ehNdh njhopy; El;gj;jpy;

,e;jpahtpd; ,d;iwa epiy

Kidth;. K. rPdt
P hrd; kw;Wk; uh. kNf~;

(2009)

,e;jpa kUj;Jt cah; Muha;r;rp ikak;

.
rh]jpuh gy;fiyfofk; - jQ;rhH

Kd;Diu
cly;
kz;Zf;F
caph; jkpOf;F vDk; tha;r;nrhy; thh;j;ijfshy;
jkpioNah jkpoiuNah thoitf;f ,ayhJ. fhuzk;> ek; nkhopahdJ fUj;ij
ghpkhWk; Clfkhf kl;LNk cs;sJ. cjhuzk; Xd;iwr; nrhy;yp ,ij
tpsf;FfpNwd;. xUtd; NjdPh; gUf tpUk;gpdhy;
ePiu
vLf;fpwhd; mjpy;
Njapiyj;
J}isAk; rh;f;fiuj; J}isAk; ,l;L mij NjdPuhf gUFfpwhd;.
,q;F mtd; jz;zPh; ,y;yhky; mij jahhpf;f ,ayhJ vdpDk; mtd;
jz;zPUf;fhf mij gUFtjpy;iy. ,q;F ePhpd; epiyg;ghL vd;d vd;gij
mwptpay; ekf;F Clfk; vd;W nrhy;fpwJ. khwhf ,sePh;> ghy; ,itfis
vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs; ,tw;wpy; ePh; vd;Dk; Clfk; gpw cah;jug;nghUs;fSld;
xd;whff;;fye;Js;sJ. mtw;wpy; cs;s ePiu ehk; fw;gid nra;tJ $l
fpilahJ. ,ijg;Nghy xU nkhopahdJ mwptpay; rhh;e;j tpQ;Qhdj;Jld;
xd;wuhfye;j nkhopahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; ,y;iyNay;
NkNy nrhd;d ePhpd;
epiy jhd; Vw;gLk.; RUf;fkhfr; nrhd;dhy;> ,t;Tyfpd; mwpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfis
Kjd;Kjyhf ehk; fz;lwpe;J mij ek; nkhopapy; ntspapl;L ek; nkhopf;F
tsKk; gyKk; Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW ,y;yhky; nkhopngah;j;J ek; nkhopapy;
Nrh;g;gJ NjdPh; cjhuzj;jpw;F rhd;whf mikAk;. ,J xU Gwk; ,Uf;f
gpbj;jpUe;j Jk;ig Nfhl;iltpl;l xUtd;> thiy njhLk; mstpy; mjid ehd;
neUq;fptpl;Nld; vd jd; rhjid gl;baiy ePstpl;l Ntbf;if fij xd;W
cs;sJ ,ij gpwF tpsf;FfpNwd.; ,g;NghJ ehk; ehNdh nlf;dhy[p vd;Dk;
mjpetPd tpQ;Qhdj;ijg; gw;wpg;ghh;g;Nghk;. mwptpaiy mwNt mwpahj xUtd;
$l ,ij mwpAk; mstpy; vspikg;gLj;jpAs;Nsd;. lhf;lh; gphp];fphpg;];rid
nkbf;fy;f;fhud; kl;Lk; mwpthd;> tpQ;Qhdp gh~h mQ;Qhdpf;F NyJ vd;w
jw;Nghija epiyik khw Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf.

ehNdh njhopy; El;gk; vd;why; vd;d?

kpfg;nghpa

fUtpfs;

kw;Wk;

nghUl;fis>

kpfkpfr;rpW

mstpy;

mjd;

nray;ghLfs; Fiwahtz;zk; tbtikg;gJ rhh;e;j njhopy;El;gk; vd $wyhk;.

,e;j njhopy; El;gk; fzpdpfs; Nghy midj;J JiwfspYk; cs;sJ.
ehNdh Jfs;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
tPL fl;l nrq;fy; Njitg;gLtJ Nghy NkNy nrhd;d ehNdh njhopy;
El;gq;fspy; ,e;j rpW Jfs;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. ve;j xU nghUisAk; kpf
Ez;zpa Jfs;fshf Mf;Fk; Kiwfs; cs;sd.
ehk; md;whlk;
tPl;by;
miuf;Fk; mhprp> NfhJik> Nghd;w khTfspy; $l vz;zw;w ehNdhJfs;fs;
cs;sd. ,itfs; %yf;$Wfis tpl rw;W nghpa Jfs;fs; vd;W nrhy;yyhk.;
mjhtJ if tpuy;fspy; itj;J Nja;j;jhy; tpuy;N uiffSf;Fs; kpf vspjhf
Eioe;J nfhs;Sk; mstpw;F kpf Ez;zpaitfs; Mdhy;> Njhiy CLWtp
cs;Ns nry;y ,ayhj nghpaJfs;fs;. rpytif cg;Gfs;> ePh>; Mfpait Njhypd;
cs;NsAk;> ntspNaAk;> nry;y KbAk; vd;gij ePq;fs; mwptPh;fs;.
ehNdh Jfs;fspd; gz;G vd;d?
,ij xU cjhuzj;jpd; %ykhf tpsf;FfpNwd; ehk; rhg;gpLtjw;fhf filfspy;
thq;Fk; gpul; vd;Dk; nuhl;biag;ghh;j;jpUg;gPh;fs.; mJ ePs;tbtpy; ,Ug;gjhy;
mij cz;Ztjw;;F rpW rpW rJu Jz;Lfshf eWf;fp me;j Jz;Lfspd;
,Ugf;fq;fspy; ntz;iza; my;yJ [hk; jltp cz;gJ tof;fk;. cjhuzkhf
rJu Jz;bd; xUgf;fk; jlt 1 fpuhk; ntz;id Njitg;gl;lhy; xU Jz;bw;F 2
fpuhk; Njit fhuzk; Kd;gpd; vd ,uz;L gFjpfs; ,Uf;Fk; my;yth?
,g;gbahf xU gpul;il 10 Jz;Lfshf Nghl;lhy; xt;nthU Jz;bw;F 2 fpuhk;
tPjk; 20 fpuhk; ntz;id xU gpul;bw;F Njitg;gLk;;.
rw;W Nahrpj;Jg;ghUq;fs;> 10 Jz;Lfshf eWf;Ftjw;Fgjpy; 1000 Jz;Lfshf
eWf;fpdhy; 2 fpNyh ntz;iza; Njitg;gLk;. 10000 Jz;Lfis eWf;fpdhy; 20
fpNyhTk;> xU yl;rj;jpw;F> 200 fpNyhTk; ntz;iza; Njitg;gLk; my;yth?
,jd; cs; rhh;e;j nghUs; vd;dntd;why; xU nghUis kpf Ez;zpajhf Mf;f
mjd; gug;gsT $bf;nfhz;Nl nry;fpwJ MjhtJ 200 fpNyh ntz;nzia xU

gpul;bNyNa jltptpl KbAk;. mJ

vd;gij ePq;fs; czUfpUwPHfs;.

kpf nky;ypa Jz;Lfshf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ

,Nj fUj;ij Kd;dpUe;J gpd;Ndhf;fpg;ghHj;jhy;>

200 fpNyh ntz;izf;F
200fpuhk; nfhz;l 1 gpul; NghJk;. 1 fpNyh ntz;izf;F 1 fpuhk; gpul; NghJk;
mjhtJ XU KO gpul;by; 200y; XU gq;F NghJk.;
,g;gbahf vijAk; ehNdh Jfs;fshf Mf;Fk; nghOJ mjd; cUtk; kpf kpf
rpwpajhf Mfp tpLfpwJ. cjhuzk; nry;Nghd; Ngl;lhpfs;> ,itfs; kpf mjpf
msT kpd;rhuj;ij rpW cUtq;fspy; Nrkpf;fpd;wd (200 fpNyh ntz;izia xU
gpul;bNyNa jltpaJ Nghy).
,j;jifa cah; njhopy; El;g Ngl;lhpfs;
nraw;if Nfhs;fspy; nghUj;jg;gLtjhy; mjpf kpd;rhuk; Fiwe;j vilapy;
fpilf;f VJthfpwJ.
mLj;jjhf %d;W cjhuzq;fis nrhy;yptpl;L fl;Liuia Kbj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;
vd epidf;fpNwd;. mtw;wpy; Kjyhtjhf tUtJ ehNdh gbfq;fs;.
ehNdh gbfq;fs;
kio nga;tjw;F rw;W Kd;dNuh my;yJ gpd;dNuh kl;LNk thdtpy; Njhd;Wtij
ghHg;gJ tof;fk.; rpy Neuk; FspHe;j fhyq;fspy; kiotUtjw;f;F mwpFwpahf
epyit
Rw;wp
nghpa
xsptisak;
Njhd;Wtijf;$l
(epyhf;Nfhl;ilia)
fz;LUg;gPh;fs; ,it midj;Jf;Fk; fhuzk;> Fsph;e;j ePuhtpahdJ J}R tbt
gdpfl;b gbfq;fshfp epiwe;jpUg;gJjhd;. ,e;j J}R tbtpy; ,Uf;Fk; rpW
gbfq;fis ehNdh gbfq;fs; vd;W $WfpNwd;. ,it ePuhy; Mdit ,ij Nghy
gy ,uhradq;fs; gytpj gbfq;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
thdtpy; Rkhh; 7 epwq;fs; nfhz;lJ vd;gJ CH mwpe;j cz;ik Mdhy;
kioePhpy; ,e;j tz;zq;fs; fiue;J te;jjhf rhpj;jpuk; cz;lh? vd;why; ,y;iy.
fhuzk; xspahdJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l gz;Gfs; nfhz;l gbfq;fspy; CLWtp
nry;Yk;
NghJ
mitg;gphpe;J
gy
epw
fjph;fis
ntspapl;L
tz;zf;fhl;rpfshf;FfpwJ. ,J xspapd; ,aw;gpay; gz;G ,g;gz;G ntspg;gl
,e;j gbfq;fs; kpf mtrpak;. ehk; md;whlk; gad;gLj;Jk; cg;G> rh;f;fiu
,it midj;Jk;
gbfq;fNs ,itfs; nts;is tz;zj;jpy; Njhd;;wpdhYk;>
,tw;iw ePhpy; fiuj;jhy; mit ghy; Nghy; Mtjpy;iy. Mdhy; jpltbtpy;
,Uf;Fk; NghJ kl;Lk; nts;isahf fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd.

fhuzk;

mit xsp

miyfis gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. vdNt tz;zq;fis cz;lhf;Ftjw;F Fwpg;gpl;l

gbfq;fshy; kl;LNk KbAk;. ek; Kd;NdhHfs; ngapz;Lfs;> rhaq;fs; my;yhj
,j;jifa tz;zj; njhopy; El;gj;ij vg;gbNah mwpe;jpUf;fpwhHfs;.
,tw;iw
nfhz;Ljhd; fhyj;jhy; mopahj gy xtpaq;fis tiue;jpUf;fpwhh;fs; vd;gJ
rkPgj;ija Muha;r;rpfspd; KbT. mit ePz;lfhyk; rpijTwhky; ,Uf;f tpid
Ghpahj gy ke;j cNyhfq;fs; kw;Wk; fyitfis ehNdh gbfq;fshf;f p
,j;jifa rhjidia gilj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;.
ehNdh bgpAy;fs;
ehNdh bgpAy;fs; vd;git
rpW rpW ehNdh Jfs;fs; ,ize;JcUthd xU
Foy; Nghd;w mikg;G ,itfs; rw;W Vwf;Fiwa ];gphpq; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk;
tpir RUs;fs;. ,itfs; tisAk; jd;ik> ePSk;jd;ik Nghd;w cUtj;ij
khw;Wk; jd;ik nfhz;lit> Mdhy; ,itfs; fz;fSf;Fj; njhpahj kpf
Ez;zpa fhp%yf;$Wfshy; Mdit. J}a jq;fj;jpy; jhkpuk; Nrh;j;jhy; kl;LNk
Mguzk; nra;a ,aYk;. mNjNghy J}a ,Uk;gpy; cgfuzq;fs; nra;tjpy;iy.
mjpy; fhp%yf;$W Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; msT mjpfhpf;f mjpfhpf;f ,Uk;Gf;
fyit cile;J nehWq;Fk; jd;ik mjpfkhfpwJ. ,ij thHg;G ,Uk;G vd;gh;.
mNj Nghy fhpfyit Fiwa Fiwa ,Uk;G tisAk; jd;ik ngUFfpwJ.
mt;thhpy;yhJ rkg;gLj;jg;gl;l fyit v/F vdg;gLfpwJ. ,JNt ngUk;ghYk;
midj;J cgfuzq;fSf;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. epw;f ,J njhlHghf xd;iw
tpsf;f tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;.
JUf;fp ehl;L kd;dh;fs; gz;ila fhyj;jpy; RUs; fj;jpfs; (lkh];f];
fj;jpfs; - ehk; glj;jpy; ghHg;gitfs; fw;gidf; fj;jpfs;) itj;jpUe;jhHfs.;
,f;fj;jpfs; jw;nghOJ njhy;ypaj;Jiw %yk; me;ehl;by; guhkhpf;fg;gl;L
tUfpwJ. ,j;jifa fj;jpfs; tisAk; jd;ik nfhz;litfs; Mdhy; cWjp
tha;e;jitfs;. ,ij Muha;r;rp nra;j Rtp]; ehl;L tpQ;Qhdp mjpy; cs;s
fhHgd; ehNdh bgpa+y;fs; jhd; ,j;jd;ikf;F fhuzk; vd fz;lwpe;jhH.

rw;W

mj;Jld; mf;fj;jpapd; tuyhw;iw Gul;b ghHj;j NghJ JUf;fp kd;dh;fs;

Vwf;Fiwa 2000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dhy; mtw;iw ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s

i`juhghj; khfhz kd;dh;fsplk; ,Ue;J tpiyf;F thq;fpajhf njhpe;jJ.

me;j kd;dh;fs; njd;dhl;by; jiyrpwe;j Nryk; nfhy;ypkiyapy; ,Ue;J me;j
,Uk;G jhJitAk; mjd; gf;Ftk; nray; KiwfisAk;; nfhz;L nra;jpUj;jpf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd Njhd;WfpwJ.

%d;whtjhf ehNdh Ngg;hpf;Nfrd;

gw;wpghHg;Nghk;.

ehNdh Ngg;hpNfrd;
Ngg;hpf;Nfrd; vd;gJ cUt tbtikg;gjhFk;. cjhuzkhf tpz;ntspf;F
mDg;gg;gLk; xU nraw;ifNfhspd; vilapd; Rkhh; xU fpNyh vd fzf;fpy;
nfhz;lhy; Rkhh; 500 fpNyh vilAs;s vhpnghUs; Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j
vhpnghUspd; ngUk;gq;F vhpnghUis Rke;J nry;yNt gad;gLfpwNj jtpu
mjdhy; nrYj;jg;gLk; nraw;ifNfhs; xU fpNyh kl;LNk. mjhtJ ,uz;L
fpNyh nraw;if NfhSf;F xU ld; vil nfhz;l vhpnghUs; Njit.
,ij Kd;dpUe;J gpd;Ndhf;fp ghh;j;jhy; mjhtJ ,uz;LfpNyh nraw;if Nfhis
kpf Ez;zpajhf mjd; jpwd;khwhky; 20 fpuhk; mstpy;> mjhtJ 100y; xU
gq;fhf Fiwj;J tbtikj;jhy;. mjw;F Njitg;gLk; vhpnghUspd; msT Rkhh;
10 fpNyh kl;LNk ,q;F xU ld; vilf;Fk; 10 fpNyh vilf;Fk; cs;s vhpnghUs;
Njit gw;wp ePq;fs; czuKbAk;
my;yJ vhpnghUis xU ld;dhf itj;Jf;nfhz;lhy; 100 uhf;fl;Lfspy; nrYj;j
Ntz;ba ,j;jifa nraw;if Nfhs;fis xNu uhf;fl;by; nrYj;jptplyhk; . vdNt
,e;j ehNdh Ngg;hpNfrd; nraw;if Nfhs; njhopy;El;gj;jpy; gq;Nfw;fpwJ. epw;f.
,e;jpah

tpz;ntsp;Jiwapy; mile;j tsh;r;rpf;F u~;a

ehL mikj;J

nfhLj;j mbj;jsq;fs; xU Kf;fpa fhuzk;. u~;ah ,e;jpahtpw;F kl;Lky;y

mnkhpf;fh epytpy; fhy;gjpj;jjw;F $l xU fhuzkhf mike;jJ vd;gJ
cyfwpe;j

cz;ik.

Mdhy;

gpd;dh;

mnkhpfhtpy;

cs;s

ehrh

vd;w

tpz;ntspj;Jiw fpLfpLntd tsh;e;J cyfpw;Nf ehrh nrhd;dhy; jhd; rhp

vDk; epiyf;F jd;id tsg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ. ,j;jifa ngah; ngw;w ,e;j
epWtdj;jpy; gzpahw;Wtij mnkhpf;fh;fs; $l kpf cah;thf epidf;Fk;
fhyj;jpy;> ek; FbauR jiyth; lhf;lh; mg;Jy;fyhk; mth;fSf;F> mq;F rpy
fhyk; gzpahw;Wk; tha;g;G fpilj;jJ. mg;nghOJ mth; ,e;jpa tpz;ntspj;Jiw
Ma;T epiyakhd ,];Nuhtpy; gzpahw;wpf;; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. mnkhpf;fh;fSf;Nf
ngUik tha;e;j ,e;j ,lj;jpy; ,e;jpah; xUth; tpUe;jhspahf nrd;W
gzpahw;WtJ fpilj;jw;fhpa tha;ghf vz;zp kfpo;e;jhh;. me;j ehSk;
te;jJ
md;W Kjy; Kiwahf ehrhtpw;Fs; fhy; itj;J cs;Ns EioAk; NghJ mjd;
tuNtw;giwapy; ,Ue;j gpukhz;lkhd xU Xtpaj;ijghh;j;J gpukpj;Jg; Nghdhh;.
me;j

Xtpaj;jpy;

goq;fhy

kdpjh;fs;

uhf;nfl;fis

gad;gLj;JtJ

Nghy

tiuag;gl;bUe;jJ. mij $H;e;J ghh;j;J mjpy; vOjg;gl;bUe;j thrfj;ij gbj;j

NghJ> ekJ ghuj tpQ;Qhdp nka; rpyph;j;Jg;Nghdhh;. Vd; vd;W njhpa
cq;fSf;Fk;
Mh;tk;jhNd?
Kjypy;
uhf;nfl;il
fz;Lgpbj;J
mij
gad;gLj;jpath;fs; vd;Wk;;> mth; jpg;GRy;jhd; kd;dh; ik#H khepyk;;> ,e;jpah
vd;Wk; vOjg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,tiu me;epa gilfs; Njhw;fbj;J ,tuJ ,e;j
njhopy; El;gj;ij mit mgfhpj;J gpd;dh; mij Nkk;gLj;jp tpz;ntspf;F
nry;Yk; mstpw;F njhopy;El;gj;ij tsh;j;Jf;nfhz;ldh;. ,ijr; nrhy;YtJ
me;epah; mJTk;
ehrh vd;gij epidtpy; nfhs;sNtz;Lk; . ,e;epfo;r;rpia
lhf;lh; mg;Jy;fyhk; jd;Dila Rarhpij Ehyhd mf;fpdp rpwFfs; vd;w Ehypy;
vOjpAs;shh;.
u~;aehL

cjtp

,y;iyNay;

ek;

ehl;L

uhf;nfl;Lfspd;

gpuk;

ml;u];

=`hpNfhl;lh L ml;u]; tq;f fly; vd;w fhnkb xU fhyj;jpy; epytpaij

ahUk; mwpth.; ,d;wstpYk; thdtpay; VTfiz tpkhd njhopy; El;gk;> fg;gy;
fl;Ljy;> Nghh; jsthlq;fs; Nghd;w vz;zw;w njhopy; El;gq;fs; u~;;a ehl;bd;
fUk;gpy; gpopag;gl;L jahhpf;fg;gl;l nty;yf;fl;bfs; jhd;.
fUk;G ,y;iyNay;
nty;yk; ,y;iy. ,e;j fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; ,e;jpa tpQ;Qhdk; mwptpay; vDk;
cUtk; $l ,y;yhj fspkz; cUz;ilfshf ,Ue;jJ. jw;NghJ ,it fz;>
fhJ> %f;F nfhz;l cUjhpj;j nghk;ikfshfptUfpwJ. ,J jj;&tk; vLf;f ek;
ehLk; ek; kf;fSk; Kd;dh; nrhd;d jz;zPiu ,sePuhf;FtJ Nghd;w Ntiyfspy;
<LgLj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ vd; tpUg;gk;.
KbTiu
,tw;iw itj;J ghh;f;Fk; nghOJ cyfpd; mjpetPd njhopy; El;gkhd
ehNdh gbfq;fs; kw;Wk; ehNdh bgpAy;fs;> uhf;fl;Lfs; ,e;jpahtpw;F Vwf;Fiwa
2000 Mz;Lfs; goikahditfs;. ,g;nghOJ cq;fSf;F Jk;ig tpl;L thiy
gpbj;j fij GhpAk; vd epidf;fpNwd;;. ,tw;iwg;Nghy
gy tpaj;jF
Muha;r;rpfshd
kUj;Jtk;> fl;blf;fiy> thdtpay; Nghd;w gy mwptpay;
gilg;Gfs; ek;ehl;by; kz;NzhL kz;zha; Gije;JNghdJ.
,tw;iw ehk;
J}Rjl;b Nkk;gLj;jpdhy; ,d;iwa tsh;e;j cyfk; ekf;F gpd;dhy; 2000
Mz;LfSf;F nry;Yk; vd;gJ [akpy;iy.
nrhy;ylh jiy epkph;e;J epy;ylh vd;W
,g;NghJ nrhy;y Ntz;banjy;yhk;.

mg;nghOJ jhd; jkpod; vd;W

nrhy;y Ntz;ba mtrpak;

,Uf;fhJ.

mwptpaiy gbalh

mjd;gb epy;ylh

Muha;r;rp nra;alh md;dpaid Ke;jlh

Mf;fg;gzp nra;alh mjpf yhgk; nfhs;slh
Mztj;ij nfhy;ylh Mde;jkha; tholh
md;id nkhop tsh;g;gjw;F mt;topNa Nkylh
,e;j fl;Liuapd; Mrphpah; Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOjpAs;s ,e;jpa ejpfis
,izg;gJ rhj;jpakh? vd;w tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;g fl;Liu Njrpa mstpy;
eilngw;wfUj;juq;fpy;
Kjy;
ghpR
ngw;wNjhL
Kjy;
Fbkfd;
lhf;lh;
mg;Jy;fyhk; mth;fspd; ghuhl;ilAk; ngw;wJ. mtuhy; ghpe;Jiu nra;ag;gl;Lk;
,d;Dk; mj;Jiwfspy; ,Ue;J ve;j xU gjpYk; gy Mz;Lfs; MfpAk;
fpilf;ftpy;iy vd;gjpypUe;J xU ghid Nrhw;Wf;F xU NrhW gjk; vd;W ek;
tpQ;Qhd epiyFwpj;J eph;zapf;fTk;.
,tw;iwg;Nghd;W ghJfhg;ghd> mjp etPd mZrf;jpapd; gad;ghL> khw;W
vhpnghUs;> rk;ge;jkhd njhopy;El;gq;fs; Nghd;w gy fUj;Jf;fs; xUfhjpd;
topNa Eioe;J kWfhJ topNa Ngha;f;nfhz;Ls;sJ mjpfhhpfs; Mtz
nra;ahtpl;lhYk;> rhpah? jtwh? vDk; gjpYf;F$lth gy;babg;gJ?.