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Form 5 Biology Chapter 1 Transport
Form 5 Biology Chapter 1 Transport
Erythrocytes (RBC)
1. Biconcave disc shaped provides large surface area/volume ratio for gaseous
exchange.
2. Matured cells do not have nucleus.
3. Contains haemoglobin.
4. Haemoglobin is an oxygen carrying protein pigment which gives the RBC the colour
red.
5. Hb contains haem groups which contains iron. It is the site of oxygen binding.
6. Each haemoglobin molecules can bind up to four oxygen molecules.
6. Lifespan of erythrocyte is 120 days.
7. Destroyed in the liver and spleen.
8. Manufactured in the bone marrow.
Leucocytes (WBC)
1. Colourless and have a nucleus.
2. Larger than RBC.
3. Made from stem cells in bone marrow.
Neutrophil
Basophil
Eosinophil
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
Capillaries
1. Thin walled vessels (one cell thick).
2. Allow rapid gaseous exchange between the blood and cells via diffusion.
Veins
1. Brings back blood to the heart.
2. Smooth muscle layer in veins are thinner than that in arteries.
3. Large lumens and valves that maintain the one-way flow of blood.
10. As blood fills the atria, the atria contract and push the blood into the two ventricles.
11. When the ventricles begin to contract, the bicuspid and tricuspid valves are closed,
and blood is pushed out through the semi-lunar valves into the pulmonary arteries and the
aorta.
12. Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries while
oxygenated blood is pumped through the aorta to the rest of the body.
13. The first sound lub is caused by the closing of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves.
14. The second sound dub is caused by the closing of the semi-lunar valves.
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibres
6. SA node generates electrical impulses which spread rapidly over the walls of both
atria, causing both atria to contract.
7. From the SA node, the impulses reach the AV node.
8. From the AV node, specialized muscle fibres (bundle of His, bundle branches and
Purkinje) conduct the signals to the apex of the heart and throughout the walls of the
ventricles.
9. This causes the ventricles to contract and push blood out to the lungs and body.
Contraction of skeletal muscle around veins
1. When skeletal muscle contract, they squeeze the veins and push blood through the
veins.
2. The veins have one-way valves that allow blood to flow only towards the heart.
Circulatory
system
Heart
Circulatory
system
Insects
Open
Human
Fish
Amphibians
Closed
Four chambers
Double
Two chambers
Single
Three chambers
Double
Insects
1. One or more hearts pump the heamolymph through vessels and into the haemocoel.
2. Haemocoel contains soft internal organs and is filled with haemolymph.
3. Here, chemical exhange occurs between the haemolymph and body cells.
4. Haemolymph flows out from the hearts into the haemocoel when the hearts contract.
5. When the hearts relax, haemolymph is drawn back into the hearts through pores called
ostia.
Fish
1. A heart with two main chambers, one atrium and one ventricle.
2. Blood leaving the ventricle will travel to the gill capillaries where gaseous exchange
occurs.
3. The gill capillaries converge into a vessel that carries the oxygenated blood to the body
(systemic) capillaries.
4. In the systemic capillaries, oxygen diffuses into the tissues while carbon dioxide
diffuses out of the tissues and into the capillaries.
5. The deoxygenated blood then returns to the atrium of the heart via veins.
6. Single circulatory system - blood flows in only one direction.
Amphibians
b) Theses arteries carry the blood to the lungs, where it passes through the blood
capillaries.
c) This enables the release of carbon dioxide and the uptake of oxygen from the air.
4. Systemic circulation:
a) Blood is carried from the heart to all parts of the body except the lungs.
b) The oxygenated blood from the lungs return to the left atrium and flows into the left
ventricle.
c) Blood is then pumped to the body tissues through the aorta.
5. Double circulatory system blood flows through the heart twice.
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