3/2/2012

Chng 1

Gii thiu v Thng k Sinh hc

Ni dung
1. Mt s khi nim
2. D liu trong sinh hc
3. Gii thiu phn mm Minitab

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Thng K Sinh Hc - Bi Tn Anh

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Ni dung
1. Mt s khi nim
2. D liu trong sinh hc
3. Gii thiu phn mm Minitab

02/03/2012

Thng K Sinh Hc - Bi Tn Anh

Thng k (Statistics)
C th c hiu theo hai ngha:
Thng k l cc s liu c thu thp phn nh
cc hin tng kinh t - x hi, t nhin, k thut.
Thng k l h thng cc phng php c s
dng m t cc hin tng kinh t - x hi, t
nhin, k thut.

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Thng K Sinh Hc - Bi Tn Anh

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Thng k (Statistics)
Thng k l h thng cc phng php dng
thu thp, x l v phn tch cc con s (mt
lng) ca cc hin tng tm hiu bn cht
v tnh qui lut vn c ca chng (mt cht)
trong iu kin thi gian v khng gian c th.

02/03/2012

Thng K Sinh Hc - Bi Tn Anh

Thng k (Statistics)
Gm hai lnh vc:
Thng k m t (Descriptive Statistics):
Thu thp s liu
M t v trnh by s liu
Tnh ton cc c trng o lng.

Thng k suy din (Inferential Statistics):

c lng
Kim nh
Phn tch mi lin h
D on...
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Thng K Sinh Hc - Bi Tn Anh

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Thng k Sinh hc (Biostatistics)

L khoa hc v s ng dng cc phng php
thng k gii quyt cc vn ca sinh hc.
Bao gm:
b tr th nghim
thu thp d liu
trnh by v tm tt d liu
t cc d liu mu suy rng ra tng th.

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Thng K Sinh Hc - Bi Tn Anh

Tng th (Population)
L mt tp hp mi phn t thun nht (theo
mt tiu chun no ) c quan tm nghin
cu trong mt lnh vc no .
Kch thc ca tng th (N) bao gm ton b
s c th ca tng th.
Tng th c m t bi cc tham s
(parameters).

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Thng K Sinh Hc - Bi Tn Anh

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Mu (Sample)
L mt tp con c rt ra t tng th.
S phn t nm trong mu c gi l c mu
(n).
Do c mu hu hn (n << N) nn nhng kt
lun c suy ra t mu cho tng th s c
mt s sai s gi l sai s do chn mu.

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Thng K Sinh Hc - Bi Tn Anh

Mu (Sample)
Khi c mu cng ln th sai s do chn mu
cng nh
n phi ln.
Phng php chn mu khng khch quan s
dn n sai s ln.
vic chn mu phi tin hnh hon ton
ngu nhin.

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Thng K Sinh Hc - Bi Tn Anh

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Ni dung
1. Mt s khi nim
2. D liu trong sinh hc
3. Gii thiu phn mm Minitab

02/03/2012

Thng K Sinh Hc - Bi Tn Anh

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Bin s
Cc i tng nghin cu c gi l cc n
v quan st (observational units).
Trn n v ny, cc c tnh c quan st
hoc o c c gi l cc bin s
(variables).
Trong mi i tng nghin cu, cc gi tr s
gn cho bin s c gi l cc bin (variate).

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D liu (Data)
D liu l g?
Hy nu thm mt s th d v d liu.
Cc ngun d liu thu thp t u?

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Thng K Sinh Hc - Bi Tn Anh

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Cc loi thang o

Thang o nh danh (Nominal scale)

Thang o th hng (Ordinal scale)
Thang o khong (Interval scale)
Thang o t l (Ratio scale)

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Thang o nh danh
Dng ch cc thuc tnh, c m ho bi
cc con s dng phn loi i tng, gia
cc con s khng c gi tr hn km.
Th d:
Gii tnh: 1 = n, 2 = nam.
Chiu cao cy: 1 = cao, 2 = thp

Hy nu thm mt s th d khc.

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Thng K Sinh Hc - Bi Tn Anh

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Thang o th hng
Dng ch cc th hng ca cc n v quan
st.
S chnh lch gia cc biu hin khng nht
thit phi bng nhau.
Th d:
c lng mc c hi ca cht aming i vi
cng nhn: 1 = thp, 2 = trung bnh, 3 = cao.

Hy nu thm mt s th d khc

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Thang o khong v Thang o t l

Dng khi cc bin c o nhng khong
cch u nhau
Th d:
Nhit tnh theo Celsius (thang o khong)
Chiu cao tnh theo cm (thang o t l).

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Thng K Sinh Hc - Bi Tn Anh

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Thang o khong v Thang o t l

Cc im khc bit gia hai loi thang o
thang o khong, gi tr zero mang tnh qui
c, trong khi thang o t l c gi tr zero
tht.
Th d chiu cao bng 0 cm ngha l khng c
chiu cao, trong khi nhit 00C khng c ngha
l khng c nhit .

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Thng K Sinh Hc - Bi Tn Anh

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Thang o khong v Thang o t l

Cc im khc bit gia hai loi thang o
Khi mt bin c o bng thang o khong,
t s gia hai gi tr khng c ngha, trong
khi mt bin c o bng thang o t l, t s
gia hai gi tr l c ngha.
Th d mt cy 140cm cao gp i cy 70cm
nhng mt l nung 3000C khng nng gp i l
nung 1500C.

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Thng K Sinh Hc - Bi Tn Anh

Cc loi bin sinh hc

Bin lin tc
Bin nh lng
Bin ri rc
Bin sinh hc
Bin nh danh
Bin nh tnh
Bin th hng

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Thng K Sinh Hc - Bi Tn Anh

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Bin nh lng (Quantitative Variable)

L nhng bin m gi tr ca chng c th
c biu hin di dng s v c th o c.
C hai loi bin nh lng:
Bin lin tc (Continuous Variable)
Bin ri rc (Discrete Variable).

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Thng K Sinh Hc - Bi Tn Anh

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Bin lin tc
L bin c mt s gi tr xc nh nm gia
hai im c nh.
Chng hn gia hai chiu di 1,5 cm v 1,6 cm
c v s cc gi tr c th o c.
Th d
chiu cao cy (cm)
trng lng c th (kg)
pH ca t.

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Bin ri rc
L nhng bin ch c nhng gi tr xc nh,
khng c cc gi tr trung gian.
Chng hn s t trong phn ph ca mt loi
cn trng c th l 4, 5 hoc 6 nhng khng
bao gi l 4,3 hoc 5 .
Th d:
S lng l cy
S c th con trong mt la .

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Thng K Sinh Hc - Bi Tn Anh

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Bin nh tnh (Qualitative Variable)

L nhng bin m gi tr ca chng khng th
biu hin di dng s thc s nhng c th
sp xp theo loi.
C hai loi:
Bin th hng (Ranked Variable)
Bin nh danh (Nominal Variable)

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Bin th hng
L bin c nhiu trng thi, c th xp th t
theo mt cch no .
Th d:
Chm im mc d ca b 1 = khng cn
can thip, 2 = cn can thip mt t, 3 = cn bc s
th y
nh gi mc nghim trng ca bnh t 1 5...

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Thng K Sinh Hc - Bi Tn Anh

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Bin nh danh
L nhng bin khng th o c, xp hng nhng
c th c biu hin v tnh cht.
Cn c gi l bin thuc tnh.
Cc thuc tnh c th c hai trng thi hoc nhiu
trng thi.
Th d:

Gii tnh: c hoc ci

Mang thai: c hoc khng
Mu hoa: trng, vng,
Cc kiu gen: ng hp tri, d hp, ng hp ln

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Thng K Sinh Hc - Bi Tn Anh

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ng v chnh xc
ng: gi tr tnh ton hoc o c gn vi
gi tr thc nht.
chnh xc: gi tr o c ca cc ln lp li
gn ging nhau nht.

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Thng K Sinh Hc - Bi Tn Anh

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ng v chnh xc
Th d: mt ci cn b lch nhng nhy c th
cho ra s o khng ng nhng c chnh
xc. Ngc li, mt ci cn khng nhy c th
cho ra s o khng chnh xc.
Nu khng c s sai lch ca dng c o,
chnh xc s dn n ng.
Cn tp trung hn vo chnh xc.

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Thng K Sinh Hc - Bi Tn Anh

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Ni dung
1. Mt s khi nim
2. D liu trong sinh hc
3. Gii thiu phn mm Minitab

02/03/2012

Thng K Sinh Hc - Bi Tn Anh

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Cc thnh phn
1. Cc thanh:
Tiu (Title Bar)
Trnh n (Menu Bar)
Cng c (Tool Bar)
Trng thi (Status Bar)

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Cc thnh phn
2. Cc ca s:
Phin lm vic (Session): c th lu (save) dng
.TXT hoc RTF, sao chp (copy), ct (cut), dn
(paste) vo word.
Bng tnh (Worksheet):
nhp cc d liu dng s, dng text (-T), dng ngy
gi (-D)
Lu cc gi tr l hng s (K) hoc ma trn (M)

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Qun l D liu & Tnh ton

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Stat > Basic Statistics > Graphical Summary

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