Unit 3 BCM

Basic Civil and Mechanical
Engineering
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
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Basic Civil &

Mechanical
Engineering
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Kingston Engineering

Engineering
Engineering
A CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIT I
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SURVEYING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS
15
Surveying: Objects types classification principles measurements of

distances angles leveling determination of areas illustrative
examples.
Civil Engineering Materials: Bricks stones sand cement concrete
steel sections.
UNIT II
BUILDING COMPONENTS AND STRUCTURES
Foundations:
foundations.
Types,
Bearing
capacity
Requirement
15
of
good
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Superstructure: Brick masonry stone masonry beams columns

lintels roofing flooring plastering Mechanics Internal and
external forces stress strain elasticity Types of Bridges and Dams
Basics of Interior Design and Landscaping.

Engineering
SYLLABUS
Engineering
B MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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UNIT III
POWER PLANT ENGINEERING
10
Introduction, Classification of Power Plants Working principle of steam,
Gas, Diesel, Hydro-electric and Nuclear Power plants Merits and
Demerits Pumps and turbines working principle of Reciprocating
pumps (single acting and double acting) Centrifugal Pump.
UNIT IV
I C ENGINES
10
Internal combustion engines as automobile power plant Working
principle of Petrol and Diesel Engines Four stroke and two stroke
cycles Comparison of four stroke and two stroke engines Boiler as a
power plant.
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UNIT V REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 10

Terminology of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. Principle of vapour
compression and absorption system Layout of typical domestic
refrigerator Window and Split type room Air conditioner.

Engineering
Engineering
UNIT III- Power Plant Engineering
Introduction
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Power plant are used for generating electrical power.
Electrical energy is preferred

It can be easily transported from one place to another.
It is easy to convert into other form of energy.
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It is easy to regulate and control to suit the requirements.

The loss during transportation is minimum.
It is economical

Engineering
Engineering
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY SOURCES

Conventional Sources of energy
Non Conventional sources of energy
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Renewable sources of energy

Non Renewable sources of energy
Conventional Sources /Non Renewable Sources of energy
Hydel, thermal and nuclear energy sources comes

under conventional sources of energy, these sources
are exhaustible.(Fossil Fuels: Coal, Diesel & Natural
Gas)
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Non Conventional / Renewable Sources of energy
Sources of Energy are inexhaustible such as Wind,

Solar, Tidal and Geo-Thermal energy. They are
available in abundant quantity in the earth and they
are continuously restored by nature.

Engineering
Engineering
Classification of power plants
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Conventional Power
Plants
Non Conventional
Power Plants
Steam or Thermal power

plant
Hydro electric power
plant
Nuclear power plant
Solar energy power plant
Diesel power plant
Geo-thermal power plant
Gas turbine power plant
Bio-mass energy power

plant
Ocean thermal energy
conversion system
Wind power plant

Tidal power plant
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Engineering
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Engineering
Thermal power (steam power) plant:

The function of a steam power plant is to convert the
chemical energy in fossil fuels(coal, oil, gas) into
mechanical or electrical energy.
Hydro electric power plant:
The potential energy of water at higher level is utilized for
the generation of electrical energy. The total hydro
potential in India is 84,000MW and installed capacity is
24,000MW.
Nuclear power plant:
The atom represents enormous concentrations of binding
energy controlled fission of heavier unstable atoms such as
U235, Th235 and artificial element Pu239 librates large heat
energy.
Diesel power plant:
Refining crude oil produces diesel fuels. Almost 40% energy
needs of the world met by diesel.
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Engineering
Gas power plant:
Engineering
Natural gas, producer gas, blast furnace gas, coal gas etc., used
for power generation.
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Solar energy power plant:

Sun emits 3.5x1023MW from its surface and only 2x1014KW
reaches earth. This heat energy utilized for power generation.
Wind energy power plant:

Wind caused due to unequal heating of the earths surface by
sun and rotation of earth and its motion around the sun.
Today less than 3% of total world energy demands are met by
wind energy and in the years to come this figure is going to
be much higher.
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Geo thermal power plant:
The heat contained in the molten core of the earth is known as

geothermal energy. Bore holes are made on the earth up to a
depth of 4500m which releases hot water and steam.

Engineering
Bio Mass energy power plant:
Engineering
Bio gas is produced from cow dung, wet live stock and human
waste, vegetable waste, sewage, crop residue etc.,
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Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion:

OTEC or Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, is an energy
technology that converts solar radiation to electrical energy.
OTEC systems use the oceans natural thermal gradientthe
fact that the oceans layers of water have different temperatures
to drive a power-producing cycle. etc.,
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Engineering
Engineering
Power plant Indian scenario
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Engineering
Working diagram Thermal power station.
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Engineering
Thermal (or) Steam Power plant
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Thermal (or) Steam Power plant
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Layout of Thermal (or) Steam Power plant
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Atm.air
Pre-heated air
Coal storage
Air-Preheater
Coal handler
Fan
Dust Collector
Flue
Boiler Drum
Pre-heated water
Chimney
Super Heater
Feed water pump

Water
Cooling Tower
Hot Water
Condenser
Ash Handler
Ash storage
Economiser
Ash
Steam
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Coal
S.H.Steam
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Cold water
Generator
Turbine
Pump

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Engineering
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The layout of steam power plant has the

following circuits:
1. Fuel (Coal) and ash circuit
2. Air and flue gas circuit
3. Feed water and steam flow circuit
4. Cooling water flow circuit.
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Coal and Ash circuit
Coal DeliveryCoal UnloadingCoal PreparationCoal Transfer
Coal Storage
In plant
Handling
Ash Storage
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Ash Handling Boiler Furnace

Engineering
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Engineering
Coal and Ash circuit
Coal from mines is delivered by ships,

rails or trucks to the power station.
Coal received at coal yard.
Coal is sized by crushers, breakers etc.,
The sized coal is stored in coal storage.
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From stock yard, the coal is transferred
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to the boiler furnace by means of
2
conveyors, elevators etc.,
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The coal is burnt in the boiler and ash
1
is formed.
Ash coming out of the furnace will be
too hot, dusty and accompanied by
poisonous gases.
The ash is transferred to the ash
storage.
Generally the ash will be quenched to
reduce the temperature and the
dust

Engineering
Engineering
Water and Steam Circuit
Super Heater
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Turbin
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Condenser
Economiser
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Condensate
pump
Feed Pump
Hot Well

Engineering
Engineering
Water and Steam Circuit
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The water is preheated by the flue gases in

the economiser.
This preheated water is then supplied to
the boiler drum.
Heat is transferred to the water by the
burning of the coal.
Due to this, water is converted into the
steam.
The steam raised in boiler is passed through
a super heater.
It is superheated by the flue gases.
The turbine drives generator to produce
electric power.
The expanded steam is then passed through
the condenser.
In the condenser, steam is condensed into
water the re circulated.
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Engineering
Air and Flue Gas Circuit
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Air and Flue Gas Circuit
Air is taken from the atmosphere by the action of

FD fan.
It is passed through an air pre heater
The air is preheated by the flue gases in the pre
heater.
This preheated air is supplied to the furnace to
aid the combustion of fuel.
Due to the combustion of fuel the flue gases are
formed.
The flue gases from the furnace pass over the
boiler tubes and superheater tubes.
Then the flue gases pass through economiser to
heat the feed water.
After that it passes through a dust collector.
It is then exhausted to atmosphere through
chimney.
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Engineering
Cooling Water Circuit
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Cooling Water Circuit
The exhaust steam from the turbine is condensed in the

condenser.
In the condenser, the cold water is circulated to condense
the steam into water.
The steam is condensed by loosing its latent heat to the
circulating the cold water.
Hence the cold water gets heated.
This hot water is then taken to a cooling tower.
In cooling tower the water is sprayed in the form of
droplets through nozzles.
The atmospheric air enters the cooling tower from the
openings provided at the bottom of the tower.
This cold water is again circulated through the pump,
condenser and the cooling
Some amount of water may be lost during circulation.
Hence make up water is added to the pond by means of a
pump
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Engineering
Engineering
Factors considered for the location of thermal

power plant:
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1. Supply of fuel
2. Availability of water
3. Transport facilities
4. Type Of Land
5. Distance from populated
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areas

Engineering
Engineering
Merits of thermal power plant:
coal used as fuel is cheap

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can be installed anywhere near fuel

source and water source
requires less construction space
setting up cost is lower compared to
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hydro electric power plant

construction time is less when
compared to other types.

Engineering
Engineering
Demerits of thermal power plant:
Pollutes air in the form of smoke

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Operating cost is more compared to other

power plants.
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High cost of transmission and distribution.

Availability of fuel in the long run is less.
Cannot be used during peak load.
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Stand by losses are heavy.

Life period is only 20-25 years.

Engineering
Engineering
Hydro-Electric Power plant
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High head
Operating head exceeds 300m Pelton Wheel
Medium Head Operating Head 30-300m
Francis
Low Head
Operating Head 3-30m
Kaplan

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Video Of Hydro-Electric Power plant
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Video Of Hydro-Electric Power plant
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Factors considered for the location of Hydel power

plant:
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Availability of water.
Cost and type of land.
Storage of water.
Transportation facilities.
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Pumped storage facilities.

Engineering
Engineering
Merits of Hydro Electric power plant:
Requires no fuel and hence pollution free.

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Low operating cost and no need for specialized

human resource for day to day operation.
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Simple construction and requires less

maintenance.
Very robust and durable.
The reservoir and dam used for power generation
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can be used for regulating flood and irrigation also.

Can also be used as base load power plant.

Engineering
Engineering
Demerits of Hydro Electric power plant:
Very high capital cost involved for dam construction.

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Uncertainty about availability of huge quantity of water.

Skilled personnal required for construction
High cost of transmission as plant is normally located
at far off hilly areas.
Construction of new hydro-electric power plant may
necessitate rehabilitation of people and payment of
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compensation for land acquisition.

Period of construction of dam delays the early
commissioning of the plant.

Engineering
Engineering
Nuclear Power plant-Introduction
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Nuclear Fission Reaction
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Nuclear Chain Reaction
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Nuclear Power plant
Transmission tower
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Concrete
structure
Concrete
structure
Cooling Tower
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Engineering
Nuclear Power plant
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Nuclear Power plant
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Nuclear Power plant
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Video Of Nuclear Power plant
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Video Of Nuclear Power plant
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Merits of Nuclear power plant:
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Requires less space compared to

steam power plant.
Fuel required is negligible
compared to coal requirement.
Fuel transport cost is less.
Reliable in operation.
Cost of erection is less.
Water required is very less.
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Demerits of Nuclear power plant:
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Initial Cost is higher.

Not suitable for varying load condition.
Radioactive wastes are hazardous.
hence these are to be handled with much
care.
Maintenance cost is higher.
Trained workers are required to operate
the plant.
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Nuclear Power Plants in India
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IGCAR, Kalpakkam in Chennai.

Rana Pratap Sagar in Rajasthan
Narora in Uttar Pradesh
Kakarpur near Surat at Gujarat
Kaiga Power Plant at Karnataka.
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Engineering
Gas Turbine power plant:
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Video Of Gas Turbine power plant:
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Video Of Gas Turbine power plant:
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Merits of Gas Turbine power plant:
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Natural gas is readily available.

Setting up cost can be reduced if the
plant is installed near the source of
natural gas.
Less gas storage cost
Less space occupation Compared to
steam power plant, smaller in size.
Low operating cost.
Low maintenance cost.
No standby losses.
Cheaper fuels like natural gas.
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Demerits of Gas Turbine power plant:
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2/3 rd of generated power is used for

driving the compressor.
Gas turbine has low thermal efficiency.
Has starting problem.
Efficient only in combined cycle
configuration.
Temperature of combustion chamber is
too high, which results in shorter life
time.
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Engineering
Diesel Engine power plant:
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Video Of Diesel Engine power plant:
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Animation of Diesel Engine power plant:
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Merits Diesel Engine power plant:
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It requires minimum labour

Fuel handling is easier
Quick starting and easy pickup of
loads
There is no problem of ash disposal
High overall efficiency
The plant layout is simple
Quickly installed
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Engineering
Demerits Diesel Engine power plant:
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The capacity of diesel engine plant is low.

Diesel fuel is more expensive
The repair and maintenance costs are
high
The lubrication costs are high
The life of the plant is low.
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Engineering
Engineering
Other power plants(Content Beyond the syllabus)
Solar Power Plant

Wind power plant
Tidal Power plant
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Pumps- Introduction
A pump is a machine which is used to

raise or transfer the fluids.
It is also used to maintain the constant
flow rate or constant pressure.
It is normally driven by a engine or a
motor.
Pumps are rated by the horse power.
Important
specifications
for
pump
maximum discharge flow, maximum
discharge
pressure,
inlet
size
and
discharges size.
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Classification of pumps
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It is classified into positive displacement pumps

and rotodynamic pumps.
In positive displacement pumps, fluid is
drawn or forced into a finite space and it is
sealed.
It is then forced out and the cycle is repeated.
In rotodynamic pumps, centrifugal force is
used to move the fluid into a pipe.
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Engineering
Reciprocating Pumps- Introduction
It is a positive displacement pump

It uses a piston and cylinder
arrangement with suction and delivery
valves integrated with the pump.
It can be single acting and double
acting
There may be single or multi cylinders
also.
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Reciprocating Pumps- Classification
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According to the water contact

1. Single Acting pump
2. Double Acting pump
. According to the number of Cylinders
Provided
1. Single Cylinder Pump
2. Double Cylinder pump
3. Triple cylinder pump
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Reciprocating Pumps Working of Single Acting Pump
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Working of single acting Reciprocating Pump- Animation
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Working of Double acting Reciprocating Pump
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Air vessel is a closed

chamber containing
compressed air in the
upper part and liquid
being pumped in the
lower part.
Air Vessel
Engineering
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Air Vessel
Engineering
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Centrifugal Pump
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Centrifugal Pump
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Centrifugal Pump
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Centrifugal Pump
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Volute and Vortex Casing
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Volute Casing
Vortex Casing

Engineering
Engineering
Volute and Diffuser Casing
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Engineering
Priming of a centrifugal Pump
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The operation of filling the suction

pipe, casing and a portion of delivery
pipe with the liquid to be raised, before
starting the pump is known as Priming
It is done to remove any air, gas or
vapour from these parts of pump.
If a Centrifugal pump is not primed
before starting air pockets inside
impeller may give rise to vortices and
causes discontinuity of flow
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Engineering
Losses in Centrifugal pumping
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Hydraulic Losses:
Shock or eddy losses at the entrance to and
exit from the impeller
Losses due to friction in the impeller
Friction and eddy losses in the guide
vanes/diffuser and casing
Mechanical Losses:
Losses due to disc friction between the impeller
and the liquid which fills the clearance spaces
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between the impeller and casing

Losses pertaining to friction of the main
bearing and glands.

Engineering
Engineering
Comparison between Centrifugal and Reciprocating

Pump
Centrifugal Pump
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Reciprocating
Pump
The discharge is continuous

& Smooth
It can be used for lifting
highly viscous liquids
It Runs at high speed
The discharge is not

continuous.
It can be used for lifting
Low viscous liquids
It runs at low speed
Installation cost is low
Installation cost is High
The operation of Centrifugal

Pump is smooth.
The operation of
Reciprocating Pump is
more noise
It Can handle small
quantity of Liquid
It Can handle Large quantity

of Liquid
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Engineering
Engineering
Impulse Turbine
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Engineering
Engineering
IMPULSE TURBINE
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Engineering
Engineering
Reaction Turbine
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Engineering
Engineering
REACTION TURBINE
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Engineering
Comparison between Impulse and Reaction

turbine
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Impulse Turbine
Reaction Turbine
It consists of
It consists of fixed blades
nozzles and moving which act as nozzles and
blades
moving blades
Steam is expanded
completely in the
nozzle. All the
pressure energy is
converted into
kinetic energy
Steam is partially expanded

in the fixed blades. Some
amount of pressure energy
is converted into kinetic
energy
Pressure of steam
is constant over
the moving blades.
Pressure drop takes place

in the moving blades.
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Engineering
Engineering
Comparison between Impulse and Reaction

turbine
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Impulse Turbine
Reaction Turbine
Because of high
pressure drop in the
nozzles, blade speed
and steam speed are
high.
Because of small
pressure drop, blade
speed and steam
speed are less.
Low Efficiency
High Efficiency
Occupies less space per Occupies more space

unit power
per unit power.
Suitable for small
power requirements
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Suitable for medium

and high power
requirements.

Engineering
Engineering
Important University Questions
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1. Explain the working principle of thermal power plant

with neat sketch.
2. Explain the working principle of steam power plant
with neat sketch.
3. Explain working principle of Nuclear Power plant
with neat sketch.
4. a) Explain working principle of Hydro Electric Power
plant with neat sketch.
b) Write its advantages and Disadvantages
5. a) Explain working principle of Diesel Engine Power
plant with neat sketch.
b) Write its advantages and Disadvantages.
6. a) Explain working principle of Gas turbine Power
plant with neat
sketch.
b) Write its advantages and Disadvantages.
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Engineering
Engineering
Important University Questions
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7. With the help of a neat sketch explain the working of

Reciprocating Pump
8. a) With the help of a neat sketch explain the working of
Centrifugal Pump
b) With the help of a neat sketch explain the working of Impulse
Turbine
9. What are the applications of Diesel power plants?
10. State the advantages and disadvantages of a gas turbine plant.
11. State the advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric power
plant compared to thermal and nuclear power plants.
12. With the aid of a general layout, explain the working of
different circuits of a thermal power plant.
13. Sketch and describe the schematic arrangement of a modern
steam power station and detail the various heat saving devices
used.
14. Give a schematic layout of a storage type hydro-electric power
plant and explain the function of each component of the plant.
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Engineering
Engineering
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Thank U
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Unit 3 BCM

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Unit 3 BCM

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