3 4

() .. 2553

(Air Conditioning System)

1.
2.
3.
4.

4-1

 3 4

() .. 2553

4.1

4.2

(Central Air-conditioning System) (Chiller)
( 4.1)
4.1 (Compressor)
(Condenser) (Evaporator) (Expansion Valve)
R22 R134 a







(Cooling Tower)


(Air Handling Unit)

4-2

 3 4

() .. 2553

4.1
4.3
4.3.1 (Water Chiller)
(Compressor) (Condenser)
(Evaporator) (Expansion Valve) R22 R134a

4-3

 3 4

() .. 2553

) 500 (Ton)
(Centrifugal) 0.6 kW/Ton
) 300 (Screw)
0.8 kW/Ton
) 100 (Piston)
1.0 kW/Ton

) (Centrifugal)

) (Screw)

) (Piston)
4.2
4.3.2 (Water Pump)




()
2

4-4

 3 4

() .. 2553

) Positive Displacement


) Rotodynamic

Impeller

Rotation

Volute

)
4.3
4.3.3 (Cooling Tower)

Drift Loss

2
) (Counter Flow)
) (Cross Flow)
4-5

 3 4

() .. 2553

) (Counter Flow)

) (Cross Flow)
4.4
4.3.4 (Air Handling Unit)

AHU
(Air Handling Unit) FCU ( Fan Coil Unit)



(Supply Air Duct) (Return Air Duct )

4-6

 3 4

() .. 2553

() FCU (Fan Coil Unit)

() AHU (Air Handling Unit)
4.5
4.4
(Refrigeration Unit)
(Vapor Compression Cycle) 4.6
4
1. (Evaporator) (
)

2. (Compressor)

3. (Condenser)


4. (Expansion Valve)



4.6

(Capillary tube)
(Expansion Valve) 20-30%
70-80%
4-7

 3 4

() .. 2553

()
(Evaporator)
QL

4.6





QH

() ()

4.4.1



4-8

 3 4

() .. 2553

1-2
2-3 ()
()
3-4

4-1 ()
()

()
()
4.7 T-S P-h

4.7 () 2 PC PE
2
PC - (High/Discharge/Head/ Condensing Pressure)
PE - (Low/Suction/Back/ Evaporating Pressure)
TC - (Condensing Temperature or Saturated Discharge Temperature)
(Saturated Temperature) (PC)
TE - (Evaporating Temperature or Saturated Suction
Temperature) (PE)

4-9

 3 4

() .. 2553

TC TE PC PE

1 1 kg (.)
(kJ/s = kW) 4.7
qL
= h1 h 4
h4 = h3
qL
= h1 h 3
m =
QL
= m qL
= m (h1 h3)

wC
= h1 h 2
wC
=m wC
=m (h1 h2)

qH
= h3 h 2
QH
=mqH
=m ( h3 h2)
= QL + WC
QH
(Coefficient of Performance)
COP = QL / WC
= qL / wC

= (h1 h3)/( h1 h2 )

4.4.2

(Hermetic
Compressor)

1-2 4.7

2 ()
( 2) WC-ACTUAL

WC-ACTUAL= h2- h1

4-10

 3 4

() .. 2553

C
C = WC/ WC-ACTUAL = (h2- h1)/ (h2- h1)

2"

2 2"

()
()
4.8 T-S P-h
4.5
2 1) 2) ()
(Psychrometric Chart)

(Cooling Load)

4.9
1. (Dry-bulb Temperature)

2. (Wet-bulb Temperature)

3. (Dew-point Temperature)

100%
4.
4.1 (Absolute Humidity)
(/..)
4.2 (Humidity Ratio)
(g/kg)

4-11

 3 4

() .. 2553

DEWPOINT

RELATIV

E HUMID

MOISTURE CONTENT

ITY

DRY BULB TEMPERATURE

4.9 )

4-12

SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR

PY D
EVIA
TIO
HAL

ALIGNMENT
CIRCLE

GRAMS OF MOISTURE PER KILOGRAM OF DRY AIR

TO

U ME
VOL

OIN

MP

LB
BU

EWP

N TE

T
WE

LB D
-BU
WET

ATIO
T UR
R SA

ENT

DRY BULB

EN

TH

AL
P

YA
TS

AT
UR

AT
ION

4.3 (Relative Humidity)

5. (Enthalpy)
2

5.1 (Sensible Heat)

5.2 (Latent Heat)

 3 4

() .. 2553

4.9 )
4.1

2
7

4
5

4-13

 3 4

() .. 2553

4-14

 3 4

() .. 2553

4-15

 3 4

() .. 2553

4-16

 3 4

() .. 2553

4.5.1
4.1
4.9 )
4.1

4.9
12
23

3+45
2

56

57

35oC
24oC
7 5 6

(
)
80%

(oC)
(%) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg)
9.5
4030
4070 8878.5
38.5
3015
7093 78.540
27

56

59

19

2721.5

5690

59

2720.5

56100

59

4.1
(23)

o
30 C 70% 15oC
93% 1 kg
38.5 kJ/kg 0.1 kJ/s
3.85 kJ/s 3.85 kW ( 13,136 Btuh)

4-17

 3 4

() .. 2553

4.6

4.6.1

)
(Cooling Load)

1. (Internal Heat Source)
2. (External Heat Source)

3. (Ventilation and Infiltration Air)

(4.1)

(4.1)

Q& L = m& a (hi he )

= , kW
Q&
L

m& a

hi
he

= , kg/s
= , kJ/kg
= , kJ/kg

(4.2)

m& a = aV&a = a va Adiff

a
V&a

= , kg/m3
= , m3/s
4-18

 3 4

va
Adiff

() .. 2553

= , m/s
= , m2

(4.1) (4.2)
(4.3) (4.4)

Q& L = 5.707 103 V&a (hi he )

Q&
= , Ton of Refrigeration (TR)

(4.3)

V&a

= , m3/min

Q& L = 4.5 V&a ( hi he )

V&a

(4.4)

= , ft3/min
Q& L Ton of Refrigeration 1 TR = 12,000 Btu/h = 3.517 kW

(4.1) (4.4) (Fan Coil Unit)

(Air Handling Unit)
)
(Ecomp)

Power Meter kW Meter, Thermometer (), Anemometer (
), Hygrometer () Psychometric Chart ()

m/s

(Supply Air)
(he) Psychometric
(Return Air)
(hi) Psychometric
kW Power Meter

4-19

 3 4

() .. 2553

)
(Coefficient of
Performance, COP) (
)
COP =

Q& L

Ecomp

Q& L
Ecomp

(4.5)

= , kW
= , kW

COP COP

(System COP, SCOP) SCOP

(Energy Efficiency Ratio, EER) (kW/TR) EER
/


(4.6)

EER = 3.415 COP

COP

1 Split type
0.5 m/s 0.9 m2
15.8oC 78.7%RH 25.1oC 58.2%RH
2.4 kW

38.1 kJ/kg 54.8 kJ/kg
0.5*60*0.9 = 27.0 ../

Q& L = 5.707 103 V&a (hi he )

4-20

 3 4

() .. 2553

QL = 5.708 x 10-3 x 27.0 x (54.8 38.1)

2.6 x 12000
30,879 x 0.2928 / 1000

EER
= (30,879)/(2.4 x 1000)
COP
= (9.05)/(2.4)

= 2.6
= 30,879
= 9.05 kW

TR
Btu/h
(1 Btu/h = 0.2928 W)

= 12.9
= 3.77

4.6.2


4.1

(4.7)

Q& L = m& wc p , w (Tw,in Tw,out )

Q&
= , kW
L

m& w

cp,w
Tw,in
Tw,out

= , kg/s
= , kJ/kg.K
= , C
= , C

(4.8)

m& w = wV&w

V&w

=
=

, kg/m3
, m3/s

W = 1000 kg/m3 (8.333 lb/gallon) Cp,w = 4.187 kJ/kg.oC (1 Btu/lb.oF)

V& (T T )
Q& L = w w,in w,out
24
Q&
= , TR

(4.9)

V&w

Tw,in
Tw,out

= , gpm
= , F
= , F
4-21

 3 4

() .. 2553

2 4.1 480 gpm 55oF
45oF 120 kW

V& (T T )
Q& L = w w,in w,out
24

= 480*(55-45)/24
= 200 TR
= 2,400,000 Btu/h
= 702.7 kW

EER
= (2,400,000)/(120 x 1000)
COP
= (702.7 x 1000)/(120 x 1000)
kW/Ton = (120)/(200)

(=200 x 12000)
(= 2,400,000 x 0.2928 / 1000)

= 20.0
= 5.85
= 0.6

4.7


4.7.1 (TE/PE)
P-h

P-h TE
COP = (h1 - h3) / (h2 - h1) TE ()
COP' = (h1' - h3) / (h2' - h1') TE ()
COP" = (h1" - h3) / (h2" - h1" ) TE ()

4-22

 3 4

() .. 2553

2 2 2

3.
TE

4
4

TE

TE

1
1

4.10
(h1 - h3)< (h1' - h3) < (h1" - h3) (h2 - h1) > (h2' - h1' ) > ( h2" - h1" )
COP" > COP'> COP
T2" < T2'< T2
() v1" < v1' < v1
4.7.2


P-h
COP = (h1 - h3) / (h2 - h1) TC ()
TC ()

COP' = (h1 - h3') / (h2' - h1)

(h1 - h3') > (h1 - h3) (h2' - h1) < (h2 - h1)

COP' > COP

P

TC

3.

TC

4.11

4-23

 3 4

() .. 2553

4.7.3 (Variable Water Volume (VWV) System)

Pp =

Pp

Qw
H

m
P

Qw H
m P

(4.10)

= , W
= , N/m3
= , m3/s
= (Total Dynamic Head), m
=
=

4.10 Qw H

2
( 4.13)

H

4-24

 3 4

() .. 2553

Constant Volume Flow

Coil 1

Flow quantities
Coil 2

Coil 3

Chiller
Plant

Coil 1
Coil 2
Coil 3
Total

100 Units
200
100
400 Constant

Diverting
Valve
Chiller water pump
Three-way valve control to a cooling coil
T
Chiller

Pump
T
Chiller

Pump

C
From other
coils

NC
3-way
mixing
valve

NO
T
Coil

Air Flow
Note:
Constant chilled water flow at all conditions
Must use all pumps regardless of load
Difficult to keep chillers on line at light load

4.12 Three-Way Valve Control of a Coil

4-25

To other
coils

 3 4

() .. 2553

Variable Volume Flow

Coil 1

Flow quantities

Coil 2

Coil 3 Coil 1
Coil 2
Coil 3
Simultaneous
flow

Chiller
Plant
Throttling
Valve

10
90
160
60
310

12
100
180
70
350

Time (hrs)
14
16
90
80
200
180
80
100
370
360

18
70
150
80
300

Chiller water pump

System with two-way control valves
T
Chiller 1

Pump 1
T
Chiller 2
Pump 2
Note:
System chilled water flow decrease
with load
Bypass valve modulates open to reduce
P increase
Chiller #2 and pump shut down when
bypass valve is nearly open

StartStop
Bypass

DP

Differential pressure
controller
T

Coil
2-way
valve
From other
coils

To other
coils

Air Flow

4.13 Two-Way Value with Pump Bypass

4-26

 3 4

() .. 2553

4.7.4 (Variable Air Volume (VAV) System)

4.14

Fan

Cooling
Coil

DT

Fan

TC

NC
Cooling
Air

220 Vac

Differential
Pressure
Pickup
Reset
Controller

6-9 Vdc

Lo
OP1
ISA COM 24H 24G
Hi

C-1

Terminal Unit VAV Pressure Independent

Zone
Sensor

24 Vdc

T-1

4.14 VAV System Control

4-27

 3 4

() .. 2553

4.7.5 (Heat Pipe)

(Overcool and Reheat)

(Return Air) (Supply Air)


4.15

4.15
4.7.6

(
)



4-28

 3 4

() .. 2553

(Door Closer)

4.7.7




()
4.7.8

()



365

4.7.9

4-29

 3 4

() .. 2553

4.8
1: 7C 10C (
) 1
8:0012:00 . ()

(Air cooled water chiller) 2 55 kW (Chilled water
pump) 7.5 kW 2 89 / 312 / 7C
8:0012:00 .

1 8:0012:00 .
7C 10C

(kW)
(kW)
1
55
44.20
2
55
43.60

110
87.80

(kW)
(kW)
1
7.5
5.90
2
7.5
5.97

15.0
11.87

4-30

 3 4

() .. 2553

1 08.00 12.00 . 4 / 1,248 /

(kW)
(kW)
1
55
64.4
2
55
0.0

110
64.4

1
2

(kW)
7.5
7.5
15.0

Comp.

Comp.

4-31

(kW)
5.97
0.0
5.97

 3 4

() .. 2553

On Peak
Off Peak
On Peak
Off Peak
Ft
On peak

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Off peak =
=

=
=
On peak =
=
Off peak =
=

=
=

=
=

=
=

=
*

112,076.86
36,566.40
-

4-32

312
/
99.67
kW (87.80+11.87=99.67)
70.37
kW (64.4+9.97=70.73)
29.30
kW (99.67-70.37=29.30)
1,000.00
/
248.00
/
2.695
/kWh
1.1914
/kWh
0.4683
/kWh
29.30 x 1,000
29,300.00
kWh/
29.30 x 248
7,266.40
kWh/
29,300 + 7,266.40
36,566.40
kWh/
29,300.00 x (2.695+0.4683)
92,684.69
/
7,266.40 x (1.1914+0.4683)
12,060.04
/
(92,684.69+12,060.04) x 0.07
7,332.13
/
92,684.69+12,060.04+7,332.13
112,076.86
/

/
kWh/

 3 4

() .. 2553

2:




12.00-13.00
1 2 29

8:00 17:30

(Btu/h)
10640
12000
12000
12000
12000
12000
12500
13000
13000

kW
1
1.5
0.95
0.93
1.21
2.3
1.01
1.26
1.05

(Btu/h)
18000
20000
22000
22000
22000
22000
30000
30000
30000

4-33

kW
1.75
1.3
1.24
0.94
2.33
1.58
2.06
1.61
2.36

 3 4

() .. 2553

(Btu/h)
13000
13000
18000
18000
18000

kW
1.46
3.99
2.11
1.94
1.21

(Btu/h)
30000
36000
36000
36000
36000
48000

kW
4.34
2.66
3.15
2.3
3.66
2.37
55.57

29
16:30 2
29 55.57 kW

=
=
=
=

= ( ) x () x
()
= 0.8 x ()
= 297 x 2.5
= 742.5 /
= 55.7 kW x 742.5 / x 0.8
= 33,085.8
kWh/
= 33,085.8 kWh/ x 2.5 /kWh
= 82,714.5 /

82,714.5
33,085.8
-

4-34

/
kWh/

 3 4

() .. 2553

3:
6
2 2 2 2
8 25 300

()

121,080 kWh
106,680 kWh 15 1 17:00 . 7:00 .
44F 46F 28,800 kWh /
(
)

4-35

 3 4

() .. 2553

Air Chiller ()

28,800 kWh/ [(121,080-106,680) x 2] = 28,800 kWh

140000

121080
106680106680104280

120000

K w.h

100000

84120

106680

90000

80000
60000

= 102,140/ = 3,404.67/day

40000

dec

nov

oct

sep

aug

june

may

apr

mar

feb

july

20000

Air Chiller 15

= Chiller x 12
= 28,800 kWh / x 12 /
= 345,600
kWh /

4-36

 3 4

() .. 2553

( 3 ) = 345,600 x 3
= 1,036,800
/

= 345,600 / 11,628 x103

= 0.0297
ktoe/

=
1,036,800
/
=
345,600
kWh/

(AHU FCU)
4.1


4.7 4.8

1-2
2-3
3-4
4-1

()
()

()
()

4-37

 3 4

() .. 2553

3 ( 4.7 4.8)


COP

- ()
- (
)
- (Variable Water Volume: VWV)
- (Variable Air Volume: VAV)
- (Heat Pipe)
-
-
-
-

4-38

 3 4

() .. 2553

4.9

(Heat Pipe Dehumidification)

1.

(1)

(Working Fluid)
(Refrigerant) 22 134a
(Passive)

(Evaporation Section)
(Condensation Section) 1.1
A traditional heat pipe is a hollow
cylinder filled with a vaporizable
liquid.

A. Heat is absorbed in the evaporating

section.
B. Fluid boils to vapor phase.
C. Heat is released from the upper part
of cylinder to the environment;
vapor condenses to liquid phase.
D. Liquid returns by gravity to the
lower part of cylinder (evaporating
section).

B
A

1.1: (1)

(Cooling Coil)
2 (Precool Heat Pipe
Section)

4-39

 3 4

() .. 2553

(Overcooled Air)

(Reheat Heat Pipe Section)


50%-100%

Precool

Reheat
Increased Condensate

1.2: (1)

2.

(Sensible Heat)
(Dew Point) (Latent Heat)
(Overcooled Air)

(Comfortable Air) 2.1
Psychrometric 2.2

4-40

 3 4

() .. 2553

Oversized
Cooling Coil
Reheating
Coil
Hot &
Very Humid Air

OverOverCooled Air

80F

Comfortable
Air

50F/95%RH

60F/65%RH

Moisture
Removed

2.1: (1)

CO
O

RE
HE
AT

EA
60

20

40

LA

50

%
40

%
30

70
LIN
GC
OIL

50
40

50
%

70
%

80

60
%

%
80

90

CONVENTIONAL
CONVENTIONAL COOLING
COOLING WITH
WITH REHEATING
REHEATING

SA

60

a
Rel

70

80

tive

y
idit
um

90

(%)

MOISTURE
REMOVED
BY COOLING
SYSTEM WITH
ELECTRIC HEATER

10%

100

110

120

Dry Bulb Temperature (F)

2.2: Psychrometric (2)

(Overcool)
(Reheat) 2.3 Psychrometric 2.4

4-41

 3 4

() .. 2553

60F/65%RH

50F/95%RH
OverOverCooled Air

Hot &
Very Humid Air

70F

80F

Moisture
Removed

Standard
Cooling Coil

2.3: (1)

CO
O

RE

EC
OO

LH
EA
TP

LIN
GC
OIL

HE
AT
HE
AT
P

IPE

40

%
40

%
30

70

EA
60

IPE

20

50
40

50
%

80
PR

60
%

70
%

80
%

90

COOLING
COOLING WITH
WITH HEAT
HEAT PIPES
PIPES

LA

50

SA

60

la
Re

70

80

tive

y
idit
um

90

(%)

MOISTURE
REMOVED
BY COOLING
SYSTEM WITH
HEAT PIPES

10%

100

110

Dry Bulb Temperature (F)

2.4: Psychrometric (2)

4-42

120

 3 4

3.

() .. 2553

(3) (4)
30%-50%
(Overcool)
(Reheat)

(6) 22 oC 50% RH

3.5 kW

Cooling Coil
5.5

Cooling Coil
4.6

Heat Pipe

Electric Heater
3.5 kW

C 80.2/69.6

60.8/54.1

Electric Heater

51/50

C 70.5/66.6
C

Precooled

51/50

22 oC / 50% RH

Reheat

60.8/54.1

Reheat

22 oC / 50% RH

Heat Pipe

4-43

80.2/69.6

 3 4

() .. 2553

(oFDB/oFWB)
PRECOOL (oFDB/oFWB)
(Btu/h)
(kW)
(oFDB/oFWB)
COOLING COIL (oFDB/oFWB)
(Btu/h)
(kW)
(oFDB/oFWB)
(oFDB/oFWB)
REHEAT
(Btu/h)
(kW)
(kW)
(kW)

Heater
Heat Pipe
80.2 / 69.6
70.5 / 66.6
11,807 (0.98 Ton)
80.2 / 69.6
70.5 / 66.6
51 / 50
51 / 50
66,511 (5.5 Ton)
54,704 (4.6 Ton)
6.6
5.5
51 / 50
51 / 50
60.8 / 54.1
60.8 / 54.1
11,807 (0.98 Ton)
11,807 (0.98 Ton)
3.5
10.1
5.5
4.6 (46%)

4.6 kW 46%

4.

40%-60%RH
(Fresh Air Unit)
(Air Handling Unit)

Cooling Load Precool

4-44

 3 4

() .. 2553

4.1: (1)

5.

(3) (5) (6)

6.

(Control Room)
(Communication Room)

15,000
20

4-45

 3 4

7.

() .. 2553

(3) (4)
1

8.

R-134a R-22

9.

.
4%
( 101 2,223 )

472 ktoe
2549 (7) 20%
756

10.

(4)

:
:
:

()

Desiccant Steam Coil

:
750,000 ( 84,000 Btu/hr)
:
548,424 kWh/
: 1,371,060 /
: :
0.55
4-46

 3 4

() .. 2553

:
:
:

()

:
1,140,000 ( 28,500 Btu/hr x 4 )
:
673,344 kWh/
: 1,683,360 /
: :
0.68

11.

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Wrap-Around Dehumidifier Heat Pipes, Heat Pipe Technology, Inc.

What are Heat Pipes, Heat Pipe Technology, Inc., Natural Green Innovation.
Why Heat Pipes? Case Summaries, Heat Pipe Technology, Inc.
013 ,
, 2547

,

,
2549,

(5)
(6)
(7)

4-47

 3 4

() .. 2553

(Liquid Desiccant Dehumidification)

1.

(1) (2)

40% RH
22 + 1 oC 3
(Collection Section), (Regeneration Section) (Heat Pump Section)
1.1

1.1:

(Collection Section)
(LiCl) Heat Exchanger Heat Exchanger

(LiCl) (LiCl)

( LiCl )
(Regeneration Section)
(Regeneration Section) (LiCl) Heat
Exchanger ( LiCl )

4-48

 3 4

() .. 2553

Pre-Heat Coil

(LiCl) (LiCl)
(LiCl)

(Heat Pump Section) R-22

Heat Exchanger
(LiCl)

2.

(2) (3)

40% RH 22 + 1
o
C (Desiccant Dehumidifying Unit)

(Desiccant Wheel)
LiCl Silica Gel Heater Electric Heater Steam Heater

( 15 20 oC )

( 2.1 Psychrometric
2.2)

2.1: Electric Heater

4-49

 3 4

() .. 2553

2.2: Psychrometric (3)

(Liquid
Desiccant) (LiCl)

1 3
5-7 oC

3.

(3)
50% (Desiccant
Wheel) (Electric Heater) (Steam Heater)
(Regeneration)

4-50

 3 4

() .. 2553

(2)(4)
Vacuum Freeze Drying
30% RH 22.5 oC

Liquid Desiccant
1,250,000 (25 tons)
1,500,000
2,750,000

Desiccant Wheel
1,750,000 (35 tons)
1,350,000
3,100,000

500,000
-150,000
350,000

1.
(Ton)
(kW)
1 (kW/)
(/)

25
37.5
27,000
74,250

35
52.5
37,800
103,950

10
15
10,800
29,700

2.
(kW)
1 (kWh/)
(/)
(/)
(/)

25
18,000
49,500
123,750
1,485,000

70
50,400
138,600
242,550
2,910,600

45
32,400
89,100
118,800
1,425,600

1. Air-Cooled Split Type ()

2. ()
()

: 2.75 /kWh, 24 /, 30 /, 1.5 kW/ton

10% 15% 50%

4.

40% RH

5.

4-51

 3 4

() .. 2553

5.1: (4)

6.

(2) 400,000 600,000
1,000 CFM

7.

(1) (2)
3 5

4-52

 3 4

8.

() .. 2553

(LiCl)
()

9.

.
3%
( 40 1,218 )

472 ktoe
2549 (5) 20%
378

10.

(3)

:
:
:

:
600,000 (
1,650 CFM)
:
40,248 kWh
: 110,688 /
: :
5.4
:
:

4-53

 3 4

() .. 2553

()

:
1,654,000 ( 1,000 CFM
592,000 , 476,000 ,
586,000 )
:
207,360 kWh/
: 570,240 /
: :
2.9

11.

(1)

1996 ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC System and Equipment, Chapter 22 Desiccant Dehumidification and
Pressure Drying Equipment.
,

027 (Liquid Desiccant Dehumidifier),
, 2547
Newsletter, Dry-Cooling News, Spring 2004, Volume III, DryKor Inc.
2549,

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

4-54

 3 4

() .. 2553

(Ozone Water Treatment)

1.

(3)(4)

O3

15-50
1.1

OXYGEN (O2)

OZONE(O3)

O2
ULTRAVIOLET
LIGHT

O1
o2

O3

OXYGEN ATOMS

1.1: (4)

Corona Discharge
1.2

Ground

Cooling Water
Ozone
Gas

o3

o3

o2

o2

o2

o3

Oxygen
Gas
Feed

Glass Dielectric
Variable High Voltage Electrode

High Voltage

1.2: Corona Discharge (4)

3,125
4-55

 3 4

() .. 2553

2.

2.1: (1)

4-56

 3 4

() .. 2553

2.2: (1)

2.3: (4)

4-57

 3 4

3.

() .. 2553

(1)

10%-20%

$0
$18,613
$9,370
$45,360
$6,120
$118,715
$198,168

$2,592
$0
$2,808
$4,536
$0
$47,479
$57,415

-$2,592 (-100%)
$18,613 (100%)
$6,562 (70%)
$40,824 (90%)
$6,120 (100%)
$71,236 (60%)
$140,753 (71%)

(2)(3)
(4)(5)

80% 5%-20% 5%-30%

4-58

(3)

 3 4

1
2
3
4
5

() .. 2553

(3 )
(20 )
(5 )
(5 )
(5 )

(15 )
(3 )
(3 )
-

3.1: (3)

LPG

(/)
698,979
471,061
166,688

(/)
412,807
229,948
-

(/)
286,172
241,113
116,688

(%)
40.94
51.18
100

76,851
1,413,579

63,718
706,474

13,133
707,105

17.09
50.03

3.2: (3)

4.

5.

4-59

 3 4

6.

() .. 2553

(1)

850,000
2,500,000 ($25,000 - $70,000) 1,000 1,250 ($36)
10 3,700 /.. 340,000
10,200,000 ($10,000 - $300,000)

7.

(1)
3 5

8.

9.

.
1%
( 11 2,972 )

450 ktoe
2549 (5) 20%
1,441

4-60

 3 4

10.

() .. 2553

(1)

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

()

410,250 ( 20 /..)
48,260 kWh/
93,756 /
200,000 / ()
1.4

:
:
:

:
1,800,000 ( 6 387 )
:
31,965 kWh/, LPG 13,671 kg/
: 270,300 /
: 347,000 /
:
2.9

11.

(1)

Federal Technology Alert: Ozone Treatment for Cooling Towers, The New Technology Demonstration
Program, U.S. Department Of Energy, 1998.
Ozone in Laundry: Measurable Economic Benefits, American Laundry News, July 2007.
, ,
(Ozone for Energy Saving in Laundry System),
1, 11-13 2548
029 (Ozone for Water Treatment),
, 2547
2549,

(2)
(3)

(4)
(5)

4-61

 3 4

() .. 2553

4-62

 3 4

() .. 2553

VRF (VRV)

VRF (VARIABLE REFRIGERANT VOLUME)

VRF (VARIABLE REFRIGERANT FLOW SYSTEM)
20
VRF 50%
( 6,500 ) 33%
( 6,500 ) VRF

VRF

4-63

 3 4

() .. 2553

DAIKIN
HITACHI
SAMSUNG
MIDEA
TRANE
LG
YORK (JOHNSON AND CONTROL)
CARRIER (TOSHIBA)
FUJITSU

VRV
SET FREE
DVM
MDV
TVR
MULTI V
VRF
VRF
VRF

SPLIT TYPE CENTRAL
WATER CHILLER VRF SPLIT TYPE
EVAPORATOR FAN COIL UNIT CONDENSING UNIT

CONDENSING UNIT EVAPORATORS

VRF

VRF

4-64

 3 4

() .. 2553

VARIABLE REFRIGERANT VOLUME

EVAPORATOR



VARIABLE SPEED COMPRESSOR
VRF

VARIABLE SPEED COMPRESSOR

VRF
VARIABLE SPEED COMPRESSOR

6 ( 5 )
13 10 ( 9 )
21

4-65

 3 4

() .. 2553

(REFRIGERANT PIPING)

FCU
CDU

FCU CDU

(REFRIGERANT PIPING)

4-66

 3 4

() .. 2553

CONVENTIONAL SPLIT TYPE VRF SYSTEM

FCU INDOOR UNITS
(CEILING MOUNTED CASSETTE), (CEILING MOUNTED
DUCT TYPE CEILING MOUNTED BUILT-IN TYPE), (CEILING
SUSPENDED TYPE), (WALL MOUNTED TYPE), (FLOOR
STAND TYPE), (CONCEALED FLOOR STAND TYPE)

VRF WIRING SYSTEM

FCU CDU CDU
(
)

(BMS)

4-67

 3 4

() .. 2553

WIRING FCU CDU

VRF

CDU (OUTDOOR UNIT) FCU
(INDOOR UNIT) 100 OUTDOOR
UNIT INDOOR UNIT 50 INDOOR UNIT
15 (
)

CDU FCU

4-68

 3 4

() .. 2553

SPLIT TYPE
CONSTANT
REFRIGERANT
FLOW SYSTEM
FCU

FCU

WATER
COOLED CHILLER
SYSTEM
FCU

FCU

VRF
VARIABLE
REFRIGERANT
FLOW SYSTEM
FCU

FCU

CDU

FCU

CDU

CHILLER COOLING

TOWER

FCU
CDU 15

FCU, CHILLER,
COOLING TOWER

4-69

FCU, CDU

VARIABLE
SPEED
COMPRESSOR

 3 4

() .. 2553

1)

2)

CDU
CDU

CHILLER,
,
COOLING TOWER

CDU

CDU
SPLIT
TYPE
CONSTANT
REFRIGERANT
FLOW SYSTEM

CHILLER CDU
PART LOAD CDU
CONSTANT WATER VARIABLE
ON/OFF
CONTROL FLOW PART SPEED CONTROL
LOAD

CHILLER
VARIBLE WATER
FLOW PART
LOAD

FCU
FCU

4-70

 3 4

() .. 2553

FCU
AHU

CDU

VAV

(VARIABLE AIR
FCU CDU
VOLUME)

CDU
CDU
VARIABLE

SPEED

COMPRESSOR

4-71

 3 4

() .. 2553

VRF
: CENTRAL WATER CHILLER WATER
CHILLER VRF
CONDENSING UNIT EVAPORATOR UNIT
CAPACITY
UNIT
(PART LOAD)

VAV (VARIABLE AIR VOLUME SYSTEM)

VRF
VRF

WATER
CHILLER, AHU,

4-72

 3 4

() .. 2553

VRF
: CONDENSING UNIT 1 EVAPORATOR
( ) EVAPORATOR FAN COIL
4-73

 3 4

() .. 2553

UNIT

CDU 1 UNIT FCU UNIT

VRF SPLIT TYPE

COIL WATER
TREATMENT

SERVICE SPARE PART

: VRF
VARIABLE SPEED COMPRESSOR
+/- 1 DEG F
(+/- 0.6 DEG C)

4-74

 3 4

() .. 2553

VRF AHU
:
VRF

10-20 % VRF 2-3
COMPRESSOR 1 CONDENSING UNIT PART
LOAD 40-80 % FULL LOAD

HEAT RECOVERY

4-75

 3 4

() .. 2553

TWIN DC COMPRESSOR
VRF
(LIQUID, SUCTION DISCHARGE)
SUPERHEAT
VRF
2 1
ROOFTOP VAV 2 VRF
VRF VAV 38%
VRF 200 TR VRF

VRF
5-20% VRF R410A
VRF 30-40%

VRF 90% FULL LOAD
4-76

 3 4

() .. 2553

80% 45-80% FULL LOAD VRF

PART LOAD VRF

VRF

CONDENSING UNIT

VRF
VARIABLE SPEED COMPRESSOR

4-77

 3 4

() .. 2553

VRF

DISCHARGE CONDENSING UNIT 3-4 M/S

CONDENSING UNIT
SIMULATION

RECIRCULATION CONDENSING
UNIT

4-78

 3 4

() .. 2553

3-4 m/s
10 m/s

SIMULATION RECIRCULATION

CONVENTIONAL SPLIT TYPE CONDENSING TEMPERATURE COOLING

CAPACITY 35 CDU
55 31
CDU 50 50
55 COOLING CAPACITY
10 %

4-79

 3 4

() .. 2553

COOLING CAPACITY
CONDENSING TEMPERATURE
CONVENTIONAL SPLIT TYPE VRF
VRF

CONVENTIONAL SPLIT TYPE VRF

4-80

 3 4

() .. 2553

VRF

A.C.E. DAIKIN COMPLEX

: , , ,
,
: ANG MO KIO INDUSTRIAL PARK

CDU 2 CDU
FCU

4-81

 3 4

() .. 2553

GOLDBELL TOWER
: : 25 : 2541
: 160
: 505
:

CDU

4-82

 3 4

() .. 2553

ITE HQ
: . .
: : ..2538
: 84 : 354
:

4-83

 3 4

() .. 2553

FCU CEILING MOUNTED CASSETTE TYPE

CEILING MOUNTED CASSETTE TYPE

CDU

4-84

 3 4

() .. 2553

OXFORD
: : 3
: 11 : 135
: 20 : 190
:

CDU. 12

4-85

 3 4

() .. 2553

JOHN HANCOCK TOWER

: : 25 : 2535
: 152 : 348
:

CDU

4-86

 3 4

() .. 2553

CDU

CDU

4-87

 3 4

() .. 2553

[1] , (2547),
(.)
[2] , (2551),

[3] (2544),
, , .
[4] Chirarattananon, S. (2005), Building for Energy Efficiency, Asian Institute of Technology and Energy
Policy and Planning Office, Bangkok, Thailand.
[5] Kreider, J. F., Curtiss, P. S., and Rabl, A. (2002), Heating and Cooling of Buildings: Design for
Efficiency, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc., USA.
[6] Sonntag, R. E., Borgnakke, C., and Van Wylen, G. J. (2003), Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, Sixth
Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA.
[7] Stoecker, W. F. and Jones, J. W. (1982), Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Second Edition, McGrawHill, Inc., Singapore.
[8] Vangtook, P. and Chirarattananon, S. (2007), Application of Radiant Cooling as a Passive Cooling
Option in Hot Humid Climate, Building and Environment, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 543-556.
[9] http://cipco.apogee.net/ces/library/cws.asp ( 2551).
[10] http://www.co2sensor.co.kr/new/eng/images/product4_01.gif ( 2551).
[11] http://www.corgi-direct.com/shopassets/ui/products/normal/4b4879ab350x350.jpg ( 2551).
[12] http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/new_technology/techdemo_comp1.html ( 2551).

4-88