Science & Technology Development, Vol 10, No.

09 - 2007

LCH S VN HA VT CHT THI TIN S NG NAM

MT TH K IN D V LIN HIP NGHIN CU
Phm c Mnh
Trng i hc Khoa hc X hi v Nhn vn, HQG-HCM
TM TT: Vit Nam l b phn lnh th trung tm nm gia ng Nam , t c
xa c v tr tin n (Avant-Monde) gia hai th gii vn minh Trung Hoa v n .
Tm hiu nhng du tch hot ng ca con ngi trong trng k lch s trn t Vit Nam
khng tch ri khung cnh khu vc l xu hng nghin cu ph cp trong gii Vit Nam
hc nhiu nc trn th gii trong nhng thp k gn y. Cng trong thi gian ny, s
lng cc di tch vn ha vt cht ng Nam c pht hin, khai qut v cng b trong
cc cng trnh nghin cu chuyn lun v tng hp bng nhiu th ting khc nhau tng ln
mau chng. c hc gi tng bo ng v tnh trng bng n thng tin kho c hc
nc ta v trong khu vc, gy kh khn cho vic theo di tri thc c tch ly cn thit
cho khu vc chuyn mn hp ca mnh, cha ni n vic tm hiu tnh hnh chung. Bi ny
c gng gii thiu khi qut lch s nghin cu vn ha vt cht thi tin s s s ng
Nam vi nhng chng ng tin trin chnh yu t hn th k nay, qua khc ha cc kt
qu kho cu v nhn thc chuyn ngnh v lin ngnh v ng Nam c xa, trong c
nhng ng gp rt ng k ca nn kho c hc Vit Nam.
1. NHN THC LIN NGNH V

c Cc ng v Cc Nam Chu

MT THC TH A VN HA

mang chung danh: Vin ng (Extrm-

RING BIT

Orient; Far East),; c khi li gm thu

Trc y, vng t ny v danh.

nhiu khu vc hp hn: ng Dng,

Trong cc cp mt l hnh ca nh thm

Nam Dng , v cng vi Nam (ng

him, linh mc truyn o, cc nh t

bng n Hng, bn o Indostan, Srilanka)

nhin hc v quan chc tin trm thc

hp thnh 1/10 min a l t nhin (cp

dn Phng Ty, vng thin nhin m h

lc a) ca c lin lc a -u. T cui

nh vin a- vin o ny c hiu

th k 19, khi c cc hc gi o t tn

nh l vng t bn lc a v hi o

ring Sudost Asien, min t-o ny

nm trong a vc rng ln hn nhiu ln,

phn ranh vi ng Bc v Ty Nam

c khi chung cng bn o n, hoc gp

nh mt thc th a-Sinh thi ring bit

nm gia ch tuyn Bc v xch o, mang

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TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 10, S 09 - 2007

cht bn o v iu kin hon lu gi

(khong 1.800.000km) thng c cc

ma. y l b phn cc nam ca tng nn

nh a l t nhin nhn vn phn ranh

Chu , vi cht nn lc a c nht

t bn o Malacca tnh t eo Kra tr ln.

Paleozoi, t vn ng to sn Hymalaya

ng Nam hi o l chui o ln gip

cui cng tui Creta thuc kiu Thi Bnh

Malacca nh Sumatra, Java, Borneo ri

Dng, dn n s hnh thnh tng nn

vng qua pha ng v hng Bc ti

ng Dng ct li ca ng Nam

Sulawesi,

lc a. Hin cn du vt vng ra dy

Philippines vi 7.000 hn o nh chm

Cardamones (Campuchia) v Nam Trng

cha kha m vo Bin ng[44], vi

Sn, vi cc tch t sa thch dy cao

ng Wallace (hoc Huxley) phn ranh 2

nguyn Khorat v cc tch t ngoi vi min

qun ng vt Chu v Chu c, gn

Ty Thi Lan. Vn ng to sn tui

nh tng ng vi 2 vng kh hu nhit

Trung Sinh hnh thnh thm Sunda tn ti

i (ng Nam lc a, Bc v Trung

n cui Pleistocene mun v b nc bin

Philippines, Nam Sulawesi, ng Java, cc

nhn chm ti 2/5 din tch do gin bng

tiu o Sunda) v xch o (bn o

cui cng khong 20.000 nm trc, tch

Malacca, Sumatra, Ty Java, Borneo, Bc

ri cc o ln Borneo, Sumatra, Java v

Sulawesi, mt phn Nam Mindanao), cng

hng ngn o nh, v ngt t vnh ai

2 thm rng nhit i rng l (deciduous

ni la t Pegou Yoma (Myanmar) qua

tropical forest) v rng ma xch o

Java Sulawesi Philippine. Vi iu

(equatorial rain forest) [3: 1985]. ng

kin a hnh c bn gm cc sn khi

nhin, lnh th chung rng 4.476.000km

thnh to Trung Sinh v Tn Sinh chi phi

mang tm c mt tiu lc a ny chn

cc dng chy ln Mekong, Irrawadi,

ngang 2 chu lc ( Uc) v 2 i dng

Salween, Chao Phraya hng bin pha

(n Dng Thi Bnh Dng) mang

Nam v ng Nam, cc cao nguyn v

nhiu c im chung v kin to (khi

chu th ni a mu m bc nht th

trung tm v min un np Trung Sinh

gii, cng ci thin ng cui cng

Tn Sinh theo Bocdanov v Pusrovsky).

trn trn gian vi nghn o nh. Nhiu

V kh hu (chic o chong chung ca

hc gi vn coi bin ng nh ranh gii t

min xch o xch o, hay nhit i

nhin phn cch 2 th gii t lin v hi

nng m theo Alisov phn bit vi Bc

o ng Nam ; Trong , ng Nam

kh hu lnh v Nam kh hu thng

lc a chim gn na din tch Khu vc

xuyn kh, vi lng ma trung bnh trn

qun

Molluca,

ln

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Science & Technology Development, Vol 10, No.09 - 2007

1000mm/nm). V th nhng (vng a

v ngc li. Ri, khi nhng ci cu

ha theo Gladovskaya), v th gii ng

Sunda b t i lc bin dng trong th

vt thc vt min n M Lai

Holocne, th con ngi vn tip tc tin

thuc min c nhit i (theo Aliukhin),

trnh ny nh tin b k thut, v h li

vi thm rng ph hn 60% din tch,

c th vt bin vi nhng thuyn b ca

chim phn na rng gi tr Chu

mnh [25: 1985]; V c th, quan h giao

(khng tnh Siberia) v vt xa Chu u,

lu vn ha tn ngng, chuyn giao k

Chu M, Chu i Dng, vi nhiu

thut, lan truyn nhng cm hng v ngh

ngn ging loi (ti 35000 loi cy c

thut li c h tip tc v tng cng

hoa), cng cc ngun ti nguyn phong

sut thi tin s s s t trnh hng

ph, c bit nh thic, st, qung laterite

hi nguyn thy n vn minh. Theo ,

cha kn, nhm, mangan, nickel, crom,

quan h vn ha t tin s gii hn trong

km, ch, vng, hng ngc, du mm,

tiu vc (theo gio s M W.Solheim II),

theo nhiu a l gia phng Ty

ng Nam lc a c tnh t v tuyn

(J.Barren, L.Bernot, I.Caive, S.Rursles,

30 pha Bc ln ti dy Tn Lnh hoc

Delvert, G.Condominas), khng mt ni

sng Dng T xung n Singapore v

no trn th gii m thin nhin li giu c

ng Nam hi o tnh t i Loan

v a dng n th [32]. Tnh thng nht

thm ch c qun o Okinawa (Nht Bn)

ca thc th a Vn ho ng Nam

qua qun o Andaman, Nicoba. V pha

c nh tnh ngay t thi bng h T

ty, n tn Atsam (min ng n ) c

K, lc cc cu lc a rng ln thit lp

th tnh c mt b phn ty New Zealand.

trn bin ng khi hi thoi trong th

Nhng tnh thng nht ca khu vc

Pleistocne c xem nh l cc Cu

ny phi c t trong khung cnh Chu

ni to iu kin giao lu thit yu cc

lc mi hiu r cht Ng Ba ng

lung di c ng vt thc vt v c

(Carrefour) ca cc tc ngi, vn minh

nhng by ngi nguyn thy t cc dy

v ngh thut bn x [24; 34: 1961]. V

ni v cc dng chy chuyn theo hng

mt lch s vn ha c minh nh nh

Kinh tuyn Kinh tuyn t Nam Trung

mt Chnh th trong a dng (Unit

Quc bc Vit Nam v ty Min in

dans la diversit) [56: 1978], m d c

bc Thi Lan trong din trnh Chinh phc

quan h lu i v su nng vi nhng

Thi

Lai,

Ci ni vn minh c knh v danh gi

Philippines, xung Sumatra, Java, Timor

bc nht nhn loi Thung lng n Hng

Bnh

Trang 38

Dng

qua

TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 10, S 09 - 2007

v Trung lu Hong H th vn l mt

bng v hi o thng nht trong a

ng Nam ni nt phi n phi Hoa.

dng, vi qu trnh an xen giao lu tip

l hp th vn ha vn minh min

bin hi t nhiu tuyn, nhiu chiu, nhiu

ni-trung du-ng bng-hi o thng

phong cch ca cc Nam Quc sn h

nht trong a dng. Vi gii hn ring t

sut chiu di lch s t khi con ngi bt

bc (t chn mch Nam di Tn Lnh Nam

u lao ng n lc bit nhp ha v

Trng Giang) xung nam (gm c bnh

bin i thin nhin. Vi pht minh nng

nguyn Giang Hn, Giang Hoi) v ty

nghip, bt u trng trt chn nui, chim

(gm c Atsam

bn o ng An),

lnh ng bng v hi o, hnh thnh cc

ng Nam l cng vc phn b v

dn tc v sng to vn ha bn a, xy

sng to vn ha ca nhng cng ng

p truyn thng, ng Nam to

ngi bn a ni cc ng h ln nht v

dng bn sc v bn lnh hi nhp pht

c quan h ngun gc ng tc Austric vi

sng ca ring mnh, khc n v khc

nhau nh Nam (Austroasiatic) Mon-

Hoa.

Khmer, Vit Mng; Ty Thi, Lo

Mao,

Tng-Min

Nam

l hp th cc hn nc mang

nhng hng s (constances) ca ring

(Austronesian). l mt ng Nam

mnh gia la (nng ry, ha thiu) v

phi n d n nhn v lnh hi nhng

nc (rung nc, thy lu); gia t lin

ln sng vn ha tn gio n di n

(ni cao, chn ni, thung lng trung du),

t Ty Phng Thin Trc a suy lun

ng bng (chu th dc sng v ca b)

tru tng, hng ni, coi trng tnh ph

v hi o; gia thun dng b tru, voi,

qut v khoa hc nhn vn nng mu sc

nga lm gia sc trn tho nguyn vi

tm linh. cng l mt ng Nam

nh bt c t hi thuyn trn sng bin;

phi Hoa t trit l thc dng v phng

gia C thch v vn ha v t tng

php trc quan c th n h thng quan

(Megalithisme) cng nhng tng th i

nim Nho gio tu thn, t gia, tr quc,

cng trnh kin trc n ni-thp tng,

bnh thin h tng theo chn cc on

trnh v song kiu Angkor, Vtphu,

qun xm lc chinh phc nhiu dn tc

Pagan, Champa, Dhvaravati, Srivijaya,

gieo rc him ha ng ha v chnh tr,

Majapahit, bn nhng tiu cng trnh

vn ha, ngh thut, tn gio sut trong

kiu nh rng, nh lng, trng ng; v

trng k lch s [48]. l hp th vn

cc bn sc vn ha ring v m thc v

ha vn minh min ni trung du, ng

chn , y phc v trang sc phi n

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Science & Technology Development, Vol 10, No.09 - 2007

phi Hoa (p thnh t, ro ly tre, chn

(Oudheidkundige Dienst) nm 1913

g, i thuyn khc vi tng thc trong

Indonesia ca H Lan, Bo tng Raffles v

quan ti hnh thuyn, n tng v nc

Ngnh M Lai ca Hi hong gia Chu

mm; mc vy o bng v cy, ti l, da

(Malayan

th, lng chim khc vi ng kh trn;

Society); hay Hi Sim hc (Siam Society)

rng trng v nhum rng en khc vi

Thi Lan.v.v Nhng cng b pht hin

tt tc, xa tc hay bi tc, mang ngc trai,

di vt vn ha tin s s s xut hin

ngc bch hay hng ngc) [56: 1978].

ngy cng nhiu Indonesia, M Lai,

2.THNH

Min in, Campuchia v Vit Nam.

NHN THC CHUYN NGNH V

Nhng cuc khai qut thi ny thng

VN HA VT CHT THI TIN S

trnh thp, thc thi n l tng nc,

S S TRN T LIN V HI

nhng thu hoch li rt n tng. Chng

O NG NAM

hn cuc khai qut cn s Gua Kepah; cc

TU

KHO

CU

Branch

of

Royal

Asiatic

Lch s nghin cu vn ha nguyn

di tch hang ng vng Perak Ipoh M

thy ng Nam manh nha t u th k

Lai; C Lao Ra, cc hang ng Bnh

18, khi nhng ru ng khm ph

Gia, Bc Sn, Ha Bnh (Vit Nam); cc

Celebes, nhm o Meluccas, Java v cc

di ch thi i ng Indonesia

trng ng Pedjeng, Bali tng tr Bo

Nhng cng trnh h thng phn loi

tng Leiden c G.E.Rumphius miu t

tm hiu xut x trng ng ng Nam

t 1705. Nhng cc cng cuc in d ln

tng tr nhiu bo tng u - nh

ch c ch t na cui th k 19 u

Berlin, Dresden, Paris, London, Roma,

th k 20, khi phn ln ng Nam thnh

Vin, Stockhom, Leiden, Kiev, Calcutta;

thuc a quc v xut hin nhng t

Negara, i hc M Lai, Raffles, Kuala

chc khoa hc Phng Ty u tin ch

Lumpur, Batavia, Jakarta do cc nh dn

o cc chng trnh kho cu; V nh,

tc hc c, H Lan, o chuyn kho t

Hi nghin cu a cht v Phi on

rt sm nh: A.B.Mayer, W.Foy (1884-

Kho c hc (KCH) ng Dng tin

1897),

thn ca Trng Vin ng bc c (Ecole

(1898),

Francaise dExtrme-Orient - EFEO) ca

G.P.Rouffaer

Php

KCH

(1918), c bit l F.Heger (1902), ngi

(Oudheidkundige Commissie) thnh lp

u tin xut qu hng trng HI

1901

min Bc Vit Nam [29].v.v Nhiu hot

(1898-1899),
v

Trang 40

y
thnh

ban
S

KCH

F.Hirth

(1904),

J.J.M.Degroot

J.D.E.Schmeltz
(1917),

(1896),

H.Parmentier

TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 10, S 09 - 2007

ng su tm c vt ca cc nh thm

Cc su tp ny cng l c s nhiu

him, truyn gio, nh thu, s quan, quan

chuyn gia tho lun v thut ng danh

cai tr, bc s, a cht gia, vin chc Chu

ting Vn ha ng Sndo R.Heine

u ti ng Dng; ti

o Palawan,

Geldern xut t 1934. Cc cng trnh

Baholi, trn qun o Philippine. c bit,

ca hc gi Php V.Goloubew v di tch

cc khm ph bt ng ca J.Bouchot

vn ha, ngh thut trng cng C dn

hm m C thch Xun Lc (Vit Nam),

ng Sn v ngi Mng [21], bn cc

cc di tch kin trc t l m tng v

cng trnh ca hc gi H Lan Van Stein

tng C thch k l ca th gii Nam

Callenfels tho lun v: Tui ca trng

o trn cao nguyn Pasemah (Nam

ng c (1937), ca hc gi Nht Bn

Sumatra). Cc ha thch dnh cho gi thit

T.Kobayashi v: Nn vn ha c ng

v mt cuc vin chinh ca hong t Ph

bng Bc B ng Dng (1937), ca

Nam n Nam Dng [61], v cuc vin

hc gi Trung Quc Trnh S Ha (1937):

du Nhng a con ca mt tri t Hy

Lc kho v trng ng, ca hc gi

Lp n M Chu (Perry W.J.1918-1923)

Thy in Karlgren (1942) bn v: Nin

v cc cuc kho cu khai qut ca TS

i s k vn ha ng Sn v O.Jans

Van der Hoop [33] Indonesia; ca Juneir

bn v Ngun gc vn minh Vit Nam

Surveyor (1895), ca thc s Dn tc hc

[34] C th coi i hi tin s Vin

I.H.N.Evans, ngi thnh lp Hi nghin

ng ln 1 hp ti H Ni ma xun 1932,

cu Kho c hc M Lai cc thp k 20

l s kin khoa hc quc t nh du

30, H.D.Noone (1935), Mubin Sheppard

chng ng u tin nghin cu lch s

(1936), H.D.Collins (1937), R.O.Winstedt

vn ha vt cht tin s ng Nam ca

(1941) cc m hoa cng cha di vt

gii khoa hc Phng Ty, vi ngh quyt

ng st v chui hng m no, thy tinh,

quan trng tha nhn thut ng Vn ha

gm M Lai Cn k ring v cc khm

Ha Bnh chung cho c khu vc. Bn

ph ban u ca L.Pajot t 1924-1932 ven

cnh Hi ngh khoa hc Thi Bnh Dng

b Sng M vi 700 di vt u tin v

ln th 4 Djakarta 1929, Hi ngh quc

Thi i ng thau Bc K v Bc

t ln th 18 ca cc nh ng Phng

Trung K [21] m u cho cc ma in

hc Leiden 12-1932, cng l mt i

d ln ng Sn ca nh kho c Thy

hi tp hp h thng cc pht hin ng

in O.Jans 1935-1939 v chuyn kho

gi nht, m u cho s lin kt khu vc

Nghin cu kho c hc ng Dng.

ca gii kho c quc t hot ng ng

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Science & Technology Development, Vol 10, No.09 - 2007

Nam - tin thn ca Hip hi tin s An

thin dn trong cc chuyn kho: Qu

-Thi

(Indo-Pacific

hng u tin v nhng cuc thin di sm

Prehistory Association) ngy ny, l khi

nht ca ngi Nam o; Ngh thut

ngun cho nhng chuyn kho tng hp

tin Pht Gio Trung Quc v ng Nam

u tin tng mng ng Dng

v nh hng ca n Chu i

Min

Dng; Vn ngi Tochara v cuc

Bnh

in

Dng

Philippines

Indonesia M Lai .ca bc tranh

thin di t x Pont [30].

tin s ng Nam , t Ln hi t Ha

Trong cc chuyn kho , R.Heine

Bnh n Ln hi t ng Sn ca ton

Geldern tng hp ton b tri thc

khu vc. Cc nghin cu ny gn lin vi

ng thi v kho c hc, dn tc hc,

tn tui Nhng nh tin khu ca Kho c

ngn ng hc phc dng bc tranh ton

hc ng Nam nh: H.Mansuy [40],

cnh ng Nam , nhng khc vi cc

M.Colani [11], V. Goloubew [21], L.Finot

hc gi ch quan tm n loi hnh di vt,

[18], I.H.N. Evans [17], A.N.G.van der

k thut v nin i, ng c bit ch tm

Hoop [33], P.V.Stein van Callenfels [7],

n vn ha v con ngi, xy dng m

E.Patte [46], H.O.Beyer [5], P.Lvy [36],

hnh theo truyn b lun mt tro lu ph

H.L.Movius [41], M.W.F.Tweedie [56],

cp trong nhn hc phn ng li cc l

H.R.van Heekeren [28], O.Janse 34],

thuyt tin ha lun ca th k 19 [25:

G.Coeds [10] .v.v. ng nhin, hu ht

1983]. ng tp trung trnh by 2 ct mc

cc cng trnh nghin cu tng hp ny

quan trng trong din trnh vn ha ng

thng rp khun theo m hnh giai on

Nam l mi v Kim kh. Theo ng,

ca Chu u ng thi, mang m nh

trong thi hu k mi ng Nam , c

hng ca l thuyt truyn b v thin di

3 nn vn ha ni tip nhau ca 3 nhm c

tc ngi t bui u th k v nhn chung

dn khc nhau: vn ha ru hnh tr

u nh gi thp cc thnh tu vn ha

(Walzenbeilkultur) ca c dn ni ting

ng Nam . in hnh nht cho quan

Papua, vn ha ru vai (Schulterbeilkultur)

im chung ca gii hc thut Phng Ty

ca c dn ni ting Nam v vn ha ru

cc

hc

thuyt

truyn

t gic (Vierkantbeilkultur) ca ngi ni

thin

di

ting Nam o. ng c bit quan tm n

(migrationisme) do nh bc hc v dn tc

cuc thin di ca ngi Nam o n t

v lch s ngh thut ngi o R.Heine

Trung Quc bng nhiu hng qua ng

Geldern xy dng Vien t 1927 v hon

Dng, M Lai to ra hi phn ng Nam

(diffussionisme)

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TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 10, S 09 - 2007

v Chu i Dng. Theo ng, ch

cao hn kt hp cc o B L Mn, Pht,

nhn cc vn ha trn mang nhng yu t

Hi gio di c n Indonesia v nhu cu

vn ha vt cht v tinh thn ring bit. Do

tm vng v qu, mang theo ngh trng

vy s bin i vn ha khu vc ny ch

la v k thut rung ti nc, thut

din ra bng s lan truyn v thay th

luyn kim v ch kim hon, k ngh v

nhau. cc lun vn lin h n thi i

xy dng C thch, tc th thn Mt tri

kim kh, tc gi coi cc cuc thin di

v th Sinh thc kh, nhng Heine

(Wanderung) nh phng tin quan trng

Geldern chia x vi W.J.Perry v mi quan

xy dng m hnh vn ha ng Nam

h gia C thch Assam v Burma vi

, y xa hn quan im truyn b lun

Phng Ty (Chu u, Bc Phi, Syria) v

ca mnh. ng xut thut ng Vn

mt pha v vi Ahu v Marae ca

ha ng Sn cho ton b vn ha

Polynesia v pha khc. ng tin rng C

ng thau ng nam Trung Quc, ng

thch n cng nhng ngi Nam o

Dng v Indonesia, vi nin i m u

ch nhn ru t gic theo ln sng di c

khong th k 7-8 BC. ng c gng chng

t Archipelago v Vin n, Malacca

minh vn ha ng Sn trn ton khu vc

khong 2000-1500 BC. Nm 1945, khi

y bt ngun t cc vn ha Halstatt v

quan nim vn ha C thch l mt xch

Caucase Phng Ty, c bit vn ha

gia s sng v ci cht, ng phn chia C

ca ngi Kimmer. ng c gng gn

thch Nam Dng thnh 2 truyn thng: 1.

ngun gc vn ha ng Sn vi cc cuc

Truyn thng gi hn lin quan vi ln

thin di ca tc ngi Tochara, t x Pont

sng vn ha tc ngi (ethnic and

tn c ca Hc Hi, sang Phng ng

cultural waves) t t lin Chu lc n t

bng ngang qua Trung Quc. D khng

mi khong 2500=1500 BC, mang theo

tha nhn l nh truyn b lun cc

phong tc to dng Menhir, Dolmen, thch

oan hay n ha (1956), nhng cc quan

t thp.. to nn phong cch nguyn thy

im do R.Heine Geldern khi xng

v tnh hn bt u t Nam Sumatra n

c ng duy tr bi p bo th sut trong

Java, Sulawesi 2. Ln sng C thch

nhiu thp k sau. V nh, nm 1932,

tr hn lin quan vi cc nhm c dn

R.Heinne Geldern khng chp nhn quan

n t thi vn ha ng Sn s k St,

im ca W.J.Perry (1918) v mt cng

mang phong cch ngh thut cha nh

ng c dn vi vn ha khi ngun t

hng ng Sn trang tr nhiu hn v

ng n c nh hng ca nn vn minh

ng hn Pasemah v ngh thut

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Science & Technology Development, Vol 10, No.09 - 2007

Batak

(Sumatra),

Kalimantan,

SulawesiVn ha ng Sn thng tr

trn thm khi tham lun Hi ngh khoa hc

quc t ti i hc Columbia 1967 [25].

Indonesia trc tin trnh n ha v

Cng vi vic xy dng v ph bin

tip tc in du trong cc ngh thut Java v

hc thuyt truyn b lun, Kho c hc

Ty Melanesia. Ci ngun vn ha ng

in d ng Nam trong cc thp k

Sn xt tr li cng nh cc cm hng

trc v sau th chin 2 cng c nhiu thu

truyn t Phng Ty n Cho n tn

hoch quan trng trn t lin v nhiu hi

lc gn la i, 1966, khi bn v: Mt s

o ca khu vc. Ln u tin ngi ta ghi

phong cch ngh thut b lc ng Nam

nhn v kh nng tn ti cc k ngh

: mt th nghim trong lch s

ngh

c s k hn 20 a im; V nh,

thut tc gi cn vit rng: D ti ng

Anyatha (Min in), Vn ha Patjitan

hay sai trong vic a ngi Kimmer v

(Indonesia), Vn ha Kota Tampan (M

ngi Tochara vo bc tranh ng Nam

Lai); Vn ha Cabalwan (Philippines);

th vn cn li s ging nhau r rng gia

cng vt tch mi ca ngi vn v cc

cc di vt v hoa vn ng Sn vi

homonid ha thch cng cng c cui gh

Phng Ty, ngha l vi Chu Au v

th Java, Tam Hang, Tam Paloi (Lo);

Kavkaz, m iu ch c th gii thch

Stungtreng Snoul, Loang Spean v

bng mt cuc thin di tc ngi. Quan

Phnom Loang (Campuchia), Thi Lan

im truyn b lun xuyn sut cc m

Ngi ta ch hn n phn tch loi

hnh vn ha v bn thin di tc ngi

hnh, h thng thut ng, tng kt thnh

ca R.Heine Geldern c nh hng su sc

tu thc a, a tm nhn xa hn ngoi

v di lu n cc nh tin s hc ng

phm vi mt nc. Bn cnh cc n lc c

thi v nhiu th h hc tr ng nh

nhn tng tiu vc, nh

H.Mansuy (1925), M. Colani (1938),

kho ln v cc loi hnh di tch ln

E.Patte (1936), Movius (1943), H.O. Beyer

c sc phn b trn 2 cao nguyn Sm

(1948), W. Tweedie (1957), H.R. Van

Na v cnh ng Chum Xing

Heekeren (1957-1958)c bit, nhiu

Khong min Bc Lo ca M.Colani [11];

lun thuyt v thin di vn ha t Ty

Cc cuc in d ca hc gi Php Long

sang ng c nhiu hc gi nh

An, Bnh Phc (Vit Nam), cc di tn

W.Samolin,

C.Schuster,

vn ha Sa Hunh v cc ma khai qut

K.Jettmar, Per Sorensen ng h v pht

ca hc gi Thy in O.Jans ng

O.Jans,

cc chuyn

Sn [34], ca P.Lvy Mlu Prei,

Trang 44

TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 10, S 09 - 2007

Campuchia [36], ca L.Malleret vi vn

v hi o khu vc ny vi min ng

ha Oc Eo delta Mekong (1938-1944)

nam Chu u [28]; T nhng phc tho

[39]

ng ca Vin s Php G.Coedes thp k

Ngoi vic Hi ngh cc nh tin s

40 v Vn minh Nam thi s s vi k

hc Vin ng ln 2-4 lun phin nhm

thut s dng tru b, dng cy, lm rung

hp Manila (1935), Singapore (1938),

ti, tn trng ph n, th phng trn cao,

Manila (1953)., xut hin cc chuyn

vn vt hu linh, nh nguyn lun trong t

kho c gng vt qua khu vc kho

duy n cc lun thuyt sai ca chnh

cu trn bnh din Chu lc chng hn

ng trong: Cc dn tc ng Dng

nhng tng lin h vt ni vng nh

(Lch s v Vn minh) [10] rng: iu

cc phc hp gm Philippines, M

th v ng nu l, t thi tin s, cc c

Laivi truyn thng gm Sa Hunh v

dn bn a ng Dng dng nh thiu

c Chu i Dng ca H.Parmentier,

thin ti sng to v t ra t kh nng tin

B.A.Peacock, cc i snh di tch C

ha v tin b nu nh khng c ng gp

thch cng di vt vt qua lc a ng

t bn ngoi. T cc kin ca hc gi

Nam n Trung Hoa ( kin M.Colani

Anh G.Clark trong: Lch s th gii [9]

v gc gc ht chui Xing Khong) hay

rng: Mt trong nhng l do ch yu

n sn khi Calhar n cch

khin lc a ng Nam ng c

1200km ( kin P.Bellwood v quan h

nghin cu l n ging nh mt th ng

thn thuc 2 vng ny).; c bit, cng

khi qua con ngi ta ra Indonesia,

trnh: Cc vn ha s k c Nam v

Melanesia v cc min xa hn. Mt l do

ng ca hc gi M H.L.Movius [41]

khc l v tr trung gian ca n gia hai

c nh gi nh: Bn tng kt hay nht

trung tm vn ha ch yu l n v

v thi i ng Nam , du rng

Trung Hoa. Cho rng ng Nam t thn

im sai lm nghin trng ca Movius l

n l ci ni ca mt nn vn minh c da

s l gii ng Nam nh vng tr tr v

trn nng nghip trng la l khng c

vn ha ca H.L.Movius chng minh thin

chng thc bng ti liu kho c hc;

kin nng n ca hc thut Phng Ty

n cc lun im ca N.N.Tcheboksarov

trong sut hn na th k ny. Cc lun

v V.R.Kabo trong Cc dn tc ng

im v nhng cuc thin di x Pont sang

Nam [55] v: K thut luyn kim v

ng Nam ca Heine Geldern v mi

ch tc kim loi ng Nam xut hin

rng buc ngun gc ca vn ha t lin

di nh hng ca 2 trung tm Sng An

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Science & Technology Development, Vol 10, No.09 - 2007

v Sng Hong. K thut luyn kim trung

ln trong hiu bit chng ta, khi lng

tm Sng n c ngi Dravida v

ca tri thc tch ly v lch s ng

ngi Munda truyn cho ngi Mn

Nam v Chu i Dng kh l

Khmer ng Dng, cn k thut luyn

s [3]. Gi y c s phi hp in d

kim sng Hong H

c truyn vo

bnh ng v tt hn gia cc hc gi

ng Nam qua cc b lc Vit c; v

nhiu nc nh Indonesia, M Lai,

cc tng ca F.L.Dunn [16] v k ngh

Philippines, Thi Lan, Vit Nam, Lo,

ch tc t 1100 5000 BP. ng

Campuchia,

Nam biu trng truyn thng khu vc

hoc gia cc hc gi tng nc vi nhiu

bo th (conservative areal tradition);

t chc khoa hc u M Nga Nht

cc c gng ln tm ngun gc Trung

trn qun o Philippines, M Lai,

Quc ca khng t thnh tu mi

Indonesia v cc chng trnh hp tc o

Kim kh ng Nam c th nh:

to tin s kho st khai qut gia

W.Linehan

Indonesia v Philippines vi c,

[37],

W.Watson

[60],

P.Bellwood [3], C.F.W.Higham [31]

Bt u t cc thp k 60-70 tr li

Singapore,

Philippines,

an

Mch, H Lan, M, Anh, Nht, Php

M trn nhiu hi o

y, lch s nghin cu tin s v s s

Trn t lin ng Nam , cc on

ng Nam chng kin s xut hin

kho st Lo Vit, Lo , Lo Nht,

nhiu t chc chuyn ngnh bn a v s

Lo New Zealand thc thi nhiu ma

lin hip in d v nghin cu quc t c

in d hang ng, bnh nguyn, vng h

h thng v trn quy m ln. S nghin

p nc, c bit khai qut qun th n

cu ny trnh hin i, vi s tng

thp thi C s Vt Phu (Nam Lo).

cng k thut cng ngh mi ng dng

Campuchia, cc gio vin vsinh vin i

t khai o n xt nghim mu vt, nng

hc Hong Gia Phnom Penh cng cc gio

cao cht lng chuyn ngnh v lin ngnh

s tin s chuyn gia thuc cc i hc

trong cc cng trnh tng hp. S lin hip

c, Hawai (M), cc t chc vn ha

nghin cu m rng gia nhiu trng i

Nht Bn khai qut cm thnh t hnh

hc, vin nghin cu ca nhiu quc gia

trn Kongpong Chm, thm st 1 trung

trong Khu vc, Chu Lc v Th gii, vi

tm Ph Nam Angkor Borey, trng tu

nhng m hnh hp tc c th lm mu v

qun th Angkor, nghin cu Kho c

ni dung v tinh thn lin hip. Nh th,

Dn tc ngh gm c truyn bn x, pht

Mc cho cn nhng khong trng rng

hin nhiu di tch Bin H. c bit

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TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 10, S 09 - 2007

si ni trn t Thi, t cc on hp tc

phng php nghin cu khoa hc bng

Thi-an Mch (1961-1962) kho cu Ban

nhng thnh tu k thut cng ngh tin

Kao, Ong Bah, Thi-Anh (1965), Thi-M

tin. l khuynh hng khng th o

(1966), cc hc gi Thi thng nin

ngc ca nn Kho c hc dn tc hin

phi hp vi c nhn hoc t chc ca mt

i. Ngoi vic tham gia tch cc trong

hoc nhiu nc trn th gii (M, Nht,

nhiu t chc khoa hc Quc t ln, gii

c, Php, Anh, an Mch, H Lan, ,

khoa hc Vit Nam cn ch ng t chc

Thy S, New Zealand, Uc, Indonesia, Vit

cc Hi ngh Quc t Vit Nam hc ln I-

Nam) nghin cu chuyn hoc a ngnh

II; 60 nm pht hin cng b vn ha

ngn hn hoc nhiu ma a li nhiu

Ha Bnh; Tng lai hc v Pht trin

bng chng sinh ng, nhiu bi hc kinh

th bn vng, vai tr ca nghin cu v

nghim qu bu v s hp tc nghin cu

gio dc; th c Hi An v Vn

hu hiu v m rng hn gia i hc

ha Sa Hunh Hi An v Mt th k

quc t vi Thi Lan. Nhiu t chc vn

KCH Vit Nam H Ni, TP.H Ch

ha-khoa hc c trong v ngoi nc Thi

Minh, Hi An, thu ht hng trm hc gi

cng khai qut nhiu ma in d v khm

ph nhiu di tch vn ha lm chn ng

lun. T bui u xy dng i ng trong

gii tin s hc th gii trong nhiu thp

cc t chc ht nhn u tin (B mn

k [2; 22; 23; 52].

Kho c hc Khoa S, Trng i hc

nhiu nc trn Th gii n tham

Vit Nam, nhiu Vin nghin cu,

Tng hp H Ni, i Kho c B Vn

bo tng v cc i hc H Ni, Hu, TP

ha) n nay, chng ta ch ng mi

H Ch Minh ch ng y mnh cng

nhiu hc gi uyn bc ngoi quc n

tc tuyn truyn i ngoi, tng cng ph

cng tho lun v xy dng cc chng

bin cc gi tr ring ca truyn thng vn

trnh hp tc song phng a phng

ha dn tc, m ca n nhn s gp ,

trn nhiu lnh vc nghin cu o to

tho lun hc thut v s gip ng

ca cc khoa hc Nhn vn nh: vi cc

nghip nc ngoi, t chc hi ngh quc

hc gi n t Trung Quc (GS. Ng Nh

t, xy dng cc chng trnh hp tc ln,

Khang), Hunggari (TS Kiszely Istvan), n

lu nin, vi nhn thc chung m rng

(GS.Banarjee), Nga (Vin s Rybacov,

tm hiu bit qu kh c ng Nam

GSTS

Chu lc Th gii hiu su sc hn di

V.M.Masson, GS. TS Deopik, GSTS

tch ca chnh mnh v b sung kho tng

Y.A.Dzadnheprovsky, TS S.N.Murabev,

P.I.Boriscovsky,

GS.TS

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Science & Technology Development, Vol 10, No.09 - 2007

TS A.N.Matiukin, TS N.K.Anhixiutkin, TS

Sirarova, Srephanea Ivanoka, Vasil Popov,

V.I.Timopheev,

GS

Gosrodin Radov Gorpodinov) v cc nh

Dakharuk, TS Ranov, TS Kontrin, TS

nghin cu Vit kiu Bc M nh Linh

Machukkin, TS Ranov, TS Minhaiev, TS

mc Trn Tam Tnh, GS Lng Vn Hy,

Muraviov, TS Anhixiutkin, TS Timofeev),

Nguyn B Khoch).

TS

S.S.Minhaev,

M (GSTS W.G.Solheim, TS Chester

Cc chng trnh hp tc in d lu

Groman, GSTS Rush Ciochon), Anh (TS

nin c thc thi cng nhiu phng

I.Glover, Ruth Prior), c (Vin s Herma,

php khai o, ly mu, gim nh trnh

TS Hans Quitta, TS Kolh, TS W.Lobo; TS

hin i ca Th gii. Chng hn cc

Albrecht, TS Haidle, TS A.Reinecke), c

cuc khai qut nghin cu Hang Hm

(GS.TS Helmut Loofs-Wissowa, GS.TS

(Lng Sn), Luy Lu (Bc Ninh), hang

P.Bellwood),

Per

Lng Trng, Mi iu (Thanh Ha),

Sorensen), Php (GS. G.Condominas, TS.

Lng Vc, ng Mm (Ngh An), K Anh

P.Y.Manguin, M.Vallerin, E.Bourdonneau,

(H Tnh), Cn Nn (Qung Bnh), Cn

B.Ravez), Nht (GS.TS Hakari, GS.TS.

Rng (Hu), G Snh (Bnh nh), Sa

Gakuji Hasebe, GS Yoji Aoygi, GS.TS Eiji

Hunh (Qung Ngi), Qun th C thch

Nitta, GS.TS Keiji Imamura, GS Ueno

Hng Gn (ng Nai), G Cha v An

Kunikazu,

Mariko

Sn (Long An), a Cai (Bnh Thun),

Yamagata, Th.S Nishimura Masanari, TS

Vnh Hng (Cn Th), i Lng, Ct Tin

Yasushi Kojo, Asako Morimoto, Hiroki

(Lm ng), Oc Eo Ba Th (An Giang)

Nishida,

Hidejumi

Masaru,
Tanaka,

GS

an

Mch

Sakurai,

(TS

TS

Ogawa,

Nishitani

.v.v c bit, nhiu on cng tc a

Shinzato

Takayuki,

Katsuko

quc gia c thit lp gia Vit Nam v

Kazuchiko

Tanaka,

Takenori

Nht Bn, c, M, Anh, c, New

Tsuda, Hirano Yuko, Kato Toki), New

Zealand, Thi Lan, Campuchia, khai

Zealand (GS. C.Higham, TS B.Vincent),

qut Tr Kiu, Hi An, cc Thnh a

i Loan (Chen Weichun, Tsang Cheng

thng cng xa; cc l gm Hp L, G

Hwa, Chen Kwang Tzuu, Chen Yumei,

Snh, Chu u hoc hp tc Kho c hc

Chang

Chiu),

di nc trc vt tu m di y bin

Hongkong (GS.TS Tang Chung), Min

Vit Nam nghin cu gm c Vit Nam

in (TS Min Aung Thwe), Thi Lan (GS

trong mi quan h thng mi ng Nam

hong thn Thi Subahadris Diskul),

v Chu , cc chng trnh trng tu

Bungaria

thp Champa vi chuyn gia Balan, nghin

Kuang

Trang 48

Jen,

(Nicolae

Kuo

Siracov,

Su

Syoboda

TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 10, S 09 - 2007

cu bo tn Di sn vn ha Th gii

nht Chu lc u tin l kt qu khai

Hu v Hi An Chnh xu th tt yu m

qut Hang Ma (Spirit Cave) vi cc chng

rng tm nhn ra ng Nam v th gii;

c v s xut hin sm nht Th gii ca

v tr v thnh tu nghin cu chuyn

nng nghip nguyn thy ng Nam

ngnh lin ngnh Vit Nam hc l c s

ca C.F.Gorman Khoa Nhn hc Trng

m ca i ngoi, n nhn c hi

i hc California [22]; cho n vt tch

hp tc nghin cu chuyn su hu hiu

Ban Chiang Nonnok Tha v cuc Cch

hn, chng t uy tn hc thut Vit Nam

mng luyn kim ng Nam sm hn c

trn trng Quc t , hc hi c rt kinh

Lng H, An Hng [23]. Nhng khm

nghim lin hip nghin cu hp tc

ph bt ng n t Thi Lan v cc tiu

chuyn ngnh a ngnh t na th k

vc c v nh th nh sng mi di

qua v khi m nhng chn tri mi cho

vo qu kh b lng qun[52], khin

chnh cc khoa hc x hi v nhn vn ca

cho bc tranh vn ha tin s s s ng

dn tc. S lin hip nghin cu lm

Nam tr thnh Mt bc khm nhng n

ngun liu vt cht lin quan n thi tin

tng (A Mosaic of Impressions), gy nn

s s s ng Nam tng thm mau

khng kh tranh lun hc thut nng bng

chng, vi nhiu chuyn kho tng kt v

cha tng thy, t ngn ngun cuc sng

nhng chng trnh in d nghin cu ln

n cc pht minh khoa hc c tnh cch

nh: Tin s M Lai [56], Tin s

mnh trong din trnh tin ha qua

Borneo [27]; Cc hang Tabon trn o

Ngng ca ca Vn minh u tin.

Palawan [19]; Hu k thi i min

ng Indonesia [20].

xut hin kh nhiu lun thuyt

mi, nhng m hnh mi phc dng khc

c bit, l cc thnh qu hp lc

truyn thng bc tranh vn ha tng tiu

nghin cu ca nhng phi on iu tra

vc v hy vng khi qut ton cnh ng

tng hp quy t chuyn gia i hc nhiu

Nam , t m hnh 4 thi k ny mm

nc Thi, Anh, M, New Zealand, Nht

(Germinal), thnh hnh (Formative), Chm

Bn, Indonesia trong cc hang ng, lng

n (Incipient), Xut hin (Emergent) m

mc, ngha a ni danh trn t Thi, vi

F.Landa Jocano xy dng cho Philippines

nhng khm ph gy chn ng th gii

(1967); M hnh 2 truyn thng khu vc

hc thut trong nhiu thp k, khi s t

bo th v cch tn (Conservative and

cao nguyn C Rt (Thi Lan). Nhng

Innovation Areal Traditions) ng Nam

pht hin Thi Lan c coi l bt ng

ca F.Dunn [16]; M hnh ca

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Science & Technology Development, Vol 10, No.09 - 2007

B.Peacock (1971) ng dng cho M Lai;

trnh by s ra i sm ca nhiu thnh

M hnh m P.Bellwood [3] v 4 giai on

tu vn ha c ng Nam nh ngh

trc

mi

trng trt, thut luyn kim, ngh lm gm

(Neolithic), S k v Hu k Kim kh

v k ngh ng thuyn Vi nin biu

(Early and Late Metal) hnh dung hi o

nng nghip ti 15.000 nm, ng cho rng

ng Nam t 1 vn nm tr li; Cc m

ng Nam tng chng thc nhng

hnh v: Con ng pht trin thi i

ngi nng dn nguyn thy Ha Bnh lm

c v 2 con dng mi ha

mt cuc Cch mng Nng nghip

ng Nam dnh ring cho vng t lin

(Agricultural Revolution) sm nht hnh

v min hi o; M hnh G (Lignic)

tinh; ch nhn vn ha Ha Bnh l c dn

v Tre-Karst (Bamboo-Karst) ca H

trng trt sm nht trn th gii v l

Vn Tn [25], G.G.Poppe (1983), cng cc

ngi th gm vn thng t 1 vn nm v

l thuyt Phn m hnh vi Kael

trc; Cc vn ha Ngng Thiu Long

L.Hutterer (i hc Michigan) l i biu

Sn bt ngun t mt tiu vn ha

chng cc lun im v s pht trin vn

(Subculture) Ha Bnh v di ng t Nam

ha ng nht v nhn mnh s pht trin

ln Bc. T nhiu ngn nm BC., ngi

khng ng u trong tng tiu vc ng

ng Nam bng thuyn b ca h

Nam .

cp bn i Loan, Nht Bn, mang n

gm

(Preceramic),

Ngi c mnh danh l ng gi

qun o Nht ngh trng Taro v nhiu

ng Nam , v ch tch t chc quc t

ging cy trng khc. Khong 4000 nm

nghin cu tin s Chu Thi Bnh

BC. ng Nam sng ch ngh luyn

Dng l GSTS Wilheim Solheim i

kim ng. Khc tt c nhng ngi i

hc Hawai, nh gi rt cao pht hin mi

trc, ng ln tm ci ngun u tin ca

v yu cu phi c Ci nhn mi v Tin

ngi Nam o Nusantao trong khi c

s ng Nam . ng chnh l tc gi

dn ch nhn k ngh cng c v s hi

xut nhiu lun im to bo n mc:

o (Nam Philippines ng Indonesia)

Nu tht bi ca M ng Dng m

m t h lan ta khp hi phn ng

mt cho nhiu ngi Phng Ty v ng

Nam , nhng phn khu ca Chu i

Nam , th pht hin khoa hc mi cng

Dng v thm nhp su vo ni a ng

c tc dng ln lao chng km, bi rng

Nam , ch khng phi l ngc li [52].

nhng bc tin n vn minh c th xut

W.G.Solheim chng li ton b lun

pht t ng Nam . Ngay t 1967, ng

im ca hc gi Ao Heine Geldern, t

Trang 50

TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 10, S 09 - 2007

nhng cuc thin di ca ngi Nam o

m nhng i mi v tin b u l t

v ngi Tokhara t Hc Hi, n cc ci

ngoi ti.

ngun Halstatt, Caucase, Kimmer phng

Cng vi cc lun thuyt, quan im

Ty ca vn ha ng Sn. on tuyt cc

v khng kh tho lun, hp tc in d

m hnh giai on c m phng Chu u,

gim nh, trao i kt qu kho cu v

t 1969, ng ch trng Lm li tin s

hc thut mi, Kho c hc hin i ca

ng Nam , vi m hnh hon ton mi

khu vc cng chng nhn s xut hin

v cht trn khung sn cc bc thang tin

nhiu tng kt tiu vc ln v chuyn kho

ha gi l: (Lithic); G (Lignic); Kt

vi nhng phng php tip cn chuyn

tinh

ngnh trnh hin i v lin ngnh

(Crystallitic);

rng

(Extensionistic) v quc xung t

truyn thng khc nh:

(Conflicting Empires). S hng hi ca

- Tip cn kinh t hc, kho cu cc

ng trong nhiu tng b khng t ngi

cht lng kim sng, m thc sng ca

ph bnh l thiu thn trng. Nhng, vi

c dn tin s, s chuyn tip t nn kinh

vic nhn mnh s pht trin rc r v

t khai thc tc ot ca thin nhin sang

sng to ca vn ha vn minh ng

nn kinh t sn xut, cc m hnh kinh t

Nam , thng thng on tuyt vi qu

tin s, tiu ch v ni hm ca cch mng

kh mit th vn ha Khu vc ny, ng tr

mi cch mng nng nghip ng

thnh i biu cho khuynh hng phn

Nam ; tip cn Sinh thi hc, l gii

truyn b lun trong lch s kho cu

c im vn ha tin s ng Nam

vn ha vt cht khu vc ny [25], m

thng qua mi quan h gia con ngi v

ng c lnh mnh c ng pht biu

mi trng sng, phn tch nh hng ca

ngay khi Lm li tin s ng Nam ,

cc h sinh thi vi m thc sng;

rng: S khc bit r rng nht gia s

phc dng ca ti v s phc dng truyn
thng da vo Heine Geldern l trong
phc dng ca ti, c dn ng Nam l
nhng ngi cch tn, ng gp nhiu cho
vn ha Bc Trung Quc v s pht trin
v sau ca vn ha ; i lp vi vic coi
ng Nam l mt ng ct (cut de sac)

- Tip cn x hi hc, kho st vn

dn s hc tin s, phn tch x hi hc
qua ti liu m tng, nghin cu cc phn
tng x hi, tm hiu thnh ly v vn
th ha [25].
L mt chuyn ngnh trong cc khoa
hc x hi Nhn vn kim tm l gii du
tch vn ha vt cht c xa trn lnh th
v lnh hi mt tin bn o ng

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Science & Technology Development, Vol 10, No.09 - 2007

Dng trung tm ng Nam ni v

Sn Vit Nam v ng Nam , n

th Ca ng (Gateway) ca giao lu

Bnh a, Lc Ha, 3 thp k Tp ch

vn ha a vc nm bn v khc bit n

chuyn ngnh, 38 tp k yu thng nin

Hoa [49] ni Ng ba ng ca cc nn

ng thi cng l ngnh khoa hc duy nht

ngh thut (Le Carrefour des Arts [24])

Vit Nam duy tr thng nin sinh hot

hoc Ng ba ng ca cc tc ngi v

khoa hc ton quc.

vn minh (Carrefour de peuple et de

Chnh c im coi trng nghin cu

civilisation [34]), nn Kho c hc khai

truyn thng dn tc, khi dy nhng gi

sinh cng t nc Vit Nam Dn Ch

tr vn ha vt cht, tinh thn cao p c

Cng Ha, thc thi nhiu cng trnh

xa thu hiu cuc sng con ngi hm

chuyn kho v tng hp, gp phn tch

nay v nhn thc thi cuc Vit Nam trong

cc trong s hnh thnh pht trin lch s

trng k lch s trong quan h ng Nam

Vn ha Vn minh Khu vc, gp nhiu

, cho php kho c hc Vit Nam tm

thnh tu cho bc tranh tin s s s

hiu tnh ng Nam trong cc vn ha

ng Nam , c nhiu hc gi uyn bc

tin s s s Vit Nam trong bi cnh

trn th gii tha nhn [3; 22; 31; 38; 51;

i ng v nhn chng, ngn ng tc

52]; vi nhiu cng trnh chuyn kho v

ngi v trnh sng to vn ha t cuc

tng hp v Lch s sng to vn ha, hun

sng mng mui thi i , n cc s

c vn minh, trau di bn lnh Vit Nam

nghip pht minh v i ra cy trng, vt

[26; 57; 58; 35; 50], minh nh t hng

nui, thut ch luyn kim kh v Cch

trm cng trnh TS S hc, Nhn hc,

mng cuc sng nguyn thy, vng bc

Kho c hc, Vn ha hc v cc chuyn

n vn minh sm. Qua cc ln Hi t

kho v cc vn ha Phng nguyn, ng

tm c Ho Bnh v ng Sn trn ton

u, G Mun, ng Sn, Xm Cn,

khu vc y, vn mnh tng Nh nc v

Qung Nam Nng, Sa Hunh, Dc

Dn tc u tin khng tch ri cc tiu

Cha, Bng Bc, ng Nai, c Eo,

vc lng ging. Nh nghin cu Dn tc

Champa, Bu Tr, Qunh Vn, Ha Bnh,

hc sng lp Trung tmKhoa hc Php

Bc Sn, Ni , Thn Sa, Chu Can,

nghin cu

Vit Kh, Lng Ha, C Loa, Tr Kiu.

Condominas biu dng quan im tm

Kho c hc thi i v thi i Kim

v ngun gc, thm su, khai thc truyn

kh, chuyn kho v ngh ch tc trang sc

thng ca chng ta nh c gi tr thc

, thy tinh, sn, trng ng ng

tnh gii nghin cu u M ang xa ri

Trang 52

ng Nam

Georges

TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 10, S 09 - 2007

phng chm c bn ca Trit hc Hy

Nam c thm cc chng c mi New

Lp, ci ngun ca t tng Nhn vn

Gwe(1993),

Phng Ty: Hy t mnh bit mnh. N

mnh tc i km ct s Sambungmachan

tin s M Jane Werner nh gi nhn

(Jacob 1975), Ngebung (Semah 1992);

thc cn nghin cu Vit Nam trong quan

Nhng vt tch ha thch vn nhn hnh

h mt thit vi ng Nam nh mt pht

Ramapithecus nin i Miocene u tin

hin xut sc v mt ng gp qu gi cho

ng Nam ti khong 8 triu nm, lin

khoa hc ca Khoa hc X hi Vit Nam

quan vi ct s Lufengpithecus khm ph

[50].

Lc Phong, Nguyn Mu (Vn Nam) gi

Modjokerto

(1971-1994),

Nhng nhn thc ng gi khc m

l Driopithecus v Ramapithecus pht hin

Kho c hc Vit Nam v ng Nam

trong a tng st nu Cnh tn sm, cng

thu nhn c trong giai on pht trin

3 cng c thch anh hot ng ch tc

trnh hin i tu trung l:

cch nay c triu nm; gi m hng

1. Nhng bng chng vt cht minh

tm cc linh trng gn ngi cc vng

nh ng Nam l mt trong nhng ci

than nu (lignite) Vit Nam. S hp tc m

ni u tin c tui vo loi xa nht trong

ra trin vng kim tm cc phng php

lch s nhn ha t vn ngi Homo

gii m thng tin mi, nghin cu tt

Erectus n loi ngi Homo Sapiens, l

hn v nhn thc ng tin hn cc no

mt trung tm thc hin bc nhy vt

ng nhn ha chnh nhng ngun liu

Sapiens ha trong tui th Nhn loi, khi

vt cht vn c trong qu kh khai o

bt u bit ch tc cng c th v lao

ng Nam .

ng n pht minh nng nghip Cch

Vn ha hu k c Sn Vi b

mng cuc sng nguyn thy, nhng

khuyt tri thc v ci ngun vn ha Ha

chng ng ln t Lampang, Ni ,

Bnh v vic xc lp k ngh Ngm l

Xun Lc, Bin H, Anyath, Kota

thnh tu ln cho nhn thc tin s c

Tampan, Patijitan , qua Ln hi t u

ng Nam . Vn ha Ha Bnh hin

tin Sn Vi Ha Bnh, n cc Vn

c ghi nhn t gc a vn ha l

m thnh tu vn minh kim kh t hu

ci ni ca Cch mnh mi Vit Nam

[25]. T cc nhn ct ca ngi vn

v ng Nam , l bn p cho nn vn

Java u tin hi o, cc Homo

minh nng nghip ng bng chu th thi

Soloensis v ngi M B Qung ng

Kim kh [56] cng nhiu thnh tu chuyn

mang cc c im Neandertal ng

kho tng hp nhn thc thi i Vit

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Science & Technology Development, Vol 10, No.09 - 2007

Nam cng hin cho khu vc v th gii v

tiu vc khng nh tng trnh sng to

nhiu vn ha mi sau Ha Bnh (Bn

c sc ring, to thnh ngh thut c o

Mn (Sn La, Lai Chu; Soi Nh (H

ring, nhng thng nht trong bnh din

Long Qung Ninh); Ci Bo o Ct

khu vc ca phong cch ng Sn v

B; Hoa Lc (a Bt Thanh Ha);

u cch mng nh cc n lc ni sinh

Qunh Vn ven bin Ngh Tnh; Bu Tr

gng sc an ha gia cc s nghip bo

(Qung Bnh); Bu D (ven bin Qung

lu gi tr truyn thng v n nhn gi tr

); Bin H (Lung Leng, Ty Nguyn)

ngoi sinh trong giao lu hn dung a

.v.v, xng ng im danh bn cnh cc

hng i mi v tin b.

khm ph khu vc nh: Hang Ma (Thi

Trong nn Vn minh Sng Hng,

Lan), H Mu u v Bnh u Sn (Nam

nhng thnh tu ghi nhn s pht trin ca

Trung Hoa) .v.v

nn nng nghip dng cy v sc ko tru

2. y cng l mt ni him c trn

b, trng la nc qung canh, cu trc hi

th gii pht minh ra, cng vi nng

nguyn vn ha a tc ngi giu tnh

nghip, luyn kim, cuc sng vn minh

nhn vn, s hnh thnh sm giai cp v

Ln hi t ng Sn v nh hnh

nh nc vi thc dn tc giu c tnh v

Phong cch ng Sn (Dongsonian

bn lnh mnh lit xy p v gn gi

Style) ca ton khu vc. Vi S ra i

nghip xa h Hng. Thi k ny c

ca Vit Nam [54] v nhiu quc gia s

minh nh nhiu h thng t liu t hng

khi trn tng nn Mn c v vn ha

ngn di tch ca cc vn ha tin ng Sn

cc tc ngi bn a chung sc mu ca

nh

mt Vn minh thc vt Vn minh nng

Mun n nh im ng Sn Bc

nghip khc n khc Hoa. Ngoi chui

hi t Vn ha ng Sn vi 275 di tch.

khm ph giu tnh Cch tn cc li ngh

Thnh tu ny c nhiu hc gi nc

hng v lc a gi pha Ty ca hnh

ngoi kinh ngc v quan tm su sc khi

tinh, mt trong nhng thnh tu gy nhiu

tm hiu vn minh Vit c trong bnh din

hng phn tr tu u M chnh l nhn

giao tip vn ha ca Ban Chiang, Non

thc ca nn Kho c hc Vit Nam qua

Nok Tha (Thi Lan), ng Nam hi o,

nhiu thp k khm ph kho cu v 3

vn minh in thi Hn (Vn Nam

trung tm kt tinh Vn ha Vn minh

Trung Quc), vi khu vc ch tc kim loi

thi Kim kh: NG SN SA HUNH

Bc Vit Nam bn cnh khu vc sng

NG NAI. Cc phc h gi tr vn ha

Mkong. Thi k hnh thnh Nh nc

Trang 54

Phng Nguyn ng u G

TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 10, S 09 - 2007

Vn Lang ca Vua Hng, S hnh thnh

chnh tr ht nhn sc iu hnh cc

Dn tc Vit v S ra i ca Vit

Tin cng th ni duyn hi khai trin

Nam [2; 3; 12-15; 31; 38; 43; 45; 51-53;

thng thng v hot ng giao lu vn

54]. V phc h di tch Sa Hunh, 90 nm

ha k thut ngoi vng. Vi cc trng

pht hin v nghin cu di sn vt cht

ng kiu ng Sn Nam B, n

vng duyn hi Nam Trung B (Vit Nam)

Bnh a- Lc Ha, Qua Long Giao, m C

a li nhiu nhn thc c yu v th v

thch Hang Gn - nhng Hin tng

v cc tc ngi bn a c tr v sng to

ng Nai trong lch s thng trm ca

vn ha ha iu vi khung cnh thin

vn ha v vm minh ng Nam [49].

nhin hp c ni rng trung du ng

3. Trong din trnh thng trm t

bng hi o trn c tng nng nghip

Vn minh Thc vt, Vn minh nng

duyn hi, ngh rng, ngh bin v pht

nghip trng rau-c n Vn minh la

trin hng hi trong qu o chung ca

go, hnh thnh t rt sm tnh ng

mt nn Vn minh bin (Prsylusky).

Nam cho tng tiu vc v cng ng

iu ny c minh nh chnh t cc vn

tc ngi nhn t gc lch s vn ha

ha tin thn: Xm Cn, Long Thnh,

vt cht l Phi n phi Hoa. c bit th

Bnh Chu, n Sa Hunh, vi Khng

v khi quan st ton th Bc tranh khu

gian giao lu vn ha tm mc khu vc

vc, hay tng phn tm tch t lin

v chu lc nh: gm t mu, khuyn tai

(Mainland) v hi o (Islands) [3; 31].

ngc Nephrite c 3 mu kiu Lingling-

Hoc gi ch ring trng hp Vit Nam

O v c 2 u th trong vng lan ta ca

[25] vi tnh cch thng trm ring ca

Truyn thng tng tc m chum Vit

mt Hin tng Lch s (Historical

Nam, ng Nam v ng [25; 49;

Phenomenon) trong din trnh 2 thin k

56]. Phc h Vn ha Kim kh ng Nai

trc Cng lch. T

hnh thnh v pht trin trn c tng kinh

nghip dng cy v s dng sc ko tru

t sn xut nng nghip pht t nng ry

b, s phn ha x hi, trnh s dng

trng la cn v rau u, cy c qu, c

a hnh, nhn thc sinh thi, vn ha v

cho bt, kinh t khai thc lm hi sn v s

ngh thut, phong tc tp qun, tn ngng

m rng ca lao ng th cng ch tc

tn gio, tp tc ma chay, cch n mc

cng c, v kh, trang sc bng v kim

pha trn sc tc nh bi tc (Malayo), ct

loi, vt dng gm th, kin to cc lng

tc ngn (Mn Khmer), tt tc (Mo

ni vng, cc trung tm qun c kinh t,

Dao, Tng Min), cc gi nh ch nhn

cc vn ha nng

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Science & Technology Development, Vol 10, No.09 - 2007

v vng hp nht tc ngi t tin ng

Nghi trng ban phong i t Th

Sn (Phng nguyn Ty c, G Con Ln

Phong Chu ca cc Vua Hng [38]. T

Nam c, H Long Malayo), qua vng

cc vn ha nng nghip khng dng cy

vn ng ng u - G Mun tri dn ln

hay pht t nng ry duyn hi Trung

yu t Ty Thi c n nh cao kt tinh

B Sa Hunh tin Chm v Nam B

vn ha ng Sn, hnh thnh dn tc Vit

ng Nai tin Ph Nam, cc c dn tiu

c, vi Nc Vn Lang u Lc ca Vua

vc c hnh dung v nhn hc nh loi

Hng v Vua Thc An Dng Vng thi

hnh hn chng pha mu Mn-Khmer,

ng Sn mang hnh hi Nh Nc s

Nam v Nam o, cng l cc ch nhn

khai a tc ngi [25; 48-50; 56]. Cc biu

ng x hi c giai cp u tin ngang thi

tng tuyt vi ca tr tu Vit c c c

vi Vn Lang u Lc cc Nam Trung

trong trng thp ca Vn ha ng Sn

B v Nam B Vit Nam. Hnh hi cc

nn vn ha trin n dc cc dng chy

Nh nc s khi y gn lin vi cc

ln nh Hng H, Sng M, Sng Lam t

Chiefdams hoc cc Kurung tiu vc,

ngn ngun n cui b c t nhiu d bit

theo cc mng li phn quyn ring c s

nhng mang gi tr hn nc chung, hi

hn m hnh Vng v Lc tng

t cc Hn thing ni sng ngay t bui

Lc hu. Nam Trung B, theo di

bnh minh ca lch s dn tc. Tnh ng

trong bia k, dn gian, ngh thut to hnh

Nam ca tiu vc ny trong khng gian

Chm c, c th l hnh hi Nh nc

v thi gian lan ta ca trng ng Sn

u tin cu th lnh ti thng ca cc th

c coi nh l nh cao hi t mi ca

lnh b lc Da (Nari Kela Vamsa) v Cau

nhiu tc ngi trn t lin v ton hi

(Kramuka Vamsa) t Qung Nam Bnh

o, t nhng tng ng nht thc th

nh n Khnh Ha Bnh Thun. Nh

vn ha c trng ni y vi ton b vn

nc manh nha ca quc gia Lm p Khu

ha ng ng Nam ca Heine

Lin trong Thy Kinh Ch, quc gia Sri

Geldern [30] n cc cch hiu v nh

Mara trong bia ch Phn sm nht ng

hng tm khu vc ca ng Sn gii hn

Nam V Cnh vo cui th k 2 AD vi

trong phong cch ch luyn ng khc n

thnh S t Sinhapara [25; 56].

Hoa [3], hoc coi s c mt ca trng

Nam B, l cc chng tch vt cht thi

ng Sn y ng Nam khng

S s lin quan n Vn ha Oc Eo, gp

ch n gin l vt phm thng thng m

phn minh gii cuc chin ca cc

cn c th nh th Quyn trng hoc

Kurung Nam B cng cuc tnh duyn

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TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 10, S 09 - 2007

Hn in vi n cha Ph Nam Liu Dip

bnh trng quc t tng chim qu na

ng bng chu th Mekong trong nh

lin Chu lc u kiu Nguyn Mng,

hng ca vn ha ngh thut tn ngng

hay chu c th k Thuc a thc dn

Ty Phng Thin Trc theo chn cc o

pht xt v quc, Ta vn l Ta.

s n Gio B La Mn trn vo th

5. Kho c hc Vit Nam v Khu vc

gii hi o ng Nam [49]. Trong bnh

trc thm Thin k mi vi nhiu th

din giao lu lan ta Phong cch ng

thch mi v nhiu vn hi i mi, ng

Sn khu vc, nh hng Vn minh c

dng nhiu th php in d, kho cu,

trng ng Vit c c vai tr quan trng l

quan st, l thuyt v quan im trit hc

s tht lch s hin minh, c nhiu

chuyn ngnh mi. Nhng nhng gi tr

chuyn kho ln phn gii nh tnh ng

hu i ca truyn thng giao lu mt thit

Nam chung cho nhiu tiu vc. Nhng

t xa xa vn cn nguyn v cn nguyn

s pht trin c lp c vai tr quyt nh,

hy vng vn l qu o chung trc cc

lm nn tnh c o ca din mo, bn

thch thc Ton cu ha. Nhng i

sc tiu vc, c khuynh hng pht trin

tng nghin cu nn tng vn khng h

ring, vi cc Ho kh ng Nai Sa

thay i di tch lch s vn ha vt cht

Hunh ng Sn ring cng nh bn

l tr nh ca cc dn tc trong trng

lnh khc phc s phn lch s ring ca

k lch s. Mc tiu ti thng ca ngnh

tng cng ng dn tc trong ton Khu

khoa hc ny vn khng h i: vn l

vc.

khoa hc mang ng mang tr li cho

4. Qua , hnh thnh bn lnh

cuc sng xa, vn l mt chuyn ngnh

chng ng ha, trng tn, pht

ca S hc nhc nh chng ta lao ng l

trin v tip tc sng to vn ha, xy p

ngun gc ca tt c, lao ng dng cm

cc hn nc v bn lnh gi gn hn

v thng minh, lao ng sn sinh ra mi

nc, to dng khu vc thnh Bc

o c ca con ngi, mi phm gi ca

khm giu n tng Thng nht trong a

dn tc [50], vn thm m cht nhn

dng [48], pht sng c lp trc sc p

vn khi khm ph qu kh, hiu bit vn

ca 2 khi c dn v vn minh khng l

ha vn minh xa thm n knh tin

ca nhn loi trn bnh din chu lc, m

nhn, t ho qu kh, gp phn gio

qua nhiu him ha ca trng k lch s

dng lng yu nc v tnh yu lao ng,

ln c khi khn lng c khi n kh tin

o to th h tr sng to v gn gi hn

kiu c Thin nin thuc Bc, kiu ha

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Science & Technology Development, Vol 10, No.09 - 2007

nc v t nc c hn hin ti cho

tng lai.

THE PREHISTORIC MATERIAL CULTURES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA,

A CENTURY OF THE COUNTRYSIDE & RESEARCH CONJUGATION
Pham Duc Manh
University of Social Sciences & Humanities, VNU-HCM
ABSTRACT: In the Prehistoric Time, Vietnama part of The Southeast Asian Central
Territory had a position named Avant-Monde among 2 Civilization Cradles: China and
India. In some recently decades, the study of activity traces of human in Vietnam closely
connecting the Southeast Asian Context is being the spread research tendency of Vietnamese
Studies scholars in the Universe. In this period, the quatity of discovered excavated
published monuments of material cultures in Southeast Asia rapidly increase and conduce
about the blaze out archaeological informationsin these regions. In the paper, the author
tries to generalize the present research History of Prehistoric Material Cultures in Southeast
Asia, with main periods of the countryside & recghear conjugation. Since then, the author
emphasizes main recognized results of limited & widen speciality about the Southeast Asian
Prehistoric Past, taking valuable parts from Vietnamese Archaeolgy.

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