Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 17
Chapter 17
119
118
GlJ I!iJa; 'iJ' rill!J)1tEl iv ~ GlJ , IOTrillG~ !L rill~;;r, r£!~ GlJ @ff)! ! ~d>a;~Gru
LDrfIi>ff)! SlSlL L ITrill - @ rwFi8; Q a; ITiv GlJ U U L Gru rnr Uf- UJff)! IOTrill~ ?
@i>;;r,~a;lLl !LUJrflUJ, !Lrill~;;r, r£!~GlJuS)iv "~ruira;rirr !LGlJa;i>~;;r,i>
;;r,~GlJg!:pIT8;fil~ff)!" SlSlUJuUld>@jrflUJ;;r,1T IOTrill~? @rill~!DUJU GU[JIT
~8'U Urfl8Ti>;;r,rulTrilla;rirr iF!1i>~8;a; GrurnrLITLDIT @~;;r,? UIT(£ia;~w
~r§lUJIT;;r, @rill~!DUJU t..S![JUGlJ =tfiUJira;irr ;;r,riua;rirr rutPa;~w
c{b[JITUJli>ff)! U ITiri>~ L GrurnrLITLDIT?
[gfT d>!J)1i> Q;;r,ITrillwrr d>~ !DIi>ff)! ru IT[JUf- '4 W, (IJJ W (IJJ ~!D QUIT tfi Ii>fb
"a;ivLD~!:p'4W, (lJJuQU(!!jW a;uud> G8'fb(IJJW uGl.J~GlJ ru~fbi>fb~fb
SlSlL @rill~w ~~a;LDITUJ ru~fb8;a; UJITff)!rnr(£i? LDITW8' iF!1i>~fb'4w
LD~ r£!~!D!il.J(!:Pirrw Qa;ITrflli>ff)! 8'~U t..S!wli>fbff)! - c{bw, u=i>fbITiv,
LDITW8' iF!Ii>~fb UJITiv. @ riu ® LJa; G!:p =f)uS) rill !LiFiF! ~ UJ lOT
L Uf- U t..S!Uf-i>ff)!
!LUJirfb[J SlSlUJITUIT[J Gruli>;;r,[JIT~ruir UGlJir. "lOTriua;~wUJivGlJITLDciv
c{b if!!) fil rDir a; G ea "lOTrill!J)1 U !il.Jciv U a; ir li>fbff)! @ fb ~ITG GlJ G UJ (1 Q a; ITrfI
4: 8) . " IE riua; rirr rfi ~!D ru IT~ru ir a; rirr, IE riua; irr Q 8' civru Ii>fb ir a; rirr, IE riua; rirr
riua; ~ ett UJciv GlJ ITLDciv c{b if!!) fil rfi ir a; rirr"
lOT "[E ITriua; rirr U iF! '4 rirrG w ITir, fb ITa;
(!:pirrGWITir, r£!irruIT=f)a;irr" (ru8' 10). @[Jrnr~L'4W @~=8;@jW
'iJ'rillufbITw ru8'(illi>~fb !LrillrwFiuuIT(!!jriua;irr: "[EITriua;rirr (~uGuITwfb
GlJrT) !LGlJa;i>ffjJ8;@jW, ff)fT;;r,(!!j8;@jW, LDrwFifb(!!j8;@jW GruUf-8;~a;UJIT
G~ITw!"
120
121
Gla;fT..m(El @(f!j~~(f!j8;®W! 6T<illC]GlI~fTrm $n..{!)I€?IiDfTrm: "{ljfTffiJa;@ljw @®~UJW 6TrflGlI~~roIL ~~rov r§!(JwLfGllC]~ C]UfTt!)1w 6TW/W
!LffiJa;C]~fT(El $n..L ~@ljC]GlIfTC]LD" 6Trm{!)l! !l§!!f:f!UJC](J @:i~~rov(yJ~iDu51GU ~~rovGllr;;£). uLLffiJa;GiT uUJrn ~(JfT~.
C]{lj(J(yJw C]UfT~fTt!)1. ~w, ~GlI<D1rrt!)1 ~@a;Gililrn GluUJira;~~ ~GiJ
~ <illfT~ W a; <illt..f)) !:p8; a; 6l.JW a; <illro <illLD~ L UJ6l.JW, 8; 6l.J(JGlIW ® ~iD
GlGlIrrrniDfTtiJu ~(J~fT<D1rr C]LJ)tiJUU<Dd1LW Gl8'fTivrov6l.Jw, ~~GlIa;@lj8;®
UJ6l.Jw UJm'r~fTrm roI®WLfGllfTrr? @:i~~a;UJ !L,.m~LJ)a;GiT a;~ffiJa;LJ)fT<ill
rfiUJ ~a;fT(J:i~~ ~UJ:i~w Gl8'tiJUJ6l.JC]LJ) ~GlIW/.i® 24 LD~ C]{lj[fW
€?I¢1<Diu~GlI:i~~8; a;rov8;€?IroI(Elw. {ljfTW (yJL..LfTGiTa;GiT 6T<ill8; a;(f!j~LJU
C]UfT~fTC]~. ~roI8;@jrfl UJ~GlIa;~~ ~roI8;®rfI UJ~GlIa;C]~fT(El~rrrn
(ElW C]U rrt!)1 a; riitT/
$n..!J)lC]GlItrLJ)ir» ~ a;tt~ GlIGI<illrm!J)l ~ GiT~ U U (El~a; US!iv
8'WU~~uu(El:if£> C]GlI,.m@w. C]~GlIW/w ~GlI(Jt!)1 r§!UJfTUJ:i~iruLfa;
~UJfT8'LDfTtiJ @(f!jUC]UfTLDfT? a;wj!d,<Dd18'W LJ)<Dd1~~<ill LDL(ElUU(El:it!)1
@ljw LJ)fTiDfT{f>~GlIa;Gir. @rnW/w ~C]{lja; a;fTrflUJffiJa;GiT <§fT<Dd1a;@lj8;®
€?IiDt!)1; t!)1
€?I¢1 <Diu LJ)<Dd1
~ ~ <ill LD€?I~ LDU U (El:i t!)1€?IiDtt rr! !L,.m~ LJ)8;
LJ)~iD8;a;uuL(El H wH•ua;®8;® GlQJorTlUU@~ff>uuL@6YrWm" -
€?I¢1<Diu~GlIW a;w j!d,<Dd18':i~~8; a;fTLllI-~ W Lf (JL€iJa;(JLDfT<illt!)1 (@(J:i~
@t!)1 ~GlI(Jt!)1 ~W/8;€?I(Ja;w. u~rova;(f!j8;®u UfT(JfTL(ElW <§fT<D1rrC]LJ)~?
t..f))ivrovfT Lf(JL€iJUJfT<illfT~w). 8'LD:it!)1Gl18;Gla;fTGiT~a;GlUJW/w @UJ~~
~rn~iDUJ8o 8'~uUS!rn GlGlIrjJ¢1 ~t!)1Gl1~(Jus!r;;£)ivrovfT~ ~~rm ~¢16l.J:i
(JW Gl8'ivGll8; ®rm!J)la;~~u "G;)UUJff~!§I" GlI!J)l~LDU uGiT~:i~{f>
~iDrn{f>fTrn. @~iv~fTrn Glu®t..f))~w vTivrovfTw! ~C]f£> 8'LDUJW ~6l5l8;
H:f/(JUU]" 8'rflGl8'tiJUJ (yJLllI-UUfTrr:i~t!)1. C]a;fTmff~rov8o Gl8'GiJ~GlIUJfT8;
®rflUJ tSJiDuLfa;GiT ~W/~rDl5T(yJw @j~iD~~ GlI(f!j€?liDC]~· {ljUJfTa;(JfT
a;8; a; iv roI C]UJ C]U ttt!)1W 6Trm!J)l a; <ill6l.J a;,.m L <illrr. ~ (J€iJUJiv LJ)~ ~ (J~
$irro/:p8o€iJ C]UfTrov Lf[f,.m@ GlI®W tSJ(J8'ffiJa;ffiJa;@lj8;®u t518'fTar {lj(ElffiJ€?I
~fTiv, ~(Jar:i ~LLffiJa;~rriv, ~US!(J GlI®L ~(J8'fTL€iJ~UJ ~UU
roILLJ)fTLLfTrm!
llI-C]UJ GIa; m;;iM(El GlI~ ~ L rovttW 6T<ill8; ®:fPJTa; r;;£):i~ tt llI-<illrr. ~ <illGlIfTrma; Gir
urov~(J {f>~(J LDLL:i~r;;£)(f!j~t!)1 @rmW/w ~llI-LJ)LL:i~iv ~GlI:it!)1U {ljW~LJ) roIL(El !Lrov~a;u t5Irfl8;®W 6Tiv~rov.iC]a;fT@ t..f))a;:i
UfTt!)1a;fT:i~C]~ @GlIrra;GiT 8'fT~~<ill. LJ)rjJiDGlI~(J GlI¢1UJGlI(JfT8;€?I ~fTW GI~riitT/Gllrrm-t!)1, ~ir8;a;LJ)fT<D1rrt!)1;~<D1rrfTiv @rn~iDUJ:i ~irut51iv ~LUfT
Gl8'iv GlI~ ~ [ffTGlIt!)1 @ rm!J)l 8' rrQ] 8'fT~ tt(Jmff W . ~ <illfTiv U 6l.JC]rovrr <D1rr~. 8?fTrn urnUJ~rn C]LJ)fTL8'U tSJ[fUJrr~a;Gir LJ)fTUJ8o8'~~~~UJ8;
{ljfTffiJa;GiT~rfI:i~(Jrr 6Trm<illUULLfT~W ~C]<illa;~(J8o Gl8'ivGll~~(JfT8;® a;L8;€?IiDfTrra;GiT - ~uGlUfTc!::p~ LJ)rjJiDGlI(f!j8;® C]Glllll-8;~a;UJfTa;8;
€?IC]iDfTW 6TrmiDfTrm. C]~GlIW/.iC]a; t!)1i1! urflar:i~ ~roIUJfT<illGllrr a;fTmffUULL<D1rrir - !L~LUS!iv, !L~[fUS!iv, !LGlIut51iv, !L,.m~LJ)
UmffU~u~UJ.i a;,.m(El GlI€la;rfI.ia;uULfTir. "~$~UJfT<ill !Lrova;uGlurr LJ)~uULllI-iv !Lrova;:i~fT(f!j8;® 6l5la;rjJuLDfT<D1rrfTira;GiT. @t!)1 @rn!J)l
(f!j~~uurjJ¢1 {ljrrw !L,.m~LJ)UJfTUS!(JfTroiLLfTiv UJfTrr {ljW~LD {ljWtSJ {ljLJ)8;@j @~8'~t!)1 Gll(f!jLJ)fT?
{ljwt..f))L:i~iv GlLDtiJUJfT<ill GlUfT®~~ ~ULfroluufTrra;GiT?" (~8;
a;L~f£> UJ:if£>:i~iv tSJrflLllI-~ ~~u~ ~®Q]rr, {ljLDt!)1 LJ).ia;@lj8;
16:11).
®u u~a;~LJ)~UJu ullI-ut51.ia; C]GlI,.m(Elw. r;;;rGl<D1rr<Dd1ivLJ)~f£>ir
!Lrova;:i~rn ®u~uGlUJW/w ~(f!j €iJrovC](JfT(El 8'(yJf£>fTUJ:i~~w, u~a;~LJ)~UJ 6T~ir:i~U C]UfTrfI(ElGllfTira;GiT 6TrniDfT(JfTw. !,d,[fmff ~rm
8'wu:i~@llw ~rm!J)lt..f))ivrovfT u6l.Jiv ~LIJI-.8;Gla;m;;i151LfTrm. ®u~u ~U8; @j¢1:i~ ~~a;LJ)fTtiJ (!L,.m~LJ)u51iv UfT~UJ~6l.J $n..L @ivrovfT
~UJu C]UfTrovC]GlI LJ)<Dd1~<illrriv LJ)~8;a;UUL C]GlImr(Elw 6TrnU~{f> roILLfT@llw) C]a;L(El GiTC]~fTW, ~<D1rrfT@llW C]a;fTu ffiJGla;fT,.mLfT@llw
roI ~ffiJ €?I8; Gla;fTGir~ @t!)1 !L{f> roI UJfTUS!(f!j~~ t!)1. LJ)fTir<Diu C]LJ)~ LUS! rm urrGllw Gl8'tiJUJrr~(!!juu~~u urjJ¢1 {ljrrw a;rjJ!J)l8;Gla;fTGiT~C]GlI,.m(£lw.
GlItr8; ® GlItt~:i ~ iv 6TU tSJ8;$n..(J~ (JUJW , _C]~tt u51.i a;(f!jLDtt <ill
<Diu a;
<§ fT<Dd1 ~6l5lu51iv r§!~iD~f£>Gllrn 6TQ]~W ~8;€?I(JLJ):i~~, ~r§!UJfTUJ:i~~,
~ ~:i f£>(ElLJ)ttiD80 Gl8' tiJt!)1roI L_LfT rm, ~ t!)1roI <Dd1
<illfT@llW €?I¢1 <Diu t..f)):if£>W ~ar:iff>:i~~ ~iDC]Gll GlGll!J)lUUfTrn; ~:i~~<D1rr.i®w 6T~C](J C]UfTir8;®
~fT<illfTa;C]GlI ~rm~<ill (yJLLfT~fT8;€?I8; Gla;rr,.mLfTGU. €?I¢1<Diu~6l.J8;® [fGlrov(gJULfGllfTrn. u6l.Jiv !Lrov~a;u u~a;:if£>fTrn, !Lrova;(yJw u6l.J~rovu
!L rova; U U ~a; 6Trn U t!)1 GI~ tt L ir8o€iJUJtt <illt!)1; t..f)) a; 6l.JW ~!:p LJ)rr<ill t!)1. u~a;:i~t!)1. {ljLJ)8;@jW 6T~iruLfmffrr8o€iJ 6Tc!::pWtSJ GlI(JC]GlI,.m@w.
8'C]a;fT~(JC](J, {ljfTrjpw @~~:i Glf£>rfI~Glf£>(EluC]UfTLJ)fT? ~¢1UJrr a;(Elw LfUJGlrov<D1rr ~ir:iGlf£>c!::p~{f> 6T§liruLfa;riitT/rn @~Lu51iv
C]~fTrr ~rjJiDrovrjJC]iDfTir GlIrf1~8'u51iv {ljLDt!)1 GluUJrr a;fTmffuu(ElLDfT<illfTiv '@®,.mL ~utSJrfI.ia;fT' 6TW/W [pJT~rov <DiuLrrGUr;;£)UJw, '@®,.mL
{ljLJ)8;® GlI(f!jw ~(f!jGll(f!jULf~fTGU 6TrmC]<D1rr? ~rjJiDrovrjJiD' ~¢1UJrr~ @ffiJ€?IrovfT~~' 6TW/W [pJT~rov GI~<D1rr(Jiv !,d,:i 6TrmC]UfT®W 6T(gJ~<D1rrir.
LJ)<Dd1~rm 6Tc!::p~UJ "GlGlIriitT/uu@:i~<D1rr roIC]8'6l1Jw" a;rjJC]iDfT~[f @rm <DiuLfTrmr;;£) a;,.mL~w !l§!!(El(f!jGll @UJrovfT, !LUJrr~~ a;fT<D1rra;:i~~
W/w a;rovffiJa;llI-$€?IiDC]~! ~fj;I@llGiT~ GlGlIriitT/.ia;rrLLfT (yJ~~rova;~~ - GlIr§8'a;u ufTwLfa;~~
- GlIrDl5TroIrovffiJ®a;~~, !,d,:i a;,.mL~ C]~GlIrn a;,.mL~C]urriv -
122
123
IiiOOrir LDfilmLD8;@jW [l:iITW· LDrf)i>~lTrDlJrir¢l roJ(£l~mrDIJ GlJlTwroJr;D@j
@r5J€ilrDIJlTd>~rir ~~a;mw - ~~rir @oFmCf G[JITa;i>m~ - UITGlJ roJ@u U r5JBin.L8; Qa; ITwm-8;Bis>.
LITtpI. U Glfr;;U] rir ru ITwm GlJU U a; r;Da;~Glf
GGlJa;i>m~ - ®~ITLLi> ~1Ta;i>m~ - roJUoFCfIT[J GLDITa;i>m~ -
8'o-..L a;lTromroJUJrDlJlTtpI. €il#<DiutplroJrir cMUf-UJlTfllT~ [l:iITW @d>~ !LrDlJa;t!;
a;rDlJ8;€il~lTir. ~c!:pLll5J~ITIT GCfm~Qu.JITrirmp! {bLD8;@j ~~G[JILjWm-
~rir a;(!Iji>m~lLjw, a;GlJ~i>m~lLjw @rir'jJ)lW LD~8;€ilGpITW ~rirua~
~~a;Gm- BrroJGCf~i> ~m-LDIT@jW. ~m[JUJlTmL cMliiOOd>~ ~~GlJlTgRu ILroWmLD, {bLD8;@j @rir{f)J ~r5Ja;w !LroW(£l - a~GlJrir @ivmGlJ;
QuroW~w ~mLUJITU[Jromd>~rf)i>tpI uroWUITLUf-iv Utp€il, ULCf aU[JlTmCf !LroW(£l - aUa[JlTmCf @ivmrDIJ (@jPP(ljJWOifTGlJ'jJ)l8;aa;
LDlTrUU GUBrW {ba;iruLfpu QuroW~w G~GlJm~ roJL(£l ~G[J ~l5Jaa; @j{f)J@j{f)J8;@jW!). cM(£li>~GlJrT 61#d>tplroJLL ~mLa;mm-
Q~lTmrDIJroJiv~lTrir cMmrDIJ€ilrirp~ir. {bLDtpI {ba;ira;lDIfIiv ~Bri>~ eutreeu.: 1L(£li>~, gR8;a;~LDlTrU GlJlTwd>tpI aCfJjJi>~ gR{f)J Q~lTma;mUJ a~GlJU
~Br€ilptpI. ~IDIfIUUL8; a;ITLgR(ljJrir ~rUUJIT[JLDlTrU @[JGlfa;mm-8; a;Li> uliiOO8;Qa;rir{f)J ~i>~w QCfrU~ UrDlJrT @rir{f)JW @ivrDIJITLDIOlSJ..vmrDIJ
-
tplW "€il#<Diu~rurir" ~iri>~LDpprurir - ~i>tplLDIT QCfi>tplUGUIT~ !6lTrir cMrir~lTm[J cM#GGlJW. Ulrf)d>~ GlJITc!:pGlJm~ cMGilGlJOifTGlJlTrU
GlJrir. a;L(£luUITLPP, a;ITGlJrDlJpP, a;ITLDW IffImpd>~ @u!,d,GlfrDIJ~rir ruPLf{f)Jt!;~UJ UGlf~8;@jW ~i>~ LDIT8;a;W ~flITOifTLDlTrU8; €ilmLi>~
@rirmpUJ 1ffI'~rDIJ @j#i>tpI ~roWromLDP{f)J, ~8;a;LDp{f)J, UlTroJu51rir
ma[J ~WU~ !6LD8;@jU QU(!IjW roJUJULf!
IffImrDIJa;roW(£lw U~LLLDP{f)J rulTc!:pW €il#<Diu~GlJrir @@d>Q~rir~,
@pd>Q~rir~? ~rirm~ ~(£li>tpl8; Qa;ITW~W ~rir{f)J GUCfITLD6V
Uli>~rn ~~UU LLITW @rurn - ~W, !LrDlJa;i>~r;D@joF gR~mru
G~GlJromLW Ga;L~a;rDlJITGLD. !LrDlJa; ~~a;lDIfIrir ~CfITUITCfW, cMLL u5/rDlJmpUJUULL @rum~ aruQprir~ QCfIT6VrDlJroJUJ~W? ~r5Ja;w
a;ITCfW, ~8;€ilm~i> fliruLf, ~Lr5Ja;IT~ LDtpI Qru#, ~rirpITLa; ~~ITUJi> Q~lTtfiI..v ~r;D{f)JuGUIT@jaLDITQrurn{f)J cMrDIJ#i> ~Uf-i>~~rT,
roJrulTa;[Ji>tpI, ~d>~a;IT[J ~~8;a;W @mrua;w LD!D15ld>tpI roJLL~.
Qa;IT..vrDIJGlfw G~Uf-~ir - cM8;a;lTrDlJi>~~ir. ~w, ~ru~~ QCfrU~
@~pQa;~[JITa; {Er5Ja;W ~c!:pwUl~lTiv !LrDlJa;w !Lr5Ja;mm-u Uma;8;a;i>
~i>~m~ a;ITLLLDITu51@d>~~. !LrDlJma; !L~¢li> ~wlDlfl, flQUJrir#
~lTrir QCfrUILjW, ~oF8'rf)UJW GruroWLITW. {Er5Ja;W !LrDlJa;i>~IT[Ju51@d>
a;wd>~ !Li>~w flLrT @W{f)J [l:iwmwi> ~mrDIJ@jromUJ mruuu~..v
~lTiv, !LrDlJa;w ~rir'jJ)lmLUJm~oF gRa{b€ili>~@8;@jW. roJUJuQurn~?
125
124