Tm hiu v h dung dch khoan

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Drilling fluid: Dung dch khoan

I.Nhng vn c bn
1nh ngha: L bt k dung dch no c tun hon hoc bm t b mt vo cn
khoan, i qua chong khoan v quay li b mt bng khong khng vnh xuyn
trong cng tc khoan.
*Chc nng c bn ca dung dch:
1. Ra l khoan nng mn khoan ln khi ging .
2. Gi mn khoan trng thi l lng khi ngng tun hon .
3. Lm mt bi trn dng c khoan.
4. Gi n nh thnh l khoan.
5. Truyn thng tin a cht ln mt.
2Mt s chc nng khc:
1. Gy tc dng l ha khi ph hy t .
2. Truyn nng lng cho tuabin khoan.
3. L mi trng trung gian truyn tn hiu iu khin.
Ngoi ra dung dch khoan cn h tr m bo tnh chnh xc cho cng tc nh gi
va, kim sot s an mn thit b, h tr quy trnh trm ximang v hon thin
ging
Tnh cht chc nng ca dung dch khoan

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Tm hiu v h dung dch khoan

Chc nng
Vn chuyn mn khoan ln b mt

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Tnh cht ha/l

ng sut trt tnh, nht biu

kin, lu lng, bn gel

Gi mn khoan trng thi l lng ng sut trt tnh, bn gel
khi tun hon
Lm mt bi trn b khoan c
Gi n nh thnh l khoan
Truyn nng lng cho turbin khoan

T trng , lu lng
T trng, tnh tr vi st
Lu lng, t trng, nht

Dung dch khoan cn phi c la chn v thit k c tnh cht l ha phc v

cc chc nng trn. Ngoi ra cn ch n:
- nh hng n mi trng ca dung dch khoan.
- Gi thnh ca dung dch khoan.
- Kh nng vn chuyn.
- nh hng ca dung dch khoan n giai on khai thc.
Dung dch khoan c th l cht lng hoc kh:
1.dung dch khoan l khng kh
2. dung dch khoan dng bt
3. dung dch khoan l nc
4.dung dch khoan gc du
5. Dung dch khoan gc polyme tng hp(olefin v este)

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Tm hiu v h dung dch khoan

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Hnh 1.S trn v bm dung dch

II.Phn loi dung dch:

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Tm hiu v h dung dch khoan

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1.Dung dch gc nc:(water base mud)

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Tm hiu v h dung dch khoan

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Dung dch gc nc l dung dch c s dung rng di, rt d dng iu ch

chng v duy tr th khng tn km. hiu hn v dung dch gc nc , ngi ta
chia ra lm 2 dng chnh:
- dung dch c ch
- dung dch khng c ch
a.Dung dch khng c ch: l nhng dung dch m khng kim ch c s trng
n ca st. Thng thng n bao gm st t nhin hoc st thng phm vi mt s
cht ph gia nh st n da hay vi. Chng c th bao gm cc cht kt ta hoc cc
cht phn tn v d nh: than non,lignosunfphat, pht pht. Dung dch khng c
ch thng dng nh mt loi bn ra. Cht rn t nhin phn tn vo h thng cho
n khi tnh lu bin ca dung dch khng th kim sot c bi nc qu long.
b.Dung dch c ch: l dung dch lm chm ng k s trng n ca st. t
c s c ch th trong dung dch c s hin din ca cc cation c th cation
natri(na+), (ca++) v k+ thng th l (ca++) hoc k+ hoc hn hp ca c hai. Cung
cp c ch st. Mt s cht ph gia glycol v natri silicat s lm tng mc c
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Tm hiu v h dung dch khoan

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ch ca dung dch. H dung dch ny thng s dng khoan vo tng st hydrat

hoc ct cha st hydrat.
Vi nhng u nhc im chung sau:
-u im:
+ nht v t trng thp , t tiu tn cng sut my bm, tc khoan cao.
+R tin (Hn dung dch gc du v polyme)
+ iu ch, nc rt sn c (nc bin, nc ngt) v ph bin nht
+C th lm long bng nc.
+Ch cn t nc v cc cht rn khoan c th to ra dung dch phc tp
+H thng dung dch mui hoc dung dch nc mui l c bit c s dng
t c nhng mc tiu c bit khi khoan qua cc h tng c bit.
-Nhc im
+Bentonit khng phn tn tt trong nc mui, v d b keo t.
+Gp kh khn khi khoan qua tng st v cha st.
+Kh tch mn khoan hn cc loi dung dch khc v nht d b tng ln
trong qu trnh khoan.
+Lm nhim bn tng cha , lm gim ng k thm t nhin ca va
1.1.Dung dch polymer:
Polyme c s dng t nhng nm 1930, khi bt ng c gii thiu nh l mt
cht ph gia chng mt dung dch. K t polymer tr ln thng dng v pht
trin ph hp hn. Polymer l mt phn ca dung dch gc nc s dng v
Nhiu chc nng rng ln ca polymer vn cn c hiu qu ti ngy nay, tinh bt
l mt v d, ban u n c ngun gc t nhin. Nhiu polymer c iu chnh
t polymer t nhin s dng rng di hn. Chuyn ha thnh nhng polymer c
tnh cht c bit ngi ta dng phng php tng hp nhn to.Kh nng a dng
ca polymer c pht trin ng dng vo hu ht cc chc nng ca dung
dch.
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Polyme l hp cht cao phn t c nht cao.

Polymer ha hc :
nhanh chng vit ra cng thc ca polymer. Theo kinh nghim cng thc ca n
l chui vng. Vd:
Polymer n gin nht l polyethylene (C 2H2= C2H2) trong sut qu trnh trng hp
ethylene mt i lin kt i:
n(C2H2= C2H2)

(C2H2- C2H2)n

kt qu ca polymer polyethylene bao gm 1 chui phn t. s ln nhn ca

monomer l qu trnh c hiu nh l cc cp trng hp. nhng polymer in
hnh c mc trng hp ln hn nhiu 1000.
Cu trc ca polymer c phn loi l ng thng , c nhnh, hoc an cho vd:
tuyn tnh

Ex: CMC(carboxy methylcellulose)

PHPA(partially hydrolyzedply acrylamide)
HEC(hydroxyethycellulose)
Nhnh :

Vd: tinh bt v xathan gum

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Tm hiu v h dung dch khoan

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an cho:

Vd: xathan gum

Polymer c 3 loi chnh:
-

polymer tm thy trong t nhin

polymer trong t nhin c iu chnh

polymer nhn to

Dung dch Polymer c th c s dng 100% Polyme khoan qua cc tng t

d mt nc c bit rt hiu qu khi khoan qua cc tng t st kt hoc
cha st.
Ngoi ra polyme cn c cho vo dung dch gc nc. Polyme c cho vo
dung dch lm tng nht
-u im:
+C nht cao, ph hp khoan qua cc tng mt dung dch.
+Rt hu hiu khoan qua cc tng st
+Thn thin vi mi trng hn dung dch gc du
-Nhc im:
+t, t hn dung dch gc du.
1.2.Pre- hydrate bentonite form:
L dung dch st ngm. St c ngm trong nc 4-6h thnh dung dch c
st.
Dung dch st ngm dng trm tm thi thnh l khoan ca cc tng t mt
dung dch. Dung dich ny to thnh v st tm thi gia c thnh l khoan. Nhng
cu trc ch bn trong vng 48h.
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Tm hiu v h dung dch khoan

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Hin nay dung dch ny t dng. to c nht cao nh PHBF ngi ta c

th gia cng ha hc dung dch.
1.3.Dung dch st
St l t trm tch ph bin trong v tri t, c kh nng khi hp vi nc
to trng thi do. khi kh c kh nng gi nguyn trng thi ban u v c
bn cao ca t
Dung dch: l h ng th gm hai hay nhiu thnh phn vt cht.
Vt cht c chia lm nhng phn t ring bit c gi l cht ha tan. Cht
cha cc phn t b phn chia gi l mi trng ha tan.
H ng th c gi l dung dch khi dng knh ca ht ha tan nh hn 106

mm

H phn tn: l h gm hai hay nhiu pha m mt trong nhng pha b phn chia
thnh nhng phn t nh(cht phn tn) trong nhng pha khc (mi trng phn
tn).
Khi trn st vo nc ta c h phn tn bao gm:
-Pha phn tn l st
-Mi trng phn tn l nc
*Nhng tnh cht c bn ca st trong nc:
a. s trng n v hydrat ha ca cc ht st
-S trng n : kh nng st b thm nc , th tch tng ln gi l tnh trng n
-S hydrat ha v to lp in tch kp
b.S ng t keo st
Cc ht st c bao bc bi lp v hydrat, chiu dy lp ny th hin mc thm
t ca cc ht st. Khi chiu dy ca v hydrat cng ln tc l lc ht cc phn t
nc vo b mt cc ht st cng mnh th st cng c thm nc tt , h thng
st nc cng bn vng.
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Tm hiu v h dung dch khoan

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s thay i th in ng v chiu dy v hydrat lm cho lc y gia nhng ht

st gim v chng c th dnh li vi nhau, hin tng ny gi l hin tng ngng
kt cc ht keo st.
c.Cc c im chnh ca dung dch st
-Dung dch nhy cm vi mi trng khong ha
-Tnh cht ca dung dch s b thay i ng k trong qu trnh khoan do tng hm
lng pha rn trong dung dch v nhit mi trng thay i.
-Tnh cht ca dung dch s c phc hi mt phn khi c gia cng bng cc
cht ph gia ha hc khc nhau.
-Kh nng lm sch l khoan ca dung dch st l rt km v nht rt cao.
2.Dung dch gc du:(oil base muds)
Khi khoan qua cc tng st trng n , cc va mui hoc cha mui nht l khi m
va sn phm du kh nu s dng dung dch khoan khng hp l s dn n nhiu
phc tp khc nhau. V d nu m va sn phm du kh bng cc loi st bnh
thng c thi nc cao , trng lng ring ln , nht v ng sut trt tnh
khng hp l s lm thay i thm t nhin ca va, to nh tng ngc hoc
gy ngng kt bt kn nhng knh dn , khe nt trong va sn phm .Cc hin tng
trn gy kh khn cho cng tc gi dng v khai thc du kh sau ny.
Dung dch gc du c nh ngha l dung dch khoan m du l mi trng phn
tn. Nu c s hin din ca nc, n s ng vai tr l cht phn tn hoc pha
phn tn. Cht rn trong dung dch gc du thm m du, tt c cc cht ph gia
c phn tn trong du.Nu c s hin din ca nc n s b nh ha trong pha
du.
Dung dch gc du c chia lm 2 loi c bn: nh tng ngc v tt c dung
dch l du. Lng nc hin din s m t kiu ca dung dch gc du. Du c
s dng trong dung dch gc du c nhiu loi: du th, du tinh ch nh l nh
du diesel v du nht hoc du c ngun gc hu c phi du kh
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-u im
+Kim sot d dng cc c tnh ca dung dch khi khng c s xut hin ca nc
hoc du th
+Khng nhy vi cc cht nhim bn thng thng ca dung dch gc nc(Nacl,
CaSO 4 , ximang, st)
+Cc c tnh thm lc tt nhit v p sut cao, v st mng.
+T trng dung dch nh
+Gim ma st b khoan c ln thnh ging, loi tr nh b khoan c do chnh p.
+Tng tui th cc chong khoan dng chp xoay.
+T l mu cao t gy nhim bn thnh h
-Nhc im
+Nhy vi nc.
+D lng ng cc cht lm nng.
+Thao tc d bn ngi v d chy
+Lm hng cao su khng chuyn dng vi hydrocacbua
+Kh pht hin du v kh trong mn khoan
+Mt s phng php o trong khi khoan v a vt l ging khoan khng thc
hin c
+Gi thnh cao
+Thay i tnh cht nhit cao
3.Dung dch khoan m l:
a. Nc k thut( nc bin):
*Dung dch ny thng dng khoan m l ging khoan v n c nhiu u im:
Nc c nht , t trng nh , ng sut ct tnh gn nh bng khng nn tn tht
thy lc trong qu trnh tun hon nh. Ta c th bm vi lu lng ln v do
kh nng lm sch y h khoan v tch mn l rt tt. ng thi p sut thy tnh
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ca ct dung dch nh , vn tc c hc cao tin chong cng ln hn so vi s

dng dung dch khc.
H dung dch ny khng to mng v st trn thnh l khoan nn trnh c nhng
phc tp trong khi khoan
Hm lng pha rn v nhng phn t khng tan hu nh khng c nn kh nng
gy mn chong khoan l khng ng k
Kinh t d kim d s dng
*Tuy nhin bn cnh cn c nhng nhc im:
Khng th tham gia vo nhng tng t km bn vng nh tng st tng mui
Chiu su ging khoan thng b hn ch v khng to c p sut thy tnh,
ngn nga cc hin tng xm nhp ca kh nc vo ging, mt khc lu lng
ln , vn tc dng cht lu i ln ln d gy sp l thnh ging khoan
Khi ng sut trt tnh bng khng, th kh nng gi mn trng thi l lng km ,
d gy cc hin tng do lng mn khoan.
Khng dng loi dung dch ny khoan qua tng sn phm v n c kh nng lm
thay i thm t nhin ca va sn phm.
b. Nc t nhin:
Dung dch t nhin l dung dch m mi trng phn tn l nc cn pha phn tn
l nhng mnh vn ca t . Dung dch ny c mt s tnh cht sau:
trong lng dung dch nh, ng sut trt tnh thp v cc thng s dung dch ph
thuc nhiu vo tnh cht t nhin ca va v t khoan qua. V vy m rng
phm vi s dng ca n ngi ta tin hnh thm vo dung dch mt s cht ph gia
thay i cu trc c hc v them vo mt s cht bi trn , tng kh nng bi
trn , gim ma st trong ging khoan tng vn tc khoan. Chnh v vy nhng
tnh cht ny m dung dch t nhin c mt s u im hn hn nc k thut, n
c th khoan qua cc tng , cc vng m nc k thut khng m nhn c.
4.Dung dch hon thin ging:
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Mc d thao tc hon thin ging c tin hnh t khi bt u khoan vo tng sp

khai thc, nhng thc t dung dch hon thin ging l dung dch c s dng
lp thit b ging v khi bn va.
Nh vy cc chc nng ca n khc vi dung dch khoan. Nh vy dung dch hon
thin ging khoan cn c chn sao cho c th ti u ha vic khai thc cc tng
v sau ny m vn m bo vn hnh an ton.
Do cc c tnh ca dung dch ny cn m bo s n nh ca thnh ging
khoan, kh nng ra sch ging khoan v gi cc ht mn khoan trng thi l
lng v c bit l trnh hin tng bt kn tng cha.
Hin tng bt kn tng cha l ng ngi hn c, d mc thp n cng lm
gim kh nng khai thc ca ging. N c quan h trc tip n cc c tnh ca
tng cha ( rng, nt n, thm) v dung dch tng cha. Dung dch ny c
th phi ng vi dung dch hon thin ging to kt ta c th lm thay i
thm. Do cng phi iu chnh thi nc.
Cc ht rn cha trong dung dch cng c th bt kn b mt tng cha. d
phng an ton cn thit, t trng dung dch khng c ln hn nhiu so vi t
trng tng ng vi gradien p sut ca tng cha nhm hn ch s xm nhp
ca cc ht rn ny vo tng cha.
Nc mui thng c s dng, c bit l nc c NaCl, do thi nc ca n
thch ng vi c tnh ca tng cha.
Cc dung dch phc tp hn cng c th c s dng nu mun trnh hin tng
bt kn thng xuyn tng cha. Khi c th tin hnh bm ra ging bng axit
trc khi khai thc. Nh vy thnh phn dung dch hon thin ging trong trng
hp ny c th cho php ph hy n bng axit. y l trng hp dung dch c
cha cacbonat canxi.
Dung dch gc du c s dng nu nh t trng ca n cho php, nhn chung n
ph hp vi cc loi dung dch tng cha.
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Tm hiu v h dung dch khoan

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5.Dung dch kh nn(Pneumatic):

Dung dch kh nn c s dng khoan vo cc thnh to suy kit hoc nhng
vng khc ni m d thng p sut thp c th gp. Mi u im ca h thng kh
nn c th nhn thy khi tng vn tc c hc khoan. Mn c thi ra khi chong
l kt qu ca s phn d p sut cao. nhng vng phn d p sut cao cng cho
php cht lng hnh thnh t tng thm chy vo ging .
Dung dch gc kh khng c hiu qu nhng vng thnh to cht lu c dung tch
ln m ta bt gp . Dng xm nhp ca thnh to cht cht lu ph thuc vo dung
dch kh nn chuyn thnh h dung dch lng . Kt qu l, c kh nng
mt tun hon dung dch hoc gy thit hi cho tng sn phm l rt to ln. Chng
ta phi cn nhc khi la chn dung dch kh nn cho nhng ging khoan su . i
vi cc ging di 10.000ft ngi ta khng phi cn nhc g bi v th tch kh cn
thit nng mn khoan t y l khoan c th ln hn cc thit b b mt cung cp.

III. Cc thng s c bn ca dung dch:

1.MW: Mud Weight: L trng lng ring dung dch khoan
Trng lng ring ca dung dch l trng lng ca mt n v th tch dung dch
c k hiu l , n v l G/cm3 v T/m3.

P
V

m g
V

= X g

Trong :
P: Trng lng ca khi dung dch
V: Th tch ca khi dung dch
m: Khi lng ca khi dung dch
g: Gia tc ri t do
: Khi lng ring ca dung dch

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Trng lng ring c tc dng lm cn bng p lc va l khoan. Dung dch khoan

c th dao ng t 7,5ppg (dung dich gc du) v c th thu c dung dch c
trng lng ring nng hn bng cc cht lm nng nh Barite.
*iu chnh trng lng ring ca cc loi dung dch: thay i WM ta c th
thm Bentonit hoc thm cc cht lm nng nh Barrit, Hematit. Khi thm
bentonit th PV v YP tng ln. Nhng khi thm Barit hay Hematit th ch c PV
tng cn YP thay i khng ng k.
*Cch xc nh:
-Trong phng th nghim cn chnh xc cao ngi ta dng cn k thut
-Ngoi sn xut ngi ta dng cc dng c sa:
+ Cn nh cn n by Linhepski. Loi ny by gi t dng
+ T trng k(kiu phao): Xc nh da vo chiu su ngp trong nc ca phn
cha dung dch.
*T trng dung dch tun hon tng ng ECD l thng s p sut tnh theo t
trng dung dch:
ECD = +

Pd
0.052.D

Trong :
ECD: equivalent circulating density, ppg
: khi lng ring ca dung dch, ppg

Pd : tn tht p sut do ma st trong vnh xuyn, psi

D: su tnh ton, ft
2.PV: Plastic Viscosity( nht do)
L mt thnh phn biu bin nht ca dung dch.
PV bn cht l lc ma st gia cc lp dung dch do ma st gia cc thnh phn rn
gy ra. Nn PV ph thuc vo hnh dng v kch c ca cc ht rn.
PV s tng ln trong qu trnh khoan.
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iu chnh PV ta thm s lng cht rn phn tn hoc cho cc cht rn c kch

thc nh vo.
*Cch xc nh: n v l cp
Ngi ta xc nh nht do bng my Fann
p 600
=

300
-

300
Vi

600 :

s o tng ng vi s vng quay 300, 600 vng/pht ca

nht k Fann
3.YP: Yield Point:
L mt thnh phn biu bin nht ca dung dch.
PV bn cht l lc ma st gia cc lp dung dch do lin kt hydrate gy ra. Bn
cht ny chnh l lc ht y gia cc Ion v cc electron trong h dung dch.
Gia cng ha hc iu chnh nht chnh l iu chnh YP.
Nn PV ph thuc vo hnh dng v kch c ca cc ht rn.
Khi iu chnh PV s lm thay i ln YP v khi tng hm lng pha rn (c bit
l set) s lm thay i h thng hydrate. Cn khi thay i YP s khng lm nh
hng nhiu n PV v hm lng pha rn hu nh khng thay i.
*Cch xc nh: Xc nh bng my Fann n v l lb/100ft2

300

(lb/100sqft)=

4.FV: Funnel Viscosity( nht phu)

y l nht quy c. Cch xc nh tng i n gin v nhanh. Nn phng
php ny c s dng nhiu xc nh nht ca dung dch ngay trn sn thp

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khoan. C th cn c vo FV xc nh nht hoc c du hiu xc nh

PV v YP khi dung dch b bin i tnh cht nhiu.
Dng c l phu c dung tch 1500cm3, vi c ng knh 4,6mm.
Vi dng c ny nc tinh khit c nht 26s.
5.FL: Fluild Loss ( thi nc)
thi nc l lng nc thot ra qua thit b lc c ng knh 75mm, p lc
14,7 PSI trong thi gian 30 pht.
Trong thi cng khoan, cht lng trong dung dch tch ra v i vo cc l rng, khe
nt ca t trn thnh l khoan khi tn ti s chnh lch p lc. Mi loi dung
dch c thi nc ring, n ph thuc vo hm lng gel trong iu kin nht
nh.
thi nc thay i theo thi gian. Ban u khi lp v st cha hnh thnh v
hnh thnh cha tt(cha nhiu l hng) th thi nc ln. V sau khi m lp v
st cht xt th FL nh. Nghin cu cho thy FL thi gian 7,5minute bng 2
ln FL thi gian 30minute.
Xc nh bng dng c Fann
6.Gel v Gel strenght:
Gel l huyn ph keo m khi chng ta tc dng vo n mt ng sut nh hn mt
gi tr nht nh th khng gy ra bt k bin dng no. Gi tr gii hn ca ng sut
ny gi l bn gel.
bn gel: l ng sut ti thiu gy ra s bt u chy ca mt cht lng do.
N c xc nh bng nht Fann, l ng sut trt tng ng vi s quay
chm tc 3 vng/ pht ca Roto.
Gi tr gel 0 biu th bn ca gel ngay sau khi khuy dung dch khoan.
Gi tr gel 10 biu th bn ca gel sau khi khuy dung dch khoan v yn sau
10 pht.
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Cc gi tr gel 0 v gel 10 tu theo phng php tiu chun ph thuc vo dng

hnh hc ca thit b o v ngi ta ch c th so snh c cc gi tr ny nu nh
chng cng thc hin trn mt thit b o. Gel v bn gel l biu th tnh n nh
ca dung dch.

7.Mt s cht ph gia thng dng:

C rt nhiu ha phm k c loi phn ng c v loi khng phn ng c. Cho
vo dung dch thc hin cc chc nng chuyn dng . mt trong cc chc nng
ph bin l:
7.1.Alkalinity and PH control
c dng iu chnh axit v kim ca dung dch khoan. Mt s cht thng
dng l: vi, st n da, bicarbonate ca soda.
7.2.Bactericides(thuc dit vi khun)
c s dng gim bt s lng vi khun. paraformaldehyde, st n da, vi v
cht bo qun tinh bt l nhng cht ph bin nht.
7.3. Cht kh Ca2+
Chng c s dng chng li,lm gim, khc phc s nhim bn ca Ca 2+ .
nhng cht thng c dng l: st n da , soda khan, bicarbonate ca soda, v tt
nhin c polyphosphates.
7.4. Cht c ch s n mn
c s dng hn ch s an mn ca oxy v hidro sunful . nc vi v cc mui
amin thng dng kim tra loi cht n mn. Dung dch gc du l dung dch
kim ch s n mn rt hiu qu.
7.5.Cht kh bt
c s dng hn ch hot ng to bt trong mui hoc dung dch mui bo
ha, bi n lm gim sc cng b mt.
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7.6.Cht nh tng ha
c thm vo dung dch ha trn ng nht gia hai cht lng du v nc.
ph bin nht l cht iu chnh lignosulfunates axit bo v dn sut amin.
7.7.Filtrate reducers(cht gim thi nc)

Chng l cht c dng gim thi nc vo thnh h. mt s cht thng

c s dng l bentonite st, CMC(sodium carboxymethy cellulose) v cht tinh
bt galetin ha
7.8.Flocculants
Chng c s dng gy ra cc phn t keo trong h dnh kt cc phn t.
ph bin l nc vi , thch cao natriphotphat.
7.9.Tc nhn to bt
c s dng ph bin trong khoan bng kh , chng hot ng nh cht hot tnh
b mt , to bt trong khi c s hin din ca nc.
7.10.Vt liu chng mt tun hon dung dch(lost circulation material)
Nhng ht rn th dc s dng d nt l ln trong thnh to, chng mt dung dch
trong khi khoan. nut plug v mica flakes(mica mnh) thng c s dng.
7.11.Cht bi trn(lubricans)
c s dng lm gim momen xon ti choong, bng cch gim masat.tt nhin
du v x phng thng c s dng.
7.12 Tc nhn gii phng cn. (pipe freeing agent)
c s dng nh hng dung dch ti nhng vng kt cn nhm gim masat,
tng bi trn, v c ch s hydrat ca thnh to. Thng s dng du, cht ty ,
cht hot tnh b mt v x phng.
7.13 Cht kim sot s c ch st(shale control inhibitorts)
c s dng kim sot s hydrat, s to hang, v s phn hy ca st/st thnh
to. thng s dng thch cao, sodium silicat, ht canxi.
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7.14Surfactant(cht gim sc cng b mt)

c s dng gim sc cng mt phn cch gia cc b mt tip xc(du/nc,
nc/cht rn , nc/kh)

7.15weighting agent( tc nhn lm tng t trng dung dch)

S dng d cung cp cho t trng dung dch nng hn thng thng.nhng cht
l barit,hematite,canxicacbonat,galena.
7.16 st bentonite
y l cu trc ca h phn tn . Ngoi s c mt ca st trong dung dch, cn cho
php to ra lp v bn trn thnh l khoan v lm gim thot nc ca dung
dch vo va.
Bentonite c u im l khng c hi
7.17 Ha phm CMV-HV
Chc nng c bn ca ho phm CMC- HV l gim thot nc ca dung
dch khoan ng thi lm tng nht ca dung dch.
7.18Ho phm KR- 22: Ho phm ny dng gia cng s l dung dch khoan
vi mc ch iu chnh cc tnh cht cu trc c hc, tng kh nng c ch st
thnh h. Ho phm KR- 22 l cht lng linh ng d tan trong nc khong ho.
Ho phm KR- 22 mang tnh kim cao, khng gy chy n, nng < 2% khng
gy c.
7.19 X a (Na2CO3): C chc nng lm kt ta cc ion Ca 2+ v Mg2+nhm kh
nng phn tn st Bentonit. Khi c mt Na 2CO3 vo dung dch cng lm thay i
ng sut ct tnh v gim thi nc, tng pH ca dung dch .
7.20 FCL(Ferrochrome lignosulphonate): Chc nng ca FCL l khng ch nht
quy c, ng sut ct tnh khi khoan qua cc tng st kt. Ngoi ra, FCL cn c
chc nng ph l lm gim thi nc v c ch s trng n ca st.
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7.21Cht dit khun Vit Bc 21: l cht dit khun c gc tinh du thc vt c hot
tnh cao, c dng ngn nga, phn hu do sinh vt i vi dung dch khoan
m c bit l i vi polime. Cht dit khun an ton v chy n, khng thnh to
cc cht c hi khi bo qun v s dng.

7.22 Cht ph gia bi trn Viet Lub- 150, Grafit: y l cht ph gia bi trn chu
nhit cao s dng tng tnh bi trn ca dung dch khoan, gim m men quay
v gim lc ko khi th ct cn v th ng chng.
7.23 Xt (NaOH) KOH: Dng tng pH cho dung dch, ngoi ra n cn c tc
dng kt ta CaCO3, tng hiu qu phn tn ca st.
7.24 Glycol: Dng gim nht, tng tnh lu bin ca dung dch.
7.25 Tinh bt: Dng iu chnh thi nc ca dung dch c khong ha
yu. Tuy nhin tinh bt li khng chu c nhit cao (nh hn 130 )
7.26 K2SO4: c tc dng c ch st thnh h gip cho thnh ging khoan vng chc
v lm cho va c thm tt hn.
Cht ph da c s dng vi cc chc nng nng cao cht lng ca dung dch.
Tuy nhin nhiu loi ho phm rt t tin, lm tng gi thnh khoan. Do vy ch
dng ho phm khi cn thit v vi khi lng va , tit kim ho phm, tit
kim dung dch. Khi iu kin cho php c th chuyn dung dch khoan khong
ny sang khon khoan tip theo, hoc t l khoan c sang cc l khoan khc ang
thi cng.

IV.Cch la chn h dung dch v t trng dung

dch khi khoan
Vic la chn h dung dch da ch yu vo iu kin a cht v mc ch khoan,
chiu su khoan. Chng hn cng mt iu kin t b ri d sp l nhng vi
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khoan m l ta c th chn h dung dch khc vi khi khoan su 2000,3000m.

Cc thng s dung dch cng khc nhau khi khoan qua cc tng t
c tnh cht khc nhau nh: St trng n, nt n, b ri hay cng v n nh.
Trng lng ring dung dch da ch yu vo p sut va sao cho p sut thy tnh
phi cn bng vi p sut va.

M l khoan qua cc lp t ph c lin kt v bn c hc nh. Nn

dung dch cn phi to lp v st d gia c tm thi thnh ging khoan. Trnh
xi mn, to hang hc, m rng thnh l khoan. Bn cnh do p sut ca cc
va t thng nh nn t trng ca dung dch cng nh. Mt khc, kch thc
ht mn tng i ln, nn dung dch cn c nht v ng sut trt tnh d n
vn chuyn mn khoan.
Nn dung dch c s dng l dung dch st. tng nht ta gia cng
ha phm.
Cc ha phm c th dng nh S a, vi
Do chiu di khoan m l khng ln nn kh nng gia c tm thi ca dung dch
khoan khng yu cu cao. Nn ta chn cc ha phm r tin gia cng dung dch.
Dung dch c s dng thng l dung dch r tin.
Trong trng hp t khoan m l kh n nh ta c th dng nc bin hoc
dung dch t st khoan.
m bo v kinh t, dung dch spud mud c th c tn dng khoan tip cc
khong khoan tip theo.

V. Cch tnh lng dung dch cho cc khong

khoan.
Lng dung dch cn thit cho qu trnh khoan l:
V=V bc +V ml + V oc +V k +V th
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Trong :
-V bc l th tch ca b cha
-

V ml l th tch mng lng

-V oc l th tch l khoan on chng ng.
V oc =

Vi:

Dioc

2
Dioc
Lco
4

l ng knh trong ct chng (m).

L l chiu di ct ng chng (m).

- V k l th tch l khoan khng chng ng.
Dic2 Li
V k = k.
4

Vi:
Dic :

k: h s k n s tng ng knh l khoan.

l ng knh chong khoan (m).
Li

: chiu di l khoan khng chng ng (m).

-V th l th tch dung dch b tiu hao: V th =K L k

Vi: L k l chiu di khong khoan (m).

Ngi thc hin: Nguyn hu hong

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