2

u ] CUQ

| P \u u CUQ D xP
uPzvS EunPz vPxx. C v BP
C |h. Av ] CUQzx uh
& u ] CUQ u Dzv [S
UQx. Ax Bu C B |UPQx.

1935 C Dzv u mk G uS Dzxz
u ] CUQ mk uP Emh ua]
CUQ u ] h uSP ux. Cx
uP ] CUQ BP HUPmh hS.

T SkQx ] h] x
hP Psh uS G uzv Ax xQuu
[P sk. Aux u Jx hP Psh
uS 1918 B Bsk Dzv vuP C]Po
PP\v|u Smk AvUP mh. 1918
B Bsi zvvP AP zvi Avi
C[P A\m] u u uQ \. zv|u
""u v'' G Su hP uSv J uSzx
hmkx GQ PP \v|u.
C\ h


A Tux, ""\uh \uk'', ""P\
P_'', ""P Ix'', ""G u G u'', ""SsikUQ
SkSkUQ'' u ]u hP EhUQ Czux mkUP
C CUQ. ChP GUPzv UP hUTi
A hP.

PP\v|u Sk hP ] |mh hP
(G&k: ""\uh \uk''Ax A BP mkPsk
(vuP) Gumh u. A |mh hP G
Az uzu ""G u G u'' u _ hPP
CUPUTk. A US QhUQ iP Gu T
ii, ] h uS ] J 1918 C Chx
Gx u.

Au As C uP TkQx.
Dzv UQ uP Pg][P J [Th |h\,
"u u ux ] h P Cx n
uzx G 1886 B Bsk Gv mh US'
GQ.

1859 C |\ G ]UP zvP J
hmhx. Ax u ] zvP BP. Ax n
AUP hmh ` uhx Smh
""US'' vUP u uQ. G
Cx BUSu hQx.

G ""US'' Smh ""u
v'' Tk uPP BuP Evkzuh
si Gx Es. G CzuP uPP PnP
mi ] UQzx Skv. H
""mk'' uS ] hP u]PUQh
|hzumh ] h mihPz u\mh.
AzuP mi |hzxuSU PnPzuP [Q A
h P zvu] P.G. Anv. (GG) E
UP A H ubP _ u, _
bP\, siu ]. Pnv, |}u Qn v,
siu . P[P] BQ u m\PPP
uhmiu Ami u\mh ] hP u
UPP Cu PnP Ph mk
10

C\ h

]uu uS P nuS Hmkx G

Es uQ. Cx \ P US.

] hP
] EUP EP sk.
C |USx ]PUS h[P kP
skx A]Qx. xP oP (|,
, BmkUSmi) UP Pshmh[P (w, Bi)
mkUP (x, mh ku) Sk E (A, A,
mi) CPU Pm]P (A, Ph) u
CzuS kQ.

] hP ]PU P uzv \u, K\, C\
s u PshP Ax A]. CzuS AzuP
hP PzxUSx.

]P x, Azv, E[S v, E
u [Psk ""Sv J'', ""Sv Csk'' G
C mkz uS SUPmk UQzxu.
H ] x G [Psk ]h uSUP
Dzv vx & C x Su x
kuQ.

""PuhP'' ]P x kx G
C] Dzv AQ PnkQx. P CzuS
_ PuhP Chx C |SP
A vPx PzvSu!

A ] h mi FhP UQ ]
h]P ]x (Eun & \_u ) A B
PzvS u vx AP uhx Azx
Dkmk ShzuUPu. ] h mi uS
uu ExuP u] C] Dkh Bzu
Ax PnP Dzv ] h ] Chuu uha]
a] x C UQ USx
kx zuh siu.

u smk uzx UPP, |UPP S
C BUQ ` CzuS hP ]
(Eun: Bi , Pzuz umhzx ) UQzx
UTi Gu C Skx zuu BS.
C\ h

11


CzuP ]S ]uUS ESzu A|v AP
] v \h siu Gv u.

Cx Tmh uSzx { Tx D u
] h uzv a] UQzx
uxUPmhuP Cx |S kQx.
P{v \. P.

]
1. u u ] CUQ Gx hmhx, Ax
GP Avux?
2. ux hP u ] CUQ G Gu
CUPmk B] SkQ? Au u hPU T
B] uUP Pmkx H?
3. u u ] zvP Gx?
4. \_u ]Pmk GxP.

Pmk Gxu
PkUPmh Pmh S Ax u Ai
Pmk Gxu A].
* PzxUP J[S PmkUPP kzuh sk.
* UP |h Gu sk.
* UPP Ph v zuUPz
vh Guh sk.
* uzx |h, u, a_ G P u
A sk.
* Pmk P, Au uP zuk G Pzv Ph
sk.
* PmkUP AzuP P h sk.
* Pmk ~m[P Pkzuh sk.

12

C\ h

]
1. Pmk Jz uukzx Av Ax PmkUP
sP P Szux mikP.
2. SUPP Ax B] [Pk Pmkz uUP
GP Pmka ]P AUP C GuU Pu
\x ]SPP A[P. Au S
\[P.

{zuU SkP
J GzuUPzu EUSuS, EUQ BUP[P Pzx
, u [QUPuS {zuSP
xnQ. CU Phix Ax PmhU
PhS.
{zu SP Au:
A) Ax i\US
B) US Ax \US
C) US Ax mkUS
D) P Ax EhUS
E) A Ax uh\US
F) UP Ax UQ\US
G) ]Pk Ax mi\US
H) u {z uh
I) AhUS
J) PmS Ax AuUS

(.)
(?)
(!)
(,)
(;)
(:)
(&)
(....)
( )
( ""....'')

C SkP uSzx |US

01. Ax i\US ( . )
kzuk \u[P.

A. \, [P, H UQ[P Cv
* nP C Pozx AvP |mh[Psk.
(\)
C\ h

13

 sk. ([P)
|zvS h\US . (H))
B. J hzu _UP T
C[P USzx \
QxUS
C[P m\z vnUP

x
& C..\.
& Q..
& C..v.

C. Piuzv P Cv vPv Cv
47, \ v,
mh.
2015.02.10.
02. US Ax \US ( ? )
CUSk kzuk \u[P
| T UQ[P Cv
""} J x umh?''
AT UQ[P Cv US x.
| Au zu, G A Pmh.
IzxUQh u J T AhUSUS
US ChkQx.
Pou B] AvP u (?)
03. mkUS Ax US ( ! )

Ena]P
UPmh
CUS
kzukQx. x, Qa], CUP, xUP, P, ,
, |, x, A, Ena]P
kzxQ
Cha\P,
\hP,
UQ[P
BQ

BP! uk } ASu G!
! o!
I! G mh!

14

C\ h

04. P Ax E\US ( , )
CUS kzuk \u[P
A. uhP Q \P, xn UQ[P
[S sn uzuP zxUPmkuS k.
u, Pou, gb, \, B[Q, BQ B
h[P u vUS Pmh h[PS.
Eu |mUS S\ Psn, SP C, Pn
xu ]u GkzxUPmkP.
nUP u Pmh h[P |h izx, u Pmh
P u ]vzx B] \vzx A
SwU Pmk, \P nPk Q ux P
zv \ sk.
B. UQzv G |kuh C, USz
u C Au GUS
|P CUQz u u PuP, PUS,
zvhUS,
zv[P
EUS
Azu
Pku UQ.
PP, Pshuz v J x, ux Eh
yP zxUPQx.
C.

UQ[P UPzvPP Ch zxU

PmkuSU PP Chk.
| UPh, SP HPh, CUPzxh P sk.

D. UP uUTi Ch[P AUP uu

ukzxuSU P Chk.
Psn, Pnh shUPPz yx .
P, \u zuPzv J Sv ]zx izxmh.
E. J Ax J zxU Thzx Akzx
P Chk.
U, } H C AuU Psk?
Psn, P[Sx H?
Ki , u!
( UQ Cv u AuS P
Hk.)
C\ h

15

F. Cn Cha\P Bu, BP, BP, B,

C, G, G, G
P
Hk.
v A CPQ. Bu, _ P
GuS zu Eh.
Gsn[P, PzxUP US kzxuPP
| GxQ. BP, Gx GzxUP Gzx
A\zx Guh sk.
C, BPsi P[P P.
G. uhUQ EuhP }siu C [P
P Cmk zxU Pmhk.
P, Psh ]P Auzu Dkk Au w
Auzu J Am\ zvzv Hv Gkzx, S US \x,
Au Es K Au \g^UQ Cu EQS [QUQ.
H. hP hP JUS AkUQ x
Ph]P {S Ah, uhu H AhP, uhx
P zxU Pmhk.
AuPU Pmk, QQzx, vzv Gv kux
uzuUP Ea\hS.
I. J |T UQ[P Ai Gxx TUS
P Chk.
],
""G
C
AhUSx
PP
?'' G Au.
J. B, C G \Pk UQ BUSx P
Chsk.
B, | n Jzx |S.
C, G Au HUP ix.
K. Piu Gxx US , Jh P
Gxx, P BQ P Chk.
A xn, G u,
o |P,
u] P {P,
PP.
J. vPv; uh SvP PmkuS P Chk.
1999,P 01.
16

C\ h

05. UP Ax UQ\US (:)

A. u TUS T, Au UPP Ahzx
UP Chk.
Ch B] T PzxUP UP:
A CP][P PmPPx: x w a\P
TPx. G A.
P PU QhUQx: P \zx |\UQ
mhx.
B. J mi AuS . A, EunP,
G uhPUS UP Chk.
Au A Pnmh:
Ehu PvP, ]uu \, y_ iu PP GS.
zuPUS Eun[P:
Pi|, _k}, PP, _kP GS.
C. mi Akzu u UP J Pk
sk.
| _ [Pk xP:&
CUQ
u
zx
D. } PmSv AP \uS UP
Chk.
u P u AP \x u
T:

""u[P ]P h mh { |USU Qhzxkx

Esk. Ax PUPPzv }shP BP
Psk mh { | zv E
x
\ o AP C ...... | E[PUS
AUS Ch |v {P QU PQ. C A
E.

C\ h

17

06. A Ax uh\US (;)

CUSk kzuk \u[P
A. K G P Pshx J
CUSk kzukQx.
C PP Pmh uPsh; PhQ;
\ Psh; Cu; Cnk \
\u; mh.
B. EmhhP CnuS A kQx.
\\ E zxUS B Bsi Q; A\
Q; A\h Q.
07. ]Pk Ax mi\US (&)
A. Ezxi |hP | u Gxx P Ax
A si Chzv mi\US kzukQx.
wUS | |[Qx; Gx P
Pzv {zvux; B o Aizux; APa
\zu ux; Uu PiP B vsh & J
AUPP Cux.
B. vj Pzx zuU PmkuS mi\US kzukQx.
Px xzvu G[Px UP u G _
x & G G[PUSa \U PmhkQx.
C. PU Tmh P uSzxU TuS mi\U
S kzukQx.
zu, CxUP, Qu, C & G Au
Px Psh.
D. |\ s Csh Ai Cva ^ CUS SUPk.
]xh u Ai Cva^, Ai Cva^
CUS UPk.
Sg] S PkuU PmhS
g\ S AP & |g\zx
18

C\ h

| G |k {
P P AS

AUQU Sg\ Psh & Au

B[P Pmi vh zu;
x uoux Pk & u
zv Sg\ sh?

E. \P _UPkx CUS kzuk.

C & : Cu
E & : Eun

B & : B]
G & k : GkzxUPmk

08. u {z uhS (& ........... &)

Csk mi\USP Psh CUS kP.
A. u[Qz u[Q _uU Pmh.
1. | C[P ux & G zxU P[P &
E[P GUP P BPsi CUQx.
B. Ena]U SzuU PmkuS.
1. GUS u Pzv & G\u Thx
A Pzv Axmh.
9.

AhUS ( )
\u, UPn, UP,mhUS,
U PmkuS.
\[P G[S vP E G[S (\UQ n
v|mka { \ & 30)
Pmk ( J ]vzx, PzxUP zx Gxx )
Pn_uu (.P.)
10. PmS Ax AuS (""

'')

A. Jh T Ai Psk Gkzux
PmS k.
""si uh! s? \ P''
B. zuP, \g]P, Pmk u _miU Sh
k.
C\ h

19

 zu\v AP Gv ""[S'' G | PU P
x.
S : Cmh PmS Ckx ""......'' AUP S.
J PmS Ckx"......' zu S.
u Cmh PmSUS J | T AuU
Pmh J PmS kQx.

""CUPu ]uUS uUS x AoP |x

AQ P | Ba \Qx. "_ vx, vx,
vx, \vx, \v UP Pu' G v PuUS \
\vu P[P.'' G a\.

u\ USa \P
J Gx a_, Gzx BQ Csk
i[P UQ E.
UP Ahz uhhPx a_U PQ.
A
EhP
UP
smk
A\[P
kzxP E.
a_ Csk Pk.
1.
2.

u\ US / u\U Q
\P US / \PU Q

u\ US Gx Szu u\zvS uzx \USPU

Psix BS.
Eun : Sa\[P, x, u, QQ, E,
\P US Gx Szu u\ UP u AihPU Psh
\USPU Psix BS.
Eun : |h, S, sh,
ESvP ][P. A x u\ USa
\PU SzxU P[P.

20

C\ h

(1) ""zxUS , u[S Ph, \sP|u

US
, E hzumiP, Gmi Asnx
zxUPsh SzuQ. \
hzuPz
vmh P x
sh, C sq
mh |z uh[Q. PU Psku \P nzu
ia \UP ia], |U Pn
sh AxUSS A [h vmhUS,
Ax \u vmhUSu UP. C CiU
P h UPx \ PUS CskUS ux.
Cu AThU PmhuP. B Czv
P zuUS USu.''
("P\Pn' & Su)
(2) ""Cu [P ].. G \uP? |zx
GQmh \.. n \[P G mk
Kzv Sg_U P h U S . A u y U Q
Psk
x
uzv
\UPq. A Av
PmiUQ uzxUP sn Pmi PmiUPq. _zu
Ph CUQ \i Pi G miPq CxUP BmP
u. A[P a\.. \ PUS ]v Sa]U PkUP,
\[P yUQU PkUP a]U Qmh.. |. x_ x\ BmP
uh si ] CUPx \u...''
("snk Pu' & P ]. S)
(3) "" ...... S | UQ...... G zxUP
vmku...... Pg\ S ! P x
{S | zPP UQmkz ux P Pzv
P mi \x Psk |[SQ u.
""Cx Gh...... Chg\ QhUSx...... mi Th
mh QhUS...... ...... u...... h...... x
mk \i {sk ...... G mh...... zxUP
QhUSx...... x i \......''
("mh' & |v \)
hUS u\ US
Bu & xP
Czx, Hu & \zv[P
G, K & ]u
PUP & {
Pv & P
C\ h

21

x, S &
P, S & Qa]
hUS & uzv
& P
& P
u & Th
& s

QUS u\ US
Azu[S & iUS P
Ao & uo UP / xk CUS Ch
AUP & PhP
Bn & \v, S
H & zv
Ksn & ix
K & G ]x
PUQ\ & u
Phi & \
Pmi & `kku
P & P
Po & \US
\[P & \
\ & H \
] & s
_k & _ yUP u US Ah
\[P & \zu
u & UP x \
xUP & hPmk
sh & Szx ui
h & u[P
UP P & `kk UPCUS Pzui

u[P US
B & A
Ci & Ci
\ & n
_x & AS
S u\ US
22

C\ h

A & A
|US & G[PUS
&

P u\ US
G & C
&
\ & P
& u\

]
1. \PU QP B] Euh
Gx[P

|h, Emi, S, Pmi, UPi, P, sh,

A, Amh, Ao

2. Sv E[P u\ a_US Gx[P.

""G Au[ Pmi ! P

uP! C | Gx Ha \Pu {zuP G
BUQUS {uUS Bx E[PUSz u.
}[P GUSa
\u
EPzvS | G v EP
\Q GUSz u. GUS }[P
\u EP P GzxUSa \u G |g]
miUS.'' (|[Ssh Cu & [P|P u)

Sa\k
E[P u\zv uzx u\ USa \P C[Psk
\Pzx mikzx[P. AUS zu xUSa
\P Gx[P.

C\ h

23