Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer

:

.
Johann W. Ritter 1801

.



ultraviolet







.




.

51

photoionization .




280 .
DNA 260.



conjugated system

:
10 380
. :
.1 Vacuum uv
200 - 10
200 vacuum uv

)
(.
.2

Near or quartz uv

380 - 200

380 - 200.

52

quartz uv
.

UV-Spectrophotometer


) 380-200(.

.
) (1-3 .

53

) (1-3
UV-Spectrophotometer
Source of UV radiation
Hydrogen lamb
) Deuterium discharge (2-3


DC

nm 350 - 180

)(2-3

UV- lamp

54

Monochromator
) prism (3-3 ) grating (4-3
monochromators

narrow bands resolution

.

) :(3-3
Light prism

55

) :(4-3
Light grating

56

-1
m 35 - 0.1
m 50 - 0.2
-2
scanning
.


polychromatic radiation .
monochromators :
.1 entrance slit
.2 collecting device, lens or mirror
.3 dispersion device , prism or
grating .
.4 focusing lens or mirror
.5 exit slit
.
UV or VL transparent
.

:
.1 prism or gratting
.2
.

Prisms

57

.

refractive index
) .(5-3

) :(5-3
Dispersion
m 200
.
Cornu quartz prism 60
) optical activity (+ )(
.
Littrow prism 30
.

58

((SiO2
) (
fused silica m 200

m 245 . m 185

Ca F2 vacuum UV
m 125
Gratings
aluminized
2000 - 600 /
) (6-3


in phase overlapping or 200
) 300 millimicron (m millimicron 600
blaze angle
%75
.

) :(6-3

59

Lenses and mirrors

collimated & focused
)(7-3

) :(7-3
Lenses and mirrors
Sample containers


) fused silica .(8-3






.

60

.
Choice of solvent
transparent solvent

.



) . (1-3
ethanol 95%

UV

204.


.

61

) :(8-3
Sample containers

Double beam spectrophotometer

reference cell
+

.

) :(1-3
.
Minimum wavelength
for 1cm cell, nm
190
191
201
195
203
204
215
220
237
257

62

Solvents
Acetonitrile
Water
Hexane
Cyclohexane
Methanol
Ethanol
Ether
Methylene chloride
Chloroform
Carbon tetrachloride

.
) ( 10000 10 1-

1-

10000
5000
1000

) mg 1 (200 - 100
detection limit

) (9-3
.

) (9-3
UV spectrum

63

x mg
) (
) (1cm
.
)(m

max

(Liter. Mole-1.

max

)cm-1

Detectors

Photoelectric detectors

Spectrophotometers

.
phototubes
)) photomutiplier tube (PMT (10-3

. recording unit





.
phototubes :
-1 quartz window
-2 ) cathode (

.

64

-3 ) Anode (
90 .

) (10-3
Photomultiplier tube

.

11

ampere-10

.
) photomultiplier tube (PMT


.
Dynode
) (11-3

.

65

) (11-3

)Recorder (meter

Spectrograph Recorder

) .(12-3

66

) :(12-3
Spectrograph Recorder

67