht lng ca c thng c nh gi bi hnh dng bn ngoi, s bin i
mu sc phi mc rt thp, nu khng s lm gim cht lng sn phm.
S mt mu hng cc loi gip xc l kt qu t s bin mu ca hp cht
carotenoid.
- caroten

astaxanthin

astacene

hng

vng cam

Bo qun nhit thp gip lm chm li s bin i protein, cht bo v mu sc.

d. S bin i hm lng m
Khi c mt nc nhiu trong qu trnh bo qun lnh, b mt c tr nn kh,
m c v xp. Nu tin trnh ny ko di, phn nc nm su bn trong c cng b
thm ra n khi c x ra, nguyn liu s rt nh.
nh hng ca s mt nc nghim trng c th nhn thy c khi trn b
mt ca c b sm li, trng thi ny gi l chy lnh. Hin tng ny ch thy sau
mt thi gian di bo qun trong kho lnh.

4.2. Tan gi
Tan gi l qu trnh phc hi trng thi thc phm nh trc khi lnh ng.
Trong qu trnh tan gi xy ra cc hin tng nng chy nc v cu trc t bo sn
phm ht nc vo.
59

Sn phm sau khi tan gi khng th c tnh cht hon ton ging nh trc khi
lnh ng. Mc phc hi trng thi ph thuc vo qu trnh lnh ng, bo qun v
tan gi.
Phng php tan gi c th phn chia ra lm 2 nhm
- Nhit c pht ra trong phn tht
- Nhit c dn t mt ngoi vo tm ca khi sn phm

4.2.1. Tan gi nhm 1

Cc phng php tan gi nhm ny bao gm nhit in trng, nhit
microwave v nhit in tr. S dng microwave lm tan gi c nhanh hn nhit in
trng v nhit in tr. Tuy nhin, nhit microwave c gi thnh cao v nng lng
c hp th trn b mt, mt s v tr trn sn phm b qu nng lm nh hng n
sn phm v b mt sn phm b nu chn. Tan gi bng nhit in trng, gi thnh
cao hn nhng ch mt khong 20% thi gian so vi lm tan gi trong mi trng
khng kh hoc tan gi chn khng.
Tan gi bng in tr i hi c phi c lm m n nhit khong 10oC,
bng cch ngm trong nc. Trn nhit ny c c tan gi trong thit b dn nhit
bng cch t c gia 2 tm kim loi, s tip xc nhit xy ra v s thay i dng in
vi hiu in th thp c ng dng. S phn cc ca nc gy ra do s thay i
hng lc in trng v s to ra nng lng do ma st lm cho c nng ln. S tip
xc xy ra tt khi khi c ng dng vi b mt da.
Tan gi bng phng php in c gi thnh cao v cn c trnh iu khin
cao. Tuy nhin, nu p dng ng nguyn tc s cho sn phm c tan gi c cht lng
tt. Phng php ny i hi thit b t tin, v kh trnh hin tng qu nhit cho
sn phm.

4.2.2. Tan gi nhm 2

Cc phng php nhm 2 c th c phn chia lm cc dng: a) nc, b) hi
nc bo ha, c) t gia cc da kim loi gia nhit
Xt tnh hiu qu v yu cu trang thit b, nng lng, tan gi trong bn nc
l phng php hu nh c ng dng nhiu nht
VD: lm tan gi 1 kg c lnh ng t -20oC, lng calories cn bng vi
lng calo lm lnh ng c n -20oC.
Trong sut qu trnh lnh ng, nhit cn phi h xung n -50oC n khi
ton b cht lng ng bng. nhit -5oC, c khong 65-70% cht lng ng bng
to thnh nc . giai on ny cn lng calories cao nht nc ng bng v
giai on ny chim phn ln thi gian ca tin trnh lnh ng.
Qu trnh tan gi cng cn mt lng nng lng nhng mt thi gian di hn.
C th quan st thy thi gian tan gi di hn 2 n 3 ln thi gian lnh ng.
iu ny dn n kh nng truyn nhit ca c tuyt lnh ng khong 1,6 kcal/0oC v
ca c tuyt ti khong 0,5 kcal/0oC.
Nhit c truyn t bn ngoi vo tht c, phn ngoi s tan gi trc v nhit
truyn ngang qua lp nc tan gi gim xung 1/3. Kt qu l cn thi gian di
hn gp 3 ln lng nhit i qua lp nc tan gi, i vo lp c bn trong vn
cn lnh ng. Tc nhn ny tng dn ln n khi c c tan gi hon ton.
60

Lnh ng dng kh thi

Tan gi trong nc
Nhit (oC)

Thi gian (gi)

Hnh 4.9. Tin trnh lnh ng v tan gi c tuyt dng

khi dy 100 mm
Nhit c truyn t mi trng khc n c v kh nng dn nhit ca nc
cao hn khng kh gp 25 ln. iu ny cho thy rng dng nc nh mi trng dn
nhit tt.
Trong sut qu trnh tan gi, vn cn quan tm l mt phn c b qu nhit.
Sau khi tan gi, nu nhit mi trng tip xc qu cao (hng s nhit ca nc
trn 18oC) s lm cho tht c b chy.
4.2.2.1. Tan gi trong nc
a. Tan gi di dng nc chy
Khi c c t vo trong bn nc chy (nhit nc vi), qua m v
c s c tan gi sng hm sau.
u im
- Vn u t nh, gi thnh thp
- Cn t thng tin, khng i hi k thut cao
- t tn nhn lc
- C th ng dng vi mi khi c c hnh dng v kch thc khc nhau
- C c lm sch nh dng nc chy lin tc
61

- D ng dng, tit kim mt bng

Nhc im
- Kh iu khin c nc sch
- Nhit tan gi ph thuc vo mi trng xung quanh, kh iu chnh
- Nhit cui cng c th qu cao, kt qu lm gim cht lng v sn lng
ca sn phm
- Tiu hao lng nc ln (n 120 m3/ tn c)
- C tan gi trong nc c th b bin trng v c th b no nc
T nhng l do trn, phng php ny ch ph hp khi cn tan gi khng
thng xuyn v vi qui m nh.
b. Tan gi bng cch ngm vo trong nc nng
Phng php ny cn c gi l phng php Lorenzen - tn ca nh u t
-

750 lt nc 33oC c cho vo bn 1000 lt

350 kg c dng khi c t vo bn

Kh cho vo di y ca bn to dng tun hon an ton

Sau khong 5 h ngng np kh, nc c cho vo bo qun

- Bn c t trong kho lnh. C s c gi 0oC trong thi gian 4 - 5 ngy,

ban m b sung thm nc
u im
-

Vn u t nh, gi thnh thp

Cn t thng tin, khng i hi trnh iu khin cao

C c lm sch sau khi tan gi

t tiu tn nng lng

C th p dng cho mi sn phm c hnh dng v kch thc khc nhau

Hng s nhit 0oC

D ng dng, tit kim mt bng sn xut

Nhc im
- Qu trnh tan gi phi c ln k hoch c th trong cc cng on ch bin
tip theo
-

i hi khng gian bn bo qun ln sau khi dng

- Cn phi c ngi qun l v cung cp nc trong sut giai on bo qun

lnh
-

C tan gi trong nc c th b m trng v no nc

c. Tan gi lin tc trong thit b tun hon nc

Trong phng php ny, khi c c a lin tc qua b nc. Nguyn l hot
ng ca thit b ny l c lnh ng c cho vo b v c c tan gi di y ca
b. Sau chng c bc d ln bng bng ti
62

 c c din tch b mt ln, khi c lnh ng c chuyn ng lin tc

n khi chng tch ri ra v nh vy qu trnh tan gi s nhanh hn. Nc trong b
c lc v tun hon lin tc duy tr nhit ca nc n nh v gi c nh
mc xc nh trc.

63

u im
-

Cho nng sut cao (1 - 2 tn /gi)

D iu khin nhit

C kh nng hot ng lin tc

Tit kim khng gian kho bo qun lnh

t tn nhn lc

Nhc im
-

Vn u t cao

Cn c trnh iu khin cao

C nhiu ting ng (do dao ng)

Gi thnh hot ng cao (do nhit, phn cht thi, v sinh)

- t hiu qu cao i hi nhit phi cao, dn n lm gim cht lng

sn phm
-

Lng nc tun hon li nhiu ln c th l nguyn nhn lm tng s

lng vi khun trong sn phm

Kh duy tr nhit l hng s, nhit b h thp khi c tan gi

T chng ta c th kt lun rng tan gi bng phng php ny cc nhc

im vn cn qu nhiu, v vy cc thit b tan gi hot ng lin tc vn cn phi ci
tin n khi cc iu kin trn t c tin cy cao.
4.2.2.2. Tan gi bng hi kh bo ha
Tan gi bng hi kh bo ha nhit v vn tc xc nh hu nh c hiu
qu nh tan gi trong nc.
Thit b s dng cho loi tan gi ny ging nh thit b lnh ng dng hm,
ch khc l khng kh nng thi xung quanh c.
Khi c ng lnh c t vo khay, a vo hm bng xe gong. Xe gong
phi khp vi hm, ngha l phng lm vic phi cht y. Bng cch ny khng kh
c thi vo xung quanh c.
Xe gong c t vo hm, ca ng li v tin trnh tan gi c bt u khi
qut c m ln. Khng kh thi vo c iu chnh bi thit b iu nhit, thit b
ny gi cho nhit ca hm l hng s nhit 18oC. Khi mi bt u, nhit c
th tng n 33oC (ngha l n khi lp ngoi ca c bt u tan gi).
qu trnh dn nhit gia c v khng kh din ra t hiu qu, cn thit phi
c 100% hi kh bo ha. Hi kh bo ha ny c c t ni lm m ngay sau khi gia
nhit.
Khng kh bo ha ngn cn c b kh trong sut tin trnh tan gi. C b kh s
gim sn lng v cht lng nn cn phi trnh.
Kh nng lm vic t tiu chun ca loi thit b ny l 20 tn c tan gi
18O-C trong thi gian 14 - 15h.
Qu trnh tan gi tt khi cht lng ca c sau khi tan gi khng thay i so vi
trc khi tan gi.
64

4.2.3. Cc bin i ca sn phm tan gi so vi trc khi lnh ng

a. Bin i vy l
-

S cng xc tng do mt nc

n hi gim

T l nc t do tng, t l nc lin kt gim

Khi lng gim

Mi v c trng gim do hao ht cht tan

b. Hao ht cht dinh dng trong qu trnh tan gi

T bo b ph v do cp ng chm hay qu trnh kt tinh li s lm gim kh
nng hp th nc ca cc t chc t bo, dn n hnh thnh cc git nh xung khi
tan gi.
c. S pht trin ca vi sinh vt sau khi tan gi
* Ngun gc
- S lng vi sinh vt cn sng st
+ S ch (ra, chn/ gia nhit s b, ph gia)
+ V sinh trong qu trnh sn xut
- Loi vi sinh vt
+ Loi/lng vi sinh vt ban u (ph thuc vo sn phm)
+ Cc loi chu ng tt nht s pht trin
* Cc yu t nh hng n s pht trin ca vi sinh vt sau tan gi
-

Nhit bo qun

Tc cp ng

Thi gian bo qun

Loi thc phm

S ti nhim

S nh git

V vy cn phi c phng php, ch lm tan gi cho ph hp vi i tng

65

Chng V.

CNG NGH CH BIN NC MM

5.1. M u
Nc mm l dung dch m m ch yu l cc acid amin, c to thnh do
qu trnh thy phn protein c nh h enzym protease c trong c. Ngoi ra nc mm
cn dng cha mt s bnh nh au d dy, phng, c th suy nhc, cung cp
nng lng.
Nc mm c sn xut hu ht cc nc Chu . Mi nc c kiu sn
xut khc nhau to ra sn phm c gi tr dinh dng v gi tr cm quan khc nhau
Bng 5.1. Tn cc loi nc mm v t l phi trn to sn phm
Nc mm
Nht Bn
Shottsuru
Uwo - shoyu
Hn Quc
Jeot - kal
Vit Nam
Nc mm
Thi Lan
Nam - pla
Malaysia
Budu
Philippine
Patis
Bruma
Ngapi

iu kin v thi gian ln men

T l 5 : 1 = C : Mui + go ln men v koji
(3 : 1)
Thi gian ln men : 6 thng
T l 4 : 1 = C : Mui (6 thng)
T l 3: 1 - 3 : 2 = C : Mui ( 4 - 12 thng)
T l 5 : 1 = C : Mui (5 - 12 thng)
T l 5 : 1 - 3 :1 = C : Mui + ng + me
( 3 - 12 thng)
3 : 1 - 4 : 1 = C : Mui (3 - 12 thng)
5 : 1 = C : Mui (3 - 6 tun)

5.2. Gi tr dinh dng ca nc mm

5.2.1. Cc cht m
Chim ch yu v quyt nh gi tr dinh dng ca nc mm. Gm 3 loi
m
- m tng s: l tng lng nit c trong nc mm (g/l), quyt nh phn
hng ca nc mm.
- m amin: l tng lng m nm di dng acid amin (g/l), quyt nh
gi tr dinh dng ca nc mm
- m amon: cng nhiu nc mm cng km cht lng
Ngoi ra trong nc mm cn cha y cc acid amin, c bit l cc acid
amin khng thay th: valin, leucin, methionin, isoleucin, phenylalanin, alanin.v.v ..
65

Cc thnh phn khc c kch thc ln nh tripeptid, peptol, dipeptid. Chnh nhng
thnh phn trung gian ny lm cho nc mm d b h hng do hot ng ca vi sinh vt.
Thnh phn dinh dng ca nc mm ph thuc vo nguyn liu em i ch bin.

5.2.2. Cc cht bay hi

Rt phc tp v quyt nh hng v ca nc mm.
Hm lng cc cht bay hi trong nc mm mg/100g nc mm
- Cc cht cacbonyl bay hi: 407-512 (formaldehyde)
- Cc acid bay hi: 404-533 (propionic)
- Cc amin bay hi: 9,5-11,3 (izopropylamin)
- Cc cht trung tnh bay hi: 5,1-13,2 (acetaldehyde)
Mi trong nc mm c hnh thnh ch yu do hot ng ca vi sinh vt
ym kh trong qu trnh sn xut nc mm to ra.

5.2.3. Cc cht khc

- Cc cht v c: NaCl chim 250-280g/l v mt s cc cht khong nh: S, Ca,
Mg, P, I, Br.
- Vitamin: B1, B12, B2, PP.

5.3. Qu trnh thy phn ca c

5.3.1. Bn cht ca qu trnh sn xut nc mm
C + mui

nc mm

Bn cht ca qu trnh ny chnh l qu trnh thy phn protein trong c nh h

enzym protease
peptol
polypeptid
peptid
acid amin
Qu trnh thy phn protein n acid amin l mt qu trnh rt phc tp. c
hiu ca enzym l ch tc dng ln mt vi cht no vi vi kiu lin kt nht nh,
nh enzym peptidase ch tc dng ln mi ni lin kt peptid thy phn ni lin kt
ny:
- CO - NH -

H 2O

- COOH + - NH2

Peptidase
S tham gia ca enzym trong qu trnh thy phn theo c ch xc tc
Vi

E+S
ES
E : enzym.
S : c cht (protein)

E+P

ES : hp cht trung gian gia enzym v c cht.

P : sn phm.
Sn phm ch yu ca qu trnh phn gii protein l acid amin v cc peptid
cp thp.
S to thnh v chuyn bin hp cht ES qua 3 bc:
* Bc 1: Enzym kt hp vi protein to thnh phc cht enzym protein, bc
ny xy ra kh nhanh, lin kt khng bn.
65

* Bc 2: Xy ra s chuyn bin ca cc phn t protein dn n lm ph v

cc mi lin kt ng ha tr tham gia vo phn ng. Khi phc cht ES ng thi
xy ra hai qu trnh l s dch chuyn thay i electron, dn n s cc ha ca mi
lin kt tham gia vo phn ng v s bin dng hnh hc ca ni lin kt ng ha tr
trong phn t protein cng nh trong trung tm hot ng ca enzym, lm cho protein
hot ng, qu trnh thy phn d dng hn.
* Bc 3: Giai on to thnh cc acid amin v peptid cp thp, gii phng
enzym.
Theo nghin cu ca Beddow, ba bc to thnh v chuyn ha hp cht ES
tng ng vi 3 chng ng bin i hp cht nitrogen trong qu trnh thy phn c.
- Pha 1 (0 - 25 ngy): C s gia tng th tch ca phn cht lng ni trn b
mt sn phm v protein ha tan.
- Pha 2 (80 - 120 ngy): M t bo b ph v, protein ca t bo tr nn tip xc
vi enzym, sn phm ca qu trnh t phn protein c phng thch. Hu nh tt c
m t bo u b phn hy v bin mt sau 120 - 140 ngy.
- Pha 3 (140 - 200 ngy): Enzym phng thch v tn cng vo cc phn protein
ha tan. y l nguyn nhn lm thay i hp cht Nit.
Ngoi ra ng, cht bo cng b phn gii thnh ru v cc acid hu c.

5.3.2. Cc h enzym trong sn xut nc mm

Gm 3 h enzym ln
a. H enzym Metalo-protease (Aminodipeptidase)
H enzym ny tn ti trong ni tng ca c v chu c nng mui cao nn
ngay t u n hot ng mnh, gim dn t thng th 3 tr v sau. Loi enzym
ny c hot tnh kh mnh, c kh nng thy phn rng ri i vi cc loi peptid. y
l nhm thy phn enzym trung tnh, pH ti thch t 5-7, pI = 4-5, n n nh vi ion
Mg2+, Ca2+v mt hot tnh vi Zn2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Hg2+..
b. H enzym serin-protease
in hnh l enzym tripsin, tn ti nhiu trong ni tng ca c. giai on u
ca qu trnh sn xut nc mm hot ng ca n yu n thng th 2 v pht trin
dn t gi tr cc i thng t 3 ri gim dn n khi chp chn (protein phn gii
gn nh hon ton khng cn dng peptol). H enzym ny lun b c ch bi chui
acid amin trong cu trc ca enzym. tho g chui ny phi nh n hot ng ca
men cathepsin B nhng men cathepsin B d b c ch bi nng mui cao. V vy
men cathepsin B hot ng c ngi ta thc hin phng php cho mui nhiu ln.
Enzym serin-protease hot ng mnh pH t 5-10, mnh nht pH=9.
c. H enzym acid-protease
C trong tht v ni tng c, in hnh l enzym cathepsin D. H enzym ny d
b c ch bi nng mui khong 15% nn thng n ch tn ti mt thi gian ngn
u thi k ca qu trnh thy phn. Loi men ny ng vai tr th yu trong qu
trnh sn xut nc mm.

5.3.3. Vi sinh vt trong sn xut nc mm

- Ngun gc: c t nguyn liu, dng c, thit b, mi trng (khng kh,
nc). Khi vi sinh vt xm nhp vo chp c cc nh hng sau:
66

- Tham gia vo qu trnh thy phn protein nhng rt yu v b c ch bi nng

mui cao.
- Tham gia tch cc vo vic hnh thnh hng v ca nc mm, ch yu l cc
vi sinh vt k kh c kh nng sinh hng.

5.4. Nhn t nh hng n qu trnh ch bin nc mm

5.4.1. Nhit
Nhit tng vn tc phn ng tng, n mt nhit no s khng tng
na v c th gim xung do nhit cao lm cho h enzym serin-protease mt hot
tnh. Qu trnh thy phn km.
- Nhit 30 - 47oC thch hp cho qu trnh ch bin chp.
- Nhit 70oC tr ln hu ht cc h enzym trong c mt hot tnh.
Nng nhit ca chp ln bng cch phi nng, nu hoc s dng tn nng
che phn xng.

5.4.2. pH
Mi h enzym c pH ti thch khc nhau, v vy phi xem loi enzym no
nhiu nht v ng vai tr ch yu nht trong qu trnh sn xut nc mm to pH
thch hp cho enzym hot ng. Qua thc nghim cho thy:
pH mi trng t nhin t 5,5-6,5 enzym tripsin v pepsin hot ng c,
ng thi pH ny c tc dng c ch mt phn vi khun gy thi. V vy mi
trng t nhin c pH thch hp cho qu trnh sn xut nc mm hn.

5.4.3. Lng mui

Mui l nguyn liu quan trng cho qu trnh sn xut nc mm, thiu mui
nc mm khng hnh thnh c.
Yu cu ca mui trong sn xut nc mm phi l loi mui n, cng tinh
khit cng tt, kt tinh ht nh c rn cao, mu trng ng nh (khng vn cc, m
t, v ng cht).
- Nng mui thp c tc dng thc y qu trnh thy phn protein nhanh
hn, chp mau chn.
- Nng mui qu cao c tc dng c ch lm mt hot tnh ca enzym, qu
trnh thy phn chm li, thi gian thy phn ko di (protein b kt ta bi mui
trung tnh bo ha).
ch bin chp nhanh cn xc nh lng mui cho vo trong chp l bao
nhiu v lng mui ny phi tha mn 2 iu kin:
- Khng mn qu trnh c ch hot ng ca enzym.
- Khng nht qu c kh nng c ch s pht trin ca vi khun gy thi.
Thng lng mui cho vo khong 20-25% so vi khi lng c. Nn thc
hin phng php cho mui nhiu ln v cn phi xc nh s ln cho mui, t l
mui ca mi ln v khong cch gia cc ln cho mui khng nh hng n qu
trnh sn xut nc mm.
67

5.4.4. Din tch tip xc

Mun phn ng xy ra nhanh phi c s tip xc tt gia enzym v c cht.
Cc enzym trong c tp trung nhiu ni tng, nn tng tc thy phn ngi ta
tm cch tng din tch tip xc gia enzym v tht c. C th dng cc bin php:
- Phng php xay nh c:
+ Xay nh c din tch tip xc s ln nhng protein d b bin tnh do tc
dng c hc.
+ Enzym phn tn nhng phn tn rt rng ra mi trng nc lm cho nng
enzym long ra. Khi chp chn em ko rt s gp hin tng tt l.
- Phng php p dp: C p dp s gi c hnh dng ban u, c tht bn
trong b mm ra, t chc c tht lng lo gip enzym d ngm vo trong tht. C p
dp xng c khng b v vn, khi chp chn ko rt d dng.
- Phng php ct khc: tht c vn cn chc nn enzym kh ngm vo hn
phng php p dp, protein mt ngoi d b bin tnh do tip xc vi dung dch
c nng mui cao.
Nh vy tng din tch tip xc s dng phng php p dp kt hp vi
nh khuy chp l tt nht.

5.4.5. Bn thn nguyn liu

Nhng loi c khc nhau, thnh phn ha hc v cu trc cng khc nhau, nht
l h enzym trong c v vy to ra loi nc mm c cht lng khc nhau.
- C ti ch bin cht lng tt hn c n.
- Loi c c kt cu c tht lng lo, mm mi, t vy d ch bin hn loi c
cng, chc, nhiu vy.
- Nu c c nhiu m th nc mm c mi i kht kh chu, mi chua (do s
thy phn cht bo thnh acid bo v glycerid) hoc kht do oxy ha cht bo.
- C sng tng nc mt v gia nh c thu, c cm, c nc, c mi... cho
cht lng nc mm tt nht v n n c thc n ngon nn dinh dng v thnh
phn m cao.
- C sng tng nc di v tng y nh c phn, c mi cho nc mm c
cht lng km v thiu thc n (n rong, ru, bn hoc thc vt di y) lm cho tht
c thiu dinh dng v bng c c bn t nh hng n mu sc nc chp

5.5. Phng php rt ngn thi gian ch bin nc mm

C 2 phng php rt ngn thi gian ch bin nc mm
1. To iu kin ti u (5 yu t)
2. S dng enzym t cc ngun t nhin:
- ng vt: trong ni tng ca gia sc c hin din nhiu enzym thy phn
protease nh: pepsin, tripsin, cathepsin.
- Thc vt: c mt vi loi thc vt cng c enzym protease nh trong u c
enzym papain, khm c enzym bromelin
68

- Vi sinh vt: trong qu trnh hot ng sng nhiu h enzym sinh ra t nm

mc Aspergillus oryzae, Asp. niger.
* Phng php s dng
- S dng di dng th: cho cc nguyn liu c enzym vo chp vi t l
nht nh.
- S dng di dng chit xut: chit enzym t cc nguyn liu trn thnh dng
tinh ch sau cho vo trong chp
rt ngn thi gian ch bin nc mm thng ngi ta a ra cc bin php
sau:
- Pha vi nc mm c hng v tt, sau mt thi gian cho n n nh
- Ko rt qua b chp tt, cch ny cho hiu qu ng k nht v n trch ly
hng v b chp lm cho nc mm ngn ngy c hng v thm ngon hn
- Phn lp nhng vi sinh vt gy hng trong chp tt sau cy vo trong
nc mm km hng hoc s dng vi sinh vt gy hng ny sn xut hng liu
ri cho hng liu ny vo trong nc mm km hng.

5.6. Cc phng php ch bin nc mm

5.6.1. Phng php ch bin nc mm c truyn
5.6.1.1. Nguyn l
C 3 phng php ch bin chp c truyn
* Phng php nh khuy:
- Cho mui nhiu ln.
- Cho nc l
- nh khuy lin tc
* Phng php gi nn:
- Cho mui mt ln hoc nhiu ln
- Khng cho nc l
- Gi nn v khng nh khuy
* Phng php hn hp:
- Kt hp gia 2 phng php gi nn v nh khuy.
- Lc u thc hin phng php gi nn.
- Sau thc hin phng php nh khuy

69

5.6.1.2. Phng php

C + mui
Dch c

(2 ngy)
Ln men (6 -12 thng )
Chp chn
Chit rt

Nc mm ct

Xng + tht cha thoi ha

Ln men ln 2 (6-12 thng)
Nc mui,
nc bin

Dch nc mm

B sau chit rt
B

Ln men nhiu ln
Dch nc mm
Phi trn
200 g mui/l
Nc mm thnh phm

14-18g N/l
Acid amin: 40-60g/l
Cht d bay hi cao
(acid bo d bay hi,
metyl ceton)

Hnh 5.1. Qui trnh cng ngh ch bin sn phm nc mm c truyn

70

** Phng php ch bin nc mm ci tin

Nguyn liu
Phn loi
C y

C ni

nh khuy

Gi nn (b sung da)

Chp chn

Chp chn

Ko rt
Nc mm
Hnh 5.2. S qui trnh ch bin nc mm ci tin
c im: Tn dng ngun nguyn liu c y v c ni do :
- C y c cht lng km, chp kh lm nn s dng phng php nh
khuy rt ngn thi gian ch bin cng nhanh cng tt.
- C ni do c cht lng tt nn s dng phng php gi nn c b sung
thm khm nhm tng hng v ca nc mm.

5.6.2. Phng php ch bin nc mm bng ha hc

5.6.2.1. Nguyn l
S dng ha cht (HCl, H2SO4, Na2CO3, NaOH) thy phn protein tht c
thnh cc acid amin.
5.6.2.2. Phng php

Nguyn liu
X l
Ngm
Thy phn
Trung ha

Lc v iu chnh cht lng

Thnh phm
71

B
Thc n gia sc

- Nguyn liu: cc loi thy sn c m nh tm, cua, c, nghu, s v nc

mui c c.
- X l: lm sch.
- Ngm: trong dung dch HCl thi gian mt tun, thnh thong nh khuy to
cho nc mm c mu sc p v thy phn mt phn protein trong c.
- Thy phn: s dng nhng kiu, lu c ng sinh hn ng thi c thit b nh
khuy trnh chy kht.
+ Nng acid s dng l HCl 7N
+ Nhit : cao hay thp u c nh hng n cht lng sn phm. Nhit
thch hp nht l 100-105oC, thy phn trong thi gian 7-8 gi.
+ Lng acid: da vo nguyn liu, nu nguyn liu c nhiu xng cng,
nhiu vy cn lng acid nhiu
- Trung ha: s dng Na2CO3 nhit trung ha 60-70oC, pH= 6,3-6,5.
- Lc v iu chnh cht lng sn phm:
+ Vt cht bo ni pha trn v lc qua vi gi cn, xng v xc cha b
thy phn.
+ iu chnh nng mui v khong 20oB.
+ iu chnh nng m bng cch un nhit 60-70oC hoc phi nng
sau b sung bezoat Na vi nng 1%.
+ Ko rt nc mm qua b chp tt hoc trn vi nc mm ct.

5.6.3. Phng php ch bin nc mm bng vi sinh vt

5.6.3.1. Nguyn l
S dng h enzym protease trong nm mc Aspergilus oryzea thy phn
protein tht c thnh cc acid amin iu kin nhit v mi trng thch hp.
5.6.3.2. Phng php
Nguyn liu
X l
Thy phn (mc 3-4%)
Nc lc

Lc
Dch thy phn
Sn phm

Hnh 5.3. S qui trnh ch bin nc mm bng phng php vi sinh vt

72

- X l: c phi ra sch bn, t, tp cht, c to phi ct nh.

- Thy phn:
+ Mc: yu cu tc sinh trng v pht trin nhanh, hnh thi khun ty to v
mp, tt nht l sau 2 ngy nhit v m thch hp.
+ T l gia mc v c t 3-4% tnh theo ch phm mc th v c xay nh trn
vi mc.
+ Nc cho vo 5-10% va ngm mc, gip men hot ng tt, nhit
thy phn 37-41oC, thi gian 10-15 ngy chp s chn.
+ Mui: s dng mui c tinh th nh, mu sng, trng cao, khng vn cc,
khng b cht, lng mui cho vo 4-6% so vi khi lng c
- Lc: nc lc v nc ra b bng 30% so vi khi lng c. Sau
+ un si:nh la c tc dng kh mi, vi sinh vt, cht bn.
+ Thm mui vo t n mn nc chm.
+ Ko rt dch ny qua b chp tt.
* Nhc im
- Nc mm khng c hng v v thi gian sn xut ngn.
- Nc mm b chua do tinh bt ln men lactic hoc do sinh ra acid d bay
hi khi c b n.
- ng do xc vi sinh vt cn tn ti hoc do cht lng ca mui km, c
nhiu ion Ca2+, Mg2+.

5.7. Kim tra v bo qun chp nc mm

5.7. 1. Nhng hin tng h hng ca chp
a. Chp chua
- Hin tng: chp bc mi chua, mu xm m mi tanh hi kh chu.
- Nguyn nhn
+ Chua v mn u: do lng mui lc u qu nhiu, lng mui ny ngm
vo lp tht c pha bn ngoi, bn trong v ni tng cha kp ngm mui lm cho tht
c b nht mui, xy ra qu trnh phn gii sinh ra nhiu acid bay hi phc tp nh:
glycogen, glucose b phn gii ym kh to ra acid lactic.Cc cht ny phn gii hiu
kh to acid acetic, acid butyric. Ngoi ra cc cht bo b thy phn to glycerin v
acid bo hoc cht m kh amin thnh acid bo.
R-CH-COOH

RCH2COOH

NH2
+ Chua v nht u: c nht mui khng sc kim hm s pht trin ca vi
sinh vt, phn gii to nhiu acid bay hi phc tp lm pht sinh mi chua, tanh thi
nhanh chng chuyn sang h thi.
- Cch phng cha
+ Cn phi cho mui u v .
+ No o, phi nng v ko rt qua b chp tt.
73

+ Dng ru chuyn cc acid sang dng ester c mi thm hoc trung ha

bng NaHCO3.
+ Dng thnh hp ph mi.
+ Chua v mn u tin hnh cho thm nc l vo trong chp v tin hnh
ch bin chp tip theo.
b. Chp en
- Hin tng: nc b xm en, c nht nht v mc cao hn na l c b en.
- Nguyn nhn
+ Do c c bn t tp cht khng nhng mang, nht bn ngoi m ngay
ni tng ca c.
+ Do cc sc t c trong da, tht v ni tng ca c nh: Lutein, astaxanthin,
taraxantin v nhng dn xut khc nh: sepiamelanin c trong mc.
+ Do s phn hy ca cc cht khc.
+ Do trn mui khng u gy ngng t nhm amin v nhm aldehyde.
-NH2 + O=CH-R

-N=CH-R (cho mu en).

+ S oxy ha cc cht bo cha bo ha.

Nhng cht gy en phn ln c cha S, khi phn hy c th hnh thnh H2S,
CH3-HS cho mu en, nhng cht ny tc dng vi ion kim loi cng cho mu en.
HS-CH2-COOH

HS-CH3 + CO2

- Cch phng cha

Ty theo nguyn nhn c cch phng cha khc nhau.
+ X l nguyn liu ban u cho tt.
+ Cn chn la nguyn liu ban u cho k, trnh nhim bn.
+ Cho mt t thnh rang k v b chp tt vo trong b chp b en, tin
hnh nh khuy v tng cng phi nng.
+ Dng cht chng oxy ha KMnO4, KClO3, H2O2 oxy ha cc cht en.
+ Khi chp tr mi kp thi cho mui vo ngn chn s pht trin ca vi
sinh vt.
+ un si nc bi, mu en s b ph hy do bay hi, vi sinh vt b tiu dit.
c. Chp thi
- Hin tng: chp thi bao gi cng en v c mi hi thi nhng chp en
cha chc thi.
- Nguyn nhn:
Ch yu do mui qu nht hoc sau khi c i mui ta khng kp thi cho mui
vo. Khi cc vi sinh vt hot ng phn hy cc cht c m ch yu l cc acid
amin thnh cc sn vt cp thp lm cho chp b thi.
Vd:Trptophan
Cystein

Ildol, skatol
NH3, H2S.

- Cch phng cha

74

+ Cn x l nguyn liu cho tt trnh nc ma vo.

+ Dng c ch bin phi sch s, khng chp ni m thp, bn thu.
+ Cn p dng ng k thut ch bin, ng thi cn nm vng hin tng c
i mui cho mui , ng v kp thi.
Nu chp b thi ri rt kh cha.
+ C th trn vi chp khc v em nu.
+ Chp b nc ma nhiu vo th c th mc ring phn ra cho mui vo,
tng cng phi nng no o.
d. Nc mm thi v cch phng cha
- Hin tng: nc mm thi ni ln nhng bt nh v dn dn nc b c, c
mu nu xm n xanh v xng ln mi hi thi.
- Nguyn nhn:
+ Chp cha chn ch mi phn gii n sn vt trung gian d b ng vn,
keo t m ta em ko rt.
+ Do nc mm lc khng trong (cn li xc c).
+ Do nc hm b nht mui hay qu nng to nhit v mi trng thch
hp cho vi sinh vt pht trin.
+ Do b thng lc hoc dng c cha khng sch s c khi ln c xc chp
sng.
+ Do nc mm b nc ma hay nc l vo.
- Cch phng cha:
+ Cn trnh nhng nguyn nhn trn.
+ Cch cha duy nht hin nay l dng nhit lm bay hi mi hi thi.

5.7.2. Cc ch tiu phn loi, kim tra chp nc mm

a. Phn loi chp
Chia lm 3 loi

- Chp loi A: gm tt c cc loi chp ca c ni nh: c cm, c nc, c

linh. Chp tt loi ny dng sn xut nc mm thng hng.
- Chp loi B: gm cc loi chp ca c ni c cht lng km hn v cc
loi chp ca c khc c cht lng tt. Chp ny dng sn xut nc mm c
bit v loi I.
- Chp loi C: l chp ca nhng loi c y c cht lng xu nh c phn,
c mi...
b. Ch tiu nh gi chp chn
* Cm quan
- Mu sc: mu nu ti, nu xm hoc xm. Ring nc ct c mu vng rm
n cnh gin.
- Mi thm c trng, khng c mi chua, mi l.
- Trng thi
75

+ i vi chp gi nn: c cn nguyn con, nu s ra tht c tch khi xng,

nu khuy tht s nt vn.
+ i vi chp nh khuy: c nt nhuyn, ci chp sng, khi nh khuy
khng c hin tng si bt.
* Ha hc: c 2 yu t
T l nit amin trn m ton phn ca nc ct.
+ i vi chp c ni t l ny > 45%.
+ i vi chp c y t l ny > 40%.
* Mt vi phng php khc
- Phng php phi nng hoc sy 50oC, nu nc mm khng c bin
i g so vi mu i chng l nc mm chn. Nu mu t vng rm hoc cnh
gin chuyn sang vng nht mt hng v c trng, vn c th chp cha chn.
- Phng php lng ng: ngi ta s dng phng php c hc lc mnh mu
nc mm, lc 30-40 ln sau yn 20 pht, nu mu nc mm khng c
bin i g so vi mu i chng l chp chn.
c. Tiu chun ca nc mm thnh phm
Bng 5.2. Tiu chun nh gi cht lng nc mm
Loi

c bit (g/l)

Loi 1

Loi 2

20
8,5
<5
250 - 265
150

15
6,5
4
260 - 280
100

11
4
3
265 - 285
70

Ch tiu
Nit tng s
Nit amin
Nit amoniac
Mui
Thi gian bo qun (ngy)

d. Pha ch nc mm
Gi s ta c: Nc mm ct AoN
Nc mm ngang BoN
AoN > 15 > BoN
Pha thnh nc mm c 15oN. T l s dng
AoN

(15-B) lt AoN
15

BoN

(A-15) lt BoN

e. Bo qun nc mm
Nh mui v hm lng m cao, to p sut thm thu ln c ch hot ng
ca vi sinh vt. Hm lng m cao thi gian bo qun rt di t hng nm n hng
chc nm nhng hng v km i.
Dng c cha phi v sinh sch s

76

Chng VI.

CC DNG SN PHM THY SN

KHC
6.1. Sn phm c mui
Mui c nhm mc ch tng thi gian bo qun ng thi to cho sn phm c
hng v thm ngon.
Mui c c mt lch s lu di v hin nay chim v tr rt quan trng trong
ngnh ch bin thy sn nc ta. y l phng php c hiu qu cao, bo qun
kp thi mt khi lng c ln vo ma khai thc.

6.1.1. Nguyn l p mui bo qun

Mui n c kch thc v thnh phn ha hc khc nhau, c bit thnh phn
nc thay i nhiu: khi m khng kh trn 75% th mui ht nhiu nc, khi
m khng kh di 15% th mui kh nhanh. Mui c nhiu Ca2+ v Mg2+ th c
tnh ht m cao. CaCl2 v MgCl2 c ha tan cao hn NaCl, nhit tng cao th
ha tan ca hai cht trn cng tng nhanh. V vy nu hm lng cc cht trn
trong mui n nhiu s lm gim ha tan ca NaCl. Ngoi ra Ca2+ v Mg2+ cn
to cho sn phm c v ng cht. Do nn dng lai mui c cht lng tt
p mui c gip cho sn phm c p mui c hng v thm ngon.
6.1.1.1. Tc dng ca mui n
- Kim hm s t phn do tc dng ca enzym v vi khun
Nng mui cao gy nn p sut thm thu ln c th lm v mng t bo vi
khun, lm nc thot ra ngoi v th vi khun kh pht trin. Nng mui thng
thng s dng ln hn 10%. Tuy nhin c mt s vi khun chu mui pht trin
c trong mi trng nng mui cao (28%). nng mui 20 25% qu trnh
phn gii c din ra rt chm.
- Mui NaCl c cha ion Cl- c tc dng gy c i vi vi khun. S thi ra
ca c ch yu l do tc dng phn gii ca enzym v vi khun. Cc loi enzym v vi
khun ny cho hot tnh mnh nht trong mi trng nc mui long hoc khng
mui nhng nng mui cao chng s b kim hm.
6.1.1.2. S thm thu ca mui vo c
Qu trnh thm thu c th chia lm 3 giai on
- Giai on 1: nng mui cao cc phn t mui ngm vo c nhanh, nc
trong c thot ra ngoi (nc thot ra gp 3 ln mui ngm vo). Trong giai on ny
tht c cn mu , cha ng c.
- Giai on 2: nng mui gim dn lm cho lng nc thot ra ngoi chm
hn, protein b bin tnh, tht c rn chc, mu tr nn sm v ng c li.
- Giai on 3: p sut thm thu gim dn n 0, nng mui trong c dn
bng nng mui ca dung dch bn ngoi. Tht c giai on ny rn chc, c mi
thm c trng.
77

78

6.1.1.3. Nhng yu t nh hng n tc p mui

- Phng php p: phng php mui t nhanh hn phng php mui kh
- Nng : nng cao, tc thm thu nhanh
- Thi gian: tc thm thu ca mui vo c tng t l thun vi thi gian,
n mt tc nht nh no th qu trnh thm thu gim dn v t trng thi
cn bng.
- Thnh phn ha hc ca mui: cc thnh phn khc trong mui nh Ca2+,
Mg s lm gim qu trnh thm thu ca mui vo c.
2+

- Nhit : nhit tng, tc thm thu tng. Tuy nhin, nhit cao
enzym hot ng mnh v tc dng ca vi khun tng ln lm gim cht lng ca c.
- Cht lng: c ti tc thm thu mnh, c bo tc thm thu b hn
c gy
6.1.1.4. Nhng bin i ca c trong qu trnh p mui
- Protein ca c gim do thot ra ngoi nhiu, lng nc thot ra ph thuc
vo phng php mui, nng mui, thi gian mui.
- Hao ht cht dinh dng: Cht bo hao ht t, protein hao ht nhiu do hm
lng m ha tan khuch tn ra dung dch mui cng vi thi gian v nhit bo qun.
6.1.1.5. Qu trnh chn ca c p mui
C sau khi p mui mt thi gian di tc dng ca enzym v vi sinh vt lm
cho mi v ti ca c mt i, to ra mi v c trng ca c mui, tht c sn chc,
c mi v thm ngon ca c mui.
Trong qu trnh chn protein b phn gii to thnh acid amin v cc hp cht
hu c khc lm cho protein trong tht c gim xung, lng nit phi protein ngm
vo trong nc tng. Cc cht ng v cht bo cng b phn gii nhng chm hn
to cho sn phm c mi v c trng.

6.1.2. Cng ngh ch bin c mui tng qut

Chun b nguyn liu
p mui t 1
Tch nc
p mui t 2
ng gi v bo qun
Hnh 6.1. S qui trnh ch bin sn phm c mui tng qut

6.1.2.1. K thut ch bin

- Chun b nguyn liu: dng cc loi c ti t nhin, c p lnh khng dng
c n, v bng, dp nt. C khong 0,5kg tr ln th phi m bng b ni tng v
79

u ri ct thnh khc di 10-12 cm hoc c th x i, kha dc 2 thn, ra sch

ro nc.
Ngoi ra cn phi chun b mui
- p mui t 1
C c khi lng < 0,5kg dng 25 - 27% mui, c th trn u c vi mui ri
cho vo b... sau ph ln trn mt lp mui mng. Cng c th mui c bng cch
c mt lp c li ph mt lp mui. B dy ca mi lp mui sao cho che kn khng
h c.
Thi gian p mui: sau khi p mui 48 - 72 gi em i gi nn cho c chm
xung trong 48 - 72 gi na
- Tch nc
Sau khi p mui thi gian, vt c ra cho ro, nc cn li c th s dng
lm nc mm.
- p mui t 2
Nhm ko di thi gian bo qun, lng mui bng 15% c
- ng gi - bo qun
Xp c mui t 2 vo ti polyethylen, bn ngoi dn nhn. Cc l sn
phm sn xut ra xp ring theo th t ni kh ro thong mt c mi che ma
nng. Thi gian bo qun khong 30 ngy
6.1.2.2. Yu cu v sinh
Ni ch bin, dng c, thit b, ngi lao ng ... phi m bo sch s theo
yu cu.
6.1.2.3. Yu cu cht lng
- Tht chc, dai, t l dp nt < 2%
- C c mi thm c trng, mu sc ng u khng c lm tm v mu
khc
- Hm lng c trong mui t 16 - 20%
Nu sn xut c mui thnh hoc c hng liu th giai on p mui ln 2
trn thnh v hng liu xay nh vo mui p. T l thnh 3%, t bt 2%, ng
0,5 - 2%, mui 11 - 13%, gng 0,5%, tiu, inh hng, v qu...

6.1.3. Cc dng sn phm c mui

a. Kh c thu mui (KUSAYA-Nht Bn)
C thu (70%)

M b rut
Ra b mui

Ra sch
C

Phi kh

Ngm nc mui (30%)

Ln men
Nc c

KUSAYA
Hnh 6.2. S qui trnh ch bin sn phm KUSAYA
80

- c tnh vt l, cm quan: Rn, mu nu, mi thm c trng ca c c ln men.

- c tnh ha hc: pH = 6,5 - 7, m 38 %.
- Gi tr dinh dng: Protein = 50%, lipid = 3 %, mui = 3 3,5%
Ca = 890 mg, P = 810 mg
Vitamin B1 = 0,24 mg, vitasmin B2 = 0,4 mg
Niacin = 16 mg (n v tnh: mg/100 g sn phm)
- Vi sinh vt: Corynebacterium kusaya, Spirillum sp., Chloridium bifermentans,
Penicillum sp.
b. Colombo - cured (Nam n )
C
Trn mui (t l 3:1)
Nc me, acid acetic 5%

Ln men (pH < 6,0)

Sn phm

Hnh 6.3. S qui trnh ch bin sn phm Colombo-cured

c. Sushi (Nht Bn)

C
p mui (20 - 30%) + go nu ln men
Ln men 1 - 2 thng
Tch nc

Nc c

Ra
Go nu + Koji

Ln men ln 2
Sn phm

Hnh 6.4. S qui trnh ch bin sn phm Shushi

Qu trnh ln men sn phm ln 1 v ln 2 u c s tham gia ca vi khun acid

lactic. Vi khun ny c vai tr bo qun l ch yu, tuy nhin s phn gii protein nh
vi khun lactic vn xy ra.

6.2. Sn phm c sy kh
6.2.1. Nguyn l
Nguyn liu thy sn ti sng cha hm lng nc cao (70 - 80%) l iu
kin thch hp cho s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. Nu gim hm lng nc trong sn
phm xung 8 - 10% s lm gim s pht trin ca vi sinh vt.
81

Phng php lm gim hm lng nc trong thc phm xung gi l phng

php lm kh. Da vo ngun nng lng s dng m ta c phng php lm kh
khc nhau: lm kh t nhin hay lm kh nhn to
Da vo tnh cht ca sn phm c 3 loi kh: kh sng, kh chn v kh mn
- Kh sng: l sn phm ch bin bng nguyn liu ti sng khng qua x l
bng mui hay nu chn
- Kh chn: l sn phm ch bin bng nguyn liu nu chn
- Kh mn: l sn phm ch bin t nguyn liu qua qu trnh p mui

6.2.2. Nhng yu t ch yu nh hng n tc lm kh

- Nhit khng kh: nhit khng kh tng, tc lm kh nhanh. Tuy
nhin nhit qu cao lm cho tht c b kht, sn phm c mu en
- m khng kh: khi m khng kh khong 80% th qu trnh sy s
ngng v c s ht m vo sn phm. m cng thp, tc sy cng nhanh
- Tc gi: vn tc nh, thi gian sy di v phm cht tht km. Tc gi
ln, nhit sy khng u. Thng vn tc trung bnh khong 0,4 - 0,6 m/s, khng
kh lu thng song song vi b mt c, qu trnh lm kh nhanh hn, khng kh lu
thng to thnh gc 45 so vi b mt c, tc sy chm nht.
- m: nhm xc tin s chuyn ng ca nc trong tht c (thc cht l qu
trnh sy kh gin on). Qu trnh m rt ngn c thi gian sy v nng cao
c hiu sut
- Nguyn liu: mc to, nh, dy mng, da cng hay mm, c vy hay khng
c vy, m x hay c con ... u nh hng n thi gian sy

6.2.3. Cc yu t nh hng n thi gian bo qun sn phm sy kh

C sy kh thng c s dng trong cc ba n truyn thng ca tt c cc
vng dn c trn th gii. Trong nhng nm gn y nh hng ca vic tng dn s
v p lc ca vic nh bt c lm nh hng n ngun nguyn liu c cng nh cht
lng sn phm. Theo kt qu u tin ca nhm nghin cu c trung tm c tr
gip. C quan pht trin nghin cu v nng nghip quc t v c quan nghin cu
nng nghip Indonesia thc hin mt cuc nghin cu trong thi gian 3 nm v s
h hng ca c ti, c kh, ... do cn trng, vi khun, nm mc gy ra. Bo co kt
qu nghin cu nh hng thnh phn ca c v nhng yu t dn n s h hng. Kt
qu cho rng s h hng ch yu l do hm lng nc v hot ng ca nc.
Kt qu vic thay i tnh cht, cht lng ca c do cc nguyn nhn sau: s
tng s lng vi khun trn tht c, s chm kh trong qu trnh sy hoc thi gian bo
qun lu, nm mc s pht trin trn sn phm, km theo l rui, u trng, b...cng
gp phn vo s ph hoi.
Nhiu kt qu nghin cu cho rng gim hot ng ca nc s em li kt
qu l gim c s hot ng ca vi khun.
Mc ch ca vic to nn sn phm c sy kh nhm gim hot ng ca
nc n mc thp c th chp nhn c, lng mui cho vo trong qu trnh ch
bin c sy kh c s dng mc cho php. Lng mui v m mong mun c
th iu chnh c hot ng ca nc.
82

6.2.3.1. Hm lng nc
Hm lng nc trong c ti chim khong 80%. Khi gim m ca c
xung cn khong 25% gip ngn chn s pht trin vi khun gy h hng v di
15% ngn chn s pht trin ca nm mc. Gi tr ny c tnh ton da trn cn bn
t, hm lng nc c nh ngha:
Khi lng nc trong sn phm
Mw =

x 100%
Tng khi lng sn phm

Hm lng nc cng c th c tnh ton da trn cn bn kh, c nh

ngha:
Khi lng nc trong sn phm
Md =

x 100%
Tng khi lng sn phm da trn hm lng cht kh

Mi lin h gia 2 dng trn din t l:

100 Mw
Md =

100 Md
hay

Mw =

100 - Mw
100 - Md
V d: Khi 10 kg c c m 80% c sy kh n m 25% (da trn cn
bn t), lng nc cn tch ra c tnh ton nh sau:
C cha 80% m:
10 kg c = 8 kg nc + 2 kg cht kh
25% m, 2 kg cht kh c din t: 100 - 25 = 75% khi lng
V vy tng khi lng c 25% m l:
2 x 100 / 75 = 2,67 kg bao gm 0,67 kg nc v 2 kg cht kh
V vy lng nc cn tch ra l:
8 0,67 = 7,33 kg
6.2.3.2. hot ng ca nc
Loi b phn ln hm lng nc (85 - 90%) cng cha ngn chn c s
pht trin ca vi khun. V vy, hm lng nc trong sn phm cha phi l mi
trng thun li nht gip vi khun pht trin. hot ng ca nc lin quan trc
tip n hm lng cht ha tan trong h thng.
6.2.3.3. Mi quan h gia hm lng nc v hot ng ca nc
Mi quan h gia hm lng nc (da trn cn bn kh) v hot ng ca
nc c din t di dng ng ng nhit hp thu (sorption isotherm).
Nu c c sy kh hon ton v sau b ht m tr li, ng ng nhit
hp thu khng i theo li ng tch m c ca sn phm sy kh. S bin i ny
c gi l hin tng hysteresis. Trong khi sy c, protein ng t v bin tnh
trong sut tin trnh ch bin v tr nn khng lin kt vi cng mt lng nc nh
dng protein ca c ti.
Hm lng nc
(% cn bn kh)

83

Tch m
Ht m

Hot nc (aw)

Hnh 6.5. Mi quan h gia hm lng nc v hot ng ca nc

6.2.3.4. nh hng ca nhit , pH v hot ng ca nc

Trong sut qu trnh lm kh v khi c c bo qun trong mi trng c
m tng i ln th nh hng ca vic gim hot ng ca nc tr nn quan
trng, nh hng n tnh n nh ca sn phm. C mi quan h gia hot ng
ca nc n s pht trin ca nm mc, vi khun. Thng nm mc pht trin
hot ng ca nc t 0,75 0,9. ng thi s pht trin ca Clostridium botulinum
(Troller v Christian, 1978) c trnh by bng 6.1
Bng 6.1. Tng quan gia s pht trin ca Clostridium botulinum nhit v
hot ng ca nc khc nhau
Nhit pH
(oC)
6
20
6
30
6
40
7
20
7
30
7
40

0,997
1/4
1/2
1/1
1/2
1/1
1/1

hot ng ca nc (aw)
0,98
0,97
1/9
1/9
1/3
1/3
1/2
1/9
1/4
1/3
1/2
1/2
1/1

0,96

1/9
1/3

Kt qu bng trn cho thy khi pH = 6, t l pht trin ca Clostridium

botulinum gim i mt na bng cch gim nhit t 40oC xung 30oC hoc gim
hot ng ca nc t 0,997 n 0,98. Kt qu tng t pH = 7, s pht trin ca
Clostridium botulinum gim khi gim hot ng ca nc v gim nhit t 30oC
xung 20oC.

84

6.2.3.5. hot ng ca nc v nhng bin i ha hc

Tc phn ng oxy ha lipid v phn ng ha nu Maillard xy ra mnh nht
hot ng ca nc t 0,6 0,9. hot ng ca nc c xc nh giai
on sau khi mui c v ph thuc vo phng php bo qun c mui.
6.2.3.6. nh hng ca cn trng
Ngoi nh hng ca nhit , hot ng ca nc v mui, cn trng cng
nh hng n cht lng sn phm c phi kh. S pht trin ca u trng trn c
thch hp nhit 28 30oC, iu kin m v hm lng mui ti u t 11 15%.
B cnh cng thng xut hin c c nng mui thp hn, rui xanh v mui
tm thy nhit v m cao hn.
C kh b h hi lin quan trc tip n m trong qu trnh phi kh v bo
qun, nhng h hng ban u do bi nhm Diptera nh rui, mui v b cleris trong
qu trnh phi kh v bo qun.

6.2.4. Phng php sy kh

6.2.4.1. Sy kh t nhin (s dng nng lng mt tri)
Nng lng mt tri l mt dng nng lng c bn v quan trng nht trong
s cc ngun nng lng c th thay th. Vit nam rt giu nng lng mt tri. Sy
bng nng lng mt tri l mt phng php ph bin v rt r tin. Nhit ca mt
tri v s chuyn ng ca khng kh lm tch m thy sn tr nn kh
Qu trnh lm kh c bng nng lng mt tri gi l sy kh t nhin. Theo
phng php ny nguyn liu c phi ngoi nh nng c nhit khong 37 40oC.
Tin li ca phng php sy kh bng nng lng mt tri l gi r, l tng
cho cc sn phm t hoc khng cn tng gi tr v sn phm thng phi gn nh.
Tuy nhin, vic s dng n cn rt hn ch
+ Thi gian sy di, c th lm cho sn phm b h hng
+ Khng ch ng, ph thuc vo thi tit
+ Cn o trn sn phm nhiu ln trong ngy
+ Sn phm d b bn do bi
Khi sy kh bng phng php t nhin cn lu chn v tr sn phi
nguyn liu nhn c nhiu nng lng mt tri nht. Sn phi phi kh ro, thong
mt. Tt nht l phi trn gin cao 0,8 - 1 m va nhanh kh, va m bo v sinh
ng thi thao tc d dng.
Phi kh c l phng php c truyn dng trong dn gian, nhng khng thch
hp cho cng nghip ch bin
6.2.4.2. Sy kh nhn to
Qu trnh lm kh c bng nng lng nhn to gi l phng php sy kh
nhn to. Theo phng php ny c c lm kh trong cc thit b sy. Thit b sy
l mt phng kn, khng kh trong phng c t nng do b phn cung cp nhit
t pha di, bn trn c l chn kim lai, nhin liu t nng l than hoc nng
lng in, C c xp trn cc sn tha t trn gin, c nhiu lp v mi lp
cch nhau 0,3 0,4m.
Nguyn tc lm vic
85

Khng kh i t ngoi vo qua b phn cung cp nhit c t nng ri i vo

phng sy lm nng nguyn liu, nc t nguyn liu bc hi, khng kh trong phng
sy c lu thng nh chnh lch nhit v i t di ln ko theo hi nc qua
ng khi i ra ngoi. Nhit sy khng c qu 65oC
u im
-

Thi gian sy ngn hn

Sy sut nm v xut khu u n

Sn phm n nh v cht lng v m

Ngn nga rui v cn trng gy bn sn phm

S dng ngun nng lng ti ch, tn dng mt bng sn xut

Nhm tng cht lng sn phm c kh, c th dng cc cch sau:

- Trc khi phi, sy cn phi m bng, ly ht ni tng, ct b u, vy v x
c theo chiu dc xng sng.
- Phi l ring tht c v phi, sy nhm lm tng gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm
- Trc khi phi, sy c th p mui theo phng php mui kh, nu tc
phi, sy nhanh c th khng cn p mui.

6.2.5. S bin i ca c khi lm kh

Khi lm kh c bo qun, c b gim th tch v trng lng do s bc hi
nc, ng thi mu sc c cng thay i do hm lng cht kh tng ln v do s
oxy ha cc sc t, tht c tr nn dai, chc

6.2.6. Cng ngh ch bin sn phm c sy kh

Nguyn liu
X l
p mui
Kh mui
Xp c ln gin
Sy kh
Bao gi
Bo qun
Hnh 6.6. S qui trnh ch bin sn phm c sy
86

6.2.6.1. K thut sy kh
- X l nguyn liu
C sau khi thu nhn cn c phn loi theo khi lng v cht lng. C c
trng lng trn 5kg/con th cht u, lai b vy, ct vy, m bng, lai b ni tng,
ct thnh khc 15cm. C dy mnh th phi l ly phn tht 2 bn, loi b xng sng.
C c trng lng trn 0,5kg/con th m lng dc theo xng sng, b ni tng. C
mnh dp nh c chim th m mt ng dc xng sng, b ni tng. Sau khi x l
th ra sch ro, c th kh mi tanh ca c: dng dung dch nc 40%, dm n
0,3%, nc gng 1%.
- p mui
Vi c kh mn t l mui t 20 - 22% trng lng c ti ban u, thi gian
p khong 1 gi. Nu p kh th dng mui trn vo c sau xp vo dng c
c mt lp c mt lp mui, cng ln trn lp mui cng dy hn. Trn cng ph mt
lp mui mng v gi v nn cho c chm xung. Nu p t th pha mui thnh
dung dch bo ha l 16kg mui kh cho 100kg c. Gi v nn cht, p khonng 1-2 gi.
- Kh mui: Trc khi phi cn kh mui gim mn ca c
kh mui thng ngm c vo nc l (t l nc khong 50 - 60% so vi
c, ngm trong thi gian 10 - 15 pht), vt ra ro
- Xp c ln gin: trc khi phi cn dng khn sch ch vo vt m cho mt
ct mn, nhn. Lc u p bng xung, sau lt li. Sau 2 - 3 ngy sy, mt ngy
ri li sy tip 2 - 3 ngy na.
- Sy kh: ty thuc vo kch thc nguyn liu c thi gian sy khc nhau,
nhit sy cng khc nhau. Trong qu trnh sy phi lun o trn.
- Bao gi - bo qun:
Sn phm c sy kh, ngui, phn loi v cho vo bao PE hn kn. Trng
lng bao gi ty thuc vo mc ch s dng, thng thng mi mi ti nng 1015kg, sau xp vo st, mi st 30kg. Sn phm c bo qun ni kh ro
thong mt.
Gm kho v 4 gc kho rc vi kh chng m, nhng ngy nng to m ca
kho cho thong kh v thng xuyn kim tra quyt nh thi gian bo qun. Nu
m bo c iu kin trn thi gian bo qun khong 75 ngy.
6.2.6.2. Yu cu cht lng cm quan
- Mu t nhin
- Mi thm khng kht
- V ngt khng ng cht
- Trng thi: tht dai, khng nt
Nu mun sn xut c kh nht (c cm ...) khng qua giai on p mui,
kh mui.
Nu mun sn xut c kh p gia v th p mui 10%, sau ra li bng
dung dch gng ri p gia v vi t l nh sau: mui 0,3%, t 0,2%, nc mm
0,2%, ti kh 0,5%, ng 0,5%, ru trng 1%.
Thi gian p 2-3 gi, thi gian phi 2-3 ngy, tip sy nhit 45-50oC.
87

6.3. Sn phm c xng khi

6.3.1. Mc ch ca xng khi
Nhm pht trin mi cho sn phm, ko di thi gian bo qun v to ra dng
sn phm mi. Mt trong nhng mc ch chnh ca qu trnh xng khi l tiu dit
cc vi sinh vt trn b mt. Ngoi ra xng khi cn lm gim m ca sn phm v
th cng c ch s hot ng ca vi sinh vt trn b mt sn phm, ko di thi gian
bo qun sn phm.

6.3.2. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh xng khi

6.3.2.1. Ngun nhin liu
a. Nhin liu dng xng khi
Nhin liu xng khi thng dng l g, kh t sinh ra khi xng v ta
nhit. Nhin liu xng khi quyt nh thnh phn ca khi, v vy vic la chn
nhin liu l vn quan trng. Khng nn dng g c nhiu nha nh thng v
trong khi c nhiu b hng lm cho sn phm c mu sm, v ng, lm gim gi tr
cm quan ca sn phm. Cc lai nhin liu c dng xng khi l si, mt,
d, c th s dng di dng g, dm bo hoc mn ca. c c lng khi
cn thit cn phi khng ch nhin liu trong iu kin chy khng hon ton, m
nhin liu thch hp khong 25 30%.
b. Thnh phn ca khi
Thnh phn ca khi l yu t quan trng trong khi xng khi, v n c quan
h mt thit n cht lng v tnh bo qun sn phm trong qu trnh xng khi. C
khong 300 hp cht khc nhau trong thnh phn ca khi, cc hp cht thng
thng l phenol, acid hu c, carbonyl, hydro carbon v mt s thnh phn kh
khc nh CO2, CO, O2, N2 ...
- Cc hp cht phenol: C khong 20 hp cht phenol khc nhau trong thnh
phn ca khi. Hp cht phenol c tc dng chng li cc qu trnh oxy ha, to mu,
mi cho sn phm v tiu dit cc vi sinh vt nhim vo thc phm.
- Hp cht alcohol: Nhiu hp cht ru khc nhau tm thy trong khi. Ru
khng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic to mi cho sn phm xng khi. Tuy nhin
n c tc dng nh trong vic tiu dit vi sinh vt.
- Cc acid hu c: Cc acid hu c n gin trong khi c mch cacbon dao
ng t 1 - 10 nguyn t cacbon, trong cc acid hu c c mch cacbon t 1 - 4 l
nhiu nht
VD. Acid formic, acid acetic, acid propyonic, acid butyric, acid izobutyric ...
cc acid hu c hu nh khng to mi cho sn phm nhng chng c tc dng bo
qun (lm cho pH b mt sn phm h xung), ng thi c tc dng ng t protein.
- Cc cht cacbonyl: Cc mch cacbon ngn ng vai tr quan trng trong vic
to mu, mi cho sn phm
- Cc hp cht hydro cacbon: Khng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic bo
qun v chng c tch ra trong nhng pha xng khi c bit.

88

6.3.2.2. Tc dng ca khi n sn phm

* S lng ng ca khi ln b mt sn phm: lng ng l bc u tin
ca tc dng xng khi. Khi t nhin liu, khi bay ln v bm vo sn phm.
Lng khi bm vo nhiu hay t c lin quan n qu trnh xng khi.
Nhn t chnh nh hng n s lng ng ca khi: Nhn t nh hng n
s lng ng ca khi trn sn phm c 3 mt:
- H thng khi hun cng khng n nh th tc dng lng ng ca n cng
ln.
- Quan trng hn c l nh hng ca cc lai lc ca ht khi nh chuyn
ng Brown, tc dng ca nhit in di, tc dng ca trng lc, trng thi lu thng
ca khng kh.
- nh hng tnh cht mt ngai ca sn phm ngha l cu to ca b mt sn
phm nh th no (nhn, nhm)u c nh hng n s lng ng ca khi. Lng
nc trong sn phm c nh hng r rt, ngha l c cng kh tc dng lng ng
cng km, m ca khi hun cng cao v tc chuyn ng ln th tc dng lng
ng cng ln.
* S thm thu ca khi hun vo sn phm
- S thm thu ca khi: Sau khi khi hun lng ng trn b mt sn phm th
n bt u ngm dn vo sn phm.Khi ht khi bm ln sn phm, nhng thnh
phn trong khi s thm thu vo nht l nhng cht c tnh tan trong nc, h thng
khi hun trng thi th lng d thm tch hn trng thi th c. y l qu trnh
ngm dn t ngoi vo trong, lc thc y ch yu ca n l s cn bng, nng
ca cc thnh phn trong khi hun, ngai ra n cng chu nh hng ca tc dng
nhit di.
- Nhn t chnh nh hng n s thm thu ca khi
+ Thnh phn, nhit , m v nng ca khi
+ Bn thn nguyn liu: C c nhiu hay t vy, lng m, lng nc, ....
+ Phng php v thi gian xng khi
6.3.2.3. Tc dng phng thi v st trng ca khi
Qua nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc trn th gii cho thy rng khi c tc
dng phng thi v st trng, nhng tc dng phng thi ca khi mnh hn, hai
im ny c lin quan mt thit vi nhau.
* Tc dng st trng mt ngoi ca sn phm
Theo nghin cu ca Shewan theo di tc dng st trng ca khi hun mt
ngoi sn phm c trch cho thy c khng qua x l, c xng khi nhit 20
30oC trong 3 -5 gi th lng vi khun mt ngoi sn phm gim 35%, nu em
p mui trc th lng vi khun gim xung 59%.
Tc dng ca thnh phn khi trong sn phm trong v sau qu trnh xng
khi: thnh phn ca khi ngm vo sn phm v lng vi khun gim dn xung.
* Kh nng st trng ca thnh phn khi hun: cc thnh phn trong khi
hun nh cc hp cht acid, phenol, aldehyde, u c tc dng st trng. Ngy nay
ngi ta dng h s phenol biu th kh nng st trng ca chng. Phenol l cht
c kh nng st trng mnh, c bit l phenol c phn t lng ln, tn ti trong du
89

nha g. Lai phenol c nhiu gc methyl v mch carbua cng di th kh nng st

trng cng mnh.
* Tc dng chng oxy ha ca khi
Sn phm xng khi c tc dng chng oxy ha r rt, l tnh cht quan
trng ca khi hun. i vi cht bo ca ng vt thy sn, xng khi cng c tc
dng chng oxy ha rt tt. Ngi ta th nghim xng khi cht bo ca c trch,
ra ngoi tri nhit 40oC, th thy c khng b oxy ha. Cc thnh phn phenol,
hydroquinol, guaialcol c kh nng chng oxy ha tng i cao.
6.3.2.4. nh hng ca thnh phn khi n sn phm
a. nh hng n mu sc v mi v sn phm
S hnh thnh mu sc v mi v ca sn phm l do tc dng tng hp phc
tp ca nhiu cht li cho gic quan. Cho n nay ngi ta tm thy trong khi
c hn 300 hp cht khc nhau. Do vic nghin cu mu sc, mi v ca tng cht
cha c xc nh, ngi ta ch ct ring tng nhm nh phenol, aldehyde, v
xc nh mu sc, mi v ca chng.
b. nh hng n sc khe con ngi
T xa n nay cha c pht hin no v s ng c c xng khi. Tuy nhin
chng ta cng nhn thy rng c mt s cht thuc nh m phenol v aldehyde gg
c. Nguyn nhn khng gy c l do:
- Lng ca n rt t trong sn phm. V d qui nh ca v sinh thc phm
l lng formaldehyde khng vt qu 20mg%, thc t th lng formaldehyde
trong sn phm ch khang 5 - 13mg%. Nh vy khng th gy c.
- Khi n cc cht vo rut qua tc dng ha hc v sinh ha lm gim
nh hoc tiu mt c tnh ca n.
VD: formaldehyde khi kt hp vi protein th sinh ra hp cht c gc
methylen khng c. Cn phenol khi vo c th th b oxy ha, b c th gii c.
Thnh phn khi ngm vo c sau khi xng khi gm:
- Cc hp cht phenol: 1 - 34 mg%
- Cc loi acid c tnh bay hi: 5 -13 mg%
- Formaldehyde: 5 - 13 mg%
- Hp cht ceton: 0,2 - 2 mg%

6.3.3. Cng ngh ch bin sn phm c xng khi

Nguyn liu
X l
p mui
Kh mui
90

 ro
Mc treo hoc xp khay
Sy s b
Xng khi
Lm chn
Kim tra
Phn loi
Bao gi
Thnh phm
Hnh 6.7. S qui trnh ch bin sn phm c xng khi

6.3.3.1. K thut xng khi

- Chun b nguyn liu: c dng xng khi gm c hng, c thu, c ng, c
chp ... Sau khi x l, b u, vy, vy, ni tng, ra sch. Nu c ln phi l ly 2
ln, c nh c nguyn con.
- p mui: ty theo nguyn liu to nh khc nhau m quyt nh t l p sao
cho khi p c phi t mn 1,5 - 2%
- Xng khi: treo c ln cc mc treo trong phng, c nh xp vp khay cch
u n khi bm u.
Nhit xng khi khong 40 60oC i vi xng khi ngui v 120 140oC
i vi xng khi nng.
Thi gian xng khi ngui khong 3 - 4 ngy, xng khi nng khong 2 - 4 gi
i vi phng php xng khi ngui, thng ngi ta p dng phng php
gin on (ban ngy xng khi, ban m m, sng hm sau m ca phng xng
khi cho hi nc thot ra ngoi)
6.3.3.2. Yu cu sn phm
- Xng khi ngui c hm lng nc 45 - 52%, nng mui 6 - 12%
- Xng khi nng c hm lng nc 65 - 70%, nng mui 2 - 4%
Tm li: khi xng khi nng protein b ng t lm cho mng ngoi sn phm
cng li, nc thot ra ngoi t, khi bm t, sn phm ngon, mu sc p, mi thm
ngon nhng thi gian bo qun ngn.
91

6.4. Sn phm c ng hp
C hp l mt trong cc dng thc phm ng hp. nc ta c vng bin
rng ln, c nhiu loi c thch hp cho vic sn xut c hp nh c trch, c ng, c
thu, tm, ... Trc y nhn dn ta ch bo qun c theo tp qun truyn thng nh sy
kh, lm mm,... Cng ngh sn xut hp pht trin va ko di thi gian bo qun,
va lm tng gi tr thng mi ca c.
Nguyn l ca qu trnh x l nhit hp nhm ph hy hay v hot enzym
v vi khun, trnh s ly nhim tr li t mi trng bn ngoi.
Vic x l nhit cn c tc dng khc l sn phm c vn gi c cht lng
tt m khng cn bo qun lnh.

6.4.1. Chn la tin trnh ch bin nhit

Sn phm hp thc phm c phn chia ra lm 3 nhm ty thc vo pH
- Sn phm c acid cao (pH < 4,5)
C sauce v cc loi sn phm ngm trong dung dch acid acetic, acid citric
hoc acid lactic s ngn chn s pht trin ca vi sinh vt sinh bo t, vi sinh vt gy
bnh. Cc loi vi sinh vt ny b ph hy khi x l nhit trong mi trng acid.
- Sn phm c acid trung bnh (pH = 4,5 5,3)
Nhiu sn phm hp c sauce c nm trong khong pH ny v tin trnh tit
trng nhit i hi phi kim sot cn thn (thng da trn s ph hy bo t
Clostridium botulinum).
- Sn phm c acid thp (pH>5,3)
Tr cc loi sn phm nu trn, hu ht cc sn phm hp c c pH gn
trung tnh v i hi tin trnh tit trng nhit phi y nh nhm acid trung bnh.
Cng thm vo , cn thit phi tnh n kh nng mt s loi vi sinh vt a nhit
hnh thnh bo t khng nhit c th sng st li trong qu trnh ch bin. V d vi
khun chu nhit Bacillus stearothermophilus gy h hng hp thc phm y
hp. Tuy nhin, nu tin trnh ch bin nhit yu cu tiu dit c ht vi sinh vt sinh
bo t th c s b qu nhit. V vy cch tt nht nn trnh s dng thm cc nguyn
liu th cha qua x l nh cc loi gia v, m chng c th cha vi sinh vt hoc sau
tin trnh ch bin bo t c th hnh thnh.
VD. Sn phm hp c ng knh ln, nu lm ngui t nhin khng dng
nc lnh hoc kh nn lm ngui, c th ko di hn mt ngy lm ngui tm
sn phm v vi sinh vt c th pht trin thng qua khong nhit ny. Khi vi
khun a nhit hnh thnh bo t pht trin v gy h hng sn phm.

92

6.4.2. Qu trnh ch bin nhit

6.4.2.1. Qu trnh truyn nhit trong sn phm hp c
c, qu trnh truyn nhit bng dn nhit chim u th. V vy thi gian ti
u nhit truyn vo tm sn phm hay im ngui nht ca sn phm t 20 - 120
pht, khi hp c ng knh 14,5 mm, cao 168 mm. Nu so snh vi qu trnh ch
bin nhit bng i lu nhit, khi gia nhit cng mt nhit , thi gian t c
nhit tm t hn 20 pht.
trnh c b qu nhit im gn vch hp v gia tng tc truyn nhit
n im ngui nht, sauce, du hoc nc mui c b sung thm vo trong hp.
Qu trnh truyn nhit bng i lu nhit c gia tng khi hp c khuy o trong
thit b thanh trng. Roto quay dng lt ngc hp c hiu qu hn roto quay dng
xon.
Gia nhit bng bc x nhit khng c thc hin trong thit b thanh trng
nhng c 2 qu trnh gia nhit bng in tr v microwave c ng dng lm chn
v kh trng c trc khi cho vo hp.
Trong hu ht cc loi sn phm c ng gi, sn phm dng cht rn huyn
ph hoc cht lng, qu trnh ch bin nhit kt hp c hai qu trnh truyn nhit bng
dn nhit v i lu nhit xuyn qua sn phm bn trong hp. V tr ca im ngui
nht khng n gin l nm tm hnh hc ca bao b m nm tm hnh hc ca
ming c dy nht trong bao gi. V vy im ngui nht c th nm v tr bt k.
Qu trnh truyn nhit bng dn nhit xy ra chm hn truyn nhit bng i lu nhit.
6.4.2.2. nh hng ca nhit ch bin
Trong qu trnh ch bin, nhit lm cho c b mm v mt nhng cht d bay
hi. Qu trnh thanh trng nhit gn lin vi thi gian bo qun hp. Trong cng
ngh ch bin hp, cn quan tm gim thiu qu trnh x l nhit qu mc bng
cch tng tc truyn nhit n nhng im ngui nht.
hp b h hng nh hng n gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm, lin quan
n hm lng protein. Mt s protein trong xng c hi v c mi qua qu trnh
ch bin th tr thnh dng n c. S bin tnh protein nhit cao lm mt 928% nc ty thuc vo mc ch bin, loi c, gi tr pH v nhng yu t sinh l
khc. Cn gii hn s mt nc trong hp. Nhng qu trnh ch bin nh ng hp,
gim dm, xng khi v nu lm mt protein ha tan.
Khi x l nhit cc vitamin nhm B nh B1, B2, B12, acid forlic, acid nicotinic
b mt nhiu. Lng vitamin ny cn li c hp rt t so vi c ti.
S thay i mi v xy ra trong sut thi gian ch bin c th chp nhn c
nu qu trnh x l nhit c gii hn. S thay i mi v ca c kh pht hin c khi
trong qu trnh ch bin c s dng thm nc st v gia v.
S bin i cu trc cng xy ra trong sut qu trnh ch bin, bin i ny xy
ra c li nu qu trnh ch bin c kim sot. S bin tnh protein i km theo s
mt nc l nguyn nhn gy nn s bin i cu trc ca c. Nhng loi c c hm
lng cht bo cao th s bin i cu trc din ra t hn nh nh hng hn ch ca
cht bo i vi nc. Vic la chn nguyn liu ban u ch bin cng c ngha
rt quan trng i vi s thay i cu trc ca c. C km ti s b mt nc nhiu
hn v cu trc b bin i nhiu hn sau qu trnh ch bin.
93

S bin i mu sc ca c cng xy ra khi s dng nguyn liu km cht

lng. S xut hin mu xanh hp c ng l do s ng t trimethylamin,
myoglobin, cystein to nn trong qu trnh nu. C th gim s bin i mu c ng
bng cch thm vo nhng cht chng oxy ha. Nagakao (1971) a ra phng php
xc nh s kt hp TMAO v TMA trong nguyn liu cho bit s xanh ha c th
xy ra trong qu trnh x l nhit.
Mu sc ca c hi ng hp rt quan trng, n nh hng n gi tr cm quan
ca sn phm. C hi mu ti c gi tr cao hn c hi mu nht, c hi mu
hng c gi tr thp hn hai loi trn. Mi loi c c nhn t iu khin mu khc
nhau. S dng c km cht lng hoc qua trnh thanh trng khng thch hp l yu t
nh hng n s bin i mu.
S ha nu trong c hp lin quan n lng ng kh robose. S ha nu l
mt dng h hng ca hp. S ha nu tng ln l do s tc ng ca riboside
hydrolase ln acid ribonuleic (ARN). Tuy nhin, vi ribose ha tan th qu trnh chn
hoc gn cht c th trnh c s ha nu ca c. Cc nghin cu khc cng cho rng
vi khun Lactobacillus pentoaceticus s phn hy ht ribose nhit 0oC trong 2
ngy. Mt s ha nu khc xy ra trong qu trnh ngm dm c vi hnh, c th l do
cc acid amin phn ng vi 2,5 diketogluconic acid do s tc ng ca vi khun ln
hnh. Nhng phn ng ha nu ca c hp l nhng phn ng ha nu khng enzym.
S bin i mu sc ca s v cua trong qu trnh ch bin thng lin quan
n nhng ion kim loi. S xut hin mu xanh cua lin quan n ng, cn s xut
hin mu en tm l do st. Ln v cc loi c ng cng chu s thay i mu sc
trong qu trnh ch bin l do trong bn thn n c cha hm lng st cao. Nu
nguyn liu trc khi em ch bin c bo qun trong kho lnh th s thay i mu
sc s tng ln v khi bo qun trong kho lnh s lm tng lng sunfua t do trong
nguyn liu, st v sunfua tc dng vi nhau to ra kt ta st sunfit (Fe2(SO3)3) c
mu en bm trn thnh hp, trn b mt c v ngay c trong phn cht lng.
Nhng tinh th thy tinh i khi c tm thy trong hp c thu, c ng,
c hi, tm v gip xc qua qu trnh ch bin nhit. Nhng tinh th ny b ngi tiu
dng hiu nhm l tinh th thy tinh. Tuy nhin, li l nhng tinh th canxi hoc
tinh th magi amoni phosphate. Khch hng khng cho php c cc tinh th ny trong
sn phm. Tt nht l nn phng chng khng xy ra. S dng natri hexameta
phosphate hay acid citric ngn cn s hnh thnh canxi v magi t do hoc to pH
thp trnh s lng cn ca tinh th ny.
6.4.2.3. Ch x l nhit
Trong qu trnh thanh trng nhit c nhiu bin i xy ra. C rt nhiu pht
minh v cng ngh sn xut hp nhng ch yu l tp trung vo vic nng cao cht
lng ca hp bng cch gim bt i thi gian x l nhit qu lu m vn m bo
c cht lng theo yu cu. Chn c ch x l nhit thch hp va m bo
cht lng ca sn phm, va t c nhng yu cu ra.

94

6.4.3. Cc giai on ch bin sn phm c hp

6.4.3.1. Qu trnh ch bin s b
Trong qu trnh ch bin sn phm c ng hp cng nh cc loi thc phm
ng hp khc u mong mun thnh phn bn trong hp khng b bin i. t
c s mong i th nguyn liu cn thit phi qua qu trnh ch bin s b sn
phm cui cng t c nhng yu cu ra.
C ti x l trc khi em ng hp cn tun theo nguyn tc GMP Good
Manufacturing Practice.
C lnh ng cn phi c tan gi nhanh (nhng nhit thch hp). Tin
trnh tan gi cn phi iu khin thng s nhit v thi gian.
a. Lm sch v phi l
C c ct b u, tch ni tng. Vic ct b u v tch ni tng c thc
hin cng mt bc.
Mt vi loi c ln cn phi phi l v ct ra thnh tng khc ty theo sn phm
v qui trnh ch bin. Nhiu loi c dng ng hp nh c hi, c trch khng cn
phi l v xng ca chng sau khi qua qu trnh thanh trng mm v n c.
Tuy nhin, c nhng loi cn phi l v xng ca chng rt cng v khng n c.
Tht c dng phi l c cu trc yu v c th v ra khi thanh trng. Vic tch nc
gian on x l nhit s b c ng dng nhm lm cho tht c cng hn, t b v v
d dng rt vo hp. C thu trc khi phil ra lm hai phn nn hp nhit 90oC
tht c khng b v ra.
b. Tch da
Da c l phn n c, nhng nhiu loi c da c tch ra nhm mc ch cm
quan, c bit l c thu v c ng. Tin trnh tch da bng ha cht c s dng bng
cch ngm c vo dung dch NaOH nhit 70 80oC vi pH t 11 - 14. Sau vi
pht vt c ra, dng vi nc mnh phun vo c nhm tch b phn da v sau
ngm vo dung dch HCl, c pH t 1 - 4 trung ha lng kim d cn li trong c.
c. Ra
Lun phi ra c trong nc c x l vi cht kh trng sau khi tch ni tng v
giai on tch ni tng l ngun ly nhim rt nghim trng. Bn cnh , ra cn
loi bt nht v mu. Phi l xong thng s khng ra li.
d. Ngm mui
Mc ch ca qu trnh p mui l lm tng hng v cho sn phm. Thng
y l mt qu trnh moi rut, ct u v cc qu trnh ch bin s b khc. C c
ngm vo dung dch nc mui mt thi gian, s bin tnh protein khng ng k. Tuy
nhin, cc protein ha tan s di chuyn ra b mt c v khuch tn vo nc mui.
Mui ngm vo tht c v c nh hng trc tip n mi v ca sn phm. Hm lng
mui thng c chp nhn mc 1 - 2%. Mui s dng l dng mui tinh khit v
khng cha bt k lng nh mui MgCl2 no.
Trong sut qu trnh ngm mui c mt t lng nc tch ra t c. ngn
chn s ly nhim, nc mui cn c thay mi thng xuyn. Thi gian ngm mui
cc loi c khc nhau l khc nhau v c xc nh bng thc nghim. Trong qu
trnh ngm mui nn ngm nhit thp v nhit cn c c nh l hng s.
e. Mui kh
95

Trong qu trnh p mui kh lng nc di chuyn ra ngoi nhanh hn so vi

mui trong dung dch, nhng lng mui ngm vo c nn gii hn sau cho v vn cn
chp nhn. C ln dng ct khc ng hp nn mui kh.
f. Ngm dm
Thng c ng dng nh mt tin trnh ch bin chnh bo qun cho cc
sn phm hi sn. Tht s, tht cua c ngm dm v ng trong l thy tinh trc
khi thanh trng hay tit trng.
g. Xng khi
Qu trnh xng khi nhm lm tng mi v ca c trc khi ng hp. Khi xng
khi sn phm b mt nc v tr nn kh. C 2 phng xng khi l xng khi nng
v xng khi ngui. Khi xng khi nng protein ca c ng t do bin tnh, hn ch
s mt dch trong sut qu trnh ch bin.
Cht lng nguyn liu ban u ca c s dng cho xng khi v ng hp c
nh hng ln n cht lng sn phm cui cng. C c hm lng cht bo thp th
mt nc nhiu trong qu trnh xng khi, iu lm lm cho c cng chc v d xp
vo hp, cu trc rn chc ny vn cn sau qu trnh thanh trng nhit. C c hm
lng cht bo cao th mt nc t do c d b v khi xp hp v sn phm cui
cng qu mm.
6.4.3.2. Lm chn s b
Gia nhit lm bc hi mt lng nc, lng nc bc hi ty theo loi. Nu
lng nc cn li trong hp, n s pha long cc thnh phn sauce b sung v lm
gim gi tr cm quan ca c (VD: du b tch ra v ni trn b mt sn phm).
Mc ch ca qu trnh lm chn s b l:
-

Loi bt mt lng nc trong tht c v ngn chn s thot dch

Tch phn nht, mu nh hng n mu sc, mi v sn phm

Gip ng t protein

Tch phn tht ra t xng

Pht trin mi v ca sn phm

Lm chn s b l tin trnh rt quan trng. C cn c x l nhit ngn

chn s mt nc trong sut qu trnh ng hp, nhng khng nn x l nhit qu lu,
khi c s b kh v gim cht lng sn phm.
C th x l nhit bng 3 cch: chin (rn), sy, chn hp. Ty theo yu cu
khu v v th hiu ngi tiu dng c th s dng mt trong 3 phng php trn.
a. Qu trnh chn, hp
Trong qu trnh ch bin sn phm c hp c nhiu loi nguyn liu cn phi
qua chn, hp. Ngi ta nhng nguyn liu vo trong nc hay dung dch hoc x l
nguyn liu bng hi nc nhit 75 100oC. Qu trnh hp tn tht cht dinh
dng t hn nhng thc t sn xut thng chn v thao tc gn nh, thit b n gin,
truyn nhit tt hn khi hp.
Sau khi chn, hp xong cn lm ngui nhanh. Trong ch bin c hp chn, hp
lm cho tht c cng chc hn nhm mc ch: d xp vo hp, lm gim lng vi sinh
vt bm trn b mt c, lm gim s h hng tht c trong sut qu trnh ch bin.
b. Chin (rn)
96

Thng thng dng du rn c. Trc khi rn, c c th c tm bt nhm

lm cho c sau khi rn vng, thm ngon v hnh thc hp dn. Sau khi tm bt c
khong 3-5 pht ri cho vo cho chin.
C sau khi rn lm ngui n 40oC. C rn nhm lm tng gi tr cm quan v
gi tr dinh dng. Lng vi sinh vt cng b tiu dit nhiu do nhit rn cao.
c. Sy
C sau khi p mui, xp ln li ro khong 10 pht ri em sy vi ch
sy nh sau:
-

Sy 40-50oC khong 15-30 pht ty theo kch thc ca c

Nng nhit ln 90oC, thi gian nng nhit khong 5-10 pht v tin hnh sy
tip khong 45-60 pht.

Lm ngui n nhit 40oC

6.4.3.3. Cho vo hp bi kh
C c xp vo hp; du n, nc hay nc sauce c b sung thm vo
theo t l c tnh ton.C th cho vo hp bng tay hoc bng my. Khi rt hp
phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
-

m bo khi lng tnh v thnh phn ca hp theo qui nh

C hnh thc trnh by p

m bo h s truyn nhit

Khng ln cc tp cht

Bi kh ra khi hp trc khi ghp np l cng on rt cn thit nhm:

- Ngn chn s gia tng p sut trong sut qu trnh tit trng nhit cao do
s gin n ca kh khong trng trong hp.
- Gim s oxy ha sn phm thc phm bn trong hp v gim hin tng n
mn hp
Kh sinh ra trong hp do s n mn hp (sinh kh H2), hoc do s hot ng ca
vi sinh vt sinh kh, hoc do khng kh xm nhp vo hp qua khe h.
S khng cn bng gia p sut bn trong v bn ngoi hp thic trong sut
tin trnh ch bin gy bin dng nhng mi ghp, l nguyn nhn dn n mi ghp
b h.
hp khng kn d b h hng do vi sinh vt. nu kim tra hp khng k th
rt nguy hi, nh hng n gi tr ca hp khi tiu th. Vi s chnh lch p sut
ln hoc ng knh hp ln, p sut bn trong ln hn p sut bn ngoi gy phng
hp, iu ny c gi l peaking. Khi p sut bn ngoi ln hn p sut bn trong
lm cho hp b mp mo, gi l panelling.
p sut bn trong qu ln c th lm bt np hp hoc lm cho mi ghp lng
lo. Do cn to p sut i khng trong thit b ch bin.
Nhng hp c kch thc nh, vng chc th c th chng li s bin dng do
chnh lch p sut gia trong v ngoi hp. Nhng hp nh khng cn khong khng
cho kh gin n. c, du, nc st c rt y hp. ngn chn s gia tng p sut
vt qu gii hn bn trong hp trong sut qu trnh gia nhit, cn ui kh v to
97

khong khng trong hp trc khi em ghp m. C 3 phng php bi kh: phng
php nhit, phng php phun hi v phng php ht chn khng
a. Phng php nhit
Cho c v du hoc nc st vo hp khi cn nng, hi nc bc ln s y
khng kh pha trn ra ngoi, sau ghp m ngay lp tc v lm ngui khng kh
khng xm nhp tr li.
Nu chn khng nh hn 5mmHg th s lm cho hp b bin dng.
b. Phng php phun hi
Hp i qua bng chuyn, hi nc phun vo hp, hi nc s chim ch ca
khng kh trong hp v y khng kh ra ngoi, sau ghp hp ngay lp tc. Hi
nc trong hp s ngng t v to chn khng. Qu trnh ny c thc hin trong
phng bi kh.
c. Phng php ht chn khng
y l phng php ph bin nht to chn khng trong hp. Phng
php ny c thc hin trong phng ht chn khng, dng bm chn khng ht
khng kh trong hp ra.
6.4.3.4. Ghp np
Nhn t quan trng quyt nh s thnh cng ca cng ngh sn xut hp l
kh nng lm kn hp hoc l thy tinh. Bc ny rt quan trng nh hng n mc
an ton v thi gian bo qun.
Kim tra kn ca mi ghp l vn quan trng nht. Sau khi ghp m, hp
c a qua chu nc ra loi b phn nguyn liu cn bm trn hp. Nu khng
ra li, phn nguyn liu ny s b ng cng li trong sut qu trnh x l nhit v
khng th tch ra c sau .
6.4.3.5. Bao b c hp
Bao b c hp c th l thy tinh hoc kim loi nhng hin nay ph bin nht l
bao b st ty v bao b nhm
Bao b phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
-

V sinh sch s, khng cha cc tp cht l

Khng gy c cho thc phm, khng lm thc phm bin i cht lng,
khng gy mi v l v khng lm bin mu cho thc phm

Bn i vi tc dng ca thc phm

Chu c nhit v p sut cao

Truyn nhit tt, chc chn, gn nh

D gia cng, gi r

Hnh thc hp dn

S dng, vn chuyn, bo qun tin li

6.4.3.6. Thanh trng

Qu trnh ch bin nhit gip tiu dit vi sinh vt. Thng thng s dng hi
thanh trng nhit. Tc dng c hiu qu nht ca qu trnh ch bin nhit l nhit
ln hn 100oC.
98

Khi x l nhit sn phm, nhit bn trong hp tng chm hn nhit trong

thit b thanh trng. V vy s liu tnh ton v cc s liu thc nghim cn phi c
kim tra t c nhit /thi gian x l nhit thch hp. Sao cho tm sn
phm phi m bo nhit tiu dit tt c cc vi sinh vt, k c dng bo t.
Trong thc t, ch bin hp c sauce c vi dng hp hnh oval 400g i
hi thi gian x l nhit l 75 pht nhit 115oC m bo mc an ton v
mt vi sinh v trnh cc hin tng h hng khc xy ra.
Vn rt quan trng cn lu l mt tin trnh x l nhit iu kin ny
thch hp nhng iu kin khc c th khng thch hp.
6.4.3.7. Dn nhn v ng thng
dy chuyn cng ngh thc hin, sn phm hp sau khi tit trng c
em i bo n khong 14 ngy trc khi phn phi. Nu c bt k s c no xy ra
trong sut qu trnh ch bin nh mi ghp khng kn, lp trng mt trong ca hp
khng tt hay mt s li khc, hp s trng phng ln. S trng phng ca hp xy
ra do vi sinh vt hot ng sinh kh hoc do phn ng ca sn phm ln thnh hp sinh
kh H2.
Tn tr trc khi dn nhn cn c tc dng gip cho sn phm n nh v gip
cho nc sauce ngm vo c.
Ngy nay, nhn giy dn trn hp c thay th bng mc in trn hp. Nhn
c dn trn thng carton. Cc thng ny phi c bn tt bo v hp trnh gy
h hng mi ghp hay con du xut kho.
6.4.3.8. Bo qun hp c
Vi nhng sn phm c hp c th bo qun lu di. Trong qu trnh bo qun
s lm tng mi v c trng ca sn phm. Tuy nhin, khng th kim sot c cc
phn ng vt l v ho hc nh hng n bao b v nhng thnh phn bn trong n.
Sn phm sau khi bo qun mt thi gian di thng gp cc trng hp nh thay i
mu sc, s n mn hp, s to thnh tinh th, s ng vn nc st v s mt mi v.
Nhit bo qun khong 35oC ngn cn c s pht trin ca cc bo t vi
sinh vt sng st sau qu trnh thanh trng. Durand v Thibaud (1980) cho rng s n
mn b mt trong ca hp st ty cha c mi v c thu ngm dm hay rt nc st
s xy ra sau 2 nm nu bo qun 37oC.

6.4.4. Mt s qui trnh sn xut c hp

6.4.4.1. Sn phm c ngm du
Sn phm c ngm du l mt lai sn phm mi, c cht lng v gi tr sinh
nng lng cao.
Nguyn liu

Phn lai

Ct u
99

p mui

Xp vo hp nhm

a vo bng chuyn
Hp

Gn b nc

Rt du u nnh

Ghp m
Ra hp

Thanh trng

Lm mt
Sn phm
Hnh 6.8. S qui trnh ch bin sn phm c ngm du

- Nguyn liu: C em ch bin c hm lng bo ln hn 4%. Khng a

vo sn xut nhng loi c khng chc tht, khng lng bo. C th s dng c
ti, c ng lnh, tt nht l dng c bo qun nhit 1-5oC trong 10-20 gi,
khng dng c mt , m b oxy ha.
- p mui trong 4 pht vi dung dch mui c nng 18-22 B. Sau khi p
mui cho c vo r ro ri em i rt hp bng tay.
- C th hp bng hi nc nhit 90-100oC trong 10 pht.
- Thanh trng theo ch
15 (60-65) -15
100

112oC

101

6.4.4.2. Sn phm c st c chua

Nguyn liu

X l

Hp

Lm mt

Vo hp
Thm nc st vo y hp

Bi kh
Ghp m

Ra hp
Thanh trng

Lm ngui

Bo n

Thnh phm
Hnh 6.9. S qui trnh ch bin sn phm c st c

6.5. Sn phm surimi

6.5.1 . Gii thiu s lc v surimi
Thut ng surimi ca Nht Bn l mt cch ni thng dng c dng gi
tt tn ca cc sn phm gi cua hoc cc sn phm c bit khc. Surimi cn c
102

gi l ch c, l mt lai protein trung tnh, c ch bin qua nhiu cng an ra,

nghin v nh hnh li cu trc. Cc protein c lm sch trn vi cht to ng
v sau em i cp ng, n s hnh thnh th gel cng v n hi. Tnh to gel,
tnh gi nc v to nh tng to nn cu trc lm nguyn liu cho vic sn xut
Kamaboko.
Surimi c xut khu v bn vi s lng ln trn khp cc th trng Chu
u. T nhng nm 80, cc nc Ty u, M, Canada, cng sn xut c
surimi nhm cung cp nhu cu ti ch v khc phc vn qun l ngun c trn th
gii, trnh c hin tng ngun c ngy mt cn kit Nht Bn. Vit nam
cng c nhiu nh my sn xut surimi nhng ch yu phc v cho nhu cu xut
khu.

6.5.2. Cng ngh sn xut surimi

6.5.2.1. Qui trnh sn xut Surimi
Nguyn liu

X l

Nghin p

Ra

Lc

Kh nc
Phi trn cc cht ph gia

p nh hnh

Vo khun
Cp ng

Tr ng
Hnh 6.10. S qui trnh ch bin sn phm surimi
103

6.5.2.2. Thuyt minh qui trnh

a. Nguyn liu
ti ca nguyn liu c rt quan trng t c hiu qu ch bin cao
nht. Nht, sn phm Surimi trong cc nh my c gi tr rt cao. Mi loi phi
c x l da trn gi tr ca n. Cht lng nguyn liu c nh hng rt ln n
gi tr cm quan v tnh cht ha hc ca sn phm. C ti ch bin thch hp hn,
to ra sn phm t mu v cc lin kt ca m c hnh thnh gel tt hn. Khi c c
hm lng nc thp v protein cao ngha l chu k ra t. pH thp c xu hng to
gel bn hn nhng nc d dng tch ra trong qu trnh ch bin. C sau giai on t
cng, pH bt u tng cao, kh nng gi nc tt v gel tr nn mm.
b. X l
C ti c em i ct u, b ni tng, ra. Vi sn phm surimi c
chun b t tht c c phi l sn s cho sn phm c cht lng n nh hn.
Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh chun b tht phi l, hiu sut thu hi tht s gim do mt
phn tht cn dnh li cc phn xng. Vic s dng tht c cn nguyn xng s
lm cho sn phm surimi c cht lng km hn. Bi v trong qu trnh p ly tht c
dch lng trong cc t bo thn kinh, ty v cc thnh phn cn st li trn xng nh
l lch, thn, rut, d dy ... rt giu enzym gy bin tnh protein, mc d qu trnh
ra c th loi cc enzym ny nhng khng trit . B li hiu sut thu hi tht trong
trng hp ny cao hn.
Bng 6.2. T l cc phn thu c so vi c nguyn con
T l so vi c nguyn con (%)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Cc phn ca c

40

11

30

11

Phn tht b xng

32

10

17

Phn tht c ra 3 ln v
c p kh

22

10

(a): Tht phil bn

(b): Tht phil (phn c gi l J cut)
(c): u
(d): Xng gia (phn pha sau)
(e): Xng gia (phn pha trc)
c. Nghin p
Mc ch nghin p l tch xng, vy, da bng phng php c hc. Phn tht
c p xuyn qua cc l ca trng nghin c ng knh t 3 - 4 mm. Nguyn l
hot ng ca my nh vo lc p ca rulo tr lc, lc cng ca cc dy cao su p,
dy cao su st vo trng nghin. C i vo gia dy cao su v trng nghin b p
mnh, tht c xuyn qua l trng i vo trong, cn xng, vy, da khng xuyn qua l
trng c cun ra ngoi b thanh gt gt rt xung. i vi tht phi l em i
nghin, hiu sut lm vic ca my rt cao. Trong qu trnh nghin c cc bin i
vt l v ha hc xy ra: cu trc tht c b ph v hon ton, nhit gia tng trong
qu trnh nghin lm cho protein b bin tnh mt phn.
d. Tin trnh ra
104

Chu k ra ca c vi nc l giai on quan trng ca tin trnh sn xut

surimi. Ra c nhm loi b:
- S ha tan ca m c protein sarcoplasmic (protein cht c) vo trong nc
m nhng cht ngn cn qu trnh hnh thnh gel.
- Enzym (protease)
- Cht mi, mu
- Lipid
- Cht mang oxy trong hng cu gy nn s oxy ha cht bo lm bin i tnh
cht ca protein.
- Kh tanh
Ra s lm cho nng actin v myosin tng, gip gel hnh thnh tt
Mi ln ra phi c thc hin nhanh trong khong 5 - 10 pht, t l nc ra
vi c khong 3:1 hoc 4:1 s cho kt qu cao, nhit nc ra thng khong 05oC ngn chn s bin tnh ca protein. Qu trnh ra c lp li 2 - 3 ln.
i vi c nc vn mu, mi c th b gim nh nhng khng ng k bi v
cc thao tc ra c thc hin rt nhanh. Trong c khong 2/3 cht kh ca tht
c cu thnh t nhng si t c c tnh cht, chc nng rt tt. Phn cn li cha
cc thnh phn mu, lipid v cc protein cht c khc l thnh phn bt li i vi
qu trnh sn xut surimi, cc thnh phn ny cng c loi ra khi c mt t. Chnh
nhng c im ny c nc c th ra 1 - 2 ln l c.
i vi cc loi c c cha nhiu lipid, trong qu trnh ra lipid d b thy
phn. Cht bo ca c a s l cht bo cha bo ha d b oxy ha to nn mu v
mi kh chu, cn phi loi ra trong qu trnh sn xut. ln ra th nht ngi ta
dng nc ra l dung dch NaHCO3 0,5% nhm ty mu v mi tht c. ln ra
sau cng dng nc mui nng 0,1 - 0,3% ra nhm d dng cho vic p kh
nc sau ny.
Cht lng nc ra rt quan trng nh khi pH cao s lm tng kh nng gi
nc. Nc cng vi s hin din ca ion Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+ s nh hng n cu trc
v mu sc ca sn phm.
e. Lc
Tin trnh ny c th thc hin trc hoc sau khi kh nc. Vic chn la
phng php lc da vo s lng nc cha trong c sau khi kh nc. Khi lng
nc trong c thp qu trnh lc din ra chm v kh khn. Mc ch ca qu trnh
lc l loi b xng, da v nhng phn m c mu en gy nh hng n cht
lng sn phm.
f. Kh nc (p tch nc)
Vic kh nc lm gim hm lng nc ca tht c cn khong 80 - 85% so
vi trng lng t. Phng php c truyn l dng my p trc vt. Ngoi ra, ngi
ta cn s dng my ly tm quay vi tc cao tch nc. Trong qu trnh p tch
nc mt phn nhng cht c kh nng ha tan trong nc (protein, khong...) s b
tht thot.
Vic kh nc v lc l giai on kt thc ca tin trnh sn xut surimi truyn
thng.
105

g. Phi trn ph gia

Thm cc cht ph gia nh ng, sorbitol, polyphosphate nng cao cht
lng cm quan cho sn phm, to s ng nht gia tht c v gia v chun b cho
giai on nh hnh.
Ty theo yu cu ca khch hng m c nhng cng thc phi trn khc nhau
VD. 100 kg tht c b sung:
2 kg sorbitol
5,5 kg ng
0,3 kg polyphosphate
Trong qu trnh phi trn c s gia tng nhit . V vy cn phi b sung
nc xay nhuyn hoc nc lnh vo nhm lm gim nhit sn phm. Nhit
thp lm cho cu trc tht c co li v sn phm dai hn.
h. Cp ng
Nhm mc ch ko di thi gian bo qun t 6 - 12 thng. Nhit cp ng
khong - 40oC, sau cho tm sn phm t nhit - 15oC trong khong thi gian 4 - 5
gi. Qu trnh bo qun v vn chuyn surimi phi c duy tr trng thi lnh,
nhit khong -25oC.

6.5.3. c tnh, chc nng ca protein surimi

c tnh chc nng ca protein surimi c chia lm 3 nhm ln:
6.5.3.1. Tnh hp thu v gi nc
Tnh hp thu v gi nc ca protein surimi b nh hng bi nhiu yu t.
Mt vi yu t nh nng , pH (pH thay i dn n lm gim lc lin kt gia
cc protein), nhit (nhit cao lm gim s c nh nc), thi gian, lc ion.c
nh hng n s hp thu nc ca protein. l ch tiu cho php o lng s bin
tnh ca protein.
Tnh hat ng b mt

a. Tnh to nh tng
Nh tng l s phn tn ca hai pha lng khng ha tan vo nhau, mt trong
hai pha l pha lin tc, pha kia l pha phn tn. a s cc h nh tng thc phm
thng dng nc trong du hoc du rong nc. S to nh tng t c cng cha
nhng bt rn phn tn.
b. Tnh to bt
Cc yu t c lin quan n tnh to bt ca protein surimi
- Mui c th nh hng n tnh tan, nht, tnh lm gp np protein. iu
ny c th lm h hng tnh to bt
- ng saccharose v cc ng khc thng lm gim s n ca bt, nhng
n ci thin c bn ca bt bi v n lm tng nht ca bt.
- Hm lng lipit thp lm bin tnh tnh to bt ca protein
- Khi tng hm lng protein, tnh tan ca bt tng, do th tch ca bt
khng tng.
c. Tnh to gel
106

Qu trnh to gel l mt t chc di dng mng protein c th t ca tt c

cc protein b bin tnh. a s cc trng hp, vic x l nhit thch hp to gel.
S c mt ca mui, nht l Ca2+ rt cn thit lm tng tc to gel hoc lm tng
cng ca gel. S hnh thnh mng protein cng c xem nh cn bng gia cc
lin kt protein-protein, protein-dung mi, lc ht gia cc chui polypeptid bn
cnh. Cc giai an to gel l:
-

S phn ly thun nghch cu trc bc 4 ca protein

S bin tnh khng thun nghch cu trc bc 3 v bc 2

- S h hng mt phn ca cc protein b bin tnh, giai an h hng din ra

nhanh hay chm ph thuc giai an bin tnh. D thy nht l cc chui polypeptid
c khuynh hng dui thng ra. iu ny thun li cho vic hnh thnh gel c trt t,
ng nht v to kh nng n hi tt.

6.5.4. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh chun b surimi

Ngun nguyn liu l yu t nh hng ch yu n qu trnh chun b surimi.
C nc s cho surimi c cht lng hn c bo, cng nh qui trnh chun b surimi
t c nc n gin hn c bo. C yu t hn ch vic dng c bo so vi c nc trong
qu trnh chun b surimi
6.5.4.1. T l c tht sm
C tht sm rt giu myoglobin, ty th, cht bo v collagen. y l nhng
thnh phn bt li trong qu trnh chun b surimi. Cc thnh phn ny nh hng n
mu sc, mi v ca sn phm, cn phi c lai ra trong qu trnh chun b surimi.
Ngc li c c t l c tht trng thp, c cha hm lng myoglobin, ty th, cht
bo, thp. Do hm lng chung ca cc cht ny trong c bo cao hn c nc,
qui trnh sn xut c nc t b nh hng bi cc yu t ny.
6.5.4.2. Hm lng cht bo cao
Cc thnh phn ca c cng nh hm lng cht bo c trong c thay i ty
theo ma. Vi lai c trch hm lng cht bo thp nht vo thng 3 (1-5%), cao nht
vo thng 11 (15-20%). Cht bo trong c phn ln l cht bo cha bo ha, cho nn
n rt d b thy phn v oxy ha cho ra cc cht c mi l v mu tht c tr nn sm
ti. Do cc cht bo cn phi c loi ra trong qu trnh ra.
6.5.4.3. Hm lng nit phi protein v cc protein tng c cao
Hm lng protein tng c trong c tht sm ca c trch chim khong 35%
tng hm lng protein, trong khi c tht trng cc protein ny ch chim 29% .
c trch t l c tht sm cao hn c tht trng, do hm lng protein tng c trong
c trch rt cao. Cc protein ny tan c trong nc nh lc lin kt ion yu. S c
mt cc protein tng c cng cc cht nit phi protein (ur, creatin, ) vi t l cao
l yu t hn ch trong qu trnh sn xut surimi. Cc protein tng c v nit phi
protein nh hng chnh n vic to mu, mi v ca sn phm. Chnh v th trong
qu trnh sn xut surimi cn phi lai b cc thnh phn ny ra khi c tht c ci
thin mu sc, mi v ca sn phm.

107

108

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Bo, Hunh Nguyn Duy; Tm, Hunh L; Else Marie Andersen. 2002. Hng dn
x l v bo qun tm s nguyn liu. Nh xut bn Nng Nghip.
2. Cn, Nguyn Trng. Cng ngh ch bin thc phm thy sn (tp 1 v 2). Nh
xut bn Thy sn
3. ng, Lng Hu. Mt s sn phm ch bin t c v hi sn khc. Nh xut bn
Nng Nghip
4. ng, Lng Hu. K thut sn xut nc mm. Nh xut bn Nng Nghip.
5. Vinh, Phm Vn. Ngh mm gia truyn v ch bin mt s hi sn. Nh xut bn
tng hp Ph Khnh.
6. Aitken, A. 1982. Fish handling and processing. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries
and Food.
7. Burt, J.R. Fish smoking and drying. Elsevier applied science London and New
York.
8. Hall, G.M. 1992. Fish processing technology. Published in North America by VCH
Publishers, Inc.
9. Huss, H.H.. 1994. Quality and quality changes of fresh fish. Food and agriculture
organization of the United Nations.
10. Johnston, W.A., et al. 1994. Freezing and refrigerated storage in fisheries. FAO
Fisheries Technical.
11. Aitken, A., et al. 1983. Fish handling and processing. Ministry of Agriculture,
Fisheries and Food Torry research Station.
http://collections.icgc.ca/peifisheries/methods/oysters.as
http://www.fistenet.gov.vn/thongtin.asp?lvl=1&dp=4

MC LC
Mc lc

M u

Chng I. Thnh phn ha hc v tnh cht ca ng vt thy sn

1.1. Thnh phn ha hc ca thy sn v nh hng ca thnh phn ha hc

n cht lng

1.1.1. Thnh phn ha hc ca thy sn

1.1.2. nh hng ca thnh phn ha hc n cht lng

1.2. Tnh cht ca ng vt thy sn

1.2.1. Tnh cht vt l

1.2.2. Tnh cht ha hc ca ng vt thy sn

10

Chng II. Cc bin i ca ng vt thy sn sau khi cht

12

2.1. Cc bin i cm quan

12

2.1.1. Nhng bin i c ti nguyn liu

12

2.1.2. Nhng bin i cht lng

14

2.2. Cc bin i t phn gii

16

2.2.1. S phn gii glycogen

16

2.2.2. S phn hy ATP

18

2.2.3. S phn gii protein

20

2.2.4. S phn ct TMAO

21

2.3. Bin i do vi sinh vt

22

2.3.1. H vi khun c c mi va nh bt

22

2.3.2. S xm nhp ca vi sinh vt

24

2.3.3. Bin i ca vi sinh vt trong qu trnh bo qun v n hng

24

2.3.4. Vi sinh vt gy h hng c

25

2.3.5. Cc yu t nh hng n s pht trin ca vi sinh vt

26

2.4. S oxy ha cht bo

30

2.4.1. S oxy ha ha hc

30

2.4.2. S to thnh gc t do do hot ng ca enzyme

31

Chng III. K thut lnh thy sn

32

3.1. Lm lnh

32
i

3.1.1. Lm lnh bng nc

32

3.1.2. Thi hn s dng ca c bo qun lnh

41

3.2.1. Mc ch ca qu trnh lnh ng

44
44

3.2.2. Tin trnh lnh ng

44

3.2.3. Cc dng thit b lnh ng

46

3.2.4. X l sn phm c sau lnh ng

51

3.2.5. Bo qun lnh ng

53

3.2.6. Tan gi

54

3.2. Lnh ng

Chng IV. Cc bin php bo qun sn phm thy sn

59

4.1 Bo qun ti nguyn liu thy sn

59

4.1.1. Lu gi v vn chuyn c sng

59

4.1.2. Gi nhit thp

61

4.1.3. Dng ha cht

61

4.1.4. Bo qun trong bao gi c iu khin kh quyn

61
64

4.2 Bo qun sn phm thy sn

4.2.1. Bo qun bng mui n

64

4.2.2. Sy kh

67

4.2.3. Xng khi

74

Chng V. Cc sn phm ch bin t ng vt thy sn

78

5.1. Nc mm

78

5.1.1. Nguyn l ch bin nc mm

78

5.1.2. Qu trnh thy phn ca c

79

5.1.3. Nhn t nh hng n qu trnh ch bin nc mm

81

5.1.4. S dng enzyme nhn to trong ch bin nc mm

82

5.1.5. Cc phng php ch bin nc mm

83

5.1.6. Kim tra v bo qun chp nc mm

87
91

5.2. Sn phm c ng hp
5.2.1. Chn la tin trnh ch bin nhit

91

5.2.2. Qu trnh ch bin nhit

92

5.2.3. Cc giai on ch bin sn phm c ng hp

94

5.2.4. Mt s qui trnh sn xut c hp

99

ii

102

5.3. Surimi
5.3.1. Gii thiu s lc v sn phm surimi

102

5.3.2. Cng ngh sn xut surimi

102

5.3.3. c tnh, chc nng ca protein surimi

105

5.3.4. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh chun b surimi

106

Ti liu tham kho

iii