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ECD Booklet (2) Karen

Taipei Overseas Peace Service

TOPS
January 2007
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'D;wl>vdm0Jwohph>uD;b.vDRI

13
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vXw>ud;uyR'J;tylRo;vD0Jrd>y>tw>b.to;tw>eDRz;yJmz;vXt0Joh.tzDcd.rh>w>'f
vJ.M.vDRI

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vk>tyORvXttd.wz.t*h>M.vDRIew>ul.<ew>wdm<ew>emM>'D;ew>qdurd.wz.M.
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0Joh.t*D>b.zk;M.vDRI

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td.vXt0Joh.tzDcd.'fvJ.M.wJb.t0Joh.wuh>Iwb.ok;qXok;uwD>w*hRrRtDRcJtHR
wuh><rhwrh><zJeoh.eD.eo;vXeuwJtDR'D;erh>uG>'D;euxH.vXt0Joh.'dd.xD.vHtCd<
pJRcHvHvXt0Joh.t*D>vHM.vDRI?w>*h>tug'd.uwX>vXy>w*RueJ.tzdohM.
rh>zdwz.ymzsgtw>tJ.vXrd>tzDcd.vDR/I
Theodone Hesbarg

14
rd>y>EkRvDRpH.nD.w>vXzdwz.tbX.pXR
zdo.wz.tw>b.*Hm*lmvdmo;tcgrd>y>wz.EkRvDRpH.nD.w>vXzdwz.tbX.
pXRM>rh>w>vXt&h'd.'D;w>b.,d.b.bSDt'd.uwX>M.ypH;ohvDRItrd>wcDutd.vXtzd
qH;w*Rttd.'D;u0Ho;plR0JvDRvXt'd.w*Ruqdurd.0JvXtrd>wtd.vXtylRwcD
b.I

cDzdsw>*h>'ftHRtCdyuEkRvDRpH.nD.w>vXzdtbX.pXRM.rh>w>t*hRuwX>vDRIzdt
qH;w*RuuG>b.o;Achannel 7A'D;t*Rw*RwcDuuG>b.o; channel 3 utd.0JvDRI
w>*h>'ftHRoh.wz.M.rd>y>wz.w-uX;EkRvDRuJpH.nD.w>vXw>bX.pXRb.yrh>EkRvDRwcD<
zdvXt*Rw*Ruwl>b.'D;qdrd.0JvXrd>y>tHRrh>ySRvXtJ.'d.qH;w>vlRxJzdt*Rtw>b.
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o;vXtcVt*D>rd>y>wz.ub.[h.*H>[h.bgzdwz.M.vDRI

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tCdyrh>pH.nD.w>wDwDvXzdwz.tbX.pXRM.'Dyk>u'Ju'Jtw>th.vdmo;pSR0J'D;t'k.t
'gpSR0JM.vDRI
(How even good parents fuel siblings rivally and the best way to keep the peace by
Debra Kent, Good Housekeeping Magazine, March 1997).

zdo.zJto;td.3eH.tqXuwD>
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n.M.vDRI

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3od.vdtDRpJ;zDu[.nDnDzdt'dnDnDzdoh0JM.vDRI
4*JRvdmuGJ,kRtDRw>*DRzdvXy'k;eJ.tDRvXypkeXwz.oh0Jph>uD;M.vDRI

15
vXw>zH;w>rRtylR'fod;uoh.ngw>vDRwH>vDRqJ;t*D>od.vdtDRwuh>
?'fod;w>uvJRto;bVbVqSDqSDt*D>w>[l;w>*JRwz.od.vdtDRwuh>It'dzJytD.
rhRtqXuwD>yuwJmuwDRw>tD.w>tDwz.ph>uD;rXtDRwuh>/

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tD.rRuqSJuqSDrJmo.ohpkuwDRvD>rHcsH;xD.vD>rHw>ulw>uRwz.csH;xD.0J0HRym0JvXt
vD>ohM.yuxH.b.vDRI

# rd><y>xJw*R{dR(rd>rhwrh>y>xJw*R{dR) "
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rh>b.tH;xGJuG>xGJ'.ezdxJw*R{dRM.ySRuuwdRw>'D;eRurRpXReRwrh>utd.'.vJmb.I
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tcgw>o;[;*DR<w>o;vDRbSg<tcg'.vJm[H.CDw>*h>w>udsRw>wJe>yX>w>uwJRuwDR
o;<[H.CDtw>od.w>oD'D;ymzsgw>tJ.vXezdt*D>M.euymwD>M>rl'gwz.wohb.<cDzsd
vXw>*h>uDwz.obH.bk.to;'D;vXeutd.oud;wJoud;w>'D;zdvHRwz.wohwcsK;w
nD'.vJmb.<w>rRto;'fM.wz.utd.xD.ohph>uD;M.vDRI

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xD.zdvXrd>y>wvXwySJRtylRrwRr;u[H;M>'d*hRwJmb.wtd.b.IySRvXC.CXRuuG>w
vDRySR'fM.wz.'.vJmvDRIb.q.[H.zdCDzdvXrd>y>wvXwySJRwz.tw>vk>'k;'d.xD.zd
M.usJ;pX;*hRM>rd>y>vXttd.vXvXySJRySJR'k;'d.xD.zdM.td.weDRph>uD;vDRI

16
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o.t*D>rh>*hR<ySR*Rt*D>rh>*hRM.vDRI ySR'fM.wz.M.zdo.[H;M.AA'd*hRwJmb.ohtgr;vDR
vXw>M.tCd<erh>b.w>qD.wH>rReXReRvXw>vXe0HwM>wl>wM>'.vJme-uX;qdurd.w>
*h>tHRvDRwH>vDRqJ;'D;CkxXusJt*hRuwX>M.vDRI

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ylRcDzsdtw>oh.nge>yX>vXtvk>'d.yOR'd.wz.tCduJxD.w>urXur.z;'d.vX,*D>
vDRI
Mark Twain
vdmuGJw>vdmuGJzd=,w>rRrh>0J?b.vdmuGJ/
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oh<xd;b.w>zdw>vHR<t0Joh.p;xD.Ckoh.ng'D;*kmusJ;pXRrRvdo;cDzsdvXw>xd.vDRw
vh.<xd;b.w><uGHm'D;xXEkmw>wrHRrHRvXt0Joh.tudmylRM.vDRI

zJywJoud;b.C;w>vdmuGJ<yqdurd.vXzdo.vdmuGJxJ'.w>*DRzdrhwrh>vdmuGJvXw>
ysDylRM.vDRIb.q.eD>eD>wcD<w>vdmuGJ'k;td.xD.w>wbsK;rHRM.vDRIywqdurd.eDwbsD
b.vXzdo.qH;trJmcsHuuG>0J'.w>zdw>vHR<w>vdmuGJtd.bs;vDRpJRto;'D;[l;0Joh<
rhwrh>rRoD.tuvk>zd'fod;'D;trdupdmtDR<rhwrh>tpkzdM.[;zD.w><b.q.w>cJvXmM.
rh>t0Joh.vdmuGJ0JM.vDRIw>cJvXmvXzdo.?vdmuGJ/M.rh>w>oh.ngvXMqX.[h.tDR<
'D;rd>y>uG>xGJ'D;yXqSXzdzJw>vDRysHRtd.xD.0JM.vDRI

17
rhuG>vXySRCkoh.nguhRw>vDRwH>oh.wz.<zJzdo.rh>e>[lw><xd;b.w><vh.uG>w>rh
wrh>eXw>tcgw>tyeD.qSXxD.0Jqlcd.ElmvXuqJ;usdmvdmo;vXcd.Elm'D;eXm(nerve
cells)vX25bsDM.vDRIw>vdmuGJtuvkmrh>tg'D;cd.Elmw>vJRw&H;tg0J'D;'k;'d.xD.ph>uD;zd
o.w>o;pX>qXoh.wz.tgxD.0J'D;w>toDvXxk;M>zdo.to;ph>uD;td.0J'D;zdo.tJ.
Ckoh.ngw>toD'D;w>vXt0Joh.vdmuGJb.wh>oh.wz.ph>uD;M.vDRI

vXM.trJmngySRCkoh.ngw>zdwz.CkxH.M>0J'.vXzdo.vXo;wtd.w>vdmuGJ<td.0J
20=30rs;u,R<tcd.ElmvXtqH;M>'H;zdo.vXto;td.vdmuGJoh.wz.M.vDRI'D;zdo.
'ftHRoh.wz.tw>yeD.td.0JvX?vdmuGJpSR/td.'D;w>ql;w>qg<td.o,k>ond<o;vDRp>
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Ckm'D;toud;wz.b.<wtd.ph>uD;'D;w>ohw>b.vXurRw>wrHRrHRb.<w>emM>vDR
o;wtd.b.<'D;rJmqS;o;0JM.vDRIySReD>'d.(ySRo;yS>)qdurd.0JxJw>vdmuGJwrHR{dRM.vDRI
b.q.rhrh>vXzdo.t*D>M.rh>w>*h>vXtonl;oyS>M.vDRItCdow;'D;zdo.oh.wz.
-uX;vXuvdmuGJb.0J'fod;to;eH.td.0Jtod;M.vDRI

w>vXtvDRol.td.o;td.b.C;'D;?w>vdmuGJ/

w>vdmuGJM.rh>0Jw>vXyolypGJtDRrhwrh>w>pku0JRwz.vXzdo.uvdmuGJtDRt*D>M.vDRI
t0Joh.M.rh>usJvXzdo.urRvdM>w><oltDR<yXqSX<'k;td.xD.w>toD'D;w>rRto;<w>
xH.urSHoh.wz.M.vDRIw>vdmuGJoh.wz.w>xH.M>tDRohvXMqX.w>ydmw>vDvXtd.
bl;wH>'D;zdo.<rhwrh>t0Joh.M.b.w>CkxH.M>tDRvXw> zdw>vHRvXw>woltDRvXm
b.oh.wz.'ftrh>w>Ek>xH'Xcd.yH;<csd.uk<w>ukwrHRrHRrhwrh>wJ>'X (plastic) Iw>zdw>
vHRvXtd.bl;<ySRunD'D;q.zduD>zdvXySRbk.0Joh.wz.M.vDRIw>vdmuGJM.rh>w>vXt&h
'd.'D;tvD>td.'d.r;vXzdo.t*D>rh>vXw>oh.wz.M.'k;uJxD.w>rRpXRvXurRw>[l;w>
*JRvXeD>up>w>'d.xD.xDxD.t*D>M.vDRI

18
?w>vd>uGJrh>w>vXtvDRvd>vDRv;eD>eD>/

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usdRtusJM.vDRIw>ynd.vXw>vdmuGJwcgtHRtzDcd.ytJ.'d;vXrd>y>uoh.nge>yX>b.
C;w>vdmuGJM.rh>w>t&h'd.xJvJ.t*h>M.vDRI

1IeD>cdw>'d.xD.
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uGHmbDvd< ,D>vh.,D><rhwrh>vdmuGJvXuoh.(uoh.vXw>whM>tDRvXoh.vXerR[l;tDRoh
0J)<M.zdo.trd>yS>ph>uD;t*H>uql.0J'.M.vDRI'fod;yoh.ngtod;ypkycD.,k>n. (larger
muscels)oh.wz.'d.xD.'D;*H>ql.xD.zJvXoltDRvXw>[l;w>*JR'D;w>pDR,GJRA(w>cHcDtw
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w>*DRvXw>ud.vd.(vXtrh>oh.)<pXvDRpJRw>tuvkmuvkm<whw>*DR<xl;xD.w>*DRtvGJ>
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pkw>rRCkmw>wylRCDrh>w>t&h'd.r;vXo;orlcgqlngt*D>M.vDRIzdo.w*RvXrhtd.'D;
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zD.pX>bdwohtgtgb.<rhwrh>xXxD.w>zdw>vHRqH;qH;zdwoh0Jb.<rhwrh>rRw>wohcV'f
od;ySRod.vdtDRb.tod;M.vDRIw>'ftHR'k;vDRxk;uGHzdo.w>td.rlvXu'd.xD.cgqlngt
*D>M.vDRI

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pJbl;td.tgxD.M.zdo.w>qdurd.emuhtgxD.'D;'d.xD.ph>uD;vXtvD>'ftrh>w>tgw
uh>vXw>ohqdurd.w><w>xH.urSHw>(imagination)<w>rRzk.vDRuhRw>wrHRrHR'fod;tcDy
nDzg*SJ*SJ<Ckoh.ngw>tpX>'D;orHordmw>tb.ur.It'd=zJzdo.vdmuGJw>vdmuGJwcg
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t*DR'D;tvGJ>uvkmuvkmM.urRpXRzdo.vXuxd.o-wDRw>zdw>vHR

19
=t'd.tqH;<w>tvGJ><w>tuh>t*DR'D;w>trJmzH;cd.oh.wz.M.vDRIw>oh.wz.
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od;tHRwz.td.zsJ.vDRy.Ckm'D;wRv.wuvkmzJySRt*Roh.wz.b.rRvdohto;vXt
eD>fqH;tcg'ftrh>vdmuGJw>vdmuGJvXtd.'D;tuh>t*DR'd.'D;qH;<w>tvGJ>oh.wz.M.vDRI

3Ib.C;'D;o;tw>'d.xD.
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urSH0JM.vDRIw>vdmuGJM.rh>w>vXtrkmwcg<'k;ol.zSHo;nDzdo.<'D;'k;ol.td.o;td.zd
o.vXw>zdw>vHRwrHRrHRtzDcd.M.vDRIzJrd>y>oh.wz.'k;vdmuGJzdvXw>obVtylRtcg<
tzdoh.wz.uo;ckwu;'H;b.zdo.ph>uD;utd.bSH;td.ogb.<rRpXRzdo.vXymzsgxD.
w>wl>b.<zJt0Joh.o;'d.xD.w><ol.ud.o;*DR<'D;zJt0Joh.wz.rh>vdmuGJb.0JM.rh>
w>wrHRvXrRudn>vDRArRvDRpSRuGHmvkv>'ftrh>w>th.vdmo;<w>o;wrHb.wz.M.
vDRIw>vdmuGJrRpSRvDRw>uDw>cJ(w>qdurd.vX'k;uJxD.ySRw>ql;w>qgoh)cDzsdvXw>[l;
w>*JRvXw>vdmuGJtylRM.vDRI

Sigmund Freud ySRul.b.uloh(b.C;vXo;)vXtrHR[lo.zsgw*RpH;0J'.vX


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25

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