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324648.lagane Konstrukcije PDF
324648.lagane Konstrukcije PDF
Zagreb, 2008.
PREDGOVOR
U proteklih nekoliko desetljea popularnost stakla u graevinarstvu konstantno raste.
Naalost, dok su norme za proraun konstrukcija od elika, betona, drva i aluminija
vrlo detaljno razraene (konstrukcijski Eurokodovi), proraun staklenih elemenata je
jo u zaetku. Ovaj prirunik sastavljen je kao nastavni materijal dostupan online
studentima koji sluaju predmet Lagane konstrukcije na Graevinskom fakultetu
Sveuilita u Zagrebu.
SADRAJ
PREDGOVOR ..................................................................................................... 2
Uvod
1.2.
Popis relevantnih normi vezanih uz proraun staklenih
panela
EN 572 Glass in Building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products
EN 572-1 Glass in Building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products - Part 1:
Definitions and general physical and mechanical properties EN 1036 Glass in
building - Mirrors from silver coated float glass for internal use
EN 1096 Glass in building - Coated glass
EN 1296 Glass in building - Insulating glass units
EN 1748-1 Glass in Building - Basic borosilicate glass products
EN 1748-1-1 Glass in Building - Basic borosilicate glass products - Part 1: Definitions
and general physical and mechanical properties
EN 1748-2 Glass in Building - Basic glass ceramics products
EN 1748-2-1 Glass in Building - Basic glass ceramics products - Part 1: Definitions
and general physical and mechanical properties
EN 1863 Glass in building - Heat strengthened soda lime silicate glass
EN 1863-1 Glass in building - Heat strengthened soda lime silicate glass - Part 1:
Definition and description
EN 1990 Eurocode Basis of structural design
EN 1991 Actions on structures
EN 1991-1-4 Wind actions
EN 1997 Geotechnical design
EN 1998 Design of structures for earthquake
EN 12150 Glass in building - Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass
EN 12150-1 Glass in building - Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass Part 1: Definition and description
EN 12337 Glass in building - Chemically strengthened soda lime silicate glass
EN 12337-1 Glass in building - Chemically strengthened soda lime silicate glass Part 1: Definition and description
EN ISO 12543 Glass in building - Laminated and laminated safety glass
EN ISO 12543-1 Glass in building - Laminated and laminated safety glass - Part 1:
Definitions and description of component parts
EN 13024 Glass in building - Thermally toughened borosilicate safety glass
EN 13024-1 Glass in building - Thermally toughened borosilicate safety glass - Part
1: Definition and description
prEN 13474-1 Glass in building - Determination of the strength of glass panes - Part
1: Glass and glass products for fenestration
prEN 13474-2 Glass in building - Determination of the strength of glass panes Part 2: Common glass applications other than fenestration
prEN 13474-3: Glass in building - Determination of the strength of glass panes - Part
3: General method of calculation and determination of strength of glass by testing.
EN 14178 Glass in Building - Basic alkaline earth silicate glass products
EN 14178-1 Glass in Building - Basic alkaline earth silicate glass products - Part 1:
Definitions and general physical and mechanical properties
EN 14179 Glass in building - Heat soaked thermally toughened soda lime silicate
safety glass
EN 14179-1 Glass in building - Heat soaked thermally toughened soda lime silicate
safety glass - Part 1: Definition and description EN 14321-1
Glass in building Thermally toughened alkaline earth silicate safety glass
EN 14321-1 Glass in building - Thermally toughened alkaline earth silicate safety
glass - Part 1: Definition and description
EN 14449
Glass in building - Laminated glass and laminated safety glass Evaluation of conformity/Product Standard
1.3.
Osnovne definicije
Annealed glass (AN) staklo u kojem su nizom procesa uklonjeni rezidualni naponi
Efektivna debljina debljina koja se rauna prema izrazima danim u normama.
Uzima u obzir popustljivost i krutost PBV spoja izmeu dva stakla
Glavna konstrukcija grede, stupovi, podovi (pogledati sliku). Ukoliko doe do
otkazivanja ovih elemenata, konstrukcija dolazi u krajnje granino stanje. Ovi
elementi moraju imati pouzdanost koja je propisana za nosive elemente.
Sekundarna konstrukcija stakleni paneli. Otkazivanje panela dovodi do lokalnog
otkazivanja elemenata (okvira). U ovom sluaju nema i ne smije biti utjecaja na
glavnu konstrukciju. Elementi se mogu zamijeniti neovisno o glavnoj konstrukciji.
Sekundarna
konstrukcija
Glavna
konstrukcija
Osnovni zahtjevi
Definirani su kao prema EN 1990: Eurocode Basis of structural design. Proraun
se temelji na filozofiji graninih stanja. Kada je dosegnuto granino stanje nosivosti
dolazi do otkazivanja konstrukcije ili gubitka stabilnosti. Granino stanje uporabivosti
je stanje nedopustivih deformacija ili progiba odnosno prekoraenje unaprijed
definiranih kriterija. Tablica 1 definira krajnje granino stanje i granino stanja
uporabivosti:
Tablica 1.
1.4.
= 2 500 kg/m;
E = 70 000 MPa;
= 0,22;
Djelovanja na konstrukciju
Sva djelovanja se odreuju prema EN 1990 i EN 1991.
Projektirana (proraunska ili design value) vrijednost akcija se odreuje za:
1. Krajnje granino stanje kao:
gdje je
Fd
G
Qk,1
i
i
f g ;d
k mod k sp f g ;k
M ,A
gdje su:
fg,k
M;A
ksp
kmod
gdje je:
t
gdje je
M ;v
parcijalni faktor za povrinsko prenaprezanje
fb,k
karakteristina otpornost na savijanje ojaanog stakla
kv
faktor ojaanja
ostale varijable su ranije definirane.
U tablici 7 su prikazane karakteristine otpornost na savijanje ojaanog stakla ovisno
o proizvodnom procesu i nainu ojaavanja.
Tablica 7.
Dokaz nosivosti
Proraun se mora provesti s obzirom na krajnje granino stanje i granino stanje
uporabivosti.
Kod prorauna prema graninom stanju nosivosti mora biti dokazano da je
maksimalno naprezanje (projektirana vrijednost djelovanja) manje od doputenog
naprezanje (projektirane vrijednosti otpornosti).
Proraunom prema graninom stanju uporabivosti potrebno je dokazati da su
raunski progibi manji od unaprijed definiranih.
U pravilu, oba dokaza nosivosti mogu se provesti koristei linearnu teoriju, uzimajui
u obzir rubne uvjete i geometriju ploe. Ovaj dokaz je mogu koristei gotove izraze
iz literature ili modeliranjem konstrukcije metodom konanih elemenata.
Dokaz prema graninom stanju nosivosti:
max f g ;d
Dokaz prema graninom stanju uporabivosti:
wmax wd
a
b
max k1
A
h2
Fd
wmax k 4
A2 Fd
h3 E
A Fd
p*
4 h2 E
Laminirani element
U sluaju laminiranih elementa mora se uzeti u obzir PVB sloj ija je posmina
vrstoa bitno manja od vrstoe stakla. U ovom sluaju govorimo o popustljivosti
meusloja. Na slijedeoj slici prikazane su oznake debljine elemenata h i za proraun
prema europskim normama prema konceptu efektivne debljine.
gdje je:
1.5.
f g ;d
k mod k sp f g ;k
M ,A
0.74 1 45
18.5 N / mm 2 18.5 Mpa
1.8
Fd q Qk 1.95 kN / m2
Uvjet nosivosti:
max f g ;d
Maksimalno vlano naprezanje iznosi:
max k1
A
h2
Fd
=12.09=12.1
70000
4 h 2 E 4 12 2
2
max k1
A
h
Fd 0.16
3000 4000
12
1.95 10 3 26 N / mm 2 26 Mpa
max f g ;d
Na raspolaganju je mogunost poveanja debljine stakla ili odabrati neki drugi tip
stakla. U slijedeem koraku emo uzeti staklo debljine h=19 mm.
Bezdimenzionalni koeficijent:
A Fd 3000 4000 1.95 10 3
p
1.92
70000
4 h 2 E 4 19 2
2
max k1
A
h
Fd 0.285
3000 4000
19
wmax k 4
A2 Fd
h3 E
a (b)
3 cm
100
Bezdimenzionalni koeficijent:
A Fd 3000 4000 1.35 10 3
p*
1.33
70000
4 h 2 E 4 19 2
2
wmax
A2 Fd
(3000 4000) 2 1.35 10 3
k4 3
0.03815
15.47 mm
E
70000
h
193
15.47 mm 30 mm
Iz ovoga je vidljivo da staklo AN, h=19 mm zadovoljava
uporabivost.
nosivost
Progibi panela
Uvod
Aluminij je otkriven prije gotovo 200 godina. Srebrnaste je boje. Postoji u velikim
koliinama u razliitim oksidnim i silikatnim mineralima ali glavna sirovina za
proizvodnju aluminija je boksit. 90 % svjetskih rezervi boksita nalazi se u tropskom
podruju. Razvoj industrije aluminija zapoinje tek poetkom 20st. Velika cijena i
prilino kompleksan proces proizvodnje uvjetuju spori razvoj industrije aluminija.
Prvu afirmaciju kao konstruktivni materijal aluminij doivljava u 2 Svjetskom ratu u
izgradnji aviona. Danas se aluminij koristi kao pratei materijal, kao obloga te i kao
konstruktivan materijal.
2.2.
Popis relevantnih normi vezanih uz proraun aluminjskih
konstrukcija
prEN 1090-1: Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1:
Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components
prEN 1090-3: Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 3:
Technical requirements for aluminium structures
EN 1990
EN 1991
E N 1993-1-1 Design of steel structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for
buildings
EN 1999-1-2 Design of aluminium structures - Part 1-2: Structural fire design
EN 1999-1-3 Design of aluminium structures - Part 1-3: Structures susceptible to
fatigue
EN 1999-1-4 Design of aluminium structures - Part 1-4: Cold-formed structural
sheeting
EN 1999-1-5 Design of aluminum structures - Part 1-5: Shell structures
EN 573-1:1994
Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Chemical composition and
form of wrought products - Part 1: Numerical designation system
EN 573-2:1994
Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Chemical composition and
form of wrought products - Part 2: Chemical symbol based designation system
EN 573-3:2003
Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Chemical composition in form
of wrought products - Part 3: Chemical compositions
EN 573-4:1994 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Chemical composition and form of
wrought products - Part 4: Forms of products
EN 485-1:1993 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Sheet, strip and plate - Part 1:
Technical Conditions for inspection and delivery
EN 586-1:1997 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Forgings - Part 1: Technical
conditions for Inspection and delivery
EN 754-1:1997 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Cold drawn rod/bar and tube - Part
1: Technical conditions for inspection and delivery
EN 755-1:1997 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Extruded rod/bar, tube and profiles
- Part 1: Technical conditions for inspection and delivery
EN 1592-1:1997 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - HF seam welded tubes - Part 1:
Technical conditions for inspection and delivery
EN 12020-1:2001 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Extruded precision profiles in
alloys EN AW-6060 and EN AW-6063- Part 1: Technical conditions for inspection
and delivery
EN 28839 Fasteners - Mechanical properties of fasteners - Bolts, screws, studs and
nuts made from non-ferrous metals
EN ISO 898-1 Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy
steel - Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs
EN ISO 3506-1 Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless-steel fasteners
- Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs
EN 485-2:1994 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Sheet, strip and plate - Part 2:
Mechanical Properties
EN 485-3:2003 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Sheet, strip and plate - Part 3:
Tolerances on shape and dimensions for hot-rolled products
EN 485-4:1993 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Sheet, strip and plate - Part 4:
Tolerances on shape and dimensions for cold-rolled products
EN 508-2:2000 Roofing products from metal sheet - Specifications for self supporting
products of steel, aluminium or stainless steel - Part 2: Aluminium
EN 586-2:1994 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Forgings - Part 2: Mechanical
properties and additional property requirements
EN 586-3:2002 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Forgings - Part 3: Tolerances on
dimension and form
EN 754-2:1997 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Cold drawn rod/bar and tube - Part
2: Mechanical properties
EN 754-3:1995 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Cold drawn rod/bar and tube - Part
3: Round bars, tolerances on dimension and form
EN 754-4:1995 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Cold drawn rod/bar and tube - Part
4: Square bars, tolerances on dimension and form
EN 754-5:1995 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Cold drawn rod/bar and tube - Part
5: Rectangular bars, tolerances on dimension and form
EN 754-6:1995 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Cold drawn rod/bar and tube - Part
6: Hexagonal bars, tolerances on dimension and form
EN 754-7:1998 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Cold drawn rod/bar and tube - Part
7: Seamless tubes, tolerances on dimension and form
EN 754-8:1998 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Cold drawn rod/bar and tube - Part
8: Porthole tubes, tolerances on dimension and form
EN 755-2:1997 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Extruded rod/bar, tube and profiles
- Part 2: Mechanical properties
EN 755-3:1995 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Extruded rod/bar, tube and
profiles- Part 3: Round bars, tolerances on dimension and form
EN 755-4:1995 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Extruded rod/bar, tube and
profiles- Part 4: Square bars, tolerances on dimension and form
EN 755-5:1995 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Extruded rod/bar, tube and
profiles- Part 5: Rectangular bars, tolerances on dimension and form
EN 755-6:1995 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Extruded rod/bar, tube and
profiles- Part 6: Hexagonal bars, tolerances on dimension and form
EN 755-7:1998 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Extruded rod/bar, tube and
profiles- Part 7: Seamless tubes, tolerances on dimension and form
EN 755-8:1998 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Extruded rod/bar, tube and
profiles- Part 8: Porthole tubes, tolerances on dimension and form
2.3.
Svojstva aluminija
= 2 700 kg/m;
E = 70 000 MPa;
G= 27 000 Mpa
= 0,30;
Tablica 11.
2.4.
Djelovanja na konstrukciju
Sva djelovanja se odreuju prema EN 1990 i EN 1991.
Projektirana (proraunska ili design value) vrijednost akcija se odreuje za:
1. Krajnje granino stanje kao:
gdje je
Fd
G
Qk,1
i
2 ,i
Odreivanje otpornosti
Prilikom prorauna elemenata potrebno je provesti klasifikaciju poprenog presjeka.
Postoje 4 klase poprenih presjeka:
1) plastini popreni presjeci s dovoljnim rotacijskim kapacitetom. Proraun se vri
bez smanjenja nosivosti.
2) popreni presjeci u kojima moe doi do plastifikacije, ali imaju ogranien rotacijski
kapacitet.
3) popreni presjeci u kojima je dolo do dosezanja granice poputanja aluminija
(proof strength) ali lokalno izvijanja ne doputa dosezanje momenta plastinosti.
4) popreni presjeci u kojima dolazi do gubitka stabilnosti prije dosezanja granice
poputanja (vitki popreni presjeci).
Detaljnije o klasifikaciji poprenih presjeka moe se nai u knjizi Metalne
konstrukcije (Androi, Dujmovi, Deba)
Klasifikacija poprenog presjeka se vri pomou parametra vitkosti .
Ukoliko vrijedi:
1
1 2
2 3
3
klasa 1
klasa 2
klasa 3
klasa 4
b
t
gdje je:
b
t
Tablica 12.
Tablica 13.
gdje je
Nc.Rd
N c.Rd
N c.Rd
M2
Aeff f o
M1
gdje je
Anett
Aeff
fu
fo
N b.Rd
gdje je
Nb.Rd
Aeff f o
M1
otpornost poprenog presjeka na izvijanje
redukcijski faktor izvijanja
Aeff
gdje je:
2
0.5 (1 ( 0 ) )
Aeff f o
N cr
gdje je:
Lcr
I
Aeff f o
Lcr 1
i
A E
2.5.
250
1.118
f0
1 11 =12.3
2 16 17 .9
3 22 24 .6
bf
34 .8
t
Presjek je klase 4!
C1
C2
32
220
0.8
Efektivna povrina:
Aeff 4 (b t ) t eff 414.2 mm2
b 4 b 2 t 4
4.004 10 5 mm 4
12
12
I
i
31.1 mm
Aeff
I
N c.Rd
Aeff f o
M1
=75.3 kN
N b.Rd
Aeff f o
M1
Aeff f o
N cr
Aeff f o
Lcr 1
0.490
i
A E
0.5 (1 ( 0 ) ) =0.659
1
N b.Rd
=0.909
Aeff f o
M1
=68.48 kN
Openito
Razmatra se djelovanje tlane sile na stakleni element koji je prikazan na slici.
Pretpostavlja se (u opem sluaju) da sila djeluje ekscentrino (e) i da postoji
inicijalni progib (wo).
w
cos
gdje je
N
Ncr
Lk
N
2
EI
wo
e wo
N
N
1
1
N cr
N cr
uzduna sila
Eulerova kritina sila izvijanja
Ako drugaije nije zadano maksimalni progib iznosi l/100 gdje je l duljina stupa.
wo
N N
e
(
)
N
A W cos Lk / 2 N / EI
1
N cr
p,t
cr
p,t
gdje je:
p,t f g ,d
cr
k k p ,t
gdje je:
k
3.2.
Djelovanja
gdje je
Fd
G
Qk,1
i
2 ,i
3.3.
gdje je:
c.d
c.d A
k
tlana otpornost (karakteristina vrijednost tlane otpornosti se
uzima 500 N/mm2
parcijalni koeficijent (vrijednost 1.8)
N Ed N c.Rd
k A k p,t A
k
k
3.4.
Ncr
2 (1 2 ) E Is
(1 2 ) L2
I1 I2
,
Is
GPVB
E I
tPVB
2s
2
b ( z1 z2 )
L
Is b (t1 z 21 t 2 z 22 ), Ii
gdje su:
tPVB
GPVB
b t 3i
12
L
Is 1 2
A
1 2
t eff
12 I s (1 2 )
b (1 2 )
3.5.
N kr
2 EI
L2
c.d k mod
c .k
=205,56 N/mm2
k
p.t k mod
1023,12 kN
f g ,k
18,5 N / mm 2
wo
N N
(
)
N
A W
1
N cr
Zadovoljava!
c.d A
=456,8 kN
k
p,t
cr
=0,27
p,t