IT 221 Power

Transmission

Week 2B
Overview of Mechanical
systems
 Basics of Levers  Wedge
 Compound levers  Mechanisms
 Lever as a wheel  Gears in combination(Torque,
 Catapult Speed)
 Bell crank  Types of gears
 Four bar linkages  Planar, Compound, Reverted
 Toggle mechanism  Planetary (Epicyclic)
 Pulley systems  Differential
 Wheel and axle  Belts
 Gears as levers  Chains
Describe gear operation in the
context of compound levers
Gears and Torque
Discuss torque and force
relative to gears in mesh

 Torque - Force applied at the tooth times

the radius to the point of force application
 Units of torque - in-lbs or ft-lbs
Discuss torque and force
relative to gears in mesh

 Force applied at the tooth pushes the next

gear through a distance
 One revolution of the gear is the circumference
 C = pi x Diameter
 Work = F x C
 Time for a revolution determined by rpm
 Usually symbol N
 Power = Work / time
Discuss torque and force
relative to gears in mesh

 Power (in HP) = T x N / 5252

 Where T - ft-lbs, N - rpm
 5252 = 60 x 550 / (2 x pi)
 1 HP = 550 - ft-lbs/sec
Describe the calculation of
gear ratio

 Gear ratio is defined as the torque ratio

 Gear ratio = Driven/Driving
 Gear ratio = 1 / speed ratio
 Speed ratio = 1 / torque ratio
 Three ways to calculate
 Number of teeth (most accurate)
 Diameter of gear (must estimate diameter)
 Number of rotations (difficult to get exact)
Relation of torque ratio and
speed ratio

 Torque and speed are inversely related

 Torque goes up, speed goes down
 To increase torque, driven gear should slow
down
 Example problem 3-1
Relation of torque ratio and
speed ratio
Types of gears

 Figures 3-7 and 3-8

 External - most common
 Internal - ring gears
 Face - side of gear
 Rack - unrolled ring gear
Types of gears
Types of gears

 Spur
 Helical
 Herringbone
 Bevel
 Miter
 Rack and pinion
 Worm
Types of gears
 Spur - Most common
(Figure 3-8)
 Involute shape
 Tooth geometry
(Figure 3-6)
 Teeth are axial
Types of gears
 Helical - (Figure 3-8)
 Quiet
 More power
delivery
 Teeth at an angle to
the axial
 Produces
substantial side
load
Types of gears
 Herringbone - double
helical (Figure 3-8)
 Neutralizes side
load
 Difficult and
expensive to make
Types of gears
 Bevel gears - face
gear (Figure 3-8)
 Provides for angled
shafts
 Side load created
 Miter - special case of
a bevel
 45 degree angle
Types of gears
 Rack and pinion gears
(Figure 3-9)
 Unrolled ring gear
 Translational motion
from rotational
 Driving gear is called a
pinion
 Hold the pinion, rack
translates
 Hold the rack, pinion
translates
Types of gears

 Worm - worm and worm gear (Figure 3-8)

 Worm looks like screw
 Threads cause one tooth to move each worm
revolution
 If 20 teeth, and one thread, Gear ratio 20:1
 May have more than one thread
 If 20 teeth, and 4 threads, Gear ratio 5:1
Worm Gear
Types of gears

 Other types have been developed for

special applications
 Hypoid
 Spiroid
 Crossed helical
 Cone Drive
 etc.
Types of gear sets
 Two gears
 Driving gear is the
pinion
 Output gear rotates
opposite direction
 Gear ratio - Teeth
ratio-
Driven/Driving
 Figure 3-5
Types of gear sets
 Three gears - planar
(Figure 3-10)
 Middle gear - idler
 Output gear rotation
same as input
 Four planar - simple
gear set
 Gear ratio = GB / GA x
GC / GB x GD / GC =
= GD / GA
Types of gear sets
 Compound
 Parallel shafts
(Figure 3-11)
 Center shaft -
torque is constant
 Center shaft called
the idler shaft
 TB = T C
 Gear ratio = GB / GA
x GD / G C
Types of gear sets

 Reverted
 Parallel shafts (Figure 3-12)
 Output shaft aligned with the input shaft
 Looks continuous but it isn’t
 Center shaft - torque is constant
 Center shaft called the idler shaft
 T B = TC
 Gear ratio = GB / GA x GD / GC
Reverted Gear Set
Types of gear sets
 Planetary -
Figure 3-17
 Center gear - sun
 Outer gear - ring
 Middle gear(s) -
planet
 Planets held
together with a
carrier
Planetary gear set
 Case 1 - Hold the ring, drive the sun
 Sun causes the planet carrier to revolve
 Planet must mate with the fixed ring
 If the sun rotates clockwise, planet will precess
(move) clockwise
 Each tooth of the sun moves the planet one tooth
 Each tooth of the planet moves in the ring one
tooth
 Speed ratio = Sun teeth / Ring teeth
Planetary gear set
 Case 2 - Hold the planet(s), drive the sun
 Sun causes the planet to revolve
 Planet must mate with the moveable ring
 If the sun rotates clockwise, ring will precess
(move) counter-clockwise
 Each tooth of the sun moves the planet one tooth
 Each tooth of the planet moves in the ring one
tooth
 Speed ratio = Ring teeth / Sun teeth
Planetary gear set

 Six possible cases

 Hold the sun, drive the ring
 Hold the sun, drive the planet
 Hold the planet, drive the sun
 Hold the planet, drive the ring
 Hold the ring, drive the sun
 Hold the ring, drive the planet
Types of gear sets
 Epicyclic - Figure 3-20
 Planetary is a
special case
 Sun and ring have
one tooth
difference
 Hold the planet
 One revolution
moves the output
one tooth
Types of gear sets
 Harmonic -
Figure 3-21
 Cam and roller
system
 Flexible gear
 Different number of
teeth on driven and
driving members
Types of gear sets

 Worm - Described earlier

 One of the most common forms of gear set
 Many possibilities for gear ratio
 Used extensively with electric motors
 Often called a gear reducer
Describe the advantages
of using belt drives

 Inexpensive
 Transfers force over large distances
 Permits directional change
 Serpentine configurations are possible
Describe the advantages
of using belt drives
Speed and torque ratio for
a belt drive systems

 Force is transmitted by the belt pull

 Friction at the drive pulley delivers the force
 If drive and driven pulleys are different size
 Torque ratio is ratio of driven/driving pulley
diameters
 Speed ratio is 1/Torque ratio
 Disadvantage - Force transmission is limited
 Belt can slip, stretch
Types of belts

 Round
 Flat
 “V” - loading actually on the side
 Cogged
Types of belts
Describe the advantages
of using chain drives

 Inexpensive compared to gears

 Can transmit force over long distance
 No slip
 Stronger than belts

 Disadvantage
 Not as flexible as belts
Types of chain

 Roller
 Silent
 Link
 Pintle
 Sidebar
 Block
 Bead
Types of chain
Chain and attachments