CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 1

09/04/2009

Fluid Flow in Pipes

School of Civil Engineering

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Pressurised flow

Fluid Flow in Pipes: Lecture 1

No free surface

Dr Andrew Sleigh
Dr Ian Goodwill

That is open channel flow

Real viscous fluid

CIVE2400: Fluid Mechanics

Liquid or Gas
Above or below atmospheric
pressure

Interacts with boundary

www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/FluidsLevel2
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 1

Resistance to flow

This module:

Flowing fluid

Analysis of pipeline flow

How to quantify friction

Shear stress where touches solid boundary

Both for pipes & open channels

Referred to as frictional resistance

How to take account of friction

How to take account of other losses
Examples:

Energy transfer between fluid and boundary

Experienced as a loss of energy in fluid

Energy loss at joints and junctions

Due to flow separation (a local friction

effect)

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 1

What causes it
What is its magnitude
How significant it is

Pipes in series
Pipes in parallel
Branched pipes (small networks)

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 1

Analysis of pipelines

Bernoulli Equation

Typical simple pipeline joining 2 reservoirs

Including losses

Friction Loss

Bernoulli
pA
g

2
A

u A2
zA
2g

pB u B2
zB
g 2g

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 1

pA u
z A hpump
g 2g

Constant

pB uB2
z B hL entry hL expansion hL exit h f
g 2g

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 1

CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 1

09/04/2009

Bernoulli Equation (simplified)

Pressure head

Fluid flowing in pipe

pA = Atmospheric pressure
pB = Atmospheric pressure
uA = small (negligible)
uB = small (negligible)

Pressure Head

Piezometer
h

Level rises

p A u A2
z A hpump
g 2g

z A zB

h pump

pB uB2
z B hL entry hL expansion hL exit h f
g 2g

hL entry hL expansion hL exit

hf

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 1

Velocity head

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 1

Shear stress on fluid

Fluid flowing in pipe

Piezometer &
L-shaped Piezometer
Levels rise

p
g

Newtons law of viscosity

Velocity Head

u
2g

du
dy

u2

Viscosity, , is the constant of proportionality

p
g

g 2g

Shear stress proportional to velocity gradient

du
dy
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 1

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 1

Laminar and turbulent flow

Reynolds Number Calculation

Flow can be either

Pipe diameter:
0.5m
Crude oil:
Kinematic viscosity = 0.0000232 m/s
Water:
Dynamic viscosity = 8.90 104 Pas

Laminar - low velocity

Turbulent high velocity

(with a small transitional zone between)

Reynold' Number

Re

ud

ud

Laminar flow:
Re < 2000
Transitional flow:2000 < Re < 4000
Turbulent flow:
Re > 4000

What are the velocities when

Turbulent flow would be expected
to start?

Pipe flow nearly always turbulent

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 1

10

11

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 1

12

CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 1

09/04/2009

Reynolds Number Calculation

Crude oil:

Pressure loss due to friction in pipes

Re

ud

ud

Cylinder of fluid:

u 0.5
4000
2.23 10 5
u 0.1784 m / s

Area A

Direction of flow

Pressure p

Pressure p - p
w

Water:

Driving force (due to pressure)

4000
u

1000u 0.5
8.90 10-4
0.007 m / s

Driving force =

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 1

13

Pressure loss due to friction in pipes

pA

p A

pA

d2
4

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 1

14

Pressure loss due to friction in pipes

Area A

w
w

P = F/A

Driving force = upstream force downstream force

Area A
Direction of flow
Direction of flow

Pressure p
Pressure p

Pressure p - p

Pressure p - p
w

Driving force = Retarding force

Retarding force (due to shear stress at wall)

Retarding force = shear stress x area acts

d2
4
p

Retarding force =

area of pipe wall =

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 1

dL
15

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 1

16

Pressure loss shear stress relationship

Shear stress will

change with velocity
So shear stress
changes with Re

This graph is empirical

Obtained from experiment
We would like to know
The relationship between
w and Pressure

Laminar

Turbulent

4L
d

pressure loss in terms of Shear Stress at wall

Pressure loss velocity relationship

dL

Will not get a general expression

But we will see a method of estimating

1.7 to 2.0

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 1

17

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 1

w
18

CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 1

09/04/2009

Todays lecture:
Fluid flow in pipes
Analysis of pipelines
Bernoulli Equation (revision)
Pressure loss / Wall Shear Stress and
velocity relationship
19