Bi ging ha sinh

XC TC SINH HC
DSCKII. Nguyn vn nh

MC TIU :
1. Trnh by c nhng c im chung ca enzym, vitamin v
hormon
2. Trnh by c danh php, phn loi v nhng c im cu trc
chung ca enzym
3. Gii thch c c ch xc tc chung ca enzym v trnh by c
khi nim v ng hc ca enzym.
4. Nu c tnh c hiu ca enzym v cc yu t nh hng n
hot ng ca enzym.

A. I CNG :
1. PHN NG HO SINH :
nh ngha phn ng ha sinh : l tt c cc phn ng ho
hc xy ra trong c th sng ( trong t bo, trong bo quan,
ngoi t bo) phn ln cc phn ng ho sinh l phn ng
thun nghch do enzym xc tc v ngi ta c th chit xut
enzym t cc m sng , ri tin hnh phn ng ha sinh
trong phng th nghim ( in vitro ),

tp hp cc phn ng ha sinh n s to
thnh qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht,
p ng 2 yu cu trn
+ to cc cht xy dng c bn c th
( i phn t ) ==> to hnh
+ to nng lng ==>To thn nhit
to cng m bo
hot ng sng (co c...)

* ng

ha hc : th phn ng chia lm 2 loi :

- Phn ng mt chiu khng thun nghch :A ----> B
- Phn ng 2 chiu thun nghch :
A
B ( phn ln phn ng ha sinh l phn ng thun
nghch )
k1 thun
A+B
C+D
k2 nghch
k1 , k2 : hng s tc ( hoc h s tc ) ca phn ng
thun nghch.
Ta c : tc phn ng : v1 = k1 [A] [B]
v2 = k2 [ C] [D]

Mi u ch c A v B cha c C v D, nng A v B ln nht nn v1 cc

i, mt khc nng C v D bng 0 nn v2 cng bng 0.
Khi A v B phn ng vi nhau to thnh C v D th nng A v B gim
dn, nng C v D tng dn, do v1 gim dn, v v2 tng dn. n mt lc
no th v1 = v2 , l trng thi cn bng ng, trong phn ng vn tip
tc xy ra theo hai chiu nhng tc phn ng theo chiu thun bng tc
phn ng theo chiu nghch. Ta c : v1 = v2 <=>

k1
k1 [A] [B] = k2 [C] [D]

<=> ---- =

[C] [D]
----------- = Kcb (hng s cn bng)
k2

[A] [B]

Mi phn ng thun nghch c hng s cn bng ring.

* V mt nhit ng hc: c 2 loi
- Phn ng pht nng (v nhit c phn ng nhit)
- Phn ng thu nng ( v nhit c phn ng thu nhit)
Nng lng t do l : phn nng lng c th bin thnh
cng ( tc l phn nng lng c th s dng c).
V d: xt phn ng t A -------> B th nng lng t do ca
A, B l GA v GB ( Gibbs)
* Bin thin nng lng t do: G = GB - GA ( phn th hin
ra, lm bt ra nng lng, sinh cng, nng lng s
dng)

GB > GA ---> G > 0 : phn ng thu nng. Phn ng ny khng

t xy ra c theo chiu A ---> B, ch xy ra khi a nng lng
vo : phn ng tng hp trong ha sinh.
- Nu

- Nu GB < GA ---> G < 0 : phn ng pht nng. Phn ng ny c

th t xy ra theo chiu A ---> B. Gi l phn ng thoi ha trong c
th.
* Bin thin nng lng t do chun G0 : phn ng xy ra trong iu
kin chun khi [A] = [B] = 1 mol/lt T0 = 25C pH = 0
Ta xt phn ng ha sinh trong c th vi pH = 7 th ta gi bin thin
nng lng t do l Go.

2. CHT XC TC SINH HC :
- Phn ln cc phn ng trong c th u c cht xc tc
- Cht xc tc sinh hc l sn phm sinh vt, lng nh nhng c
kh nng lm tng nhanh phn ng, cui cng gi nguyn sau phn
ng.
C 3 loi cht xc tc sinh hc l Vitamin, Enzym, Hormon (ng tiu
ha). Trong 3 cht ny, enzym quan trng nht, n l trung tm trc
tip tham gia cc phn ng ho sinh.

V d : xt phn ng
(c cht) A

B (sn phm)

E
E
- Gi phn ng enzym v c enzym xc tc.
- Trong qu trnh phn ng, enzym c th thay i
nhng cui cng vn l enzym.

Ch :
+ Kh nng xc tc ca enzym rt ln, c th lm tng
nhanh phn ng hng triu ln.
V d : CO2 + H2O

H2CO3

Enzym l carbonic anhydrataz (mt nc ca CO2)

Mt phn t enzym ny c th hydrat ha 105 phn t
CO2 trong 1 giy ----> lm phn ng nhanh hn 10 triu
ln so vi phn ng khng c xc tc.

+ Enzym khng lm thay i h s cn bng m

ch lm cho phn ng mau t n trng thi cn
bng.
+ Enzym c tnh c hiu (chuyn bit) rt cao,
ngha l xc tc nhng phn ng nht nh vi
nhng c cht nht nh.
H2O
Tinh bt ------------- > Maltoz, Glucoz
Amylaz
Maltaz
Glucoz, Glucoz

3. C IM CA VITAMIN, ENZYM, HORMON :

3.1. VITAMIN :
- Ngi v ng vt ni chung khng to ra c m phi
a vo t thc n vi sinh vt, thc vt (c bit du gan c
trong con c, ngi vitamin D t sn xut c).
- C bn cht ho hc khc nhau

- C 2 nhm vitamin :
+ vitamin tan trong lipid : A,D,E,K
+ vitamin tan trong nc : gm cc
Vitamin thuc nhm B, Vitamin C , Vitamin PP
- Nhiu Vitamin tan trong nc tham gia cu to v
hot ng ca nhiu Enzym, c th l chng tham
gia cu to phn Coenzym ca mt s enzym c
coenzym.

3.2. ENZYM :
Enzym c bn cht l protein v n do mi t bo sn
xut ra, do n mang tnh cht ca protein.
Theo iu kin hot ng ngi ta chia enzym ra lm 2
loi:
- Enzym khng cn cng t ( cofactor) l cc enzym c
bn cht l protein thun, chng gm cc enzym thy phn. V
d : pepsin, trypsin, cathepsin.
- Enzym cn cng t: l cc enzym protein tp gm 2
phn : protein thun + cng t (cofactor).

Khi phn protein thun gi l Apoenzym (ApoE). Cng

t c th l :
. Kim loi : ion Zn ++, Mn ++
. Cht hu c
= CoEnzym
. Kim loi + cht hu c
Nhng Enzym ny mun hot ng c cn phi c
cng t. Phn ln enzym l loi c CoEnzym. CoEnzym
chia lm 2 loi :

CoEnzym gn cht vo phn ApoE (khng thm tch c)

. CoEnzym gn lng lo vo phn ApoE (lc gn vo,
lc c th tch ra v thm tch c)
ApoE + Cng t = Enzym y (Holoenzym)
- Cc vitamin tan trong nc thng tham gia cu
to v hot ng ca CoE
- CoE l phn t hu c tng i nh c th thm
tch c, chu c nhit, trc tip tham gia vn chuyn
in t, hydro, cc nhm ha hc...
- Mi Enzym c mt ApoE tng ng, nhiu enzym
c th c CoE ging nhau

V d :

- 2H
AH2 ---------------> A
Enzym 1 = Apo1 -----

CoE

-2H
BH2 ----------------> B
Enzym 2 = Apo2 -----

CoE

3.3. HORMON :
Bn cht : - ca AA
- Peptid, protein
- Steroid
Chc nng, iu ha chuyn ha thng qua
enzym
Do cc t bo chuyn bit sn xut

ENZYM :
1.DANH PHP V PHN LOI :

1.1. DANH PHP :

- Quen dng : do ngi nghin cu u tin gi:
pepsin, trypsin . . .
- Tn c cht = (hoc lin kt) + az (ase) ---> Phn ln
enzymSthy
phn.
(c cht)
lin kt
E
Ur

Ureaz

Saccaroz

Saccaraz

Peptid

Peptidaz

Este

Esteraz

- Da vo tn phn ng + az
Phn ng

Enzyme

Kh carboxyl

DE carboxylaz

Kh hydro

DE hydrogenaz

Tng hp

Synthetaz

- Da vo tn c cht + tn phn ng + az (cch

ny chnh xc v y nht)
Tyrosin decarboxylaz (phn ng kh carboxyl
ca acid amin Tyrosin)
Glycogen synthetaz (tng hp glycogen)
Lactat dehydrogenaz (kh H2 ca acid lactic)
(tn acid c khi gi di
dng mui).

1.2. PHN LOI : C 6 loi Enzym

(1) Oxydoreductaz : Xc tc phn ng Oxy ha - kh
- Phn ng oxy ha - tch e-, hoc tch 2H
- Phn ng kh nhn e- , hoc + 2H
(2) Transferaz :
Xc tc phn ng chuyn nhm AB + CD == AC + BD
H-OH
(3) Hydrolaz :
Enzym :thy phn R1 R2 -------> R1H + R2OH
(4) Lyaz Enzym xc tc phn ng phn ly khng thy phn
AB --> A + B
(5) Isomeraz : Xc tc phn ng ng phn ho, chuyn
dng ng phn ny sang dng ng phn khc .
(6) Ligaz (Synthetaz)

Mi loi Enzym trn li phn thnh nhiu nhm

Mi nhm Enzym phn thnh nhiu phn nhm
Mi phn nhm phn thnh nhiu ENZYM
Mi Enzym c nh du bng 4 con s :
S th 1 :ch s loi
S th 2 : ch s nhm
S th 3 : ch s phn nhm
S th 4 : ch s th t trong phn nhm
V d : latat dehydrogenaz (LDH) : E.C.1.2.1.27
E.C : Enzym committee

2. MT S C IM ENZYM :
2.1. Trung tm hot ng (TTH) ca enzym :
- L b phn tng i nh so vi th tch ton b ca
enzym l vng kt hp vi c cht (S) (v vi cng s nu
c) gm mt s gc AA gi l nhm xc tc, trc tip tham gia
to thnh hay ct t lin kt S. Nhng AA tham gia TTH
thng l Ser, His, Trp, Cys, Lys, Arg, Glu.
(a)
(b)
Hnh: - Th t cc acid amin ( a) ca TTH trong chui
polypeptid.

Chui polypeptid xon cun ( b), cc acid amin trn tr nn

gn nhau v to thnh TTH ca enzym.
- Tnh c hiu ca s kt hp ES ( enzym c cht) ph
thuc vo s sp xp nht nh ca cc nguyn t ca TTH
v c s n khp v cu trc gia TTH v c cht.

- M hnh kha cha kha Fischer

- M hnh cm ng Koshland ( ng hn, c tha nhn)

- Mt enzym c th c 1 hoc nhiu TTH.

V d: alcol Dehydrogenaz c 2 TTH.

C ch hot ng ca enzyme
C ch
kha v
cha

C ch kha v cha

Kho v cha

C ch tng thch cm ng

s tng thch cm ng

C ch cm ng

2.2. Dng khng hot ng v dng hot ng ca Enzym :

Cc enzym thu phn protein trong dch tiu ha
hot ha
dng khng hot ng gi Zymogen (proE = preE)-------->
Enzym hot ng
ct 1 s lin kt peptid
HCL (d dy)
Tuyn d dy pepsinogen ----------> pepsin (khi hnh
thnh t xc tc)
(khi mi to thnh dng khng hot
ng)
Ty tng

Enterokinaz
Trypsinogen ------------------> Trypsin

2.3. Enzym d lp th (Allosteric E)

+ C ch c ch d lp th: cht tc dng c gi l cht

c ch d lp th.
C ch d lp th ng vai tr quan trng trong s chuyn
ha
E1
A ---> B

E2
--->

c ch ngc li

E3
En
---> D --->. . . . . .

Z sn

phm cui cng Cht c ch DLT

C ch c ch d lp th (Feed back inhibition)

Khi Z qu nhu cu c th quay li c ch E1

c ch ngc

2.4. H thng Multi E:

Bao gm nhng Enzym xut pht mt chui phn ng lin
tip dn n s to thnh mt cht no .
E1
E2
E3
En
A -------> B --------> C --------> D ............ Z
E1 + E2 + E3 + .................. + En gi l h thng
Multi E ca chui phn ng trn.
- Nhn xt: sn phm ca phn ng 1 l c cht ca E2

3. C ch xc tc chung ca enzym:
3.1. Phc hp enzym c cht v nng lng hot ha:
+ Phc hp ES: hp cht trung gian : trong phn
ng enzym c s to thnh phc hp tm thi
ES ; sau S ( Substance) -----> sn phm P
( product) v enzym gii phng t do.
E + S
ES -------> p + E
+ Nng lng hot ha: l nng lng cn thit a vo
nng phn t ln trng thi kt hp hay hot ha.
A + B
C + D
GAB
GCD
GAB
> GCD ----> G = GCD - GAB < 0
=> trn nguyn tc phn ng c th t xy ra c
nhng thc t phn ng ch xy ra khi c cht phn
ng trng thi hot ha ( kch thch)

Nng lng hoat hoa

C ch xc tc chung ca enzym

Nhc qua nng lng hot ha (NLHH):

Mi phn ng k c phn ng pht nng, u
cn cung cp 1 nng lng a cc phn
t p ln 1 trng thi kch thch v p xy ra.
Nng lng gi l nng lng hot ha.
nng lng hot ha cng thp th p cng
d xy ra v nng lng d cung cp, thm
ch t nhit lng mi trng.

Khng xc tc
Xc tc v c
Enzym

sacarose+H2O G+F

H2O2 H2O+1/2O2

32.000
(H+) 25.000
(sacaraz) 9.400

18.000
(Pt) 11.700
(Catalaz) 5.500

G: Glucose
F: Fructose

Nng lng cn trong p khng c xc tc v p c xc tc (calo/mol)

3.2. ng hc ca enzym: (Ch nu mt s im cn thit )

Nghin cu v tc phn ng ca enzym v yu t nh hng n
tc , da vo m hnh ca Michaelis ph hp vi rt nhiu
enzym.
Xt phn ng enzym:
k1
k3
E + S
ES -----> p + E
k2
Gi :
E ton phn: ET : ( lng lc ban u tc dng )
E t do: E ( nng Enzym )
E kt hp: ES
tc phn ng: v
Tc ti a: Vmax ( khi ton b E gn vo S )

[ET] = [E] + [ES] trong lc phn ng th c mt s enzym dng t do

v mt s dng kt hp
[E] = [ET] v = k3 [ ES]

[ES]

(1)
(2)

vmax = k3 [ET]
(3) lng lc ban u tc dng ET ln nht do
vn tc ti a, khi tc t ti a th lc ton b enzym u
dng ES, khng c enzym t do, ngha l [ES] = [ET]
Tc to thnh ES = k1 [E] [S]
Tc phn ly ES = k2 [ES] + k3 [ES] = ( k2 + k3 ) [ES]
trng thi cn bng th tc to thnh ES = tc phn ly ES.

k1 [E] [S] = (k1 + k3 ) [ES] ==> [E] [S] =

= kM [ES]
[E] [S]
[ES] = ------------(4)
kM
kM : l hng s Michaelis
kt hp (1), (2), (3) v (4) ta c :
[S]
V = Vmax ------------------- (5)
KM + [S]
l phng trnh Michaelis Menten

(k2 + k3 ) [ES]
--------------------k1

Biu th phng trnh

Michaelis Menten bng
th:
+ Nu [S] nh hn so vi kM ch
tc phn ng t l thun vi [S]
+ Khi nng [S] ln hn kM rt
nhiu v v ---> Vmax v khng
ph thuc vo nng [S] na.

+Nu [S] = kM --->

Vmax
v = --------2

Nh vy kM chnh l nng [S]

khi tc phn ng
Vmax
=-----------2

Ta c:
[S]
V = Vmax ------------------- (5)
KM + [S]
V [S] = kM nn th [S] vo KM,ta c:
Vmax
V= -----------2

4. Cc yu t nh hng n hot tnh ca enzym :

4.1.1 Nhit : mi enzym c mt nhit thch hp nht
( t0 optimum), nhit ny hot tnh enzym mnh
nht.
Amylaz ng vt T0 thch hp l 370C
Amylaz vi sinh vt T0 thch hp l 700C
C enzym chu c 1000C
T 0 --> 500C hot tnh enzym tng dn : c tng 100 C
hot tnh tng gp 2 ln
4.1.2. pH = H+ : mi enzym c pHo optimum, optimal
Enzym rt nhy cm vi s thay i pH. Ngoi pHo hot
tnh gim rt nhanh

4.1.3. Cht c ch [ I ] Inhibitors

- C tc dng lm gim i lc enzym i vi c cht
- Lm mt kh nng kt hp gia enzym vi c cht
c ch cnh tranh : Cu to ha hc # S cho nn c th kt hp
vi trung tm hot ha v tranh ch vi S
{I#S}
E+S
[ ES ] -----------> p + E
+I nu nng [ S ] tng th c th y cht
c ch I ra khi phc hp [EI]
+S
[ E I ] --------------> X khng xy ra
Phn ng c ch ny ch c ch mt phn, khng phi hon ton.
c ch cnh tranh ny c tnh c hiu cao, ch c ch 01 enzym
nht nh.

c ch khng cnh tranh : Cu to ha hc khc S

khng nht thit gn vo TTH, gn vo bt k ch
no, khng c tnh c hiu, i vi bt k enzym u
c th c ch c. V d :
+ Cht gy bin tnh (bin th) protein : ion kim loi
nng, acid TCA, HNO3, T0
+ Mt s cht gy phn ng c hiu vi mt s
nhm ha hc cu enzym.
V d : CN_i vi Fe2+ cyanua lm gim Fe 2+ca
enzym
* Cht c ch d lp th : (phn trc)
4.1.4. Cht hot ha :
. Cl- l cht hot ha ca amylaz
. Cht hot ha DLT c tnh c hiu

4.2. Tnh c hiu ca enzym :

* c hiu c cht : enzym tc ng c hiu ln 1 c cht
(c hiu tuyt i) hay mt s cht c cu to phn t gn
ging nhau.
- Uraz :
Ur
+ H2O

CO2 + NH3
- Sacaraz : Saccaraz + H2O
Fructoz + Glucoz
- Amylaz : Tinh bt, glycogen + H2O Maltoz +Glucoz

* c hiu lp th : enzym ch tc dng ln mt trong hai

dng ng phn hot quang. Th d hu ht enzym
chuyn ha acid amin ch tc dng ln L-acid amin m
khng tc dng ln D-acid amin.

* c hiu phn ng : mt c cht bin ha theo nhiu phn ng khc

nhau, mi phn ng c enzym c hiu. Th d 3 phn ng ca acid
amin :
Oxy ha nh oxydaz :
RCHCOOH + O2
RCOCOOH + NH3
NH2
Kh carboxyl nh decarboxylaz :
RCHCOOH RCHNH2
NH2

CO2

Chuyn amin nh transaminaz :

R1CHCOOH +
NH2

R2COCOOH

R1COCOOH

+ R2CH - COOH
NH2

5. GII THIU MT S ENZYM :

5.1. Oxydoreductaz
5.1.1. Dehydrogenaz (DH)
: xc tc cc phn ng
kh hydro
+ Enzym DH c CoE l NAD+ hay NADP+ (l cc
nicotinamid nucleotid)
CoE ny gn lng lo vo ApoEnzym ( y ch kho st
phn CoE)

Coenzym cha nicotinamid v c ch nhn

hydro ca chng

C ch nhn hydro ca NAD.

* DH c CoE l Flavin nucleotid : C 2 loi :

- FMN

Flavinmono nucleotid
- FAD = Adenin dinucleotid

C ch nhn hydro ca FAD

* DH c CoEnzym l acid lipoic l enzym

vn chuyn H2
ac lipoic nm/phc hp pyrurat DH

Dng OXH

Dng kh

5.1.2. H thng Cytocrom :

Chuyn vn e- c CoE gn ging HEM, gn
cht vi phn ApoE gn phn trong ca
th ty (chuyn vn e-). C n loi b, c, a,
a3 . . .
+ 2e2 Cyt Fe3+
2 Cyt Fe2+
- 2eCyt - oxydaz = cyt.a3 nhim v chuyn eti oxy, bin O2 nguyn t thnh dng Ion

5.1.3. Mt s oxydoreductaz khc : Catalaz, peroxydaz

H2O2 -----------------> H2O + O2
Catalaz

+ AH2

H2O2 ------------------> 2H2O + A

Peroxydaz
phn ng ny c c cht, im khc vi catalaz

5.2. Transferaz :
5.2.1. Amino transferaz (Transaminaz ):
C CoE = pyridoxal phosphat (B6) gn cht vo ApoE n chuyn
nhm -NH2 t AA n 1 ceto acid # 2

R1-CH-COOH + R2 - C O- COOH == R1 - CO-COOH + R2-CH-COOH

NH2
NH2

acid amin 1

acid ceton2

acid ceton1

acid amin 2

5.2.2. Phospho transferaz (Enzym xc tc chuyn nhm

Phosphat ):
Kinaz l enzym chuyn gc P t nhng cht hu c P
sang S (cht hu c P thng l : ATP, GTP, CTP)
Glucoz + ATP---> Glucoz 6 phosphat + ADP
Glucokinaz
hay : Glucoz
Glucoz 6 phosphat
ATP

ADP

Ch : Kinaz
Cn phn bit Kinaz vi phosphorylaz. V d : Glycogen
phosphorylaz gn P v c vo gc Glucoz
H3PO4
Glycogen - G ---------------> Glycogen + G1 P
Glycogen phosphorylaz
5.2.3. Glucogyl transferaz : xc tc chuyn gc Glucoz.
HDP Glucoz glycogen trans glucogylaz = Glycogen
synthetaz

Enzym xc tc 2 phn ng ny?

H3PO4
Glycogen - G ---------------> Glycogen + G1 P

Glucoz

Glucoz 6 phosphat
ATP

ADP

5.3. Hydrolaz :
5.3.1. Esteraz :
- Phospho esteraz (ct lin kt este phosphat) TD :
phosphataz
+ H2O
Glucoz 6 phosphat --> Glucoz + H3PO4
Gluco 6 phosphataz (phospho esteraz)
- Lipaz : ct lin kt este thu phn gia acid hu c &
glycerol

5.3.2. Glucozidaz (ct lin kt Glucozid):

V d : Amylaz, Maltaz, Saccaraz . . .
5.3.3. Peptidaz : (ct lin kt peptid):
Aminopeptidaz
Carboxypeptidaz
H2 aa - aa - aa --------- . . . aa - aa CHOOH
Aproteaz = proteinaz (Trypsin,
pepsin . . .)

5.4. Lyaz : v d Decarboxylaz (phn ly khng phi thy

phn)
R-CH COOH -----> R-CHH + CO2
NH2
NH2
- Fructoz 1 , 6 Disphosphat aldolaz :
Fructoz 1 , 6 Disphosphat -------------> 2 Trioz P
Fructoz 1,6 - Diphosphat aldolaz

5.5. Isomeraz : xc tc cho cc phn ng ng

phn ha

V d : UDPG
- Uridin Diphospho Glucoz < -----> UDP Galactoz
pimeraz = UDP - glucoz 4 epimeraz
- Phospho dioxy aceton (3) <-----> phopho glyceraldehyt (3C)
Phosphotrioz isomeraz

5.6. Ligaz (synthetaz):

- Aminoacyl ARNt synthetaz
ARNt + aa
ATP

aa - ARNt
AminoacylARNt
AMP + PP

- Glutamin synthaz
Glutamic + NH3 ----> Glutamin + H2O

CoEnzym A vit tc l CoA hay HS CoA

nh gc SH

hot ng c

V d :
Acyl CoA synthetaz
RCOOH + ATP + HSCoA RCO~SCoA + AMP +PPv
Acyl-CoA

Ch : cn phn bit gia enzym tng hp synthetaz v

synthaz :
- Enzym synthetaz : xc tc phn ng tng hp c s tham
gia ca ATP
- Enzym synthaz : xc tc phn ng tng hp khng c s
tham gia ca ATP

C. HORMON NI TIT T (ENDO CRIME)

1. I CNG :

- Hormon l cht xc tc sinh hc do t

bo c bit sn xut vi 1 lng nh
thm thng vo mu ti m ch kch
thch hay hot ha, nhng hot ng
sinh l, ha sinh c hiu.

- T bo c bit s tp hp thnh tuyn ni tit, c

th nm ri rc. V d : Hormon tiu ha nm ri rc
theo ng tiu ha
- M ch gm nhng t bo tip nhn hormon tng
ng nh th nhn c hiu (receptor)
- Hormon kim sot v iu ha cc qu trnh chuyn
ha v cc chc nng khc.

2. BN CHT HA HC V TC DNG CHNH CA MT S

HORMON :
2.1. Hormon Amin : (Hormon dn xut t acid amin)
C th l Tyrosin. C 2 loi :
- Hormon gip trng : gm T3 : Triiodothyronin , T4 :
Ttra Iodothyronin (Thyroxin) c tc dng : Chuyn
ho nng lng , Chuyn ha ng , Tng ng
huyt.
- ty thng thn gm 2 cht : Adrenalin
Noradrenalin c tc dng Tng HA v Tng
Glucoz/huyt

2.2. Hormon steroid dn xut t

Cholesterol
- Corticoid ( 21 C) :
* v thng thn c 2 loi :
. Glyco corticoide c tc dng chuyn ha glucid
. Mineralo corticoide c tc dng chuyn ha mui
nc
- Androgen (19 C) :
C b phn sinh dc nam l chnh, mt phn v
thng thn
. Testosteron : tiu biu nht.
- Estrogen (18 C) :
. progesteron : hormon sinh dc n
. Folliculin

2.3. Hormon peptid protein :

- Tuyn ty :
* Ty ni tit tit ra :
. T bo : tit ra insulin(70%) lm gim ng huyt
. T bo : tit ra glucagon(25%)lm tng ng
huyt
- Tuyn gip :
. Calcitonin (32 acid amin) : lm gim calci trong mu
- Cn gip :
. Hormon cn gip c vai tr chuyn ha calci

- Tuyn yn :
* Yn trc :
+ STH (hormon tng trng) gip cho s trng thnh v tng
ng huyt
+ ACTH : ch huy v thng thn, tit ra cc loi hormon steroid
+ LH (Luteinizing hormon) : kch thch nang trng chn v v to
hong th.
+ FSH : Follicle stimulating hormon :
. Kch thch s trng thnh nang bo ph n
. Kch thch s sinh tinh nam.

+ Prolactin : kch thch cho tuyn sa, sinh sa (LTH)

+ MSH : (Melano phore stimulating hormon)
Lin quan n vic tit melanin (sc t da)
* Yn sau :
+ Vaso pressin (ADH) : hormon chng li niu.
+ Oxytocin : tng s co bp ca t cung

Ti liu tham kho

- Bi ging Ho Sinh ca Trng HYD TP. HCM
- Textbook physiological Chemistry Harper

Trong tin trnh ca 1 phn ng ha hc nu trn A v B c

chuyn thnh C v D. Phc hp chuyn tip c biu th bi AB*
v nng lung hot ha cn t c trng thi ny bi Ea.
ng biu th tin trnh ca phn ng trong s c mt ca 1
enzyme. Cn ch , nng lung hot ha trong phn ng c
enzyme xc tc thp hn rt nhiu. (Theo Prescott, Harley v
Klein, 2005)