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cef;ygjyD;/ {nfhcef;wcef;/ rD;zkdacsmifwck/ oef@pifcef;tjyifwGifwckESihf/ rmpwmcef;wGifwckyg&dSwwf./
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wckjzpfyg./
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rav;&Sm;a&mufjrefrmawG. "av@wckjzpfyg./
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wem&Sifrdom;pkrsm;jzpfyg./
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-uum/ q&maumif;wynfhyDopGm/ Ak'<bmomukd &kdaoav;pm;I/ 0denf;awmfESifhtnD aexkdifaomoH
 2
Cmawmft&Sifjrwfwkd@ukd ykdjyD;-unfnkdav;pm;wmawG@&./
,QKqGrf;pm;vmyifhaom'g,umOD;ausmfvJ / olOD;aqmifI tdrfcef;iSm;xm;jcif;jzpfyg./ olwOD;
wnf;aeaoma-umifh/ ykdaeaomtcef;rsm;ukd/ vliSm;awGwifxm;jcif;jzpf./ iSm;aeaom yk*~KdvfawGxJwGif
rlpvifbmom0iftrsdK;orD;wOD;ygav./ xkdtrsKd;orD;tm;/ 'g,umOD;ausmfonf/ rdrd-unfndkaomq&m
awmfawG-uGvmI/ qGrf;uyfcsifa-umif;/ qGrf;csufay;&eftultnDawmif;av./
tultnDawmif;umrS/ aygufuGJr+upavjyD/ bkef;-uD;awGukdtjrifr-unfaomrlpvifbmom0if
jzpfaoma-umifh/ qGrf;csufay;&ef/ yxrawmhjiif;qefavonf/ aemufrSwtdrfwnf;twlae/ vlr+a&;t&
rulnD&ifraumif;wmESifh/ *wdwckESifhcsufay;&efajymqkdjcif;jzpf./
qGrf;'g,umOD;ausmf/ naecif;tcsdef/ bkef-uD;wkd@wnf;ckdaeaomtdrfo@dk a&mufvmum/ qGrf;uyf
jzpfa-umif;vmav#muf./ jzpfa-umif;&,f ukefpOfatmif av#mufxm;av./ bkef;-uD;wkd@vJ/ 'g,umOD;
ausmftm;/ odyfcufcJae&if qGrf;ruyfb@dk ajymqkd&./ ,QKawmhtm;vkH;tpOfajyoGm;ygjyD/ eufjzef 10/ em&D
vmyifhrnf[kav#mufxm;umjyefoGm;./
rlpvifbmom0iftrsKd;orD;-uD;onf/ &[ef;oHCmawGtay: tjrifr-unfjcif;ta-umif;uawmh
olwkd@aeaomjrdK@. olwkd@ukd,f;uG,faom/ AvDtaqmuftOD;awGukd/ &[ef;oHCmawGzsufqD;r+u/t&if;
cHjzpf./ qGrf;csufbkd@tultnDawmif;wm/ Tta-umif;awGajymqkdInif;y,fonf[kod&./
vlr+qufqHa&;t&/ wtdrfwnf; twlae/ rulnD&if raumif;bl;qkdwm oabmaygufjyD;/ c|if;
csufwckjzifhqGrf;csufay;rnf[k*wday;jcif;jzpf./
olawmif;qkdaom*wdrSm/ bkef;-uD;awG Ttdrfokd@qGrf;pm;-uGvm&if/ olrD;zkdacsmifxJrSmbJaernf
tjyifokd@ac:I/ bkef-uD;awGESifh/ rdwfqufray;&efawmif;qkd./ Ttay;t,lESifh/ 'g,umOD;ausmfqGrf;uyf
yGJjzpfvmjcif;jzpfyg.
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tjrifr-unfaom bmomjcm;yk*~KdvfwOD;./ csufjyKwfay;aomqGrf;ukd pm;&tkH;rSmjzpfyg./ bkef;-uD;rsm;rS
tjrifr-unfaom qGrf;vkyftm;'ge&Sif trsKd;orD;-uD;tm;/ usrf;rmcsrf;omapa-umif; arwWm"gwfawGy@dk
v$wfumaerd./
aemufwae@ 10/ em&DwGif 'g,umOD;ausmfqGrf;pm;vmyifh./ bkef;-uD;ESifhtwl OD;y¾dw/OD;rmedw
OD;-obmo/ OD;wduQrwd/ig;yg;qGrf;pm;-uG./ tdrf{nfhcef;wGifbkef;-uD;awGtwGuf ae&mxkdifcif;tqifoifh
jyifxm;wmawG@&./ bkef;-uD;wkd@vJrD;zkdacsmifrsufESmrlumxkdif-u./
'g,umOD;ausmftdrf./ bkef;-uD;pdwft0ifpm;qkH;ae&muawmh/ qGrf; qGrf;[if;awG csufjyKwfae
aomrD;zkdacsmifjzpf./
bkef;-uD;awGESifhrawG@csifbl;/ rD;zkdacsmifxJrSmbJaernf/ rac:ygeJ@vkd@ wm;jrpfpum;awGe@J qGrfcsuf
vkyftm;'gejyKaeaom/ bmomjcm;trsdK;orD;-uD;ukd awG@bl;csifonfhqENa-umifh/ rD;zkdacsmifudkpdwf0ifpm;
jcif;jzpfyg./
bkef;-uD;xkdifaom ae&mESifh rD;zkdacsmifonf/ rsufESmjcif;qkdifjzpfaoma-umifh/ txl;-unfhp&m
 3
rvkdyg/ jrefrmy&dwfowfawGESifh/ pum;ajymqkd&if; bkef;-uD; rD;zkdacsmifukd/ txl;owdxm;aerdonf/ qGrf;
uyfbkd@twGuf qGrf;[if;awG wcGufjyD;wcGufo,fvmwmawG@&./ qGrf;csufjyKwfolukdawmhrawG@&yg/
bkef;-uD;wkd@qGrf;pm;jyD;onfhwkdifatmif/ rD;zkdacsmiftwGif;rS bmt&dyfta&mifrSrawG@&yg/ pum;
ajymoH/ tkd;oH cGufoHawGawmh-um;ae&./ tcsKdyGJawGuyfawmhvJ tcsKdyGJyk*HawGom/ wckjcif;xGufvm
wmawG@&./ pzkdr+;.t&dyfta&mifukdrawG@&yg/ bkef;-uD;wkd@vJ pum;wajymajymeJ@ tcsKdyJGzkef;ay;-u./
pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;aom rD;zkdacsmifxJrS/ pzkdr+;ukd awG@csifonfhqENa-umifh/ tcsuftjyKwf
awGaumif;rGefa-umif; csD;rGrf;crf;zGifh&./ csD;rGrf;ajymqkd&if; rD;zkdacsmifukdvJ-unfhaerd./ rdrdudk csD;rGrf;ajym
qkdaewmukd -unfhcsifwmuawmh/ vlom;. obm0qENyg/ bkef;-uD;wkd@ pzkdr+;ukdawG@jrifcsifonfhqENvJyg
wu,fvJ tcsuftjyKwfvuf&mawGaumif;aoma-umifh csD;rGrf;crf;zGifhjcif;jzpfyg./
r-umygacs/ rD;zkdacsmifxJrS tjyifukdacsmif;-unfhaom/ rsufESmwckukd awG@vkduf&./ bkef;-uD;vJ
pzkdr+;vkyftm;'ge&Siftm;/ tvGwfray;bJ/ trdt& E+wfqufpum; ajymqkdum/ 'g,umr-uD;vmygtHk;
pum;av;bmav;ajym&atmifqkdjyD;/ tjyifudk&atmifac:xkwf&./
bmomjcm;'umr-uD;onf/ ESpfa,mufjzpf./ ESpfa,mufvHk;xGufvmum/ bkef;-uD;wk@d em;vm
xkdif./ tJ'Dtcg-urS/ olwkd@&J@bkef;-uD;awGtay: tjrifr-unfaom/ &ifwGif;qENawG yGifhtHvm./ usrwk@d
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&ifa'gojzpfw,fbk&m;[k/ a[ma[m'kdif;'kdif;ajymcsavawmh./
bkef;-uD;wkd@vJ yxrawmh bmajym&rSef;rod jzpfoGm;./ bmomjcm;'umr-uD;vJ olajymcsif
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vlom;. cHpm;csufajzenf;wrsKd;jzpfyg./
bmomjcm;'umr-uD;./ &ifwGif;cHpm;csufawGukd/ zGifh[ajymqkdvkduf&onfhtwGuf a-ueyf
ESpfoufaomtrlt&mawG@&./ bkef;-uD;wkd@ajymqkdbkd@tvSnfha&mufvm./
'umr-uD;==== b,fbmomrqkd jidrf;jidrf;csrf;csrf; aecsifonfhyk*~KdvfawGu/ trsm;pkjzpfyg.
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onfhpdwf"gwfrsKd;awG/ vlom;wkdif;rSm&Sd-ur,fqkd&if/avmu-uD;[m jidrf;csrf;jyD;om,maysmf&$ifzG,ftaygif;
ESifh jynfpkHrSm aocsmw,f 'umr-uD;/
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vl@b0qkdwm/ ykcufESifhacgif;t-um; c%av;yg/ tJ'Dc%av; vl@b0ukd/ avmb/ a'goawGe@J
 4
b0ed*kH;csKyfoGm;r,fqkd&if/ tifrwef oar#mp&maumif;ygw,f/ c%av; &&SdvmwJh vl@b0ukd/ aysmfaysmf
&$if&$if/ jidrf;jidrf;csrf;csrf;eJ@/ oabmxm;-uD;onfh/ olawmfaumif;pdwf"gwfawGESihf/ b0ed*Hk;csKyf&&if/ &&Sdvm
onfh/ rdrdb0av;[m/ wefbkd;&Sdwmaygh 'umr-uD;/
bkef;-uD;wkd@tcsKdyGJzkH;ay;&if;/ pum;ajymqkdaejcif;jzpfyg./ tcsKdyGJuyfjyD;aomtcg/ jrefrmy&dwf
owfawGw&m;embkd@jyifqif-u./ bmomjcm;trsKd;orD;-uD;ESpfOD;vJ/ xkdif&rvkd x&rvkdjzpfae./
'g,umr-uD;/ ,QK Ak'<bmom0ifawG oHCmawmft&SifjrwfawGukdqGrf;uyfjyD;&if/ oHCmawmf
t&SifjrwfawGrSvJ/ qGrf;'g,um/ qGrf;'umrawG/ qGrf;csufay;aomvkyftm;'ge&SifawGudk/arwWma&S@xm;
jyD;/ 0rf;ajrmufbG,ftEkarm'emw&m;pum;awG/ ajyma[mbkd@tcsdefa&mufvmjyDjzpfw,f/
,QKbkef;-uD;w&m;a[mrSmjzpfonfhtwGuf/ 'g,umr-uD;wkd@vJA[kokwtjzpfem;axmifapcsif
w,f/ bkef;-uD;ukd&Spfckd;p&mvJrvkdyg/ bkef;-uD;a[mrnfhw&m;ukdvJ/ vkdufemp&mrvkdygbl;/ 'gayrJh 'g,um
r-uD;wkd@b0twGuf/ A[kokwtjzpf rSwfom;vkdu rSwfom;Ekdifygw,f/
bmomjcm;'g,umr-uD;ESpfa,mufvJ/ aemufem;wae&mwGif xkdifaewmawG@&./ jrefrmy
&dwfowfuawmh/ -oumojzifhuawmhumig;yg;oDvcH,l-u./ bkef;-uD;ig;yg;oDvay;jyD;/ oHCmawmfrsm;
pkaygif;I tEW&m,fuif; y&dwf&Gwfzwfawmfrl./
TqGrf;au|;yGJwGif/ qGrf;tEkarm'emw&m;tjzpf/ b0qENig;rsKd;w&m;/ wenf;tm;jzifh/vrf;pOf
ESifh yef;wkdif w&m;ukda[m-um;cJhyg./ bmomjcm;trsKd;orD;ESpfOD;ukd t"du&nf&G,fIa[mjcif;jzpfyg./
,ae@'g,umOD;ausmf./ qGrf;uyfyJGrSmbkef;-uD;a[mrnfhw&m;uawmh/ vlom;awG./ b0
qENig;rsKd;/ wenf;tm;jzifh vrf;pOfESifhyef;wkdifw&m;jzpfw,f/ a&S@av;yg;u vrf;pOfjzpfjyD;/ aemufwyg;om
v#if/ yef;wkdifjzpfw,f/
y&dwfowf-uD;bmw&m;a[mrSmvJ=========´
b0qENig;rsdK;ac: vrf;pOfESifhyef;wkdifw&m;ygbk&m;?
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vrf;pOfygbk&m;?
aemufqkH;wyg;ubmac:ovJ============´
yef;wkdifygbk&m;?
vlom;qkdwm/ vl@b0ukd&&SdvmonfhtcsdefupjyD;/ b0qENig;rsKd;jzpfay:vmwwfw,f/
eHygwf 1/ qENuawmh/ vlom;awG vljzpfvmonfqkd&ifbJ/ aumif;aumif;pm;csifw,f/ aumif;
aumif;0wfcsifw,f/ tdrfaumif;aumif;aecsifw,f/ aumif;aumif;usrf;rmcsifw,f/
,QKajymvkdufwmawG[kwf&J@vm;y&dwfowf-uD;=========´
[kwfrSefygw,fbk&m;?
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r[kwfvm;==========´
[kwfygw,fbk&m;?
 5
at;===,QKvkdpD;yGm;OpPmawGusKd;pm;&SmazGwJhtcg-uawmh/ xkdufoifhonfhpD;yGm;OpPmawGjynfhpHk
vmw,f/ pm;a&;rSmvJ/ pm;csifwmpm;&wJhb0/ aomufcsifwmaomuf&wJh b0rsKd;a&mufvmw,f/ pm;
a&;tm;jzifhjynfhpkHvmw,fvkd@ac:wmaygh/
0wfa&;rSmvJ vlwumESifh ,SOfjyD;0wfvmEkdifw,f/ aea&;rSmvJ tqifhwef;rSDrDS aevmEkdifw,f/
usrf;rma&;rSmvJ/ aumif;rGefonfh aq;0g;"gwfpmawGukd/ rSD0JoHk;aqmifEdkifonfhtqifhrsKd;a&mufvmw,f
pm;0wfaea&; usrf;rma&; jynfhpkHvmw,fvkd@/ac:&wmaygh/
tJ'Dvkd pm;Ekdif/0wfEkdif/ aumif;aumif;aeEkdif/ usrf;rma&;ESifh jynfhpkHaejyDqkd&if/ vlom;awG[m
rdrdwkd@&J@ b0qEN jynfhpkHaejyDvkd@ xifae-uw,f/ wu,fawmhrjynfhpHkao;ygbl;/ jynfhpkHw,fxif&if rSm;yg
vdrfhr,f/ yef;wkdifra&mufbJ/ vrf;pOfrSmwif/ vrf;ajymufaeaom vlom;awGom jzpfygvdrhfr,f/
vlom;[m/ pm;0wfaea&; usrf;rma&;jynfhpkHvkd@/ auseyfESpfodrhfaeao;wm r[kwfbl;/ vlom;
&J@'kwd,qENuawmh/ aysmfaysmf&$if&$if aecsifao;w,f/
y&dwfowf-uD;/ vlom;./ 'kwd,qENubmvJ=======´
aysmfaysmf&$if&$ifaejcifygw,fbk&m;?
wu,fjzpfwm [kwf&J@vm;y&dwfowf-uD;==========´
[kwfrSefygw,fbk&m;?
at;===aysmf&$ifr+ukd cHpm;csifvmawmh/ ukd,fwkdifqkd-u/ ukd,fwkdifu-uw,f/ olwyg;qkdwmukd
em;axmif-u/ olwyg;uwmukd-unfh&+-uw,f/ a&S;acwfuawmh/ ZmwfawG/ tjidrhfawGavmufom&Sdwm
,QKacwfawmh/ pwdwf&+d;awG/ wDADGawG/ tifwmeufawG/ atmufpufawG/ pavmif;awGe@J /aysmf&$ifr+udkcHpm;
csifonfhyk*~KdvfawGtwGuf/ aysmf&$ifp&mawGuvJ/ avmuwGifaygvSygbd/ xkdaysmf&$ifr+qENudkvJ/ vlom;
awGusKd;pm;jyD;/ jynfhpkHatmifzefwnf;aewmukdvnf;/ xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awG@jrifae&yg./
vlom;. yxrqENjzpfonfh/ pm;0wfaea&; usrf;rma&;uvJjynfhpkH/ vlom;. 'kwd, qENjzpf
onfh/ aysmf&$ifr+uvnf;jynfhpkHjyDqkd&if/ vlawG[m rdrdwkd@b0jynfhpkHjyDvkd@ txifa&mufvmjyefa&m/ tJ'Dt
xifuvJ/ vlom;.txifrSm;wckygbJ/ yef;wkdifra&mufbJ vrf;pOfrSmyif/ vrf;ajymufaeaom/ vlom;.
'kwd,txifjzpfyg./
y&dwfowf-uD;b,fESpfyg;&SdoGm;jyDvJ========´
ESpfyg;&SdygjyDbk&m;?
vlom;qkdwm/ pm;0wfaea&; usrf;rma&;jynfhpkHvkd@v J/ b0ukd auseyfaeao;wm r[kwfovkd/
aysmf&$ifr+ESifhjynfhpkHaewmukdvJ/ auseyfESpfodrhfaeao;wmvJr[kwfbl;/ vlom;./ wwd,b0qEN jzpfay:
vmjyefw,f/ wwd,qENuawmh/ todynm&Sif/ twwfynm&Sifjzpfcsifao;w,f/
y&dwfowf-uD;wwd,qENubmjzpfcsifwmvJ========´
todynm&Sif twwfynm&Sifjzpfcsifao;w,f?
y&dwfowf-uD;rdrdwkd@cENmukdu/ tJ'DqENjzpf&@J vm;========´
jzpfygw,fbk&m;?
 6
at;===todynm&Sif twwfynm&Sif jzpfcsifvkd@vJ/ txufwef;ausmif;awG/ wuUodkvfawG
wufjyD;/ bGJ@xl;*k%fxl;awG&atmifusKd;pm;-uwmayhg/ jrefrmjynfrSmwGif ynmoif&wm tm;r&bJ/ EkdifiH
&yfjcm;xGufjyD;/ a'gufwmbGJ@awG &&Sdatmif usKd;pm;-uwmukdvJ awG@jrif&w,f//
vlom;./ wwd,qENjzpfonfh/ bGJ@xl;*k%fxl;awGuvJjynfhpkH/ vlom;./ 'kwd,qENjzpfonfh
aysmf&$ifr+uvnf;jynfhpkH/ vlom;./ wwd,qENjzpfonfh/ pm;0wfaea&; usrf;rma&;uvJ jynfhpHkjyDqdk&if
vlom;[m/ rdrdb0jynfhpkHaejyDvkd@/ txifwcke@J / b0ifcyfjrifhjrifh cyf-uGm;-uGm;yk*~KdvfawGudkawG@&wwfw,f
tJ'DvkdtxifrsKd;uvJ/ vlom;.txifrSm;wckygbJ/ yef;wkdifra&mufbJ/ vrf;pOfrSmyifvrf;ajymufaeaom
vlom;awG.txifjzpfygw,f/
vlom;[m/pm;0wfaea&;usrf;rma&;jynfhpkHvkd@/ b0ukdauseyfESpfodrhfaeao;wmr[kwfovkd/ aysmf
&$ifr+ESifh jynfhpkHaewmukdvJ auseyfESpfodrfhaewmr[kwfbl;/ bG@J xl;*k%fxl;awGrsm;pGm&&SdayrJh/ ESpfoufaus
eyf a&mifh&Jaeao;wm rawG@&bJ/ vlom;.pwkwˆqENu/ awmif;qkdvmjyefw,f/
pwkwˆqENuawmh/ vlom;[m/ olwyg;xufydkjyD;xl;c|efcsifw,f/ olwyg;xufykdjyD;ay:vGifcsifw,f/
tJ'DpwkwˆqENaum jzpfovm; y&dwfowf-uD;========´
jzpfygw,fbk&m;?
at;=olwyg;xuf ykdjyD;xl;c|efay:vGifcsifonfhtwGuf/ vlom;[m/ wDxGif-uHqcsifonfh/pdwf"gwfawG
wzGm;zGm;jzpfay:vmw,f/
tvif;a&mifESifhywfoufvkd@/ a&S;acwfvlom;awG[m/ aea&mif va&mifukdtm;ukd;ae&wmyg/ ,QK
acwfvlom;awG/xl;c|efcsifonfhpdwf"gwfa-umifh/ wnfxGif-uHqonfhtwGuf/ qDrD;/ a&eHqDrD;/za&mif;wkdif
rD;uwqifh/ v#yfppfrD;awGjzpfay:vmw,f/ v#yfppfrD;rSmvJ/ 'DZ,fpufjzifh&&Sdaomv#yfppf/ a&tm;v#yfppf
tEkjrL"gwfaygif;zkdrS &&Sdaomv#yfppfqkdjyD;/ tqifhqifhwdk;wufvmukdawG@&Sd&w,f/ wu,fawmh/ vlom;
awG./ xl;c|efcsifonfhpdwf"gwfa-umifh &&SdvmonfhtusKd;aus;Zl;awGyg/
ynma&;ESifhywfoufvkd@/ a&S;acwfvlom;awG[m/ ayunpfay:rSma&;&onfhb0rS/ ausmufoifyHk;
ausmufwH/ Avmpmtkyf/ cJwH/ azgifwdef/ abmhyifponfjzifh/ wqifhjrifhvmatmifwDxGif-uw,f/,QKacwf
awmh/ uGefysLwm/ tifwmeufpepfawGa&mufvmatmif/ vlom;./ xl;c|efcsifonfhqENa-umifh/wDxGif-uH
qonfhtwGuf/ jzpfay:vmonfhtusKd;qufawGyg/
oGm;vm a&;eJ@ywfoufvkd@/ a&S;acwfvlom;awG[m/ avS vSJ EGm; jrif;acwfrS/ pufbdef;/ qkdifu,f/
armfawmfum;/ rD;&xm;/ av,OfysH/acwfwdkifatmifa&mufvmw,f/,QKacwfawmh/ vurBma&mufatmif
wufEkdifonfh/ tmumo,OfawGyg wDxGifvmEkdifjcif;onf/ vlom;awG./ xl;c|efcsifonfhpdwf"gwfa-umifh
wDxGif-uHqonfhtwGuf&&Sdvmonfh/ tusKd;aus;Zl;awGyg/
qufoG,fa&;eJ@ywfoufvkd@/ a&S@acwfvlom;awG[m/ pmc|efawmfykd@onfhtqifhrS/ pmwkduf/ aus;eef;
w,fvDzkef;/ tD;ar;ponfjzifh/ tqifhqifhwkd;wufvmjcif;onfvnf;/ vlom;awG./ xl;c|efcsifonfhqEN
a-umifh/ wDxGif-uHqcJhonfhtusKd;aus;Zl;awGyg/
pm;aomufa&;twGuf/ a&S;acwfvlom;awG[m/ awmawmifawGrSm/ trJvkdufpm;&/ awmxJwGif
 7
tvkdvkdaygufaeaom/ opfoD;opf&Gufw@dk udkvkdufcl;pm;&onfh/ b0rS/ ,QKacwfawmh/ pkdufysKd;arG;jrLa&;awG
pDpOfjyD;/pm;a&;jynfhpkHatmifzefwnf;Ekdifjcif;onfvnf;/vlom;awG./ topfopfjzpfay:vmatmif/ xl;c|ef
csifonfhpdwf"gwft&if;cHjyD; aqmif&GufaomcJhaoma-umifh/ &&SdvmonfhtusKd;aus;Zl;awGyg/
0wfa&;twGuf/ a&S;acwfvlom;awG[m/ t&SufvHkatmif/ opf&Gufopfcufukd/ -udK;oDjyD;0wf&onfh
tqifhrS/ ,QKacwfvlom;awG/ xl;c|efcsifonfhqENa-umifh/ wDxGif-uHqonfhtwGuf/ aumif;ayhqdkonfht
0wftxnfawG/ wxnfjyD;wxnf vJ0wfEkdifjcif;[mvnf;/ vlom;./ xl;c|efcsifonfhpdwf"gwfudkt&if;cH
jyD;/ jzpfay:vmonfhtusKd;aus;Zl;awGyg/
aea&;twGuf/ a&S;acwfvlom;awG[m/ obm0ab;tEW&m,fawGumuG,fb@dk / ausmuf*l/ v+dif*l/
awGrSm jzpfovkdae&onfb0yg/ ,QKacwfawmh/ vlom;awG. xl;c|efcsifonfhpdwf"gwfudktajccHjyD;/ wnf
xGif-uHqaoma-umifh/ acwfrSDrSDtaqmuftOD;awGwnfaqmufEkdifjyD;/ obm0ab;tEW&m,fawGudk/ vkHjcKH
atmifaqmif&GufEkdifwmvJ/ vlom;.xl;c|efcsifonfhqENukdtajccHjyD;jzpfay:vmonfhaus;Zl;awGyg/
usrf;rma&;twGuf/ a&S;acwfvlom;awG[m/ aq;buf0ifonfh/ opfOopfzkpm;jyD;/ r#watmifae&
onfhb0yg/,QKacwfvlom;awGrSmawmh/usrf;rma&;twGuf tqifhjrifhjrifhaq;0g;"gwfpmawGudk/ okH;aqmif
Ekdifjcif;[mvJ/ vlom;awG./ xl;c|efcsifonfhpdwf"gwfukdtajccHjyD;/ jzpfay:vmonfhtusKd;quf&vwfawG
jzpfyg.
vlom;awG[molwyg;xufykdjyD;xl;c|efcsifovkd/ olwyg;xufydkjyD;ay:vGifcsif-uw,f/ olwyg;xuf
ykdjyD;ay:vGifcsifonfhqENa-umifh/ rdrdwDxGif-uHqxm;wmawGukdvJ/ vlwumodatmif/ jycsif-uw,f/ rdrd
&&Sdxm;onfh bGJ@xl;*k%fxl;awGukdvJ/ vlwumodatmif/ pum;ajymovkdvkdeJ@/ rdrdodxm;/ wwfxm;wm
awGukd/ apmifyg;&dyfajcawGeJ@jywwfw,f/
oma&;ema&;udpPay:wmawmif/ rdrdwkd@.emrnfawG.aemufrSm/ bGJ@awGwoDwwef;-uD;eJ@/ rdrdem
rnfolwyg;xufay:vGifatmif/xif&Sm;atmifjycsif-uw,f/ pD;yGm;a&;a-umfjim/ vlr+a&;a-umfjim/bmom
a&;a-umfjimawGrSmvJ/ rdrd&&Sdxm;onfh/ bG@J xl;*k%fxl;awGwoDwwef;-uD;ygEkdifor#ygatmif/ rdrd olwyg;
xufykday:vGifatmif/ jycsifonfhqEN[mvJ/ vlom;./ xl;c|efay:vGifcsifonfh/ pwkwˆqENa-umifh/ jzpfay:
vmjcif;jzpfygw,f/
at;===='ga-umifhrkd@/ vlom;.yxrqENjzpfonfh/ pm;0wfaea&;usrf;rma&;uvJjynfhpHk/ vlom;.
'kwd,qENjzpfonfh/aysmf&$ifr+qkdif&m tEkynm&yfqkdif&mcHpm;pHpm;r+uvJjynfhpHk/ vlom;./ wwd,qENjzpf
onfh/ todynm twwfynmqkdif&m bG@J xl;*k%fxl;awGuvJjynfhpkH/ vlom;./ pwkwˆqENjzpfonfh/ olw
yg;xufykdjyD;/ xl;c|efay:vGifcsifonfhqENvJjynfhpHkjyDqkd&if/ vlom;[m rdrdb0 jynfhpkHjyDxifwwf-uw,f/ tJ
'Dtxif[mvJ/ vlom;. txifrSm;wckygbJ/ yef;wkdifra&mufbJ/ vrf;pOfrSmyif/ vrf;ajymufaeaom/ vl
om;. txifom jzpfygw,f/
vrf;pOfjzpfonfh/ Tb0qENav;rsKd;ESihfjynfhpkHvkd@/ vlom;[m/ ESpfodrfha&mifh&J@auseyfaeao;wm
r[kwfbl;/ yef;wkdifjzpfonfh/ aemufqkH;yOPrajrmufb0qENudkvJjzpfcsif-uao;w,f/
vlom;.yOPrqENuawmh/ jrifhjrwfonfhvlom;jzpfcsif-uao;w,f/
 8
y&dwfowf-uD;jrifhjrwfonfhvlom;jzpfcsifonfhqEN&dSovm;=====´
&Sdygw,fbk&m;?
at;====vlom;wkdif;=vlom;wkdif;/ jrifhjrwfonfhyk*~Kdvfjzpfcsif-uw,f/ ckd;qkd;vk,ufwdkufcdkuf
aeonfhyk*~KdvfawG/ tusifhpm&dwWysufysm;aeonfhyk*~KdvfawGvJ/ rdrdwkd@b,favmufqkd;qkd;/ &[ef;&Sifvl/
y&dwfowf-um;xJrSm/ ukd,fusifhoduQmaumif;onfh olawmfaumif;awGyg[kajymqkd&if/ oabm-uESpf
wmukdvnf;awG@&yg./
olawmfaumif;vkd@/ vlom;wkdif;tac:cHcsifwmuawmh/ vlom;. yOPrqENa-umifh jzpfay:vmjcif;
jzpfyg./ tJ'Dvkd jrifhjrwfonfh olawmfaumif;[k tac:cHcsifonfh yk*~KdvfawG vkdufem&rnfh tcsufav;
csuf&Sdygw,f
1/ cspfcifjcif;qkdwJh/ arwWmw&m;?
2/ oem;usifemjcif;qkdwhJ/u&k%mw&m;?
3/ 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfjcif;qkdwJh/ rk'dwmw&m;?
4/ t&m&mcGifhvGwfwwfjcifqdkwhJ/ OayuQmw&m;?
Tw&m;av;yg;ukd/ w&m;emy&dwfowf-uD;vkdufemusifh-uH&r,f?
arwWmqkdwm ygVdvkdajymwm/ jrefrmvkdjyefawmhcsifcifjcif;vkd@qkdw,f/ cspfcifjcif;qkdwmvJ/ okH;rsKd;
&Sdw,f/ ZeD;armifESH tcspfuwrsKd;/ rdom;pktcspfuwrsKd;/ wavmuvkH;ukdcspfEkdifonfhtcspfuwrsKd;qkdjyD;
okH;rsKd;uGJjym;vmw,f/
ZeD;armifESH tcspfqkdwm/ ZeD;ESifhcifyGef;ESpfOD;xJom cspfaoma-umifh/ avmuwGifabmiftusif;
qkH;tcspfjzpfw,f/ tJ'DvkdtcspfrsKd;ukd/ arwWmvkd@ okH;vkd@r&ygbl;/ w%Smayr tcspfv@dk om/ ac:qkdv@dk &yg
w,f/ wcsKd@vli,fvl&G,fawG/ arwWmESihfw%Smayrukd aoaocsmcsmem;rvnfawmh/ arwWmukdtvGJoHk;
pm;vkyfaewmukdvJrsm;pGmawG@&yg./
rdom;pktcspfukdvJ/ arwWmvkd@okH;vkd@r&ygbl;/ ukd,hfrdom;pk/ ukd,hf&Gm/ ukd,fhjrdK@/ukd,hfEdkifiHudkcspf
onfhtcspfrsKd;rSmvJ/ ta&twGuftm;jzifh/ tv,ftvwftqifhom &Sdaoma-umifh/ a*[\dwayr/
tcspfvkd@bJokH;vkd@&ygw,f/arwWmvkd@oHk;vk@d r&ygbl;/
wavmuvkH;ukd/ &efolrdwfaqGrcGJbJ cspfEkdifonfhtcspfrsKd;ukdom/ tifrwefjzLpifaoma-umifh
arwWmvkd@okH;Ekdifjcif;jzpfygw,f/
arwWmqkdwm/ jzLpifw,f/ pif-u,fw,f/ oef@&Sifw,f/ avmba&mif/ a'goa&mif/ rmea&mif
awGr&Sdygbl;/ tJ'Dvkdta&mifrqkd;xm;aom/ tjzLa&mifoufoufukd,fom/ arwWmvkd@oHk;vk@d &ygw,f/
'kd@w&m;emy&dwfowf-uD;==rdrdtusKd;pD;yGm;ukdzsufpD;ol/ rdrdESihftpOfrajyol/rdrdtm;&efvdkrkef;
xm;ItEW&m,fay;aeol/ Tvkd&efolrsKd;ukdarwWmyk@d v@dk &yghrvm;=======´
r&ygbk&m;/
(bmomjcm;trsKd;orD;rsm;ukdvJoD;oef@ar;.)
'g,umr-uD;wkd@vJrdrd&efolukdarwWmyk@d v@dk &rvm;========´
 9
r&ygbk&m;/
rdrd&efolukd/ arwWmykd@vkd@r&ao;&if/ rdrdarwWm"gwf/ atmifjrifatmif rykd@Ekdifao;bl;vk@d oabm
aygufxm;&r,f/ rdrd.&efolukdarwWmykd@&wmcufwmaygh/ 'gayrJhykd@vkd@&onfhom"uZwfvrf;awGawmhrsm;
pGm&Sdav&J@/ wu,fatmifjrifatmifarwWmykd@Ekdif&if/ wu,ftEW&m,fuif;a-umif;Zmwfawmfwckudkem,l
-u&atmif/
jrwfpGmbk&m;yGifhawmf/ rrlrD/ wckaomtcsdefujzpfyg./ r*&mZfwkdif;Y/ r*&mZfbk&if-uD;wkdif;jynf
ukdtkyfcsKyfaeaomtcsdefjzpf./ r*&mZfwkdif;twGif;rSm&Sdonfh/ rpvqkdonfh&Gm-uD;w&GmrSm/ rCvkvifw@dk
rdom;pkaexkdif-u./
rCvkvvifonf/ TavmuY/ ylaZmfxdkufonfht&mig;rsKd;&Sda-umif;ukdodxm;./
eHygwf 1/ &kd;&m,Ofaus;r+ukd xdrf;odrf;apmifha&Smufaomtm;jzifh/ rdrdw@dk rsKd;EG,fudk urBmavmurS
rajymufoGm;a&;twGuf/ apmifha&Smufjcif;jzifhylaZmf&rnf/
eHygwf 2/ avmuwGifq&monf aus;Zl;rsm;./ rdrdukdvl@tqifhwef;rSDrDS/ aexkdifpm;aomufa&;t
wGuf/ oGefoifqkH;r-o0g'ay;./ aus;Zl;&Sifq&mtm;vnf; ylaZmfxkdufyg./
eHygwf 3/ avmuwGif rdcifzcifaus;Zl;wkd@onf/ aus;Zl;qyfI rukefEkdifatmif/ aus;Zl;rsm;vSyg./
rdbr&Sdv#if/ om;orD;qkdwmr&SdEkdifaoma-umifh/ tvGefaus;Zl;rsm;aom/ rdbawGudkvJylaZmfxdkufyg./
eHygwf 4/ rdrdrSwyg; tjcm;vlom;rsm;ukd qkdjcif;jzpfyg./ vl[lonf/ vlr+ywf0ef;usifwGif/ rdrdw
a,mufwnf;wnf;/ txD;usefpGmaeEkdifolr[kwfacs/ rdrdywf0ef;usifwGif/ rdrdrSwyg;/ wjcm;vlom;rsm;pGm
&Sdyg./ Tvlom;rsm;ukd/ jrwfEkd;jcif;/ av;av;pm;pm; qufqHwwfjcif;jzifh/ ylaZmfxkdufyg./
eHygwf 5/ aus;iSufwd&p>mefrsm;ESihf/ ywf0ef;usif&kyfavmu-uD;wkd;wufatmifaqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfyg
./ ywf0ef;usifavmuukd om,mapwwfaom/ aus;iSufwd&p>mefrsm;ukd/ arwWmxm;I/ &kyfavmu-uD;
wkd;wufatmif/ opfyifyef;refrsm;pkdufysKd;jcif;/ a&wGif;a&uefrsm;wl;az:jcif;/ vrf;rsm;azgufvkyfjcif; wnf;
ckdp&m Z&yfrsm; aqmufvkyfvª'gef;jcif;jzifh/ &kyfavmuukdylaZmf&ma&mufyg./
rCvkvifwkd@vufxuf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;ryGihfrDSjzpfaoma-umifh/ jA[R%0g'twkdif;/ avmuukdylaZmf
p&mig;rsKd;jzifh/ tjrJylaZmfaeaom/ rCvkifwkd@rdom;pkjzpfyg./
rCvkvifonf/ ywf0ef;usif&kyfavmu-uD;wkd;wufzGH@jzdK;bkd@twGuf/ rdrd. um,tm;/ ^m%tm;
awGpkdufxkwfum/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;aumif;rGefb@dk twGuf/ vrf;awGazguf./ wwm;awGwnfaqmuf
./ ywf0ef;usifpdrf;vrf;pkdajya&;twGuf/ opfyifyef;refawGpkdufysKd;./
vlom;awGtouf&Sifa&;twGuf tvGefta&;-uD;aom/ aomufa&/ okH;a&twGuf/ a&wGif;a&uef
awGwl;az:./ a&csrf;pifawGwnfaqmuf./ c&D;oGm;jynfolawG em;ckdbkd@twGuf/ Z&yfawGwnfaqmuf./
vlom;tusKd;jyKvkyfief;awGukd/ rdrdpGrf;tm;&Sdoavmufaqmif&Gufaeaomrdom;pkjzpfyg./
rCvkvifwkd@ rdom;pkukdtm;-ujyD;/ rpv&GmrS/ pdwfwludk,fwl/ 0goemwl/ vlrsm;pGmyl;aygif;vm-u
./ vlom;tusKd;jyKvkyfief;ukd/ vlyDoolvlom;wkdif;pdwf0ifpm;jcif;onf/ ywf0ef;usifavmu-uD;twGuf
aumif;aomvuQ%mjzpfyg./
 10
rCvkvifESifhtwl/ tzGJ@0ifawGwzGJzJG0ifa&mufvmwm/ 33=OD;txdrsm;jym;vm./vlr+ywf0ef;usif
wkd;wufa&;/ rdrdwkd@&yf&GmzGH@jzdK;wkd;wufa&;twGuf/ vlom;wkdif;pdwf0ifpm;w,fqkdwmxif&Sm;yg./
tzGJ@0iftiftm;awG awmifhwif;vmaom/ rCvkvifwkd@tzGJ@onf/ rdrdw@dk y&[dwvkyfief;awGudk/
ykdjyD;vkyfvmEkdif-u./ wpf&GmESifhwpf&Gm qufoG,fa&; vrf;awGaumif;rGefatmif/ apwemtjynfhjzifh/ vkyf
tm;tvSqif-u./ vrf;ab;0J,m om,mvSya&;twGuf/ opfyifyef;refawGukdvnf;/ vSyatmifpdkuf
ysdK;um/ ywf0ef;usifavmuukdtvSqif-u./
vlom;twGuftvGefta&;-uD;aom/ aomufokH;a&ukdvJ/ a'oaejynfolrsm;/ 00vifvifaomuf
okH;Ekdif&eftwGuf/ w&Gmwuefwl;az:umukodkvf,l-u./ vlr+ywf0ef;usifwkd;wufz@HG jzdK;a&;twGuf/ tm;
oGefcGefpkdufusdK;yef;aqmif&Gufaeaom/ rCvkvifwkd@tzGJ@jzpfyg./
ywf0ef;usif wkd;wufzG@HjzdK;a&;twGuf/ usdK;pm;aqmif&Gufaeaom rCvkvifwkd@tzG@J tm;/ ywf0ef;
usifvlom;rsm;rSvJ/ apwemwkH@jyefjyD; av;av;pm;pm;qufqHvmwmukdawG@&./ vlr+a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd
aqmif&Gufaeaom/ olawmfaumif;rsm;[kowfrSwfvm-u./ rCvkvifukdvJ/ vlom;awGtwGuf/ tm;
ukd;xkdufaom/ acgif;aqmifaumif;wa,muf[k owfrSwfvm-u./
rCvkvifwkd@tzGJ@/ t&Sdeft0gawG ykdrkd-uD;rm;vmavav/ rpv&GmukdtkyfcsKyfaeaom/ rpv&Gmol-uD;
rSm/ aerxd /xkdifromjzpfae./ rpv&Gmol-uD; jzpfapcsifwmu/ rCvkvifw@dk tzG@J / ,QKvkd vlr+a&;vkyfief;
awGrvkyfbJ/ avmif;upm;vkyfief;awG/ rl;,pfaq;0g;ao&nfao&ufa&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;awG vkyfapcsif
./ raumif;r+'kp&kdufvkyfief;awGvkyfrS/ rdrdtkyfcsKyfr+atmufrSm/ rdrdudkarmfr-unfh&JbJ/rdrdudktvGefa-umuf
tvGef&kdaoum/ rdrd-oZmanmif;I/ rdrdvufatmufcHjzpfrSmjzpf./
,QKawmh rCvkvifwkd@tzGJ@onf/ ywf0ef;usifwkd;wufa&;/ vlr+a&;vkyfief;awGukdom aqmif&Gufae
aoma-umifh/ ywf0ef;usifvlom;awGtm;vkH;rSm/ rCvkvifw@dk tzG@J ukd/ ykdrkdav;pm;qufqHaewmawG@jrif
ae&./ rdrd.-oZmt&Sdeft0gawG usqif;vmwmukdawG@&./
rdrd./ t&Sdef0g-oZmawG usqif;aewmukd/ rpv&Gmol-uD;/ ra-ueyfpdwfawG/ remvkdpdwfawGjzifh/ rcH
r&yfEkdifjzpfae./ rdrd&ifxJrScHpm;csufukd/ jrdKodyfrxm;EkdifbJ/ aygufuJGxGufvmum/ tm%mukdtvGJoHk;pm;
vkyfI/ rCvkvifwkd@tzGJ@ukd qifhac:av./
rpv&Gmol-uD;onf/ rCvkvifwkd@tzG@J tm;/ tEkenf;jzifhpnf;&kH;-unfh./ ,QKvkyfaeaom/ vrf;azguf
wwm;aqmuf/ a&wGif;a&uefwl;/ opfyifpkduf/ Z&yfaqmufjcif;qkdwJh/ vlr+a&;vkyfief;awGudk rjyKvkyfbJ/
avmif;upm;vkyfief;awG/ t&ufaopma&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;awG/ jyKvkyf&ef/ pnf;&kH;av./
rCvkvifwkd@tzGJ@rSvJ/ rpv&Gmol-uD;wkdufwGef;aom/ avmif;upm;r+ESihft&ufaopma&mif;0,fa&;
vkyfief;awGonf/ 'kp&kdufvkyfief;awGtm;ay;&ma&mufaoma-umifh/ pdwfr0ifpm;yg/
T'kp&kdufvkyfief;awG&Sdae&if/ rdrdwkd@&Gm/ rdrdwkd@jrdK@/ rdrdwkd@EdkifiHESihf/ rdrdw@dk ywf0ef;usifavmu-uD;/ t
usifhpm&dwWawGysufpD;jyD;/ vlawmfvlaumif;awGjzpfrvmbJ/ vlnHhawG/ vlzsif;awG/ tacsmiform;awG/ t
vpform;awG/ olckd;/ "m;jyawGom/ rsm;oxuf/ ykdrsm;vmrnfjzpfyg./
ywf0ef;usifavmu-uD;ukd/ wkd;wufzG@HjzdK;vkdaom/ rCvkvifwd@k tzGJ@onf/ rdrdw@dk &Gm/ rdrdw@dk jrdK@/ rdrdw@dk
 11
EkdifiHukd/ vrf;yrf;qufoG,fa&;awG aumif;rGefapcsif./ opfyifyef;refawGjzifh om,mvSyapcsif./ vlom;
awGta&;-uD;aom/aomufokH;a&awGESifh/ jynfhpkHapcsif./ vlom;awGudk,fusifhoduQmESihfjynfhpHkjyD;/ vlawmf
vlaumif;awGjzifh/ wkdif;jynf-uD; zG@HjzdK;apcsifonfh qENa-umifh/ rpv&Gmol-uD;./ ,kwfrmaomt-uHqdk;ukd
nif;y,f&awmh./
rpv&Gmol-uD;onf/ rCvkvifwkd@tzG@J ukd/ tEkenf;jzifhpnf;&kH;yg./ r&v#ifawmhtusrf;enf;jzifhudkif
rnf[kqkH;jzwfxm;./ remvkdr+rsm;aom yk*~KdvfawGonf/ tawmfa-umufp&m aumif;yg./ y wf0ef;usif
avmutwGufvJ/ tEW&m,ftawmfrsm;yg./
rdrdukd,fwkdif/ ywf0ef;usifavmu./ av;pm;r+ukd/ &,lvkdw,fqdk&if/ rdrdukd,fwkdif/ &kd;om;ajzmifhrwf
jcif;qkdonfh/ ukd,fusifhoduQmESifhjynfhpkH&rnf/ pGe@f v$wftepfemcH&rnf/ remvkdjcif;uif;&rnf/ oabmxm;
-uD;&rnf/ Tw&m;awGESifhjynfhpkHrS/ ywf0ef;usifavmu./ av;pm;r+ukd&&Sdrnfjzpfyg./
,QKawmh rpv&Gmol-uD;onf/ ywf0ef;usifavmuvlom;awG./ tav;pm;cHr+udkvJ,lcsifao;/ rdrd
ukd,fwkdifvJ/ avmuaumif;usKd;ukdvJ bmwckrSrvkyfcsif/ rdrdtm%mwnfjrJa&;ESifh/ rdrdudk,fusKd;twGuf
om aqmif&Gufaeaoma-umifh/ vlom;awG./ av;pm;r+ukd/ r&&Sdjcif;onfobm0-uyg./
avmuaumif;usKd;ukd aqmif&Gufaeaom/ yk*~KdvfawGudkvJ/ tm;ray;onfhtjyif/ rdrdtm%myg0g
ukdtokH;csjyD;/ tcGifha&;&or#/ [ef@wm;aESmuf,SufaewmukdvJ/ oem;p&mawG@jrif&yg./
remvkdr+tm;-uD;aom/ rpv&Gmol-uD;onf/ ,kwfrmyufpufaomt-uHqkd;jzifh/ rCvkvifw@dk t
zGJ@ukd/ ysufpD;&m ysufpD;a-umif;/ -uHpDtm;xkwfaeyg./ aumif;aomapwemonf/ aumif;usKd;wwfay;I/
raumif;aom apwemonf/ raumif;usKd;aywwfonfh/ oabmw&m;ukd/ remvkdr+awGrGefaeaom/rpv
&Gmol-uD;/ owdr&Ekdifyg/
rpv&Gmol-uD;onf/ wkdif;jynftkyfcsKyfaeaom/ r*&mZfrif;-uD;xHokd@/ oGm;a&muf tcpm;0ifI/
t&Sifrif;-uD;/ tu|EkfyftkyfcsKyfaom/ rpv&GmwGif/ e,fajrat;csrf;a&;ukdxdckdufEkdifaom/ ckd;om;"m;jywzG@J
aomif;usef;v#uf&Sdaeyg./
acgif;aqmif"m;jyAkdvfuawmh/ rCvkvifjzpf./ TtzGJ@onf/ tzG@J tiftm;awmifhwif;vmonfh
twGuf/ tcsdef-umvm&if/ wkdif;jynf.tcsKyftcsmtm%mukdxdyg;vmEkdifygonf/ tcdsefrDSwdkufcdkufEdSrfeif;
ay;yg&ef/ r[kwfr[wfvkyfZmwfjzifh/ r*&mZfrif;-uD;tm;/ av#mufwifavawmh./
r*&mZfrif;-uD;vJ/ rpv&Gmpm;onf/ rdrd.vuf&if; wynfhvl,kHjzpfaoma-umifh/ rpv&Gmol-uD;
./ av#mufwifcsufudk/ ,kH-unfvufcHum/ bk&iftm%mjzifh/ bk&ifwyfom;awGapvGwfI/ rCvkvif
tzGJ@ukd/ zrf;ckdif;vkduf./ bk&ifhwyfom;awGvJ/ wkwf"g;vufESufbmwckrSr&Sdaom/ rCvkvifw@dk tzG@J tm;
tvG,fwulyif/ zrf;qD;I/ bk&ifha&S@awmfo@dk / ta&mufykd@av./
r*&mZfrif;-uD;vJ/ rCvkvifESifh/ taygif;yg 33=a,mufukd/ bmwckrS/ ppfaq;ar;jref;jcif;rjyK
bJ/ wcsufv$wftrdef@jzifh/ eef;,ifjyifrSm/ qifESihfeif;owfap[k/ trde@f csrSwfvkduf./
rif;yifaumif;v#uf/ rif;ajrSmifzsuf./ qkdonfhpum;twkdif;/ ,QKvnf; rif;ajrSmifjzpfonfh/ rpv
&Gmol-uD;./ r[kwfr[wfvkyfZmwfukd/ r*&mZfrif;-uD; ,kH-unfaerd./
 12
vlom;rSm/ ,kH-unfcsufokH;rsKd;&Sd./ rdrd. tawG@t-uKHay:Y tm;jyKaom ,kH-unfr+? ta-umif;
tusKd; qifcsifEkdifr+tay: tm;jyKaom ,kH-unfr+? yk*~Kdvftay: tm;jyKaom ,kH-unfr+? [koHk;rsKd;&Sd&mwGif
yk*~Kdvftay: tm;jyKaom,kH-unfr+onf/ ckdifrmr+tm;tenf;qkH;jzpf./
,QKvJ/ r*&mZfrif;-uD;onf/ rpv&Gmol-uD;ESifh/ yk*~Kdvfa&;t&&if;ESD;r+/ rdrdvufatmufcH/ rdrdvl,Hk
onf/ rdrdtm;/ r[kwfr[wfvkyfZmwfqifjyD;/ av#mufrSmr[kwfbl;[k,Hk-unf./rSefrSefuefuefbJav#muf
rSm[laom,kH-unfcsufeJ@/ ppfaq;ar;jref;jcif; rjyKbJ/ rCvkvifESifh/ taygif;yg/ 33=a,muftm;/ eef;,if
jyifrSm/ qifESifheif;owfap[k/ aordef@csrSwfvkdufjcif;jzpfyg./
vlavmuywf0ef;usifwGif/ TvkdtjzpftysufrsKd;awG/ rsm;pGmawG@jrifae&yg./ vl-uD;wa,muf
vmawmhr,fqkd&if/ e,fpm;/y,fpm;&xm;aomyk*~KdvfawGonf/ trsKd;rsKd;vSnfhywfum/ vdrfvnfwifjy-u
./ vl-uD;vmcgeD;rS/ oef@&Sif;a&;vkyfum/ tjrJoef@&Sif;aeoa,mifa,mif vdrfjywwfyg./ ratmifjrifwm
ukdvnf;/ tm;vkH;&mEkef;jynfh atmifjrifygonf[k/ ZGwfvdrfumwifjy-u./ yk*~Kdvftay:,kH-unfr+ESihf/ qkH;
jzwfvkdufaom/ r*&mZfrif;-uD;vkdrjzpfbkd@/ ta&;-uD;yg./
qifjzifheif;owfap[k/ aordef@-ujyD;aom/ rCvkvifw@kd tzG@J udk/ qifjzifheif;owf&ef/ eef;,ifjyif
rSm-udK;wkwfI vSJap./ eif;owfrnfh/ qifudkvnf;/ t&ufrsm;pGmwkdufxm;./
rCvkvifonf/ ol.tzGJ@om;rsm;tm;/ ,QKvkd igwkd@wawG/ rpv&Gmol-uD;./ aumufuspfqif;
vJr+a-umifh/ aordef@-ucHxm;&onfh b0okd@a&mufaejyD/ 'kd@wawGrSm/ tm;ukd;p&mqkdvkd@/ arwWmbJ&dSawmh
onf/ &efolrdwfaqG rcGJjcm;bJ/ wavmuvkH;ukd cspfEdkifonfh arwWmrsKd;ukd/ aqmif&Gufjcif;rSwyg;/ wjcm;
tm;ukd;p&mqkd@/ bmrSr&Sdawmhyg/
,QKtcdsefu pjyD;awmh/ 'kd@wawGukd/ tusKd;,kwfatmifaqmif&Gufaom/ rpv&Gmol-uD;ukd4if;/ 'k@d
wawGukd/ aordef@ay;aom/ r*&mZfbk&if-uD;ukd4if;/ 'kd@wawGukd/ eif;owfrnfh/ ao&nfao&ufawGudk/rsm;
pGmwkdufxm;onfh/ qif-uD;ukd4if;/ wpkHw&mtrsufa'gorxGufbJ/ rdrdudk,fudk/ rdrdarwWmxm;ouJho@dk /ar
wWmxm;&ef/ rdrd.a&mif;&if;rdwfaqGrsm;tm;/ em;vnfatmif&Sif;jyav./
avmuwGif/ a'goukd/ a'gojzifh jyefvnfwkH@jyefjcif;onf/ b,fawmhrS/ jidrf;csrf;Ekdifrnf r[kwfyg/
tm;aumif;&if/ ,m,Dom/ jidrf;csrf;r+ukd &&SdEkdifjyD;/ xm0& jidrf;csrf;r+ukdawmh/ b,fawmhrS r&Ekdifyg/ a'go
onfrD;ESifhwlI/ arwWmonfa&ESifhwlyg./ rD;ESihfwlaoma'goukd/ rD;ESifhwlaoma'gojzifh/ jyefvnfwdkufyg
u/ ykdjyD;avmifp&mom&Sdyg./ jidrf;bkd@vrf;rjrifyg/
rD;ukdjidrf;p&monf/ a&omjzpfyg./ arwWmwnf;[laoma&jzifh/ a'gownf;[laomrD;ukdjidrf;owf
EkdifrS/ tyluif;I/ at;csrf;om,maom avmu-uD;jzpfay:vmygvdrfhrnf/
a'goESifh,SOfI/ jidrf;csrf;r+ukd &apOD;awmh/ Tjidrf;csrf;r+onf/ tukodkvfESihf,SOfaom jidrf;csrf;r+jzpf
ojzifh/ wckaomae@wGif/ rvGJraoG/ 'kuQESifh &ifqkdif&tkH;rSm jzpfyg./ arwWm,SOfI/ &&Sdaomjidrf;csrf;r+onf
om/ ukokdvfESifh,SOfaom jidrf;csrf;r+jzpfojzifh/ xm0pOfjidrf;csrf;Ekdifyg./
xkd@a-umifh rCvkvifwkd@tzGJ@onf/ 'kuQudk rnfonfhtcgrS/ rcHpm;vkdaoma-umifh/ rD;ESihfwlaom
a'goukd/ rD;ESifhwlaoma'gojzifh/ rwk@HjyefbJ/ rD;ukdjidrf;apEkdifaom/ a&ESihfwlaom arwWmjzifhom wk@H jyef&ef
 13
-udK;pm;-ujcif;jzpfyg./rSefuefaomopPmpum;awGukdtajccHum/ opPmw&m;awGtay: arwWmw&m;awG
xkHrGrf;I/ rCvkvifwkd@tzGJ@onf/arwWmbm0emukd/pifpif-u,f-u,f/jA[Rpkd&fajrmufatmif/ trsufa'go
[lor#/ jrLr#yif-um;r0ifvmatmif/ owdudkxdef;csKyfI/ arwWmbm0emukd/ yGm;rsm;av./
igwkd@&Gm./ rpv&Gmol-uD;vJ/ usrf;rmygap/ csrf;omygap/ ab;&efcyfodrf; uif;jiDrf;ygap/ qif;&Jcyf
odrf;uifjidrf;ygap/ a-umif;-ucyfodrf;uif;jidrf;ygap/ ESvkH;pdwf0rf;at;csrf;-uygap/
igwkd@EkdifiH./ bk&if-uD;vJ/ usrf;rmygap/ csrf;omygap/ ab;&efcyfodrf; uif;jidrf;ygap/ qif;&Jcyfodrf;
uif;jidrf;ygap/ a-umif;-ucyfodrf; uif;jidrf;ygap/ ESvkH;pdwf0rf; at;csrf;-uygap/
igwkd@ukd/ wm0eft& eif;owfrnfhqif-uD;vJ/ usrf;rmygap/ csrf;omygap/ ab;&efcyfodrf;uifjidrf;yg
ap/ qif;&Jcyfodrf;uif;jidrf;ygap/ a-umifh-ucyfodrf;uif;jidrf;ygap/ ESvHk;pdwf0rf;at;csrf;-uygap/
avmuwGif/ rdrd&efolukd/ arwWmykd@bkd@qkdwm/ tifrwefcufcJvSyg./ yk@d vd@k r&bl;vm;vk@d vJ/ qkdv@dk
r&yg/ rjzpfEkdifao;wmom/ &Sd&if&Sdygvdrhfrnf/ rjzpfbl;qkdwmawmhvkH;0r&Sdyg/ jzpfatmifvkyf&if/ jzpfEkdifaom
om"uawGrsm;pGm&Sdyg./
1/ rdrduom wu,fjzpfatmifvkyfr,fqkdwJh qENvJ&Sdr,f/ 2/ ,kH-unfcsufvJckdifrmr,f/ 4/ZGJvHk;v
vJ&Sdr,f/ 4/ qifcsifwwfwJh tod^m%fvJ&dSr,fqdk&if/ avmurSmrjzpfEkdifonfht&mr&Sdyg/ Tav;yg;onf
vlom;wa,muf./ wckd;Á'<dygwfjzpfyg./ vlom;wa,muf./ yg0gpGrf;&nfawG/ xdxda&mufa&muftokH;
cscsifawmh/ Tav;yg;ESifhtnD/aqmif&Guf&ygrnf/
,QKvJ rCvkvifwkd@tzGJ@/ rpv&Gmol-uD;ukd/ rdrdwkd@tm;/ r[kwfrrSefvkyf-uHI/ bk&if-uD;tm;wkdif
wef;aom/ ukef;wkdufonfh &efoltjzpfrjrif/ r*&mZfbk&if-uD;ukdvJ/ rdrdwkd@ukd bmrSppfaq;ar;jref;r+/ rjyK
vkyfbJ/ ya'o&mZftm%m&SifyDopGm/ rdrdwkd@ukdwcsufvGwftrdef@jzifh/ aordef@ay;aombk&if-uD;ukdvnf;
&efoltjzpfrjrif/
rdrdwkd@ukd/ wm0eft& eif;owfrnfh/ t&ufrsm;pGm rl;aeaom/ qif-uD;tm;vnf;/ &efoltjzpfrjrif
bJ/ arwWmykd@oaeyg./ a'go[lor#/ jrLrkefr#ruyfnSd&atmif/ arwWmyk@d oaejcif;jzpfyg./
bk&ifeef;awmfrSm&Sd-uaom/ tm%myg;uGufom;awGvJ/ qif-uD;ukd/ t&ufrl;atmifwdkufjyD;/ eef;
,ifjyifwGif/ -uKd;wkwfjyD;vSJxm;aom/ rCvkvifESihftaygif;yg/ 33=a,mufxHokd@/ a&S;&+v$wfvdkuf./
t&ufrsm;pGmrl;I/ a'gojzifh/ awG@onfhypPnf;rSefor#/ pdpdnufnuf/ eif;acsvmaom qifqdk;-uD;
onf/ a'go[lor#/ jrLrkefr#ryg&atmif/ arwWmyk@d aeaom/ rCvkvifwkd@tzGJ@xHa&S;&+vmae./
usm;ESifhqif/ v,fjyifrSmawG@ovkd/ ,QKvJ/ a'goESifharwWmjydKifyGJum;pavjyD/ a'gojzifh awG@&mrSef
or#ukd/ eif;acsvmaomqif-uD;onf/ a'go tmCmw[lor#/ jrLrkefr#ryg&atmif/ &efolrdwfaqGrcGJjcm;
bJ/ ykd@oaeaom/ rCvkvifwkd@./ arwWm"gwfu/ vGrf;jcKHoGm;ygjyD/
a'gojyif;xefaeaomqif-uD;.ESpfvkH;om;ukd/ avmu-uD;ukdjidrf;csrf;apaom/ arwWmwnf;[laom
rsm;u/ jyif;xefpGmxdrSefoGm;aoma-umifh/ a'gojyif;xefaomqif-uD;wkefv+yfoGm;ygjyD/ rl;aeaomt&uf
awGajyajymufum/ arwWm&Sifvlom;awGukd/arwWmxm;um/ eif;owfr+ukdrjyKvkyfbJ/ atmf[pfa-uG;a-umf
I/ jyefvnfxGufcGgoGm;yg./
 14
aordef@ukdwm0ef,laqmif&Gufaeaom/ tm%myg;uGufom;awGvJ/ rdrdw@dk . t&ufrl;aeaomqif
-uD;/ rCvkvifwkd@tzJG@om;rsm;tm;/ eif;rowfbJ/ [pfatmfjyD;/jyefvSnfhumxGufajy;vmwmawG@&awmh/
rsm;pGmwkHv+yftHh-ooGm;yg./
r*&mZfrif;-uD;xH/ tcpm;0ifI/ oHawmfOD;wif&jyef./ t&Sifrif;-uD;/ rCvkvifwkd@tzG@J om;rsm;tm;
t&ufrl;aeaomqif-uD;eif;rowfbJ/ jyefvnfxGufajy;vma-umif;av#mufxm;./
armifrif;wkd@/ vlawGtrsm;-uD;jrifvkd@/ qif-uD; eif;rowf&Jwm jzpfygvdrfhr,f/ 'DwcgvlawGudk/ zsm
awG/ t0wfawGtkyfjyD;/ qif-uD;tm; t&ufrl;atmifjyefwkdufI/ eif;owfap[k/ 'kwd,t-udrf/ aorde@f cs
rSwfvkdufjyef./
bk&ifhtm%myg;uGufom;awGvJ/ rCvkvifw@dk tzGJ@om;rsm;tm;/ zsmawG/ t0wfawGtkyfjyD;/ qif
-uD;ukd/ t&ufrl;atmifjyefwkdufI/ 'kwd,t-udrfv$wfvkdufjyef./ rCvkvifw@kd tzGJ@om;rsm;vJ/ wavm
uvkH;cspfwwfonfh/ &efolrdwfaqGrcGJbJ ykd@&aomarwWmukd/ a'gotmCmw[lor#/ jrLrkefr#ryg&atmif/
pdwfukdwnfjidrfatmifxm;I/ ykd@ov#uf&dSyg./
'kwd,t-udrf/ a'gojzifh/ eif;owf&ef-udK;pm;vmaomqif-uD;rSm/ rCvkviftzGJ@om;rsm;./arwWm
"gwfukdrvGefqefEkdifbJ/ teD;a&mufrS/ atmf[pfI/ jyefvnfqkwfcGmoGm;jyef./
aordef@ukdaqmif&Gufae&aom/ bk&iftm%myg;uGufom;awGvJ/ 'kwd,t-udrft@H -owkHv+yf&jyef.
at;csrf;onfharwWmw&m;u/ ylavmifonfh a'gow&m;ukd/ tEkdif,laeyg./ t"rRqdkonfh/ rw&m;r+awG
ukd/ "rRqkdonfh/ w&m;onfhoabmu/ tEkdif,ljcif;jzpfyg./
Toabmw&m;awGukd/ bk&iftm%myg;uGufom;awGrod&Smyg/ r*&mZfbk&if-uD;ukdwdkifvnf; rod
&Smyg/ Toabmw&m;awGukdodoluawmh/rCvkvifwkd@tzGJ@jzpfyg/./arwWmukd/ wu,fatmifjrifatmif
ydk@ov#if/ wu,ftEW&m,fuif;onfqdkwm/ rCvkvifwkd@tzGJ@u/ vufawG@jyaeyg./
bmrSem;rv,f&Smonfh/ tm%myg;uGufom;tzGJ@vJ/ 'kwd,t-udrf/ r*&mZfrif-uD;xH/ tcpm;0if
jyD;/ oHawmfOD;wif&jyef./ t&Sifrif;-uD;/ rif;-uD;ckdif;onfhtwkdif;/ rCvkvifw@dk tzG@J tm;/ zsm/ t0wfrsm;
jzifhzkH;jyD;/ qif-uD;tm;/ t&ufxyfwkdufI/ eif;apaomfvnf;/ qif-uD;onf/ rCvkvifw@dk tzG@J tm;/ reif;
bJ atmf[pfjyD;jyefxGufajy;vmygw,f[k/ av#mufxm;./
'Dwcg/ acgif;pm;&oluawmh/ r*&mZfrif;-uD;jzpf./ yk*~Kdvfwa,mufukd/ ,kH-unfI/ bmrSppfaq;ar;
jrefjcif;rjyKbJ/ wcsufv$wftrdef@jzifh/ aorde@f csrSwfvkdufaom/ rdrd.pD&ifcsufonf/ wd&mp>mefjzpfonfh/qif
-uD;uawmifvufrcHbJ/ jiif;y,faeonfqdkawmh/ r*&mZfbk&if-uD;pOf;pm;&jyD/
rpv&Gmol-uD;ESifh rCvkvifwkd@tzGJ@tm;/ a&S@awmfarSmufta&mufoGif;ap[k/ trde@f csrSwfum/ t
jzpftysufukd/ rSefrSefuefuefjzpfatmif ppfaq;&awmh./ rCvkvifwkd@tzGJ@tm;/ pwifppfaq;./
rCvkvif/ armifrif;wkd@tzGJ@ukd/ qifawmifeif;rowfbl;qkdawmh/ armifrif;wk@d rSmtaqmifaumif;w
ck&Sdvkd@vm;/ 'grSr[kwf/ wjcm;ta-umif; bmawGrsm;&SdovJ/ av#mufwifprf;ygtHk;[krde@f awmfrlvdkuf./
tzGJ@acgif;aqmifrCvkvifrS/ t&Sifrif;-uD;/tu|efkyfwkd@rSm/ taqmifaumif;&Sdyg./ u|Efkyfw@dk taqmif
aumif;awGuawmh/ tu|Efkyfwkd@tzGJ@onf/ rpv&Gmol-uD;/ toifrif;-uD;tm;av#mufxm;ovkd/ ckd;om;
 15
"g;jyawGr[kwfygbl;/ rpv&Gmol-uD;/ ukef;wkdufpum;jzifh av#mufxm;jcif;omjzpfygw,f/
toifrif;-uD;/ u|efkyfwkd@tzGJ@onf/ vlavmu/ vlywf0ef;usif/ wkd;wufpnfum;a&;twGuf/ vrf;
yef;qufoG,fa&;awGaumif;rGefatmif/ vrf;awGazgufyg./ wwm;awGaqmufyg./a&wGif;a&uefawGwl;
az:yg./ opfyifyef;refawGpkdufysKd;yg./ c&D;onfawGem;ckdbkd@/ Z&yfawGwnfaqmufyg./
vlom;awGtusKd;&Sdaomvkyfief;awGom/ tu|Efkyfwkd@tzJG@tm;usdK;refwufaqmif&GufchJyg./ vlom;
awGtwGuf/ tusKd;rJhapaom/ vkyfief;[lor# bmwckrS rvkyfcJhyg/ TuJhokd@aom/ y&[dw vkyfief;awGudk
aqmif&Gufaejcif;onf/ u|Efkyfwkd@./ taqmifaumif;wckjzpfyg./
aemufwckuawmh/ aordef@usaeaom/ u|Efkyfwkd@tzGJ@onf/ u|Efkyfwkd@tzG@J tm;/ r[kwfrrSefvkyf-uHI
toifrif;-uD;tm;/ ukef;wkdufpum;jzifhav#mufxm;aom/rpv&Gmol-uD;ukdvnf;aumif;/tu|Efkyfw@dk tm;
aordef@ay;aom/ toifrif;-uD;tm;vnf;aumif;/ tu|Efkyfwkd@ tzGJ@ukd/ eif;owfrnfh qif-uD;tm;vnf;
aumif;/ u|Efkyfwkd@tzGJ@onf/ &efolrdwfaqGrcGJbJ/ wavmuvkH;ukdcspfonfh/ arwWmjzifh/ arwWmyk@d ov#uf&dS
yg./ TuJ@okd@aomolawmfaumif;awG.tusifharwWmbm0emonf/ u|Efkyfwkd@.taqmifaumif;jzpfyg./
t&Sifrif;-uD;/ Trpv&Gmol-uD;onf/ vlESifhvl@ywf0ef;usifwdk;wufa&;twGufaqmif&Gufaeaom
u|Efkyfwkd@tzGJ@tm;/ ulnDtm;ay;r+ukd/ rjyKvkyfonfhtjyif/ u|Efkyfw@dk vkyfief;awGukd/ &onfhenf;jzifh/ aESmuf
,Suf[ef@wm;wwfyg./
Trpv&Gmol-uD;onf/ u|Efkyfwkd@tm;/ y&[dwvlr+a&;vkyfief;awGrvkyfbJ/ avmif;upm;r+awGvkyf
&efwkdufwGef;./ t&ufaopm/ a&mif;0,fa&;awGjyKvkyf&ef/ wkdufwGef;yg./
u|Efkyfwkd@tzGJ@onf/ rpv&Gmol-uD;/ vkyfapcsifaom/ 'kp&kdufvkyfief;awGukd/ rvkyfonfhtwGuf/
r[kwfrrSefvkyf-uHI/ t&Sifrif;-uD;tm;/ ukef;wkdufpum;av#mufxm;jcif;jzpfyg./
rCvkvifwifjyav#mufxm;aomtcg/ r*&mZfrif;-uD; aemifw&avjyD/ wd&p>mefjzpfonfh/ qifu
awmifrS/ oifwkd@./ *k%faus;Zl;ukdem;vnfao;w,f/ vlom;jzpfonfh/ r*&mZfrif;u/ em;rvnfavjcif;
[k/ -uD;pGmaomaemifw&um/ rCvkvifwkd@tzGJ@tm;/ tEl;tnGwfcGihfv$wfyg&ef/ awmif;yefpum;qkdav
./ r*&mZfrif;-uD;onf/ rdrdrSm;onfukd/ rSm;rSef;odonfhtwGuf/ ynm&SdyDoygayonf/
rif;yifaumif;v#uf rif;ajrmifzsufojzifh/ wkdif;jynf rwnfrjidrf jzpfEkdifonfukd/ r*&mZfrif;-uD;/ ukd,f
awG@-uHK&jyD/ rdrdukd,fwkdif olaumif;jyKI cef@xm;aom jrdK@pm; &Gmpm; tcsdK@onf/ rdrdxuf ypPnf;OpPm om
aeolukdvnf;aumif;/ rdrdxuf vkyf&nf ukdif&nftm;jzifh xufjrufaeolukdvnf;aumif;/ rdrdxufykdjyD;xl;
c|efolukdvnf;aumif;/ &kd;om;ajzmifhrwfI jrifhjrwfaom ukd,fusifhoduQm&Sdolukdvnf;aumif;/ ukd,hfxuf
om remvkdpdwfjzifh/ rif;-uD;tm; r[kwfrrSefvkyf-uHI wkdifwef;wwfaomyk*~Kdvfrsm;ukdvnf; rif;-uD;ukd,f
wkdif awG@ae&ygjyD/
t&m&mwkdif;rSm rdrduom vufOD;r+&,ljyD;/ rdrd tom&a&;twGuf/ rif;-uD;ukd r[kwfrSefvkyf-uH
ukef;wkdufwwfaom/ ukd,fhusKd;udkom -unfhwwfaomyk*~KdvfawGudkvJ/ rif;-uD;ukd,fwkdifawG@&jyD/
xkd@a-umifh ,kH-unfr+ESifh ywfoufI/ yk*~Kdvfwa,mufukdtm;ukd,f;aom,kH-unfcsufonf/ trSm;-uD;
rSm;avjcif;qkdwm/ rCvkvifwkd@ tzGJ@rS/ ay;onfh/ oifcef;pmjzifh/ r*&mZfrif;-uD;aumif;aumif;oabm
 16
aygufavjyD/
tusKd;ta-umif;ukd/ qifcsifv#uf/ ,kH-unfjcif;onf/ xkdufoifhoavmufaumif;yg./ taumif;qkH;
uawmh/ ukd,fwkdifukd,fus/ rsufjrifvufawG@-uHKjyD;/ ,kH&onfh/ ,kH-unfcsufuawmh/ taocsmqkH;jzpfyg./
,QKawmh/ rdrdt,kH-uD;/ ,kHrdcJhaom/ rpv&Gmpm;onf/ udk,fhxufomremvkdaompdwf"gwfawGarG;jrL
jyD;/ olwyg;tusKd;ukdysufpD;apaom/ aumufuspfpif;vJ ,kwfrmaompdwf"gwfjzifh/tm%mukdtvGJoHk;pm;
vkyfum/ wkdif;jynftwGuf/ tzkd;wefaom/ EkdifiHom;aumif;&wemawG/ ysufpD;atmif-uHpDaomtr+-uD;
onf/ ,QKawmhv,fjyifrSmqif;oGm;ovkd/ xifxif&Sm;&Sm;-uD;ay:aygufvmavjyD/
rif;wkd@rnfonf/ t*wd rvkdufpm;rS/ wkdif;jynf-uD;/ jidrf;jidrf;csrf;csrf;/ &SdrSmjzpf./ rCvkvifw@dk tzG@J
tay:/ rpkHprf;/ rppfaq;bJ/ wcsufv$wf trdef@tm%mjzifh/ csrSwfxm;aom/ aorde@f udk jyefvnf&kyfodrf;
vkduf./ rdrdtrSm;ukd/ trSm;rSef;odaom/ ynm&Sd/ r*&mZfrif;-uD;jzpfyg./
&SifawmfjrwfAk'<onf/ "rRy'/ rSmTuJhokd@a[m-um;cJhyg./
t-uifvlrkdufonf rdrd. trSm;ukd jrifaomtcg rSm;rSef;od./
xkdvlrkdufukd xkdokd@ odjcif;a-umifhyif ynm&Sd[lI qkd&.?
t-uifvlrkdufum; rdrd. trSm;ukd jrifaomfvnf; trSm;rSef;rod trSef[lIyifod./
xkdvlrkdufukd xkdodk@odjcif;a-umifhyif vlrkdufppfppf[lI qkd&.?
r*&mZfrif;-uD;onf/ rdrd. trSm;ukd trSm;rSef; odjcif;onf/ ynm&Sd[kac:qkdxkdufyg./ avmuvl
abmifwGif usifvnfusufpm;aeaom/ tv$mtoD;oD;&Sd vlom;tm;vkH;onf/ rdrd. trSm;ukd trSm;rSef;
odaom r*&mZfrif;-uD;uJhokd@aom/ ynm&Sdrsm;jzpfapcsifyg./
rdrd rSm;aewmukd/ rSm;rSef; rodbJ/trSefawG[k xifaeaom vlrkduf-uD;rsm;/ rdrd rSm;aewmukd rSm;ae
rSef; odygv#uf ZGwfrkdufaeaom vlrkduf-uD;rsm;/ rjzpfygapeJ@vkd@ wkdufwGef;E+d;aqmfyg./
rpv &Gmpm;vkd aumufuspfpif;vJonfh vlrkdufESifh aygif;oif;rdvkd@ r*&mZfrif;-uD; vlrdkufjzpfchJ&./
,QKawmh olawmfaumif;ynm&Sd rCvkvifwkd@tzGJ@ESifh awG@&aomtcgr/S ynm&Sdolawmfaumif; jyefjzpf
vmjcif;jzpfyg./
rCvkvifwkd@tzGJ@tay:/ rdrd rSm;cJhrdaom tjypfawG/ yajymufatmif/ rdrdwkdif;jynfwGif/ csD;ajrmufoifh
olawGcsD;ajrmufI/ ESdyfuGyfoifholawGukdESdyfuGyfr/S wkdif;jynf-uD;yGm;jyD;/ jidrf;csrf;om,mrSmuk/d oabmayguf
aeaomr*&mZfrif;-uD;onf / rCvkviftm;/ rpv &GmESifhwuG/ teD;ywf0ef;usif &Gmrsm;ukdyg tkyfcsKyf
&ef/ &Gmpm;tjzpfcef@xm;I/ csD;ajrmufoifholudk csD;ajrmufavonf/
rpv &Gmpm;ta[mif;ukd/ rCvkvifwkd@tzGJ@ ckdif;csifwm ckdif;bk@d twGuf u|eftjzpfay;vkduf./ ESdyf
uGyfoifholukd ESdyfuGyfjcif;jzpfyg./
bk&ifykdif qifawmf-uD;ukdvJ/ rCvkvifwkd@tzGJ@ vlr+a&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyf&mwGif/ vkyfief;rsm; ykdrdk xd
a&mufpGm vkyfEkdifa&;twGuf/ pGef@-uJ vª'gef;vkduf./ csD;ajrmufoifhonfukd csD;ajrmuf/ ESdyfuGyfoifhonfudk
ESdyfuGyfI/ ay;urf;oifhonfukd ay;uyfjcif;onf rif;aumif; rif;jrwfwkd@. tusifhjzpfyg./
aumif;wmvkyf&if aumif;usKd;ay;./ raumif;wmvkyf&if raumifusKd;ay;.? qkdwmuawmh rC
 17
vkvifZmwfu/ xif&Sm;vSyg./ aemufb0 a&mufrS tusKd;cHpm;r+awG jzpfay:vmwwfovkd/ ,QK vuf&dS
b0rSmyif csufjcif; vufiif; tusKd;ay;wwfonf qkdwmukdvJ/ vlom;awG owdxm;oifhyg./
rCvkvifwkd@tzGJ@onf/ ukd,fykdifvkyfykdifcGifhawG rsm;pGm&&Sdvmaom &Gmpm;b0rSmvJ/ vlom;awGudk
tusKd;,kwfaponfh/ vlzsif; vlysif; vlvdrf vlnm tacsmiform;awG tvpform;awG olcdk; "m;jyawG
rxGef;um;vmatmif/ avmif;upm;r+awG/ t&ufaopm aomufpm;r+awGukdvJ/ yajymufatmif usKd;pm;
aqmif&Guf-uyg./
rpv &GmESifhwuG/ rdrdtkyfcsKyfaom/ &Gmtm;vkH; zG@HjzdK;wkd;wufatmif/ a&S;uxufydkjyD; vrf;awGvJ
vJ usKd;pmazguf-u./ wwm;awGvJ usKd;pm;aqmuf-u./ avmuywf0ef;usif pdrf;vrf; pkdajyatmifvJ
opfyifyef;refawGukdvJ/ aysmfaysmfyg;yg; pkdufysKd;-u./
vlom;awGtwGuf tvGefta&;-uD;aom/ aomufokH;a&uefawGukdvJ/ &Gmwkdif; &Gmwkdif; wl;az:
-u./ c&D;oGm; {nfhonfawG wnfckdb@dk Z&yfawGukdvJ/ pkaygif;vª'gef;jcif;jzifh &Gmwkdif;wnfaqmuf-u./
rCvkvifvufxufwGif rpv&Gm-uD;unf/ bufpkHzGH@jzdK;wkd;wufvmyg./ vrf;yrf;qufoG,fa&;
awGaumif;vkd@ pD;yGm;a&;tm;jzifh zGH@jzdK;wkd;wufvmovkd/ aus;&Gmukd zGH@jzdK;wkd;wufvkdaom pdwfaumif;
apwemaumif;jzifh vlawmfvlaumif; acgif;aqmifaumif;ukd &&Sdxm;ojzifh/ tkyfcsKyfcH &Gmol&Gmom;awG
vJ/ vlawmfvlaumif;awG jzpfvmum/ ukd,fusifhoduQmtm;jzifhvnf; jynfhpHkvm-uyg./
rCvkvifwkd@tzGJ@onf/ ukokdvfaumif;r+awGudk/ rarhav#mhaom ty`rm' w&m;jzifh usKd;pm;aqmif
&GufcJh-uaoma-umifh/ uG,fvGefaomtcg / ukokdvf. tusKd;quftjzpf/ wm0wd Hom ewfjynfwGif/ o
-um;rif;ESifh tzGJ@om;rsm;jzpfvm-u./
w&m;emy&dwfowf-uD;/ &efol rdwfaqG rcGJbJ ykd@oekdifonfh rCvkvifwkd@tzGJ@. arwWmrsKd;ukdom
wavmuvkH;ukdcspfEkdifonfh arwWm[k ac:qkdyg./
vlom;awG. o¿mefrSm/ TvkdarwWmrsKd;awG&SdrSomv#if/ jrifhjrwfonfhvlom; jzpfrSmjzpfyg./ jrifh
jrwfonfhvlom;jzpfrSomv#if/ vrf;pOfrSmwifvrf;rajymufbJ yef;wkdifxdatmif csDwufEdkifaom tvGef
jrifhjrwfaom vlom;jzpfrSmjzpfyg./
arwWmjyD;awmh aemufwcku bmvJy&dwfowf-uD;=======´
u&k%mygbk&m;/
at;===u&k%m qkdwm/ ESpfajrmwGe@f wdkwwfonfh yk*~KdvfawG. o¾mefrSm u&k%mw&m; r&Sdbl;
qif;&J csrf;omra&G; ay;urf;au|;arG;csifonfh yk*~KdvfawG/ qif;&J csrf;omra&G; tultnD ay;csifonfh/
yk*~KdvfawGukd,fom u&k%m&SifawG[k ac:qkdjcif;jzpfw,f/
tJ'Dvkd yk*~KdvfawGvJ/ avmuwGifrsm;pGm&Sdyg./ jrwfpGmbk&m; vufxufawmftcgu temxyd%f
olaX;-uD;wkd@vkd/ yk*~KdvfawG/ ,QKrsufarSmufacwfrSmvJ/ rmomx&Dpmwkd@vkd/ rmwifvlomuif;wk@d vdk yk*~Kdvf
rsKd;awGqkdwm/ u&k%m&SifawG[k/ ac:qkd&yg./
tJ'Dvkd u&k%m&SifrsKd;awGukdom jrifhjrwfonfh vlom;[k ac:qkdyg./ xkduJ@okd@aomjrifhjrwfonfh
vlom;awG rSomv#if/ vrf;pOfrSmwif vrf;ajymufraebJ yef;wkdifxdatmif csDwufEkdifaom vlom;jrwf
 18
rsm;jzpfyg./
u&k%m jyD;awmh bmvJy&dwfowf-uD;========´
rk'dwmygbk&m;/
at;===rk'dwmqkdwm/ Á\mqkdonfh remvkdjcif; uif;&Sif;onfh yk*~KdvfawG. o¿mefrSmom
&Sdw,f/ vl@b0rSm ae-uonfh vlom;awG[m rk'dwmw&m; acgif;yg;-uwm trsm;qkH;awG@&w,f/ ukd,hf
xufom remvkd pdwf"gwfawG trsm;qkH;&Sd-uw,f/
rdrdwkd@aeonfh ywf0ef;usifukd -unfhvkdufr,fqkd&if/ rdrdxuf &kyfvuQ%m ykdvSaewm awG@&&if
remvkdwwfbl;/ pD;yGm;OpPmawG rdrdxuf ykdjyD;wkd;wufaewm awG@&&ifvJ remvkdwwfbl;/ ynma&;tm;
jzifhvJ/ rdrdxuf ykdwwf ykdawmfaewm vkyf&nfukdif&nfawG jynfh0aewm awG@&&ifvJ remvkdwwfwmukd
oabmxm;ao;aom vlom;awGrSm trsm;qkH;awG@&yg./
remvkdjcif;oabmonf/ rdrd b0ukd rdrdbmom atmufokd@a&mufatmif pGJcsaeaom tusihfp
&kdufrsm; jzpfyg./ tvum;ae&if; oukodkvfawGukd &,laejcif; jzpfyg./ olwyg;ukd remvkdpdwfarG;vkd@ rdrd
twGuf tusKd;r&Sdonfhtjyif/ remvkdjcif;qkdonfh Á\mw&m;onf/ tukokdvfpdwf jzpfaoma-umifh rdrd
b0rSm qkd;usKd;awGeJ@om jzpfEkdifyg./
rdrdxufom remvkdpdwfawG rarG;bJ/ 0rf;omay;jcif; rk'dwmpdwfawG xm;Ekdif&if/ rdrdb0twGuf
tusKd;&SdrSmyg/ tvum;ae&if; ukokdvfawG &,lwwfonfh pdwfjzpfyg./
rdrdxuf &kyfvuQ%m omaeonfh yk*~KdvfawG awG@&&if/ ol@ukokdvfuHa-umifh olvSwmbJ qkdjyD;
0rf;omjcif;qkdonfh rk'dwm w&m; xm;ay;vkduf&if ukokdvf&rSm jzpfyg./
rdrdxuf pD;yGm;OpPmawG wkd;wufaeonfh yk*~KdvfawG awG@&&if/ olwkd@twdwfu jyKcJhaom 'geuk
okdvfuHawGa-umifh/ ,QKb0rSm vmjyD; csrf;omwmbJ qkdwm oabmaygufjyD;/0rf;omjcif;qkdonfh rk'dwm
w&m; xm;ay;Ekdif&if/ rdrdrSm ukokdvfawGwkd;rSmjzpfyg./
rdrdxuf ynmt&nftjcif;tm;jzifh omaer,f/ vkyf&nfukdif&nfomaer,f/ ajymqkda&;om;r+awG
omaewm awG@&&ifvJ/ oltwdwfb0rSm ynmukodkvfawG qnf;yl;cJhaoma-umifhvnf;aumif;/,QK ypPKy`
ef b0rSmvJ usKd;pm;aoma-umifh atmifjrifvmwmbJqkdwmoabmaygufjyD;/0rf;omjcif;qkdonfh rk'dwm
w&m; xm;ay;vkduf&if/ rdrdrSm tvum;ae&if; ukodkvf&wmayhg/
tJ'Dvkd ukd,fhxufom remvkd pdwfawG uif;jyD;/ 0rf;omay;Ekdifonfh rk'dwm ykdif&SifawG jzpfrSomv#if/
jrifhjrwfonfh vlom;jzpfrSm aocsmyg./ xkdjrifhjrwfonfh vlom;awGom vrf;pOfrSmwif vrf;ajymufrae
bJ/ yef;wkdifxdatmif csDwufEkdifaom vlom;awG jzpfyg./
rk'dwm jyD;awmh bmvJ y&dwfowf-uD;========´
OayuQmygbk&m;/
at;===OayuQmqkdwm v#pfv#L&+wwfaom w&m;awG/ bufvkdufr+uif;jyD; r#r#ww qufqH
wwfonfh oabm w&m;awG/ avmutay: oD;cHI t&m&mukd cGifhv$wfwwfonfh oabmw&m;awG
oabmxm;-uD;jyD; olawmfaumif;pdwf arG;jrLEkdifrS jrifhjrwfonfh OayuQm vlom;jzpfrSm/ tJ'Dvdkjrifhjrwf
 19
onfh vlom;jzpfrSomv#if/ vrf;pOfrSmwif vrf;ajymufraebJ yef;wkdifxdatmif csDwufEdkifaom vlom;
awG jzpfrSmjzpfyg./
y&dwfowf-uD; jrifhjrwfonfh vlom;jzpfb@dk tcsuf b,fESpfcsufvkdovJ======´
av;csufygbk&m;/
1/ wavmuvkH;ukd &efolrdwfaqG rcGJbJ cspfwwfonfh arwWmw&m;awG/
2/ qif;&J csrf;om ra&G; usifemwwfonfh u&k%m w&m;awG/
3/ remvkdjcif; uif;&Sif;onfh rk'dwm w&m;awG/
4/ t&m&mukd r#r# ww qufqHjyD; cGihfvGwfwwfonfh oabmw&m;awG/
tJ'D w&m;av;yg;ukd 'kd@w&m;em y&dwfowf-uD;. o¾mefrSm tjrJusihfoHk;Ekdifr,fqdk&if jrifhjrwfaom
vlom;awG jzpfrSmaocsmyg./
vl@b0qkdwm pm;0wfaea&; usrf;rma&;awG jynfpkHwmESifh/ rdrdb0 jynfhpkHaejyD xif&ifawmh/ xif
wvkH;jzifh txifrSm;aeaom vlom;om jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ rdrdav#mufaeaom vrf;ay:rSm vrf;ajymufae
aom vlom;tqifhom &SdygvdrfhtkH;rnf/
vl@b0qkdwm ay#mf&$ifr+awG jynfhpHkaewmESifh/ rdrdb0 jynfhpkHjyD xif&ifawmh txifrSm; wckbJ jzpfyg
vdrfhrnf/ rdrdav#mufaeaom vrf;ay:rSm vrf;ajymufaeaom yk*~Kdvf tqifhom&SdygvdrhftHk;rnf/
vl@b0qkdwm bGJ@xl; *k%fxl;awG ykdifqkdifxm;vkd@/ rdrdb0 jynfhpkHjyD xif&ifawmh/ rSm;aom txif
wckomjzpfygvdrfhrnf/ rdrdav#mufaeaom vrf;ay:rSm vrf;ajymufaeaom oem;p&m vlom;tqifhom
jzpfygvdrfhtkH;rnf/
vl@b0qkdwm wjcm;vlom;awGxuf ykdjyD;xl;c|efvkd@ ykdjyD;ay:v$ifv@dk rdrdb0jynfhpHkjyD xif&ifawmh
txifrSm;wckom jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ rdrdav#mufaeaom vrf;ay:rSm vrf;ajymufaeaom Za0 Z0gvlom;
tqifhom &SdygvdrfhtkH;rnf/
wavmuvkH;ukd cspfcifjcif;qkdonfh arwWm w&m;awG/ vlom;awG tay: oem;-uifemwwfonfh
u&k%m w&m;awG/ remvkdjcif; uif;jyD; 0rf;omay;Ekdifaom rk'dwm w&m;awG/ t&m&mukd cGihfv$wfoD;cH
jyD; r#r#ww qufqHwwfonfh OayuQm oabmw&m;awG &Sdonfh yk*~KdvfawGudkom/ vl@b0wGif vlyDo
aom yk*~KdvfawGjzpfjyD;/ jrifhjrwfonfh vlom;jzpfum avmuDvlom;twGuf b0jynfhpHkjyD[k qkd&ygonf/
rdrdav#mufaeaom vrf;ay:rSm vrf;rajymufbJ yef;wkdifxdatmif csDwufEkdifaom vlom;jrwfjzpfyg./
'kd@w&m;em y&dwfowf-uD;vJ vrf;pOfrSmwif vrf;ajymufaeaom vlom;awG rjzpfapbJ yef;wkdif
xdatmif csDwufEkdifaom jrifhjrwfaom trsKd;om; trsKd;orD;rsm; jzpf-uygap/
bmomjcm; 'g,umr-uD;vJ w&m;qkH;atmif em;axmifay;yg./ bkef;-uD;awGrS &if;&if;ESD;ESD; ajym
qkdqufqHjyD; vlom;tm;vkH; usifhokH;xkdufaom jA[Rpkd&fw&m;ukd a[mjyay;onfhtwGuf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;
om jzpfaewmukdvnf; awG@&yg./
bkef;-uD;awGESifh &if;ESD;cifrifr+awG &&Sdvmawmh bmomjcm; 'g,umr-uD;onf aemufwcg qGrf;zkH;
ay;r,fqkd&if olxyfcsufay;tkH;rnf[k/ ajym-um;vm./
 20
bkef;-uD;awG tay: trkef;w&m;awG yGm;aeaom bmomjcm; 'g,umr-uD;onf/ ,QKawmh bkef;
-uD;awGtay: trkef;ajymufum o'<g xufoefaom tjyKH;a&mufv#uf qGrf;zkH;ay;r,fqdk&if xyfcsufay;
tkH;rnf[k 0rf;ajrmufbG,f ajym-um;wmukd 0rf;ombG,f awG@jrifcJh&yg./

ylavmif
vmifaom tmCmwrS
atcsrf;aom arwWmokd@
p&ifbef;rS tokb bm0em
2005/ arv 13=&ufae@ujzpfyg./ rav;&Sm;EkdifiH ylcsKef; "rRa&mifjcnf ausmif;rS w,fvDzHk;ok@d
p&ifbef; pkdajy pm;aomufqkdifrS ukdoef;Ekdif rpdrfhpdrfha0 wkd@ w,fvDzkH; qufoG,fvm./
t&Sifbk&m; wynfhawmf pkdajyqkdifrS oef;Ekdifygbk&m;/ wynfhawmfwkd@ p&ifbef;rSm jrefrmwa,muf
um;wkdufqkH;oGm;w,fbk&m; eufjzef oufajymuf qGrf;oGwfcsifvkd@ t&Sifbk&m;tm; a&Smufxm;jcif; jzpf
ygw,fbk&m;/
aumif;jyD 'umoef;Ekdif eufjzef-uGwmaygh / p&ifbef;ESifh uGmvmvrfylonf/ &efukef yJcl;avmuf
a0;yg./ vrf;awG aumif;awmhvJ a0;onf[k rxif&yg/ bkef;-uD;&Sm;yg;aom rav;&Sm; EkdifiHwGif ta0;
teD;ukd y"merxm;bJ ema&;udpP ay:vmygu bkef;-uD;&atmif vkduf&SmjyD; yifhwmawG rsm;pGm-uKHbl;yg
./ *sKda[mbm&kvkd uDvkd 400 a0;aomae&mrS vmyifhwmvJ ukd,fwkdif-uKHbl;yg./
jrefrmawGonf ema&;udpP ay:vmv#if/ bkef;-uD;&&Sda&;twGuf bkef;-uD;&atmif &Sm&jcif;jzpfyg./
,QK p&ifbef; pkdajyqkdifrS 'umoef;Ekdif 'umr rpdrfhpdrfha0 wkd@onf/ bkef;-uD;wkd@ "rRa&mifjcnf ausmif;.
'um&if;rsm; jzpfyg./ p&ifbef; vlr+a&; udpPrsm;ukd/ aiGtm; vltm;jzifh wufwuf-uG-uG aqmif&Gufae
aom ZeD;armifESHjzpfyg./
,QK um;wkdufqkH;oGm;aom armifjrwfcdkif ema&; udpPukdvJ oufajymufqGrf;ESifh &ufvnfqGrf; t
wGufyg pDpOfae-ujcif;jzpfyg./ bkef;-uD;wkd@ausmif;rSm qGrf;uyf&SdwmESihf/ oufajymufqGrf;ukd eHuf/ 8/ em&D
tcsdefrSm jyKvkyfbkd@ wkdufwGef;&./
eHuf/ 7/ em&DwGif/ eef;awmfrS um;ukdac:,lum p&ifbef;ok@d -uGcJh./ um;'&kdifbmtopf./ vrf;r
-uGrf;-uifaoma-umifh/ u*srf;jrdK@xJwGif/ vrf;rSm;um vnfaeawmh./ eHuf/ 9/ em&DrS p&ifbef;ok@d a&muf
./ tpDtpOfawG tawmfvGJukef./
bkef;-uD;a&mufrnfhtcsdef ra&mufawmh w,fvDzHk;awGESifh qufoG,fvm-u./ b,fa&mufaejyDvJ
bk&m; w&m;emrnfhyk*~KdvfawG tqifoifhjzpfaejyDbk&m; av#muf-u./ w,fvDzkH;awGaygawmh qufoG,f
a&;pepfawG aumif;rGefjyD;/ tusKd;t-umif; od&awmh &ifarmoufomwmayghav/
bkef;-uD;vJ /9/ em&Dcef@rS a&mufrnf[k ta-umif;jyef&./ rav;&Sm; vrf;awGonf [kdif;a0; vrf;
 21
awGjzpfaoma-umifh/ wcg vrf;rSm;&if em&D0ufavmuf -umrS jyefauG@vkd@&./ um;orm; topfESihf oGm;
&wm jzpfaoma-umifh/ vrf;rSm;um 9=em&DrSa&mufawmh./ oufajymufqGrf; w&m;ukd jrefjrefa[m&./
ylcsKef;"rRa&mifjcnf ausmif;wGif ae@qGrf;uyfrnfh y&dwfowfu apmifhae./ 10=em&DwGif p&ifbef;rS
jyefxGufEkdifatmif w&m;jrefjref a[m&jcif;jzpfyg./ qGrf; qGrf;[if;awGawmh *sKdihfjzifh ausmif;xnfhvª&ef
ajymjyum 10=em&DwGif p&ifbef;rSxGufcGmvmcJ@./
ylcsKef;ESifh p&ifbef;onf toGm; wem&D tjyef wem&D c&D;-um./ rav;&Sm;vrf;awGonftawmf
aumif;aom [kdifa0; vrf;r-uD;awG jzpfyg./ vrf;nGef qkdif;bkwfawGukd rjywf -unfh&+ armif;ESif&yg./
wcsuf rSm;oGm;&ifawmh em&D0ufvJ -umEkdif./ wem&DvJ -umEkdif./ rav;&Sm;. txl; owdxm;p&m
tcsufrsm;jzpfyg./
p&ifbef; jrdK@onf/ puf&kHawGaygaom jrdK@wjrdK@jzpf./ jrefrmvkyfom;awG 800=0ef;usif&dSrnf[k
cef@rSef;&onf/ rav;&Sm;EkdifiHonf/ jrdK@ESihf awmyg zGH@jzdK;r+ nDr#aoma-umifh/ taqmuf tOD;awG vrf;awG
uawmh odyfxl;jcm;vSonf r[kwfyg p&ifbef;wGif pkdajy pm;aomufqkdifESifh rmpH pm;aomufqdkif ESpfqdkif
&Sdyg./ ema&;udpPawGrSm/ qkdifESpfqkdifvkH; 0kdif;ulnDwm awG@&./
,QK um;wkdufjyD; qkH;oGm;aom armifjrwfckdif&ufvnfqGrf; udpPukdvJ/ pkdajyqkdifESihfrmpHqdkifaygif;I
ae@qGrf; qufuyf vª'gef;wm awG@&./ jrefrm w&m;em y&dwfowfvJ 100=&mausmfawG@&./ oHa0* &p
&m tEkarm'em w&m;ESifh qkH;r-o0g' w&m;csD;jrifhum &ufvnfqGrf;udpP jyD;apyg./
rwf 19=&uf armifjrwfckdif &ufvnfqGrf; uyfcJhaom p&ifbef;rSonf/ aemufw-udrf {jyDoHk;&uf
ae@wGif pkdajyqkdifrS 'umoef;Ekdif zkH;qufvmjyef./ t&Sifbk&m;ema&;udpPwck ay:jyefjyDbk&m;[k av#muf
xm;jyef./ 'umoef;Ekdif armifjrwfckdif aowmrS wygwfausmfbJ &Sdao;w,f ,QK bmjzpfjyefjyDvJ[k ar;
jref;pkHprf; &jyef. /
t&Sifbk&m; ,QKwcgawmh jrefrmESihf AD,uferf &kdufyGJjzpfjyD; jrefrmwa,muf qkH;oGm;ygonfbk&m;
eufjzefoufajymufqGrf;ukdawmh ausmif;vmyk@d rnfbk&m;/ &ufvnfqGrf;ukdawmh {jyD 9=&ufae@ p&ifbef;
ukd-uGbkd@ av#mufxm;ygonfbk&m;/
aoqkH;onfh 'umav;emrnfuawmh armifaevif;ausmf jzpfyg./ p&ifbef;rS pdwfraumif;p&m
awGbJ -um;ae&./ p&ifbef;jrdK@ ywf0ef;usifwGif puf&kHawGrsm;vSyg./ EkdifiH &yfjcm; tvkyform; rsm;pGm
&Sd./ jrefrm/ AD,uferf/ edayg/ uarBm'D;,m;/ b*Fvm;a'@&Sd/ tif'kdeD&Sm;/ EkdifiHpkH&Sdyg./
puf&kHolaX;awGrS wkdufwef;v#m; tcef;awGwGif/ EkdifiHtvkduf cGJxm;um ae&mcsay;xm;./ ,QK
uG,fvGefoGm;ol jrefrmESifh &efjzpfol AD,uferfwkd@onf/ wkdufwwkdufxJwGif tay:xyfESihf atmufxyf
ae-ujcif;jzpf./ bkHbkdifa&udpPukd ta-umif;jyKjyD;/ pum;rsm; &efjzpfum aoqkH;&jcif; jzpfyg./
bmr[kwfonfh a&udpPwcka-umifh/ wefbkd;rjzwfEkdifaom vl@toufwacsmif; qkH;&+H;&wm/ tifr
wef ESajrmp&m aumif;vSyg./ jrefrmESihf AD,uferf cspf-unf&if;ESD;r+awG ysufjym;um/ &efjidK; tmCmw
awGjzpfay:apyg./
jrefrmtkyfpkuvJ ,QKjy\emjzpfaom wkdufwGif tawmfrsm;vSyg./ ta&;-uD; aoG;eD;qkdonfh
 22
twkdif;/ jrefrmbufrS toufpaw; cH&aoma-umifh/ ra-ueyfr+awG/ wzufESifh wzuf &efapmifr+awGESihf
-uKHawG@ae&onfh tcsdefjzpfyg./
T&efjidK;tmCmwawG ta-umif;ukd/ bkef;-uD;awGvJ owif;pum;t& -um;odae&./ EkdifiHjcm;
a&muf jrefrmawGonf/ vkyftm;rmef "ermefawGESihf vlwdkif;vGwfvyfcGihf &Sdaoma-umifh/ wOD;ESihfwOD; w
a,mufESifh wa,muf twifrcHbJ/ ajymqkdqkH;r&ef cufcJyg./
touft&G,f tm;jzifhvJ/ odyfruGmaoma-umifhvJ/ wa,mufESifh wa,muf/ q&mtwifrcHbJ
AkdvfvkyfcsifolawG rsm;aoma-umifh/ nDnGwfr+ r&Sdwmukdvnf; rsm;pGmawG@&. /
zkH;quf ta-umif;-um;vmaom 'umtm;/ &ufvnfqGrf;au|;yGJwGif/ w&m;emy&dwfowf
rsm;rsm;pkxm;yg/ bkef;-uD; wwfEkdifor# jidrf;jidrf;csrf;csrf; jzpfatmif/ w&m;a[may;ygrnf[k/ ta-umif;
jyefcJh&./ rav;&Sm;a&muf a&GjrefrmawGonf/ bkef;-uD;awG ukdawmh tm;ukd;-u./ bkef;-uD;awG qkH;r-o
0g' ay;&ifvJ/ emcHrSwfom; vkdufemwwfyg.
bkef;-uD;awG a[m-um;onfh w&m;a'oemukdvJ/ av;av;pm;pm; vkdufemwmawG@&wwfyg./
rda0; za0; &yfa0;rSm ae-u&onfh vli,fawGqkdawmh/ olwkd@wawG tm;ukd;p&mqkdv@dk / bkef;-uD;awGom
jzpfyg./ udpPrsm;ajrmif vlwkd@abmif./ &+yfaxG;ayGvDvSaomvl@udpPawGukdvJ/ rav;&Sm;a&mufjrefrmbkef;
-uD;awG/ trsm;qkH; -uKHawG@&yg./
{jyD 9=&ufae@wGif/ bkef;-uD;ESifh bkef;-uD; OD;oDvmpm&/ bkef;-uD; OD;y¾dw/ wkd@oHk;yg; eef;awmfrS
um;'umav;jzifh/ p&ifbef;armifaevif;ausmf./ &ufvnfqGrf;au|;yGJokd@-uGcJhyg./ ylcsKef;rSu*srf;/ u*srf;
rS*sKda[mbm&k [kdif;a0;vrf;ay:okd@wufum/ wem&D-um c&D;ukd armif;ESifvmavonf/
um;vrf;0J,m&Sd vSvSyy pkdufysKd;xm;aom/ opfyifyef;refwkd@ukd -unfh&+ai;armum/ bkef;-uD;awG@
-uKHcJhaom rav;&Sm; tokbrsm;ukd/ jyefvnfjrifa&mifrdvm./
t&yfaumif;rS tavmif;vSonf qkdaompum;onf/ EkdifiH&yfjcm;rSm ykdjyD;rSefyg./ EkdifiH&yfjcm;wGif
ema&;udpPay:aomtcg/ aqGrsKd;&if;csmuvnf;r&Sd/ oli,fcsif; rdwfaqGtaygif;oif;awG./ tultnDjzifh
om/ tpOfajyatmif aqmif&Guf&jcif;jzpfyg./
rav;&Sm;a&muf jrefrmawGonf/ ta-umif;trsKd;rsKd;a-umifh/ tkdAmpaw; jzpfoGm;olawGvJ rsm;vS
yg./ xkdrrSefaom yk*~KdvfawG uG,fvGefaomtcg/ ykdjyD;'kuQa&mufyg./ twlae rdwfaqGtm;vkH;vJ/ ouf
qkdif&mrS 0ifa&mufppfaq;rSma-umufonfhtwGuf/ tavmif;xm;jyD; xGufcGmoGm;wmvJ/ -uKHawG@&bl;yg
./ olwkd@vJ rrSefolawGqkdawmh &Jtzrf;cH&rSm a-umufaoma-umifh jzpfyg./
trSefjzpfaom tD;yD orm;awG vkduf&SmjyD;/ tultnDawmif;I/ oufqkdif&mESifh nSdEdkif;um/ ykdufqH
ay;I/ tavmif;ajrusatmif/ pDpOf&wmawGvJ rsm;pGmawG@&yg./ wcsK@d ema&;udpP tpOfajyatmif/ rpDpOf
EkdifonfhtwGuf/ trkdufykHwGif oGm;pGef@jypfvdkufonfh/ pdwfraumif;bG,f owif;awGudkvJ wqifhpum;jzifh
-um;od&yg./ bkef;-uD;wkd@vJ ema&;udpPay:v#if/ 0kdif;0ef;ulnDaqmif&Gufb@kd tjrJwdkufwGef; ae&./
rav;&Sm;rSmvJ aoatmifaomufonfh yk*~KdvfawGuvJ rsm;vSygbd/ t&ufrl;jyD; qkdifu,fwdkuf
I aoolawGu trsm;pkjzpf./ t&ufaomufjyD; yefumzGihftdyfI tat;ywfjyD;aoolawGvJ rsm;pGmawG@
 23
&./ cs&yfok\mef&Sd okb&mZmawGuawmif bkef;-uD;awGukd rSwfrdae./ aoolb,favmufrsm;ovJqdk
wm pm&+ol pOf;pm;-unfhayawmh/
jrefrmtokbrsm;onf/ tcsdefrSefrSef rD;oj*õKvfcGihf &&Sdaom tokbu r&Sdoavmuf&Sm;yg./ wcg
wav/ bkef;-uD;awG qGrf;rpm;cif vmyifhjyD;/ tokb tcsdefrSD a&mufrvmwmESihf ae@qGrf;vGwfaygif;uvJ
c% c%-uKHawG@&yg./ wcgaobl; jyifbkd;em;v,fqkdonfhtwkdif;/ ema&;udpPay:onfh o&%*kH wifrnfh
tpDtpOfygaom tokbwkdif;ukd bkef;-uD;wkd@ukd ae@qGrf; b,ftcsdefuyfrvJ t&ifar;jyD; qGrf;csdefaocsm
rS vkduf&awmh./
cs&yfok\mefwGif wcgwav 12=em&DrS nae 4=em&Dxdapmifh&wmawGvJ&Sd./ bmjzpfv@dk tcsdefrDS
xkwfr&wmvJvkd@ ar;-unfhawmh/ pm&Gufpmwef;awG rjynfhpHkv@dk -umaejcif;jzpfyg./ bkef;-uD;vJ um;ay:
tvum;xkdifae&wm tusKd;r&SdwmESif/h em&D0ufwcg tcrf;tem;jzifh usif;yaeaom/ tcrf;tem;usif;
y&m crf;raqmifokd@oGm;um wap@waqmif; tuJcwfcGifh&av./
cs&yfok\mefonf c&pf&Sef ok\mefjzpfonfhtwGuf/ rlpviftokbawmhrawG@yg/ c&pf&Seftokb
r[m,me Ak'<bmom tokb/ [dENLtokbESifh/ EkdifiH&yfjcm;rS tokbukdawmh/ tenf;i,fr#omawG@&yg
./ trsm;qkH;awG@&onfuawmh c&pf&Seftokbjzpf./
c&pf&Seftokbonf/ tawmfpnfpnfum;um; jyKvkyfwmawG@&./ atmf*ifawG bkHawG wD;r+wfol
15=a&mufcef@ygwmawG@&./ aool. om;awGorD;awG ajr;jrpfawGonf/ atmufykdif;teufa&miftay:
ykdif; tjzLa&mif 0wfqifum/ teDa&mifydwfpukd acgif;rSmpD;Iaomfvnf;aumif; vufrSmywfIaomfvnf;
aumif;/ tjzLa&mif-udK;p ta&Sukd pkaygif;ukdifum tv,faumif pifjrifhay:wGifwifxm;aom tokbok@d
rsufESmrlv#uf &yf-u&./
tjcm;wzufwGif atmf*iftwD;orm;awG rsufESmrlum ae&m,lxm;./ tcsdef-uvk@d tcsufay;
vkdufonfqkd&ifbJ/ atmf*iform;awG twD;orm;awG pGJpJGiifiifjzifh wD;r+wfwmawG@&./ 0rf;eJbG,f vGrf;
aqG;bG,f *DwoHrsKd;jzpf./ tokb&SifawGvJ rsuf&nfrqnfEkdifatmif -uvmwmawG@&./ oDjcif;oHvdkvdk
oHa0* uAsmoHvkdvkd pkaygif;&GwfqkdwmukdvJ awG@jrif&./
rsuf&nf&GJ&GJESifh pkaygif;&Gwfqkdaeaom 0rf;enf;bG,f *DwESifh oDcsif;oH qkH;cgeD;wGif/ tv,fqifjrifh
ay:wGifwifxm;aom tokb aowWm-uD;onf/ ajz;ajz;jcif; atmufokd@edyf-uoGm;./ ikdolawGvJ oJ-uD;
rJ-uD;ikdum/ atmufokd@wajz;ajz;,loGm;aom tavmif;ukd 0kdif;-unfh-u./
b0wyg;okd@ cGJcGmoGm;aom rdrdwkd@aqGrsKd;ESifh/ usef&pfol rdom;pkwkd@./ aemufqkH;cGJcGmcef;um;/ 0rf;enf;
bG,ftwdjzifh/ nifnifomomav;/ vkyfay;xm;ykHonf/ tpDpOfaumif;av;wck jzpfyg./
tokbaowWmukd atmufokd@wajz;ajz;,loGm;jyD;/ atmufxyfwGif&Sdaom/ rD;oj*õKvfpufwGif;ok@d xnfh
um/ rD;oj*õKvfjcif;jzpfyg./ atmufxyfo@dk qif;um/ rD;avmifaeykHukdvnf;/oGm;a&muf-unfh&+wmawG@&./
tokb ykd@aqmifolawGvJ ydwfteDpav;awG ukd,fpDukdifwm awG@&./ tjyefwGif ok\meftwGif;&Sd/ opf
yifrsm;wGif teDa&mifydwfpav;awGcsDum jyefoGm;-u./ ok\mefwGif;&Sd opfyif yef;yifw@dk wGif/ teDa&mif
ydwfpav;awG avtvGifhwGif wvlvleJ@ rsm;pGmawG@&yg./
 24
r[m,me Ak'<bmom tokb tcrf;tem;ukd qufvuf-unfh&+rd./ r[m,me Ak'<bmom bkef;
-uD;aomfvnf;aumif;/ r[m,me oDv&Sifaomfvnf;aumif;/ OD;aqmifI a&mufvm-ujcif;jzpf./ olw@dk
tzGJ@vJ atmf*ifawG wD;0kdif;awG tpkHygvmwmawG@&./
tokbaowWmukd tv,faumif pifjrifhcHkay:wifjyD;/ r[m,me oDv&SifrS/ a&S@rS wa'gifa'gifwnf;
um/ oHa0* uAsmvkdvkd/ oDcsif;vkdvkd pkaygif;&GwfqkdI/ tv,faumifwGif &Sdaom tokb aowWmukd/ t
acgufaygif;rsm;pGm vuftkyfcsDv#uf/ vSnfhvnfI pkaygif;&Gwfqkdwm awG@&./
tv,faumif&Sd tokbaowWmukd/ teufa&miftxdrf;trSwfukd/ wenf;wzkH qifjref;xm;aom
aqGrsKd;awGESifh/ rdwfaqGo*F[rsm;yg/ 0kdif;0ef;vuftkyfcsDI/ qkawmif; arwWmykd@awGudkvJ/ rsuf&nfw&GJ&JGe@J /
pkaygif;&GwfqkdaewmukdvJ/ 0rf;enf;bG,f awG@jrif&yg./
atmf*ifESifh wD;0kdif;tzGJ@om;rsm;uvJ/ a&S;rS&Gwfqkdaeaom toHawGESihftnD vkdufav#mnDaxG&dS
atmif wnf;cwfv#uf/ jidrfhanmif;nifomaom 0rf;enf;zG,faw;*DawGjzifh/ yH@ykd;wnf;cwfvdkufaomtcg
tokb&Sifrsm; rsuf&nf rqnfEkdifatmif jzpfukefwmawG@&./
tawmf-um-um wD;cwfvkd@jyD;qkH;cgeD; tcsdefrSm/ tokbaowWmonf/ wajz;ajz;jcif;/ atmufo@dk edrhf
qif;oGm;um/ rD;oj*õKvfrnfh ae&mokd@ o,faqmifoGm;av./ aqGrsKd;om;csif;awGvJ ,l-uKH;r& jzpfv#uf
atmf[pfikdau|;I -uH cJhygawmh./
[dENLtokbukdawmh [dENLvlrsKd;awG OD;aqmifI o,faqmifvmwmukd awG@&./ aoqkH;ol./ om;ESihf
ajr; jzpf[efwlygonf/ tjzLa&mif ydwfpukd cE<mukd. atmufykdif;wGif/ eHuGwfwD ykHpH0wfqifI/ tay:ykdif;
Avmewd̂jzif/h tokb aowWm a&S@wGif/ a-u;vifbef;xJwGif awmufaeaom rD;jzifh/ tokbaowWmukd
a0@um 0kdufum ylaZmfaewm awG@jrif&.
r[m,me w&kyftokb tpDtpOf rjyD;qkH;cif a&mufvmawmh/ um;&yfxm;aom ae&mrSmyif/ ol
wkd@tcrf;tem;ukd usif;yaewm awG@&./ tokb acgif;wif,Ofonf vlom;./ aemufqHk;c&D;ukd yef;awG
a0a0 qmqm jzifh/ jyifqifxm;wmawG@&./
r[m,me w&kyftokb tpDtpOf jyD;qkH;aomtcg/ olwkd@. tokb aowWmukd/ om;ESihfajr;jzpfol
OD;aqmifI crf;raqmif. tv,fpifjrifhay:ok@d / ,l&efv+yf&Sm;vmwmawG@&./ r[m,metokbwGif wD;
cwfjyD;oGm;aom atmf*if twD;tr+wform;rsm;onf/ [dENLtokbxHoGm;jyD; ulnDwD;r+wfay;wmawG@&
./ [dENLtokbukd w&kyfwD;0kdif;jzifh yef@ydk;ulnDaom jrifuGif;jzpfyg./
w&kyfwD;0kdif;tzGJ@om;rsm;onf/ [dENLtokbukdvnf; tqkd t&GwfrygbJ 0rf;eJylaqG;bG,f wD;cwfI
ulnDyef@ykd;ay;wmawG@&./ a-u;vifyef;xJwGif awmufaeaom rD;rsm;jzifh/ a0@um 0kdufum/ ylaZmfaecsdef
atmf*iform;awG wD;r+wfjyD;qkH;csdefwGif/ tokb aowWmonf wajz;ajz; edrfhqif;oGmum/ rD;oj*õKvfrnfh
ae&mokd@ ,laqmifoGm;av./
usef&pfol rdom;pkawGuawmh/ atmf[pfikdau|;um usefchJygawmh./ tokb aowWmukd/ atmufo@dk
tajz;ajz; pGJ,loGm;aom tpDtpOfonf / v#yfppfjzifh vkyfxm;jcif;jzpf./ aoqkH;ol. aemufqHk;c&D;ukd
nifnifomomav;jzifh pGJ,loGm;jcif;onf/ cGJcGmolESifh uspf&pfolawGtzk@d &ifxJrSmpGJusef&pfatmif aqmif
 25
&Gufxm;jcif;jzpfyg./ ynmygaom tpDpOfav; wckjzpfyg.
bkef;-uD;wkd@ jrefrm tokb,Of a&muf&dSvmygjyD/ wD;p&m r+wfp&mawmh a0vma0; toHxGufrnfh
uufpufawmifryg yg/ bkef;-uD;vJ tokb vkdufyg ykd@aqmifaom jrefrmawGukd/ 'umwk@d tokb pifjrifh
ay:wifjyD;&if bkef;-uD;a&S@ukd/ bdeyfawGc|wfI/ tm;vkH;vmcJhyg[k ac:vkduf./
'kd@jrefrm tokb uawmh/ jyD;cJhaom tokbawGvkd qlqlnHnH toHxGufp&m rygawmh/ 'k@d enf; 'k@d
[efeJ@/ nDnDnmnm/ jrdKifjrdKifqkdifqkdif jzpfatmif/ -oumoukdvJ/ nDnDnmnm qkd-uyg/ bkef;-uD;wkdifay;
rnfh oHa0* vuFm rsm;ukdvJ/ nDnDnmnm toH-u,f-u,f qkd-uyg[k a&S;OD;pGm ajymxm;&./
bkef;-uD;rS ig;yg;oDvay;jyD;/ oHa0* *gxm&GwfqkdI tenf;i,fw&m;a[may;./ w&m;jyD;qkH;aom
tcg oHa0*vuFmukd bkef;-uD; a&S;rS csay;I nDnDnmnm &Gwfqdkap./
rdrdcE<m/ tkdbkd@&m/ csdefcgeD;vSjyD /
wESpfxuf wESpf eD;vmjyD/ wvxuf wv eD;vmjyD/ wae@xuf wae@ eD;vmjyD?
rdrdcE<m/ embkd@&m/ csdefcg eD;vSjyD/
wESpfxuf wESpf eD;vmjyD/ wvxuf wv eD;vmjyD/ wae@xuf wae@ eD;vmjyD?
rdrdcE<m/ aobkd@&m/ csdefcg eD;vSjyD/
wESpfxuf wESpf eD;vmjyD/ wvxuf wv eD;vmjyD/ wae@xuf wae@ eD;vmjyD?
ocsKõif;ajrpm/ jzpfbkd@&m/ csdefcg eD;vSjyD/
wESpfxuf wESpf eD;vmjyD/ wvxuf wv eD;vmjyD/ wae@xuf wae@ eD;vmjyD?
TvuFav;ukd/ okH;acgufavmuf csay;jyD;/ tvGwfokH;acgufavmuf qkdcdkif;aomtcg/ bkef;-uD;wk@d
jrefrm tokbvJ jrdKifjrdKifqkdifqkdif jzpfoGm;./ a&pufcs tr#twef;ay;a0um tcrf;tem;ukd jyD;qkH;ap./
tokb wifxm;aom tv,faumif pifjrifh&dS&mokd@ 0kdif;0ef;-unfh&+ vuftkyfcsDI/ bkef;-uD;a&S@rS csay;./
Áar yOPuQE<m tedpPm / tedpPm, r&d\EWd/
r&%EWH *rdwGme/ ÁrHum,H cdyd̀\EWd?
Áar yOPuQE<m/ TcE<mig;yg; &kyfemrfw&m;wk@d onf/ tedpPm tjrJr&Sdygukefwum;/ tedpPm, rjrJjcif;
a-umifh/ r&d\EWd/ ao-u&ukefvw@H/ r&%EWH/ aojcif;ok@d / *rdwGme/ a&mufonf&Sdaomf/ ÁrHum,H/ T
cE<m ukd,f&kyf taumifykyf-uD;ukd/ cdyd̀\EWd/ ok\mefwp ocsKõif;0okd@ pGef@ypfvkduf&avawmhonfwum;?
om"kokH;-udrf nDnDnmnm ac:qkd-uap./
bkef;-uD;wkd@ &GwfqkdjyD;qkH;a-umif; tcsufay;vkdufaomtcg/ tokb aowWmonf wajz;ajz; edrhf-u
oGm;I rD;oj*Kõvfpuf&Sd&mokd@ ,laqmifoGm;av./ jrefrm tokbukdvJ jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[efjzifh oHa0*
,lwwfatmif qifcsifwwfatmif pDpOfay;cJhyg./
rav;&Sm;&Sd r[m,me w&kyfok\mefrsm;ukdvJ/ bkef;-uD;wkd@ oGm;a&mufavhvmcGihf rsm;pGm&&SdchJyg./
r[m,me ok\mef trsm;pkonf/ ok\mefESifh rwlawmhbJ rav;&Sm;a&muf {nfhonfawG vnfywf
-unfh&+p&m ae&mwck jzpfaeyg./ bkef;-uD;wkd@ a&mufcJhbl;aom prkHnif; ok\mefESifh/ uvef; ok\mef
onf/ yef;jcHawGxufawmif ykdvSyaewm awG@&yg./
 26
ok\mefrsm;onf/ awmifapmif;ay:wGif vkyfxm;wmrsm;yg./ t0if0uae vSrf;-unfh&if/ tm;vkH;
ukdvSrf;jrifae&./ uGefu&pfvrf;us,f-uD;awG tjynfhcif;xm;um vrf;ab;0J,mwGif rwf&yf&kyfyGm;awmf
rsm;ukd/ -unfnkdbG,fjzpfatmif/ yef;tvSyifawG pdrf;pdrf;pkdpkd rsufcif;jyifawGESihf pDpOfxm;yg./
tkwf*lawGukdvJ nDnDnmnm tuGufcsI pDpOfxm;aoma-umifh/ wrsKd;-unfh&+vkd@aumif;yg./ tkwf
*lwkdif;wGif t0ifvrf;rsm; vkyfay;xm;wmukdvJ awG@&./ vrf;ab;0J,mwGif yef;tvSyifrsm; rsufcif;pdrf;
pdrf;rsm;jzif/h om,mvSyatmif jyKjyifxm;wmukdvJ awG@jrif&./
prkHnif;ok\mefwGif/ rav;&Sm; emrnf-uD; w&kyftqkdawmf wOD;./ cifyGef;jzpfolrS pDpOfxm;aom
tpDtpOfwckuvJ pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;yg./ tqkdawmf trsKd;orD;./ tkwf*la&S@&Sd ajc&mESpfckwGif/ oGm;
&yfygu/ oDjcif;wyk'fqkH;atmif toHxGufvmavonf/ v#yfppfjzifh pDpOfxm;onf[k od&ygonf/ tkwf*l
a&S@wGif xkdifckHESifh xD;trkd;ukdvnf; awG@&./ aoqkH;ol. cifyGef; naewkdif;vmonf[kajymonf/ [kwf
r[kwfawmh aoaocsmcsm rodyg/
prkHnif;ok\mefwGif;&Sd e*g;&kyf-uD;uvJ/ acgif;u awmifatmufrSm&SdI/ trD;ykdif;onf/ awmifay:wGif
qkH;avonf tawmf-uD;aom e*g;&kyf-uD;jzpfyg./ e*g;AkduftwGif;ukdawmh tv,favmufwGif azgufxm;
aom pepfwus wyfqifxm;aom wcg;rS0if&./
e*g;AkdufwGif;rSmawmh vlaetdrfcef;rsm;avmuf&Sdyg./ eH&Hrsm;wGif t&kd;tkd;rsm;xm;&ef wayywfvnf
avmuf&Sdaom/ tcef;av;rsm;zGJ@xm;um/ t&kd;tkd;xm;bkd@ae&mrsm; vkyfxm;yg./ tcef;rsm;ukdvJ vSvS
yy jyifqifxm;wmawG@&./ v#yfppfrD;ukdvnf; tjynfhtpkH xGef;xm;wmawG@&./
t&kd;tkd;xm;aom ae&mrsm;onf / wae&mv#if rav;aiG &if;*pf/ 15000/rS/ 40000/ txd wefbdk;
tenf;trsm;&Sda-umif; od&./ bmjzpfvkd@ uGmjcm;&wmvJvkd@ ar;-unfhawmh/ tqifhtwef;cGJxm;onf
[kajymonf/ OD;acgif;ykdif;ae&monf ykdwefbdk;-uD;yg./v#yfppfrD;tjynfhtpkHtjyif tJ,m;uGef;yg tjrJv$wf
ay;xm;aoma-umifh wefbkd;-uD;jcif;jzpfyg./
trD;ykdif;wGif&Sdaom t&kd;tkd;ae&mrsm;onf/ wefbkd;enf;yg./ ta-umif;uawmh v#yfppfrD;uvJ r
jynfhpkH/ tJ,m;uGef;vJ r&Sdaoma-umifhjzpf./ wefbkd;enf;enf; trD;ykdif;wGifxm;aom rdrdw@dk rdb t&kd;tkd;
rsm;rS/ om;orD;rsm;ukd rdrdwkd@ylvkd@ raeEkdifa-umif;/ today;onfhtwGuf ajymif;a&G@ay;&onf[k/ vkdufvH
jyoaom eDvkdif;w&kyfbkef;-uD;rS ajymjyonf/ [kwf r[kwfawmh aoaocsmcsm rodyg/
vl@avmu&Sd vlom;rsm;onf ouf&dSxif&Sm;&Sdaom b0rSmyif tqifhtwef; cGJonfr[kwfyg bmrS
tokH;r-uawmhonfh &kyfuvyfukdawmifrS tqifhtwef; vkdufcJGxm;wm rsm;pGmawG@&./ prkHnif;ok\m
efwGif csrf;omonfh yk*~Kdvfrsm;. tkwf*lrsm;onf/ rav;aiG woef; ESpfoef;wefaom ae&mrsm;wGif bkd;
bGm;rdb tpOftquf jcH0if;jzifh jyKvkyfxm;wmukdvJ awG@jrifcJh&yg./
tv,ftvwfwef;pm; tqifh&Sd tkwf*lrsm;ukdvJ ol@tqifhtwef;tvkduf awG@cJh&yg./ aiGaus;enf;
onfhyk*~Kdvfrsm;onf t&kd;jymtkd;jzifh ol@tqifhtwef;tvkduf xm;Ekdifatmif -udK;pm;wmvJawG@&./tkwf
*lawG yef;jcHawGjyKjyifbkd@twGuf aoqkH;ol.emrnfjzifh b%fwGifaiGtyfESHxm;onf[k w&kyfbkef;-uD;ajym
jyonf/ bkef;-uD;wkd@ukdvJ &dwdwdESifh rav;&Sm;b%fawGonf aool. aiGawmifpdwfcs&ygonf[k aemuf
 27
ajymifajymqkdwmawG@&. rajymaomfvJ ajymouJho@dk xifrdyg./
r[m,me Ak'<bmom ok\mefawG&Sd rD;oj*õKvfpufxm;aom cef;raqmifawGonf ykdcef;em;-uD;
-u,fwmawG@&. rdrdwkd@ bmomtav#muf xkH;pHtwkdif; tcef;tem;jyD;qkH;vkd@ rD;oj*õKvf cgeD;wGif pifjrifh
ay:wGif wifxm;aom tokb aowWmonf ajz;ajz;jcif; rD;oj*õKvfpufxJudk 0ifoGm;. 0rf;eJ vGrf;arm
bG,f *DwoHESifhtwl oHa0*&bG,f arwWmyk@d qkawmif;&GwfqkdoHukdvJ nifompGm-um;&./
tokb &Sif. om;orD;aqGrsKd; rdwfaqGrsm;onf vuftkyfcsDv#ufrsuf&nf&GJ&GJjzifh ikdyJGqifum -uHchJyg
awmh. tpDpOftm;vkH;ukd v#yfppfpufrsm;jzifh pepfwus pDpOfxm;jcif;jzpfyg./ aoqkH;ol. aemufqkH;c&D;
ukd nifnifomomav; pGJ,loGm;ykH vGrf;armbG,f*DwoHpOfav;jzifh pepfwus pDpOfxm;ykHonf rSwfom;
twk,loifhaom aumif;aom tpDtpOfav; jzpfyg./
vl@b0qkdwm aorSmawmh vlwkdif;aocsm./ aoolonf rdrd. &kyftavmif;ukd usef&pfchJonfh aqG
rsKd;om;csif; rdwfaqGo*F[awG b,fvdktpDpOfjzifh oj*õKvfonfqkdwmukdawmh odvdrfhrnfrxifyg/ usef&pf
olawGcHpm;csuf wwfEkdifoavmuf ajyajymufbkd@twGufuawmh ta&;-uD;yg./
tpDtpOfaumif;av;awGjzifh pepfwus pDpOfay;vkdufonfh twGuf/ cHpm;csufawG xkdufoifho
avmufajyajymufjyD; auseyf ESpfouf tm;&v#uf aooltay: wm0efa-uaom om;orD;aumif; aqG
rsKd; rdwfaqGaumif;[k xifrSwfum wyg;oludk &ifzGifhv#uf ajzajzmufwmukdvJ awG@jrif&yg./
vl@b0qkdwm ykcufESifh acgif;t-um; c%av;yg/ c%av;aom vl@b0ukd/ vlom;awGonf/ jidrf;
jidrf;csrf;csrf; rae-ubJ/ avmbawG/ a'goawG/ rmefrmeawG/ tmCmw awG/ ukd,fpDESihf/ rdrd. &&Sdxm;
aom/ wkdawmif;aom vl@b0av;ukd/ tjrwfr&bJ t&+H;ESifh&ifqkdifum b0ef*kH;csKyfoGm;olawGvJ avmu
wGif rsm;vSyg./
wkdawmif;vSaom vl@b0av;ukd vlom;awG tjrwfrsm;rsm; &bkd@twGuf cspfcifjcif;qkdonfh ar
wWm w&m;awG/ oem;-uifemjcif;qkdonfh u&k%mw&m;awG/ remvkdjcif; uif;jyD; 0rf;omay;Ekdifonfh rk'd
wm w&m;awG/ t&m&mukd cGifhvGwfwwfI r#r#ww qufqHwwfonfh OayuQmw&m;awG/ Tw&m;
awGonf/ vlom;twGuf jrifhjrwfonfh b0ukd a&mufapyg./
toifvlom; owdxm;yg wkdawmif;vSaom vl@b0ukd t&+H;orm; b0 ra&mufapbJ/ jrifhjrwf
onfh vlom;jzpfatmif usKd;pm;ygvkd@ wkdufwGef;yg./
,QK bkef;-uD;wkd@-uGvmaom &nfvnfqGrf;onfvnf;/ a'go/ rmefrme/ tmCmwawGa-umifh
b0ukd t&+H;ESifh &ifqkdifoGm;&aom rav;&Sm;a&muf jrefrmwOD;. 0rf;enf;a-uuGJp&m tjzpftysufwck
jzpfyg./ bkef;-uD;wkd@ pD;vmaom um;av;onf p&ifbef; ema&;usif;yrnfh wkdufcef;ok@d a&muf&dSvm./
jrefrm'umav;rsm; wkdufatmufwGif -udKae-u.
armifaevif;ausmf. &ufvnfqGrf;'geukdvJ/ p&ifbef; pkdajyqkdifESifh rmpHqkdifw@dk rS qGrf;ESihf qGrf;
[if;rsm;ukdpkaygif;uyfvªwmawG@&./jrefrmqkdifawGonfjrefrmvkyfom;awGtwGufqkHqnf;&m ae&mwck
jzpfyg. jrefrm ypPnf;awG 0,f&efeSifh jrefrmtpm;taomufrsm; &&Sdaom ae&mvnf;jzpfyg. ema&;udpP
ay:vmvmaomtcgvJ jrefrmawG pka0;&mae&mwck jzpfyg./
 28
rav;&Sm;&Sd jrefrmqkdif tm;vkH;vJ ema&;udpP jzpfay:aomtcg 0kdif;0ef;ulnD aqmif&Gufay;wmukd
rsm;pGmawG@&yg./ vl@b0wGif oma&; ema&; udpPonf rvGJ raoG awG@&rnfh udpPjzpf./ oma&;udpPonf
odyfta&;r-uD;ayrJh ema&;udpPuawmh ta&;-uD;vSyg./ema&;udpPay:vmaomtcg nDnDnGwfnGwf 0kdif;
0ef; aqmif&Gufoifhyg./
oHCmawmfrsm; qGrf;udpPESifh tcsKdyJGudpPjyD;aomtcg w&m;a[mbk@d tcdsefa&mufvm./ jrefrmy&dwf
owf/ 100/ &mausmfcef@&Sdrnf[k cef@rSef;&yg./ oDv,l/ y&dwf&GwfjyD;awmh/ bkef;-uD;w&m;qufa[m./
,ae@uG,fvGefol armifaevif;ausmfudk &nfpl;I/ oHCmawmf t&SifjrwfokH;yg;ukd yifhzdwfjyD;/ ae@
qGrf;tvªESifh/ qGrf;/ ouFef;/ ausmif;/ aq;/ ypPnf;av;yg;twGuf e0urR0wˆKaiGukd usef&pfaom rdwfaqG
o*F[awG aygif;pkI/ ukokdvfjyKvkyfum/ uG,fvGefolukd tr#a0aom yGJjzpfw,f/
uG,fvGefol[m uG,fvGefcgeD; tcsdefwGif roifhwifhaom ESpfvkH;oGif;rSm;r+a-umifh raumif;onfh b0
a&muf&SdjyD; om"kac:qkdEkdifaom b0rsKd;a&muf&dSaer,fqkd&if/ ,QK vl@jynfrS rdwfaqG oli,fjcif;awG pkaygif;
jyD; jyKvkyfonfh ukokdvf'geukd tr#&jyD; om"kac:qkdEkdifI aumif;aom b0ukd &&SdrSmyg/
om"k rac:qkdEkdifaom b0rsKd;awG a&muf&dSae&if ,QK jyKvkyfondh ukokdvf. tzk@d bm*ukd uG,fvGef
ol &&Sd cHpm;EkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;/ jyKvkyfol ukodkvf&SifawGom &&SdcHpm; pHpm;&rSm jzpfygw,f/
,ae@ uG,fvGefol armifaevif;ausmfudk &nfpl;jyD; ykd@v$wfvkdufonfh ukokdvf'geonf/ armifaevif;
ausmf/ om"k rac:qkdEkdifaomb0ukd a&muf&Sdaer,fqdk&if/ 'Dtr#onf/ uG,fvGefolxH a&muf&dSrSm r[kwf
ygbl; ,QK jyKvkyfaeaom ukokdvf&SifawGom &&SdcHpm;&rSmyg/
armifaevif;ausmf b,fb0ukd a&muf&dSaew,fqkdwm w&m;a[monfh bkef;-uD;rodovkd/ w&m;em
y&dwfowf tm;vkH;vJ rodygbl; / 'Dvdk aoolukd &nfpl;jyD; jyKvkyfonfh ukodkvfyJGawGonf/ rSef;vkyf&wm
jzpfaoma-umifh/ raocsm ra&&maom yJGawGomjzpfyg./
olwyg;a0onfh tr#ukd apmifhar#mf&aom b0onf/ &ifarm&yg. / usef&pfolawG tr#a0/ ra0/ qkd
wm/ ra&&m raocsmaoma-umifh/ rdrd. vuf&Sdb0rSmyif olawmfaumif; tusifhawG usihfjyD;/ ok*wdb
0a&mufatmif usKd;pm;rSomv#if/ raocsm ra&&maom usef&pfolw@dk tr#udk &ifarmpGm apmifhae&aom
b0rS vGwfajrmufrnf jzpfyg./
,QK w&m;em y&dwfowfvJ vuf&Sdb0rSmyif tukokdvfa&Smif/ ukokdvfaqmif/ pdwfudkjzLpifatmifxm;/
qkdonfh olawmfaumif;tusifhawGusihfjyD;/ rdrd. aemufb0ukd aocsmatmif vkyfxm;oifhyg./
,ae@ jyKvkyfaom ukokdvf. tbkd@bm*ukd/ uG,fvGefol armifaevif;ausmf om"kac:qkdEdkifaom
b0ukda&mufae&if/ aumif;aomb0ukd &&SdcHpm;ygapvkd@ tm&kHjyKjyD; jyKvkyf-u&r,f/
uG,fvGefoltwGuf a[m-um;rnfh w&m;uawmh 'DavmufygbJ/ aoolxuf usefonfhyk*~KdvfawG
u ykdta&;-uD;ygw,f/ 'ga-umifhrkd@ usefolawG vkdufembk@d w&m;a[m-um;&wmaygh/
w&m;em y&dwfowfwkd@ a&S;tcg umv wckwkH;u/ Am&m%oD jynf-uD;rSm jA[R'wfrif; pkd;pHaepOf
tcsdeftcgjzpfyg./ jA[R'wfrif;onf wkdif;jynfudk tzufzufrS zG@HjzdK;wkd;wufatmif aqmif&Gufaeaom
tcsdefjzpfw,f/ Am&m%oD jynf-uD;onf twkdif;twm wckxd pnfyifzG@HjzdK;vmyg./
 29
a&S;bk&ifawGvJ ypPnf;OpPm -uG,f0vmjyDqkd&if/ wkdif;jynfumuG,fa&;twGuf ppfonfAdkvfyg &Jruf
awGukdvJ tzufzufrSjynfhpkHatmif aqmif&Gufwwf-uyg./ ab;&ef tEW&m,f taygif;rS umuG,faqmif
&Gufovkd ppftiftm; awmifhwif;atmifvJ aqmif&Gufwwfyg./
rdrdppftiftm; awmifhwif;vmjyDqdk&if/ rdrdxuf tiftm;enf;jyD; rzG@HjzKd; rwkd;wufaom EkdifiH i,f
av;awGukd/ 0ifa&mufodrf;ykdufjyD; rdrd EkdifiH. tifyg,mukd csJ@xGifwwfaom ppfacgif;aqmifawGonf/ a&S;
,cifxJu &SdcJ@ovkd/ ,QK rsufarSmufacwfrSmvJ rsm;pGmawG@jrifEkdifyg./
Am&m%oDjynf jA[R'wfrif;vJ/ rdrd EkdifiH vlr+pD;yGm;a&;vJjynfhpHk ppfa&;tiftm;awGvJ jynfhpHkvm
aomtcg/ rdrd. tdrfeD;jcif; EkdifiH i,fav; wckjzpfaom/ 'DCDwd aumov rif;tkyfcsKyfaom aumov
EkdifiHav;ukd / usL;ausmfodrf;ykdufbkd@ ppfonf tiftm;rsm;pGmjzifh csDwufvm./
'DCDwd aumovbk&ifonf/ Am&m%oDjynf jA[R'wfrif;OD;aqmifaom ppfonfawG rdrdwdkif;jynf
ukd ppfcsDwufvmjyD owif;-um;&awmh/ 'DCDwd aumovbk&if pif;pm;&jyD/ rdrd EkdifiHonf EkdifiH i,fav;
omjzpf./ ppftiftm;uvJrjynfhpkH pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;uvJrjynfhpkHaom rdrdEkdifiHonf/ppftif-uD;rm;aom
Am&m%oD ppfwyfukd ,SOfjydKifwkdufckdufb@dk rvG,fyg/
ppfjzpfvkd@ ESpfOD;ESpfzuf wkdufckduf-ur,f qkd&ifvJ rdrdwkdif;jynfwGif;rSmom jzpfaoma-umifh/ppf'%fudk
epfemjzif; epfem&if rdrdwkdif;jynfu ykdepfemrnf/ rdrdjynfolawG ppf. tedXm&kH-um;rSm/ ppf. om;aumif
b0 ra&muf&Sd&atmif/ rdrdxGufcGmay;jcif;onf taumif;qkH;jzpfonf[koabmaygufv#uf tnH@cHaom
oabmjzifh/ &kyfzsufum rdzk&m;-uD;ESifh wkdif;jynfZeyk'fwcko@dk xGufcGmoGm;./
Am&m%oDbk&if jA[R'wfrif;onf 'DCDwd aumovbk&if. EkdifiHi,fav;ukd tvG,fwulyifodrf;
ykdufum rdrdwkdif;jynftwGif;okd@ oGwfoGif;I tkyfcsKyfavonf/
'DCDwd aumovbk&ifa[mif;onf/ &kyfzsufI y&AkdZfwa,muftoGif 0wfqifjyD; Am&m%oD
jynf Zeyk'fwck. tkd;xdrf;onftdrfwGif aexkdifv#uf tkd;xdrf;onf twwfjzifh toufarG;0rf;a-umif;jyK
vkyfum aexkdifpm;aomufv#uf&Sd./
rsm;r-umrSD tcsdeftwGif; rdzk&m;-uD;rS om;a,muFsm;av;wOD;ukd csrf;ompGm arG;zGm;vm./om;
uav;. emrnfukdvJ touf&Snf&m temrJha&; &nfrSef;I 'DCm0k owkd@om;[k emrnfay;av./
'DCm0k owkd@om;av; ynmoifb@dk t&G,fa&mufvmaomtcg bk&ifa[mif;jzpfaom 'DCDwd
aumovbk&ifrS pif;pm;&jyef./ Am&m%oDbk&ifonf wu,fvkd@rsm; rdrdwkd@ukd aumovbk&ifa[mif;
rdom;pk[k odoGm;v#if/ rdrdwkd@ rdom;pk tm;vkH;ukd owfjypfrSmaocsm./
rjzpfEkdifbl;vkd@ ajymvkd@r&yg rdrdw@dk onf ppfudk a&SmifuGif;cJhaom ppf. tusOf;om;rsm;jzpfyg./
wu,fvkd@ wpkHwa,mufu rdrdwkd@ukd odoGm;&if bk&ifhxHta-umif;-um;jyD; jypf'%fu a&mufvmrSmjzpf
./ tJ'D tcsdef-urSqkd&if rdrdwkd@ rdom;pktm;vkH; towfcH&rSm aocsm./
vl@b0ukd a&mufcgp/ avmuta-umif;ukd bmrS em;rv,fao;aom/ rdrd. vlrr,f om;av;
'DCm0kukdvJ tvGwfay;rnf r[kwfyg/ -uLyifckwf -uLikwfyg r-uHap& qkdonfh ppf. &ufpuf -urf;-uKwf
onfh "av@xkH;pHtwkdif;/ tm;vkH;ukd okwfoif &Sif;vif;rSm jzpfyg./
 30
rdrdwkd@ rsKd;qufjywfoGm;rnfh tjzpfrsKd; ra&muf&avatmif/ rdrd. vlrr,f om;i,f 'DCm0kudk
rdrdwkd@ESifh twlwl rxm;bJ/ rdrdwkd@ESifh a0;aomwae&mwGif ynmoif-um;jcif;onf/ ykdjyD;oifhawmfrnf[k
qkH;jzwfum om;i,f 'DCm0kukd jrdK@wjrdK@wGif ynmoif-um;ap./
'DCm0k rif;om;av;vJ wESpfwcg ausmif;ydwfcsdefrS rdbawGESifh awG@qkHcGifh&av./ wuUodkvfausmif;
awmf-uD;wGif rif;nD rif;om;ESifha,muFsm;awG rSefor# wwftyfaom tXm&o ynmawGudk usKd;pm;jyD;
wwfatmifoif,l./
rif;. aoG;jzpfaoma-umifh ynm^m%fxufrsufI/ q&moifay;aom twwfynm [lor#udk
wwfatmif oif,lEkdifaom/ wynfhaumif;tjzpf xifay:a-umf-um;aom 'DCm0k owk@d om;av;jzpfyg./
ausmif;awmf-uD;wGif ynmpkHaom t&G,fo@dk a&mufchJyg./
wae@aomtcg/ 'DCDwd aumov bk&ifa[mif;ae&m aus;vuf Zeyk'fokd@/ acgif;rkwfqdyf &dwf
aom qwWmonfwOD;onf/ rdrd. qwWmonf vkyfief;jzifh a&muf&dSvmpOf/ bk&ifa[mif;jzpfaom aum
ovbk&ifukd Am&m%oDjynf./ Zeyk'f tkd;xdrf;onf. tdrfwGif/ awG@jrifoGm;jyD;/ Am&%oDbk&ifxH/ oH
awmfOD;wif av#mufxm;av./
Am&m%oDjynf bk&if-uD;vJ ppfonfAkdvfyg &JrufawGukdv$wfum bk&ifa[mif;ESihf rdzk&m;yg zrf;
qD;apjyD; Am&m%oDeef;pkduf&m jrdK@awmfokd@ ac:aqmifvm./ ppf. tusOf;om;rsm; xkH;pHtwkdif; &efolbk
&ifukd &uf&ufpufpuf um;pOfwifI owfjzwf&ef tm%myg;uGuf om;awGxH tyfEHSvkduf./
tm%myg;uGufom;awGvJ aemifvmaemifom;awG a-umuf&GH@wkHv+yfatmif odom jrifomaom
vkyfaqmifcsufawGjzifh &uf&ufpufpuf vkyfjywmawG@&./ 'DCDwd aumov bk&ifa[mif;ESihf rdzk&m;-uD;
ukd tusif;om;wkd@. xkH;pHtwkdif; qHyifawG&dyfum uwkH; wkH;apv#uf -udK;jzifh csDaESmifjyD; Am&m%oD jrdK@
wGif;okd@ wvrf;0if wvrf;xGuf vSnfhvnfum aqmif,lvm-u./
ppfbDvl;wkd@. &ufpufusrf;-uKwfykHum; pufqkyf&GH&SmzG,f aumif;vSyg./ rdrdw@dk udk tnH@cH t&+H;
ay; vufajrmufvmaom tusOf;om;ukdyif/ &uf&ufpufpuf vlwumtv,fwGif t&Suf&atmif em
-uOfatmif ESdyfqufnSif;yef;v#uf/ um;pOfwif tqkH;pD&ifjcif;onf/ tusnf;wefaom/ &ufpuf,kwfrm
aom/ vlom;rqefaom/ jrifuGif;wckjzpfyg./
'DCm0k owkd@om;av;on/f ausmif;awGydwfwmESifh/ rdrd. rawG@&wm -umjyDjzpfaom/ aus;Zl;&Sif
rdbESpfyg;ukd awG@qkHcGifh &&efESifh/ rdrdwwfxm;aom twwfynmawGudk/ aus;Zl;&Sif rdbESpfyg;ukd jyo&ef
ar#mfvifhv#uf rdb&yfxH jyefvm./
Am&m%oD jrdK@wGif;jzwfjyD; jyefvmwmqkdawmh/ Am&m%oD jrdK@wGif;rSm tm%myg;uGufom;awG
tusOf;om; w&m;cH ESpfOD;tm;/ um;pOfwif tqkH;pD&ifbkd@twGuf/ uwkH; wkH;jyD; -udK;wkwfac:aqmifvm
wmukd/ jrdK@ol jrdK@om;awG 0kdif;tkH-unfhaewmESifh/ 'DCm0k owkd@om;av;vJ oGm;-unfhrd./
vufjyef-udK;wkwf uwkH;ajymifatmif wkH;apv#uf/ tm%myg;uGufom;awG ESdyfqufac:aqmif
vmaom w&m;cH tusOf;om;awG -unfhvkdufawmh/ 'DCm0k owkd@om;av;. rsufpdawG jymxGufoGm;yg
./ w&m;cH qkdolawGum;/ rdrd. aus;Zl;&Sif rdbESpfyg;jzpfae./
 31
rdrd. aus;Zl;&Sif rdbESpfyg;ukd &uf&ufpufpuf ESdyfpufaewm awG@&awmh/ rdrd. a'goawG txGwf
txdyf a&mufvmjyD;/aus;Zl;&SifrdbESpfyg;ukd/ ESdyfpufnSif;yef;aeaom tm%myg;uGufom;awGudk/ rdrd.t
oufukd paw;jyD; ckcHwkduf ckdufbkd@qkH;jzwfv#uf/ v+yf&Sm;r+ukd jyKvkyfbkd@ -udK;pm;avonf/
'DCm0k owkd@om;av;. v+yf&Sm;r+ukd jrifoluawmh zcifjzpfonfh 'DCDwd aumov bk&ifjzpfyg
./ rdrdwkd@ukd 0kdif;-unfhaeaom/ vltkyfxJwGif/ rdrd. om;cspf 'DCm0kukd/ jAKef;ueJ awG@vdkuf&jyD;/ ckcHwdkuf
ckdufbdk@ t&dyfta&mifawG awG@ae&awmh/ rsm;pGm pkd;&drfoGm;./
,QKvkd tcsdeftcgrsKd;rSm/ ckcHwkdufckdufvkd@uawmh/ ausmufawmifukd acgif;eJ@wkdufovkd jzpfawmhrSm
bJ/ tcsD;eD; tv[o rdom;pktm;vkH; aoa-u ysufpD;awmhrSmukd pOf;pm;rdaom aumovbk&ifonf/
rdrdwkd@awmh touf-uD;jyD aojcif aoyap/ om;jzpfol 'DCm0k rao&atmif qkH;r -o0g'ay;rS jzpfrnfudk
owd&vmjyD;/ om;jzpfolukd&nf&G,f ajym-um;av./
cspfom;'DCm0k========
t&Snfukdvnf; r-unfhESifh?
twkdukdvJ r-unfhESifh?
&efukd &efESifh rwkH@jyefESifh &efrwk@H jyefrS &efjidrf;at;onf?
[k om;jzpfoltm; t-udrfrsm;pGm atmf[pfowday;I qkH;r-o0g'ay;av./
tm%myg;uGufom;awGvJ/ 'Dbk&ifa[mif; aocgeD;I/ aoG;&l; aoG;wef;jzifh/ atmf[pfaeonf[k
xif-u./ 'DCm0k owkd@om;av;vJ zcif qkH;r-o0g'ay;onfh toHukd-um;&awmh/ rdrd.toufudkpaw;
jyD;/ ckcHwkdufckdufrnf[k qkH;jzwfxm;aom/ rdrd.a'goukd/ oD;cHumaecJ@&./
tm%myg;uGufom;awGvJ/ bk&ifa[mif;ESifh rdz&m;ukd/ olowfukef;okd@ xkwfaqmifI/ &uf&ufpuf
puf owfjzwfavawmh./bk&ifa[mif;ESifh rdbk&m;wk@d . cE<mukd,fudk/ av;ykdif;pDykdif;jzwfapI/ av;pkcJGum
t&yfav;rsufESm wpkpDcsxm;ygw,f/ udpPtm;vkH; aqmif&GufjyD;pD;oGm;aomtcg/ tapmifhta&SmufawG
xm;I/ vlowfaumif tm%myg;uGufom;awG jrdK@wGif;jyefoGm;-uw,f/
'DCm0k rif;om;av;vJ rdrd. aus;Zl;&Sif arG;rdcifESifhzcifwkd@/ rdrd. a&@SwGif &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwf
cH&wmukd jrif&awmh/ a'goawG rcsKyfxdrf;bJ/ aygufuGJvkpJpJ okd@a&mufchJyg./ aus;Zl;&Sifzcif-uD;./ qkH;rp
um;u em;xJokd@ 0ifa&mufvmojzifh/ rdrd. aygufcGJvkpJpJ a'goukd xdrf;csKyfum/ rdrd. &ifuJGrwwf cHpm;
&aom aomua0'emukd/ ywf0ef;usif r&dwfrdatmif csKyfwnf;I oD;cHcJh&yg./
'DCm0k rif;om;av;onf/ jrdK@wGif;okd@0ifI/ t&ufaopmrsm; 0,f,lum/ ok\mefo@dk jyefvmcJh./ ok
\mefwGif apmifhaeaom ok\mefapmifh okb&mZmrsm;ukd/t&ufwkdufI rl;vJaomtcgrS/ rdrd. aus;Zl;
&Sif rdbESpfyg;. wppDjzpfaeaom &kyftavmif;rsm;ukd/ vkdufvHpkpnf;I/awmxJ wae&mwGif xif;rsm;&Sm
v#uf rD;oj*Kõvfum/ awmxJwGif tm;&atmif ikdau|;jyD;/ Am&m%oD jrdK@wGif;okd@ jyefvmcJh./
rdrd. b0a&S@a&;twGuf 'DCm0krif;om;av; pOf;pm;&jyD/ aus;Zl;&Sif rdbESpfyg;. vufatmufrSm
bmrS ylyifr+r&SdbJ aecJh&onfh b0rS/ ,QKawmh rdbrJh waumif-uGuf b0okd@ a&mufcJhavjyD/ rdrd. pm;0wf
aea&; twGuf rdrdwwfxm;aom ynmawG tokH;csI pDpOf&awmhrnf/
 32
rdrd. aus;Zl;&Sif rdb ESpfyg;ukd &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfxm;aom Am&m%oD rif;./ teD;pyfqHk;
ae&mrSm aerS jzpfrnf/ vl@b0qkdwm/ iSufcg;av;awG jyefaeovkdygbJ/ edrfhcsDwcg jrifhcsDwvSnhfaygh/ rdrdw@dk
rdom;pk tedrfhb0ukd a&mufaecsdefrSmawmh/ 'kuQawG&ifpD;jyD; cHcJh&yg./
tjrifhb0ukd ra&mufbl;vkd@ b,folrS rajymqkdEkdifyg / avmuwGif rjzpfao;aom t&mom&Sdyg./
rjzpfEkdifaomt&monf r&Sdyg / vlom;. vkH;v0D&d,jzifh usKd;pm;tm;xkwfv#if/ jzpfEkdifaomt&mtm;vkH;
onf awmif-uD;z0g;atmuf a&mufonfhyHkpHjzifh jzpfvmygvdrhfrnf/
rdrd&nfrSefxm;aom yef;wkdifESifh/ aus;Zl;&Sifzcif-uD; jzpfapcsifonfh qENawGonf/ rdrdtay:ukd vkH;0
a&muf&SdvmjyD jzpfyg./rdrdwwfxm;aom ynmawGukdtokH;csum/ rdrdb0wkd;wufa&;ukd vufawG@aqmif
&Guf&ef tcsdeftcgonf a&muf&SdvmavjyD/
Am&m%oD jrdK@wGif;okd@jyefvmum Am&m%oDrif;-uD;./ qifawGukd xdrf;&aom qifxdrf;xHwGif/t
vkyf&&Sdbkd@ cGifhawmif;av./ qifxdrf;vJ vli,fav;. &kyf&nf oef@jyef@wmukd -unfhjyD;/ oabm -uv#uf
qifxdrf;tul tvkyfay;v#uf qif;wif;ukwfrSmyif aeap./
'DCm0k rif;om;av;onf/ b,fae&ma&mufa&muf aus;Zl;&Sif rdbESpfyg;ukd/Am&m%oDbk&if./tm
%m yg;uGufom;awG &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfcJhwmukd rsufpdxJrS rxGufEkdifatmif cHpm;v#uf rdrd.&ef
ol Am&m%oD rif;-uD;ukd tcJra-ujzpfaeyg./
rdrd. vufpm;apcsifaom qENawGonf/ wcgwav xdrf;rEkdif odrf;r&jzpfvmyg./ aus;Zl;&Sif zcif
-uD;./ qkH;rpum;awG jyefvnf-um;a&mifvmr/S rdrd. a'goukd ajyajymufatmif usKd;pm;&yg./
'DCm0k rif;om;av;onf eHufapmapmxI/ qifwif;ukwfwGif vkyfp&m&Sdaom tvkyfrsm;ukd/ qif
xdrf;-uD; oabm-uatmif vkyfukdifv#uf/ tvkyfjyD;aomtcsdefwGif/ rdrd. tpGrf;tpjzifh/ Am&m%oDrif;
-uD;odatmif aqmif&Guf&ayrnf/
'DCm0k rif;om;av;aeaom qifwif;ukwfESihf/ Am&m%oD rif;-uD;. tdyfcef;raqmifonf/odyfra0;
yg / vSrf;atmf&if -um;avmufaom ae&mrsKd; jzpfyg./ Am&m%oDrif;-uD; pdwf0ifpm;atmif/ rdrdausmif;
awmfwGif oif-um;cJhaom/ ynmukd tokH;cs&ayawmhrnf/
rdrdwwfajrmufcJhaom apmif;wD;twwfynmjzifh/ Am&m%oDrif;-uD; tdyf,mxcsdefwGif/ om,mjidrhf
anmif;aom apmif;oHjzifh ndrfhndrfhanmif;anmif; aw;oDcsif;rsmukd oDqkdum/ rdrd. b0qENjynfhvmrnfh
tcsdefukd apmifhpm;v#uf&Sdyg./
Am&m%oDrif;-uD;onf/ rdrdtdyf,mEkd;csdef eHufcif; r*Fvm&SdaomtcsdefwGif/ ae@pOfae@wdkif;-um;ae&
aom om,mjidrfhanmif;aom aqmif;oHESifhtwl/om,mzG,faw;oDcsif;oHrsm;ukd pdwf0ifpm;vm./ qif
xdrf;-uD;. qifwif;ukwfbufrS vmaomtoHjzpfonfukdowdxm;rdum qifxdrf;-uD;tm; qifhac:Iar;
jref; pkHprf;avawmh.
qifxdrf;-uD; oif.qifwifukwfrS/ eHufcif;wkdif; om,mzG,f aw;oDcsif;awG om,mzG,faqmif;oH
awG ae@pOfae@wkdif;-um;ae&w,f/ b,folawG wD;cwf oDqkdaeygovJ=======´
t&Sifrif;-uD; ,QKrSa&mufcgp tvkyf0ifvmaom vli,fav;wa,muf oDqkdwD;cwfjcif; jzpfygw,f/
 33
&kyf&nfoef@jyef@aom Tvli,fav;onf/ tvkyfvJ tvGef-udK;pm;I/ vl-uD;awGukd tvGefav;pm;um/
tqkd twD;uvJ aumif;rGefvSygonf t&Sifrif;-uD;?
Am&m%oDbk&ifonf/ qifxdrf;-uD; wifjyav#mufxm;csufudk oabm-uv#uf vli,fav;tm;ac:
ckdif;um vufawG@oDqkdwD;cwfwmukd -unfh&+jyD; oabm-uaoma-umifh apmif;orm;av;ukd/ eef;awmf
wGif;Y oDqkdwD;cwf ajzajzmf&ef cef@xm;vkdufyg./
Am&m%oDbk&ifonf/ rdrd. trdef@jzifh/ tm%myg;uGufom;awG/ &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfchJaom
aumov bk&ifa[mif;./ om;rSef;od&ifawmh/ cef@vdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ zrf;pD;jyD; owfjypfrSmaocsm./
b0qkdwm rdrd. tukokdvfuHawG tusKd;ay;csdef a&mufvm&ifvJ/rdrdukd 'kuQay;rnfh rdrd.&efoludk/
rdrdtwGuf tvGefaus;Zl;rsm;aom rdwfaqG[k xifwwfyg./ Am&%oDbk&ifvJ xkdoabmtwkdif;jzpfyg
./ rdrd&efol. om;ukdrS rdrdtem;wGif cpm;cGihfjyKvkdufjcif;jzpfyg./
'DCm0krif;om;av;onf &&Sdvmaom tcGifhta&;ukd vufvGwfrcHbJ Am&m%oDbk&if-uD;ESihfeD;pyf
onfxuf eD;pyfvmatmif tvkyfawGudk tvGefusKd;pm;aqmif&Guf./ rdrdwwf&Sdxm;aom twwfynm
awGjzifh usKd;pm;aqmif&Gufojzifh Am&m%oDbk&if-uD;onf tvGefoabm-uv#uf ,kH-unfpdwfcs&aom
teD;uyfvl,kHb0okd@ a&muf&Sdvm. /
Am&m%oDbk&if taeeD;atmif aqmif&GufcJhaom 'DCm0krif;om;av;. t-uHtpDonf atmifjrif
cJhavonf/ a&cyfwkH; rawG@ayrJh xif;acGwHk; awG@bkd@tcsdefawmh eD;pyfvmayjyD/
wae@aomtcg Am&m%oDbk&ifonf/ awmupm;xGufbkd@ pDpOfavawmh./ rdrd vkdufygpD;eif;rnfh
rdrd&xm;ukd armif;ESif&ef rdrd. vl,kHawmf apmif;orm;av;tm; wm0efay;av./
&xm;ukd,fpDjzifh wkdif;jynfrS awmupm;xGufvmcJh-u./ awmxJa&mufaomtcg vrf;cGJawG rsm;pGm
awG@&. wa,mufwvrf; 0if-uaomtcg bk&if. vl,kHawmf apmif;orm;av;vJ/ rdrd&&Sdaom tcGihf
ta&;ukd tokH;csum vrf;cGJwckokd@ cGJxGufI rdrdarmif;vmaom&xm;ukd vrf;rSm;oa,mif jyKvkyfv#uf
Am&m%oDbk&iftm; awmeufxJokd@ ac:aqmifoGm;av./
awmeufxJukd a&mufvmawmh Am&m%oDrif;-uD;onf armifrif;vrf;rSm;vmjyDe@J wlw,f/ t&Sifrif;
-uD; vrf;cGJawGrsm;awmh rSm;vmonfESihfwlygw,f a&S@vrf;cGJ-urS jyefauG@wmaygh jyefav#mufwif./t-uH
orm; apmif;orm;av;ukd Am&m%oDrif;-uD; oHo, vkH;0rjzpfyg/
awmvrf;c&D;ukd -umjrifhpGm pD;vm&awmh Am&m%oDrif;-uD; yifyef;jyD; tdyfcsifwmESihf armifrif; 'D
opfyif&dyfrSm acwWem;-uOD;pkd@ tyef;ajy wa&;warm tdyf-u&atmifqkdjyD; rdrd. vl,Hkawmf apmif;o
rm;av;ukd rdrd.vufokH;awmf oHv#ufukday;xm;v#uf apmif;orm;av;./ aygifay:wGif OD;acgif;wifI
Am&m%oDrif;-uD; ESpfESpfcsKdufcsKduf tdyfavawmh./
t-uHorm; 'DCm0k twGuf tcGifhta&;-uD;wckum; a&muf&SdvmayjyD/ rdrd. aus;Zl&Sif rdbESpfyg;ukd
&uf&ufpufpuf owfjywfcJhaombk&if/ rdrdwkd@rdom;pkukd aouGJ uGJatmifaqmif&GufchJaombk&if/ rdrdw@dk
EkdifiHukd t"rR rw&m;odrf;ykdufxm;aombk&if/ rdrdwkd@tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh rdrdwkd@EkdifiH. tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd zsufpD;
cJhaombk&if/ Tbk&ifukd ,QKvkd tcsdefrsKd;rSm vufpm;acs&ef taumif;qkH; tcsdefjzpf./
 34
avmuwGif tcGif;ta&;aumif;onf w-udrfomvmwwf. 'DtcGihfta&;aumif;ukd vufv$wftqkH;
&+H;cHvkd@rjypf rdrd&&Sdxm;aom tcGifhta&;ukd aumif;aumif; tokH;cswwfrSomv#if rdrdjzpfapcsifaomqEN
ESifh rdrd&nfrSef;csuf atmifjrifrSmjzpf./
Tokd@-uHpDv#uf a'govrf;ay: wufvSrf;&ef -udK;pm;awmh./ Am&m%oDrif;-uD; tyfEHSxm;aom
oHv#ufukd ukdifI Am&m%oDrif;-uD; oHv#ufESifhyif Am&m%oDrif;-uDacgif;jzwf&ef -uHawmh./
Am&m%oDrif;-uD; tyfxm;aom oHv#ufudkrv#uf Am&m%oDrif;-uD;. v,fyif;ukd wcsufwnf;
jzifh tjywfckwf&ef rdrd.aus;Zl;&SifrdbESpfyg;ukd &uf&ufpufpuf owfxm;aombk&if aoayawmh[k qkH;
jzwv#uf 'DCm0krif;om;av;onf oHv#ufukd wtm;ukef &G,fvdkuf. /
tJ'DtcsdefrSm aus;Zl;&Sifzcif-uD;. qkH;rpum;u em;xJrSm-um;a&mifvm./
cspfom;'DCm0k========
t&SnfukdvJr-unfheJ@/
twkdukdvJ r-unfheJ@/
&efukd &efESifh rwkH@jyefESifh &efrwkH@jyefrS &efjidrf;at;onf[k
aus;Zl;&Sif zcif-uD;. qkH;r-o0gpum;u rdrdjzpfay:aeaom a'goukd tEkdif,lv#uf rdrdvufxJrS
oHv#ufukd atmufokd@csxm;vkduf&./
Am&m%oDrif;-uD; tdyfarm-uaewmukd -unfhjyD; rdrdwkd@rdom;pkukd &uf&ufpufpuf a-uuGJatmif
acszsufcJhaom &efolrif;ukd -unfhv#uf 'DCm0k rifom;av;. a'goawGonf wajz;ajz; aygufuJGvmjyef
./ pdwfrxdrf;EkdifbJ oHv#ufukd jyefukdifum Am&m%oD rif;-uD;. v,fyif;ukd jzwf&ef-udK;pm;jyef./
'kwd,t-udrf aus;Zl;&Sifzcif-uD;. qkH;r-o0g'pum;u em;xJwGif-um;a7mifvmjyef./
cspfom;'DCm0k=======
t&SnfukdvJ r-unfheJ@/
twkdukdvJ r-unfheJ@/
&efukd &efESifh rwkH@jyefESifh &efrwk@HjyefrS &efjirf;at;onf [k
aus;Zl;&Sif zcif-uD;. qkH;r -o0g'pum;u rdrd. jzpfay:aeaom a'goukd 'kwd,t-udrf tEkdif,l
v#uf rdrdvufxJrS oHv#uf atmufo@dk a&mufoGm;jyef./
Am&m%oDrif;-uD;ukd vufpm;acsapcsifonfh qENjzifh rdrdb0rSm wcgrSrvkyfbl;aom qifacs;-uKH;
aomvkyfief;rSpjyD; rdrdb0ukd &if;ESD;cJh&yg. eif;wGif;ol eef;wGif;om;awG. tESdrfcHb0rSmvJ &ufaygif;rsm;
pGmaecJh&yg. rdrdaus;Zl;&SifrdbESpfyg;ukd &uf&ufpufpuf owfcJhaom Trif;ukd wauG@auG@rSmawmh rdrdt
vSJ@jyef-uKHvdrfhrnf[k &nf&G,fcsufawGESihf rdrdb0ukd tESdrfcHb0jzifh oDcHumaecJh&./
,QK vkdtcGifhxl;-uD;ukd vufv$wftqkH;&+H;cH&if rdrdavmufrkdufonfhol avmuwGif &SdrSmr[kwfbl;[k
jyefvnfpOf;pm;rdjyD; *vSJ@pm; apcsifaom a'go tmCmwpdwfawG wwd,t-udrf jyefjzpfay:vmjyD; 'Dw
cgawmh taoowfrnf[k &nf&G,fum oHv#ufukdrI Am&m%oDrif;-uD;. v,fyif;ukd wcsufwnf;jzifh
tykdif ykdif;jzwf&ef -uHpDjyef./
 35
Twwd,t-udrfvJ aus;Zl;&Sifzcif-uD;. qkH;r-o0g'pum;u em;xJwGif -um;a&mifvmjyef./
cspfom;'DCm0k======
t&SnfukdvJ r-unfheJ@/
twkdukdvJ r-unfheJ@/
&efukd &efESifh rwkH@jyefESifh &efrwkH@jyefrS &efjidrf;at;onf ==[k
aus;Zl;&Sif zcif-uD;. qkH;r-o0g' pum;u rdrdoEWmefwGif jzpfay:aeaom a'go tmCmw w&m;
awGukd tjyD;tykdiftEkdif,loGm;um toGm;xufaom vufokH;awmfoHv#ufukd -unfhv#uf rdrdaus;Zl;&Sif
zcif-uD;. qkH;rpum;ukd vkdufem&ef qkH;jzwfcsuf csvkdufcsdefrSmbJ====
Am&m%oDrif;-uD;onf tvef@w-um; a-umufa-umuf&G@H&G@HESifh tdyf,mrS Ekd;vmwmawG@&./ t
&Sifrif;-uD; pufawmfac:vkd@ aumif;yg&J@vm;[k ar;jref;av#mufxm;aomtcg/ armifrif; pufawmfac:vk@d
raumif;ygbl; tdrfrufqkd;-uD; rufjyD;vef@Ekd;vmjcif;om jzpfygw,f/
b,fvkd tdrfrufqkd;awG rufygovJ t&Sifrif;-uD;=========´
a&S;r-umaom tcdsefumvwcku aumovwkdif;i,fav;wck&Sdw,f tJ'Dwkdif;jynfudk odrf;ykdufjyD;
'DCDwdaumovbk&ifESifh rdzk&m;ukd tqkH;pD&ifcJhw,f ,QK tdrfrfxJrSm 'DCDwd aumovbk&if.om;awmf
'DCm0krif;om;u vkdufvHowfjzwfv@dk a-umufa-umuf&G@H&G@H ESif xGufajy;&onfh tcsdefrSm tdyfrufrSvef@
Ekd;vmjcif;jzpfw,f[k ajymaomtcg=======
'DCm0krif;om;av;vJ xdyfvef@wkHv+yfum ighta-umif;awGawmh r-umcif tcsdefawmwGif;rSm rif;ESihf
jynfolawG odukefawmhrSmbJ pkd;&drfwkHv+yfv#uf ,QKrSawmh rxl;awmhygbl; rdrdu vufOD;r+ &,lr+ r&Sdv#if
rdrdtouftEW&m,f twGufpkd;&drfw,f qifjcifpOf;pm; qkH;jzwfcsufcsum======
rdrdvufxJwGif&Sdaeaom vufoHk;awmfoHv#ufukd uspfuspfygatmif qkwfukdifv#uf Am&m%oDrif;
-uD;. qHyifukdpGJukdifum t&Sifrif;-uD;===t&Sifrif;-uD; &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfchJonfh 'DCDwdaumo
vbk&if. om;awmf'DCm0kqkdwm wjcm;vlr[kwfbl; usKyfbJjzpfw,f/
t&Sifrif;-uD; wltvSJ@wkef;u &uf&ufpufpuf-uD; xkcJhw,f r[kwfvm; ,QK aytvS@J a&mufawmh
vJ t&Sifrif;-uD; cHEkdifatmif-udK;pm;ayawmhqkdjyD; 'DCm0krif;om;av;onf vufokH;awmfoHv#ufjzifh Am
&m%oDrif;-uD;. OD;acgif;ukdjzwf&ef &G,fawmh./
Am&m%oDrif;-uD;onf ckewkH;u tdrfrufxJwGif 'DCm0krif;om; vkdufvHowfjzwfv@dk aZmac|;jyef
um vef@Ekd;cJh&. ,QKawmh tdrfrufr[kwfawmh vufawG@jzpfae. rdrdt,kH-uD;,kHum vl,Hkawmftjzpfcef@
tyfcJhaomapmif;orm;av;onf rdrd&efol. om;t&if;jzpfae./
,QKrSvufawG@ aZmac|;jyef&. 'DCm0krif;om;av; a&S@wGif'l;axmufI a-umufa-umuf&@G H&@G Hjzifh t
oufcsrf;omay;bkd@ acsovkH;zufum &Sdckd;awmif;yef&awmh./
ya'o&mZf tm%m&Sifrsm;onf rdrdw@dk rkqkd;b0wkH;u rdrd. om;aumifawGukd &uf&ufpufpuf r
nSmrwm owfjzwfnSif;qJ&J./ ,QK rdrd om;aumifb0 a&muf&Sdaomtcg aqmufwnf&m r&bJ ol&J
abm a-umifpGmjzifh rdrd&efolukd rsuf&nfxkd; toem;cHwmawGudkvJ orkdif; rSwfwrf;awGrSm rsm;pGmawG@
 36
&yg./ b0 oHo&mrSm twkH@tvSnfh qkdonfh oabmw&m;uawmh awG@-uKHwwfyg./
'DCm0krif;om;av;vJ acsovkH;zufawmif;yefaeaom Am&m%oDrif;-uD;ukd/ aus;Zl;&Sifzcif-uD;.
qkH;r-o0g'pum;ukd/ em;xJwGif tjrJ-um;a&mifaeawmh/ owfbkd@r&nf&G,fygbl;/ ,QKtcgrSmawmh rv$Jom
ra&SmifomawmhbJ csdef;ajcmufpum; qkd&awmh./
t&Sifrif;-uD;==== t&Sifrif;-uD;awmif;yefvkd@ u|EkfyfrowfbJ ausat;vkduf&if t&Sifrif;-uD;vuf
xJ vufokH;awmfoHv#ufjyefa&mufoGm;&vkd@ u|Ekfyfukdt&Sifrif;-uD;owfjypfrSmaygh u|Ekfyfausat;cGihfv$wf
ovkd t&Sifrif;-uD;uvJ u|Ekfyfukd ausat;cGifhygw,fvkd@ *wday;Ekdif&@J vm;======´
'DCm0k rif;om;av; awmxJrSm 'Dopfyif-uD;ukd oufaownfvkd@ 'DCm0krif;om;av;ukd rowfyg
bl;vkd@ *wday;ygw,f armifrif;uvJ ighukdtoufcsrf;omay;w,f iguvJ armifrif;toufudk csrf;om
ay;ygw,f[k wOD;ESifhwOD; jidrf;csrf;a&;&&SdoGm;yg./
t&Sifrif-uD;====t&Sifrif;-uD; tdyfaeaom tcguyif t&Sifrif;-uD;ukd owfjzwf&ef okH;-udrfwdkifwdkif
-udK;pm;cJhyg. owfcgeD;pJpJwGif aus;Zl;&Sifzcif-uD;.qkH;r-o0g'pum;onf em;xJwGif-um;a&mifvmojzifh
t&Sifrif;-uD;tm; csdef&G,fxm;aom vufokH;awmf oHv#ufukd okH;-udrfwkdifwkdif atmufo@dk jyefcschJ&yg./
t&Sifrif;-uD; tdyf,mrS Ekd;vmawmh 'DCDwdaumovbk&if. om;awmf 'DCm0krif;om;av; tdrf
rufxJwGif vkdufowfvkd@ a-umufvef@pGm xGufajy;cJh&onf[k ajymjyaomtcg tu|EkfyfvJ tu|Ekfyf.
ta-umif;awG odukefawmhrSmbJ[k pkd;&drfpdwfjzifh t&Sifrif;-uD;ukd vufOD;r+&atmif owfjzwf&ef ykHpHjzifh
csdef;acsmufcJhjcif;omjzpfyg. wu,fawmh aus;Zl;&Sif zcif-uD;. qkH;r-o0g'pum;ukd vkdufemaqmif&Guf
&ef oH'dXmefcsxm;ojzifh t&Sifrif;-uD;ukd owf&ef r&nf&G,fyg/
,QKawmh t&Sifrif;-uD;ESifh u|Efkyfwkd@onf wa,mufESihf wa,muf jidrf;csrf;a&; &&SdchJjyD jzpfyg./
aemifwcdsef wOD;ESifhwOD; ckduf&efjzpfyGm;p&m ta-umif;r&Sdawmhyg[k av#mufxm;v#uf t&Sifrif;-uD; eef;
awmfokd@jyef&ef tcsdefwefygjyD[kowday;v#uf Am&m%oDrif;-uD;ESifh 'DCm0krif;om;av;wk@d onfjrdK@awmf
okd@jyefvmcJh-u./
Am&m%oD rif;-uD;. eef;awmfokd@ a&mufaomtcg Am&m%oDrif;-uD;onf 0ef-uD;rl;-uD;rwf&mawG
ukd tm;vkH;qifhac:I rdrd.vl,kHawmf 'DCm0krif;om;av;ukd rdrdab;wGifxm;v#uf 0ef-uD; rl;-uD; rwf&m
awGukd okd@uvkd ar;jref;./
0ef-uD;rl;-uD;rwf&mwkd@ 'kd@odrf;ykdufjyD; tqkH;pD&ifchJonf 'DCDwdaumovbk&if. om;awmfudk ,QK
awG@&Sd&if oifwkd@b,fvkd pD&ifcsufcsrvJ===========´
t&Sifrif;-uD; -uLyifckwf -uLikwfrusefap&yg zrf;pD;jyD; -udK;pifwif owfjypf&ygrnfbk&m;?
at; [kda&S;,QifwkH;uawmh 'Dvkdtrde@f rsKd; csrSwfvkd@ &ayrJh ,QKawmh csrSwfcGifh r&Sdawmhbl;/ ,ae@awm
upm;xGufawmh awmeufxJ wae&mwGif 'DCDwd aumovbk&if. om;awmf 'DCm0k rif;om;av;ESihf
awG@qkHcJhI Am&m%oDbk&ifonf 'DCm0krif;om;av;. tusOf;om;b0ukd a&muf&SdcJh&./
'DCm0krif;om;av;onf Am&m%oDbk&if armarmyef;yef;ESifh tdyfaysmfaecsdefwGif okH;-udrfoHk;cg vuf
okH;awmfoHv#ufjzifh owfjzwf&ef -udK;pm;cJhyg. aus;Zl;&Sifzcif-uD;. qkH;r-o0g'pum;ukd em;xJwGif-um;
 37
a&mifvmojzifh rowfjzpfIom Am&m%oDbk&ifudk oifw@dk jrifawG@&jcif;jzpfw,f/
,QKawmh awmxJ wae&mwGif Am&m%oDbk&ifESihf 'DCm0krif;om;av;onf wOD;ESihf wOD; wrdom;
pkESifh wrdom;pk &efjidK;tmCmwawG y,fajzmufjyD; jidrf;csrf;pGm twlaexkdifa&; uwdu0wfawGudk
wa,muf ESifhwa,muf uwdopPmawG qkdcJhjyD;jyD/
'DCDwd aumovbk&if. om;awmf 'DCm0k rif;om;qkdwm wjcm;vlr[kwfbl; igudk,fawmfjrwf.
,kH-unfpdwfcs&aom vl,kHawmf apmif;orm;av;yif jzpfonf[k 'DCm0krif;om;av;ukd vufndK;xkd;um
jyav./ 0ef-uD; rl;-uD; rwf&mawGvJ tH@-obeef; jzpfoGm;-u.
'DCm0k rif;om;av;ukdvJ Am&m%oD bk&ifESifhwuG 0ef-uD; rl;-uD;rwf&m tm;vkH;u pdwf0ifwpm;
jzpfvm-u. rdrd.aus;Zl;&Sif rdbESpfyg;wkd@tm; &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfxm;aom &efolbk&ifudk owf
jzwfbkd@ tcGif;ta&;-uD;wckukd vufqkwfvufukdif &&Sdygv#uf aus;Zl;&Sif zcif-uD;. qkH;r-o0g' pum;
ukd em;xJwGif -um;a&mifvmvkd@ rowfjzpfbl;qkdawmh ==========
'DCm0k rif;om;av;. crnf;awmf 'DCDwdaumovbk&if-uD;onfom;awmftay: qkH;rcJhaom -o0g
xl;ukd em-um;csifyg. toifrif;om;av; &Sif;jyay;yg[k Am&m%oD bk&ifESifhwuG 0ef-uD; rl;-uD; rwf&m
tm;vkH;u awmif;qkdvmojzifh 'DCm0krif;om;av; &Sif;jyav./
t&Sifrif;-uD; ==== t&Sifrif;-uD;wkd@ tu|Efkyf. aus;Zl;&Sif rdbESpfyg;ukd qHyifawG ajymifatmif&dyfjyD;
vufxdyfcyfv#uf Am&m%oD jrdK@wGif;ukd vSnhfvnfpOftcgu tu|Efkyf ynmoif-um;jyD; rdbawGESihfawG@
qkH&atmif jyefvmaomtcsdefESifh wkdufqdkifaeygw,f/
Am&m%oD jrdK@wGif;rSm tm%myg;uGufom;awG vlowfukef;okd@ xkwfaqmifvmaom w&m;cHESpfOD;
ukd vlawG0kdif;tkH-unfhaewm awG@wmESifh tu|EkfyfvJ pdwf0ifwpm; 0if-unfhrdyg./ jrif&bG,f jrifuGif;u
rdrdrsufpdawG rD;awmufum a'gotrsuf axmif;axmif;xGufvmygawmh./
aus;Zl&Sif rdbESpfyg;ukd &uf&ufpufpuf ESdyfpufjyD; vufxdyfcyfI olowfukef;okd@ ac:vmvmjcif;ukd
b,fom; b,forD;rS vufydkuf-unfhaeEkdifrnf r[kwfyg/ tu|EkfyfvJ rdrdtoufukd paw;jyD; aus;Zl;&Sif
rdbESpfyg;ukd u,fwifrnf[k qkH;jzwfv#uf/ ckcHwkdufckdufbkd@ v+yf&Sm;r+udkjyKvkyfygonf/
tu|Ekfyf. v+yf&Sm;r+ukd yxrqkH; jrifoGm;oluawmh w&m;cHtjzpf tESdyfqufcHae&aom aus;Zl;&Sif
zcif-uD;jzpfygw,f/ aus;Zk;&Sifzcif-uD;onf om;tay:pkd;&drfpdwfawGjzifh aoG;&l;aoG;wef; ajymqkdonfh ykHpH
rsKd;jzifh om;cspftm; atmf[pfI t-udrfrsm;pGm qkH;rpum; rde@f -um;cJhavonf/
aus;Zl;&Sifzcif-uD; aocgeD;umvrSm aemufqHk; qkH;roGm;onfh -o0g' pum;uawmh===
cspfom;'DCm0k==
t&SnfukdvJ r-unfheJ@/
twkdukdvJ r-unfheJ@/
&efukd &efeJ@ rwkH@jyefESifh &efrwkH@jyefrS &efjidrf;at;onf [k qkH;rcJhygonf/
t&Sifrif;-uD; t&SnfukdvJ r-unfheJ@qkdwm &efjidK;tmCmwawGukd tcsdef-um&SnfpGm rxm;yge@Jv@dk
qkdvkdjcif;jzpfygw,f /
 38
vl@b0ukd&&Sdvmonfh vlom;awGrSefor#onf avmb a'go rmewkd@. om;aumifawGjzpfaom
a-umifh avmbtpGef; a'gotpGef; rmetpGef; xGufvmjyDqkd&if wOD;ESifhwOD; wa,mufESihf wa,muf
tcef@roifh tpOfrajyr+awG jzpfay:vmwwfyg./
tpOfrajyr+awGukd ta-umif;jyKjyD; jzpfay:vmonfh a'go tmCmw rmefrmeawGudk rdrdb0w
av#mufvkH; &SnfjrifhpGm cHpm;ae&rnfqkd&if rdrdb0[m om,maysmf&$ifbG,faumif;onfhb0rsKd;ukd a&muf
&SdvmrSmr[kwfygbl; ylavmifvSonfh a'go tmCmwrD;ukd wajr@ajr@ avmifu|rf;wmukd cHpm;ae&rnf
jzpfaoma-umifh tyl&kyfukd [efvkyfae&aom oumzkH;xm;aom aq;cg;-uD;yrmom jzpfygvdrhfrnf/
t&Sifrif;-uD; twkdukd r-unfheJ@qkdwm/ rdrdwkd@ rdwfaqG tjcif;jcif; cspfcif&if;ESD;r+udk/ tcsdefwdkwdkav;
eJ@ rukefqkH;oGm;apbJ/ b0woufwmywfvHk; aysmfaysmf&$if&$if aygif;oif;Ekdifaom rdwfaqGaumif;awG t
jzpfeJ@ aygif;oif;qufqHygvkd@ qkdvkdjcif;jzpfygw,f/
vl@b0qkdwm wa,mufxnf;xnf; txD;usefb0eJ@ ae&wmrsKd; r[kwfygbl; ywf0ef;usif tokdif;
t0kdif;ESifh ae&wmyg rdrdESifh o[Zmwjzpfrnfhol rdrdESifh pdwfoabmxm;jcif; wkdufqdkifrnfh olawGukd a&G;
cs,faygif;oif;qufqH&ygw,f /
tJ'Dvkd qufqHaygif;oif;onfh tcgrSmvJ wa,mufESifhwa,muf cspfcifr+awG/ wa,mufESifw
a,muf oem;-uifemr+awG/ wa,mufESihfwa,muf 0rf;omay;r+awG/ wa,mufESifhwa,muf cGihfv$wf
em;vnfay;r+ r#r#ww qufqHr+awGukd tajccHjyD; aygif;oif;qufqHrSomv#if b0woufwmywfvHk;
aygif;oif;qufqHvkd@ &rSm jzpfygw,f
t&Sifrif;-uD; &efukd &efESifh rwkH@jyefESifh &efrwk@H jyefrS &efjidrf;at;onf qkdwm wOD;ESihfwOD; wrdom;pk
ESifhwrdom;pkwEkdifiHESifhwEkdifiH &efjidK;tmCmwawGxm;jyD; wa,mufwvJ tjyeftvSef owfjzwfae-u
r,fqkd&if Tavmuonf jidrf;csrf;om,maom avmu-uD; b,fawmhrS jzpfvmvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/
t&Sifrif;-uD; wOD;ESifhwOD; wrdom;pkESihfwrdom;pk wEkdifiHESifhwEkdifiH &efjidK;tmCmwawG rxm;bJ
jidrf;csrf;aom enfvrf;jzifh twl&SifwGJaexkdifEkdifrSomv#if &efawGjidrf;at;jyD; om,maysmf&$ifbG,faumif;
aom avmu-uD; jzpfay:vmrSmyg[k qkdvkdjcif;jzpfygw,f/
wjcm;Oyrmukd jyp&mrvkdygbl; t&Sifrif;-uD;ESifh u|Ekfyfwkd@vkdayhg / u|EkfyfuvJ ighaus;Zl;&Sif rdbESpfyg;
ukd owfjzwfxm;onfh &efolbJqkdjyD; t&Sifrif;-uD;ukd owfr,f/ t&Sifrif;-uD; y&dwfowfuvJ 'k@d &Sifbk&if
ukd owfjzwfxm;onfh vlowform;bJqkdjyD; jyefowfygvdrhfr,f tJ'Dvdkom wa,mufESihfwa,muf t
jyef tvSefowfae-ur,fqkd&if &efrD;[m b,fawmhrS jidrf;rSm r[kwfygbl;/
,QKawmh t&Sifrif;-uD;. toufukd tu|Ekfyfu csrf;omay;w,f/ t&Sifrif;-uD;uvJ tu|Ekfyftouf
ukd csrf;omay;w,f/ wOD;ESifhwOD; &ef rwkH@jyefonfhtwGuf &efjidrf;at;jyD; xm0& rdwfaqG&if;csmawG t
jzpfeJ@ aygif;oif;qufqHvkd@ &&Sdjcif;jzpfygw,f[k 'DCm0krif;om;av;&Sif;jyaomtcg &Sifbk&if-uD;ESihf0ef-uD;
rl;-uD;rwf&mawGtm;vkH; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpfjyD; 0kdif;0ef; csD;rGrf;axmyem jyK-uw,f/
Am&m%oDbk&if-uD;onf olawmfaumif; bk&ifrdom;pkudk aouGJ &SifuGJ jzpfatmifusL;vGefchJaom
rdrd tjypfawGukd aemifwawG tvDvD&um cGihfv$wfay;yg&ef awmif;yefpum;ajym-um;./
 39
aus;Zl;&Sif zcrnf;awmf-uD; 'DCDwd aumovbk&if-uD;. qkH;r -o0g' pum;awGudkvdkufemusihf
okH;cJhaom om;jzpfol 'DCm0krif;om;av;tm;vJ zcrnf;awmf. tarGjzpfaom aumovwkdif;jynfudk
rif;tjzpf jyefvnfwifajrmufum orD;awmfESihfyg vufxyfxdrf;jrm;ay;vkduf./
'DCm0k rif;om;av;onf aus;Zl;&Sifzcif-uD;. pum;ukd waoGrodrf; vkdufemusihfoHk;cJhonfht
wGuf Am&m%oDbk&if. orD;awmfukdvJ &&Sdum rdbrsm;. tarGtESpfjzpfaom rdrdwdkif;jynfudkvJ bm
vufESufESifhrS rwkdufckduf&bJ jidrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifh jyefvnf&&SdoGm;yg./
'kd@w&m;em y&dwfowf-uD;vJ ,QK p&ifbef;rSmjzpfaeaom AD,uferfESifh jrefrm jzpfay:aeaom &ef
vkdrkef;wnf;r+rsm;ukd ,QK a[m-um;cJhaom ZmwfawmfxJu 'DCDwdaumovbk&if-uD;. qkH;r-o0g' t
wkdif; vkdufemusifhokH;Ekdifr,fqkd&if 'D&efawGjidrf;at;rSm jzpfygw,f/
y&dwfowf-uD; 'DCDwdaumovbk&if qkH;r-o0g' pum;ukd qkdjyprf;ygtHk;====´
t&SnfukdvJ r-unfeJ@/
twkdukdvJ r-unfheJ@/
&efukd &efESifh rwkH@jyefESifh &efrwk@H jyefrS &efjidrf;at;onf/
at;==,QK udpPrSmvJ AD,uferfESihf jrefrm &efyJGuae jrefrmwa,mufqkH;oGm;jcif;jzpfw,f/ 'k@d jrefrm
towfcH&wmbJqkdjyD; usefonfhjrefrmawG a'gotrsufxGuf-urSmygbJ rdrdwkd@. a'go tmCmw&efjidK;
awGukd rxdrf;xm;EkdifbJ wa,mufwvJ tjyeftvSef owfjzwfaer,fqkd&if=======
&efjidrf;r+ukd &&SdEkdifyghrvm;y&dwfowf-uD;=========´
r&Ekdifygbk&m;?
,QK uG,fvGefol armifaevif;ausmfvJ ol.twdwfuHukdu ,QKvkdjzpf&r,fqkdwmygvmvkd@ ,QKvkd
tcsdefrSm 'Dvkdtjzpfqkd;rsKd;eJ@ -uKHawG@cJh&jcif;jzpfw,f/ol.twdwftukokdvfuHa-umifh ol'Dvdkjzpf&w,fv@dk
ajzodrfhjyD; &efrD;awG qufryGm;bkd@ta&;-uD;ygw,f/
'kd@jrefrmawG 'D&efjidK;tmCmwawGudk rxdrf;EkdifbJ qufvufjzpfyGm;aer,fqdk&if rdrdw@dk udkrDScdkjyD; t
oufarG;jrLae&aom/ rdrdwkd@. aus;Zl;&Sifrdbrsm;ESifh ZeD;r,m; orD;om;rsm;. rsufESmawGudk jrifa&mif
jyD; rdrdwkd@ a'gotav#muf jyKvkyfrdv#if rdrdwkd@ukd rSDckdaeolawG 'kuQa&mufvdrhfrnfqdkwmukd owd&-uyg/
jrefrmtvkyform;awG rav;&Sm;ukd vmbkd@twGuf rsm;aomtm;jzifh v,faygif jcHaygif a&$aygifI
aomfvnf;aumif; twkd;awGrsm;pGmeJ@ acs;iSm;vmonfh yk*~KdvfawGu trsm;pkjzpfaewm awG@ae&w,f rd
rdwkd@ 'Drav;&Sm;rSm wckck jzpfoGm;v#if jrefrmjynfrSm usef&pfcJhaom rdom;pkawG b0ysufjyD; 'kuQawGESifh
&ifqkdif &vdrfhr,fqkdwm owd&apcsifygw,f/
'ga-umifhrkd@ rdrdwkd@ jrefrmrdwfaqG tjcif;jcif;a&m EkdifiH&yfjcm; rdwfaqGawGESifhyg t&Snfudk r-unfhESihf
qkdonfhtwkdif; &efjidK;tmCmwawGudkudk -um&SnfpGm rxm;-uygeJ@/
twkdukd r-unfhESifh qkdonfhtwkdif; rdrdw@dk rdwfaqG tjcif;jcif; rdwfaqGtjzpf wnf&dSr+udk tcsdefwdk
wkdtwGif; rysufpD;apbJ b0woufwmywfvkH; rdwfaqG&if;csmtjzpf aygif;oif;Ekdifatmif-udK;pm;-uyg/
&efukd &efjcif; rwkH@jyef-ubJ &efrwkH@jyefrS &efjidrf;at;onf qkdonfh tvGefaumif;rGefaom 'DCDwd
 40
aumovbk&if-uD;. qkH;r-o0g' pum;ukd 'kd@ a&$jrefrmawG vkdufemusihfusHtm;xkwfEdkifI om,maysmf
&$ifbG,faumif;aom jidrf;csrf;aom b0ykdif&Sifrsm; jzpf-uygapvkd@ bkef;-uD;arwWma&S@xm;jyD; qkH;r-o0g'
ay;cJhygw,f a&$jrefrmawGtm;vkH; vkdufemvdrhfr,fvkd@ ,kH-unfygw,f/
vlom;tm;vkH; usrf;rm csrf;omI vkd&m qENjynfh0-uygap?

a&$vufwGJvkd@
aysmf-urSmvm;
rav;&Sm;EkdifiH uGmvmvrfyl jrKd@awmf ylcsKef;wpPudk taemufwnfhwnfhwGif wnf&dSaom
"rRa&mifjcnfausmif;rS w,fvDzkH;jrnfoHav; nifompGmxGufay:vm./
bkef;-uD;zkH;ukdifvkdufaomtcg======
wynfhawmf OD;yknygbk&m;========
ajymyg 'um-uD;===============
r*FvmqGrf;au|; yifhrvkd@bk&m;======
b,f&ufvJ 'um-uD;============
16=8=2006/ Ak'<[l;ae@ygbk&m;======
tm&kHqGrf;vm; ae@qGrf;vm; 'um-uD;====
ae@qGrf;ygbk&m;===================
b,fukd-uG&rSmvJ 'um-uD;===========
jrdK@xJrS a&$urBm qkdifukd-uG&rSmbk&m;======
wynfhawmf 10=em&Dvm-udKygrnfbk&m;====
aumif;jyD vmyifhyg -uGwmaygh[k r*FvmqGrf;au|;yGJudk vufcHvdkufyg./
r*FvmqGrf;au|;rnfhae@ a&mufvmaomtcg OD;yknukdwkdif eHuf 10=em&DwGif um;jzifhvm-uKd.
bkef;-uD;wkd@ausmif;wnf&Sd&m ylcsKef;wpPukdem;ESifh jrdK@awmfuGmvmvrfylonf em&D0ufavmufawmh um;
armif;&. &kH;csdef ausmif;cdsefawGESifh wkdufqdkifae&ifawmh wem&Davmuf-umwwfyg./
rav;&Sm;EkdifiH uGmvmvrfyljrdK@awmfon f zGH@jzdK;r+jrefqefaom jrdK@awmfjzpfyg. bkef;-uD;wk@d aepOf
twGif; wHwm;awG vrf;awG tdrf,mpDrHudef;awG ukd,fhrsufpdatmufwGif wckjyD;wck jrefjrefqefqef vS
vSyy tpDt&D ay:vmwmukd tH@-obG,fawG@&yg./
bkef;-uD;wkd@ukd yifhaqmifvmaom um;av;onf ylcsKef;[kdif;a0;vrf;rS uGmvmvrfyljrdK@wGif;ok@d
armif;vmyg. &kH;zGifh&uf ausmif;zGifh&ufjzpfaoma-umifh vrf;ray:wGif um;awG jynfhusyfaeyg. rdrdw@dk
um;ukd xifwkdif;armif;vkd@ r&yg bD;vdrfh&kHom armif;vkd@&yg./
uGmvmvrfyl bkef;-uD;awG we*FaEGae@rSwyg; usef&ufawG qGrf;pm;-uG&&if wem&Davmufapm
 41
xGufrS qGrf;pm;rnfhtdrfokd@ tqifajyaomtcsdef a&muf&SdEkdifyg. tcdsefuyfjyD; qGrf;pm;-uG&ifawmh um;
awGusyfwmESifh -uKHawG@jyD; qGrf;pm;-uGaom ukd,fawmfawGvJ &ifarm& qGrf;'um qGrf;'umrawGvJ
w,fvDzkH;awG wwDwDw*Grf*GrfESifh &ifarm&yg.
,QKvJ r*FvmqGrf;au|;yGJukdvJ bkef;-uD;wkd@ausmif;rS 10=em&D xGufcgG vmjcif;jzpf./ wem&D apm
xGufvmjcif;jzpfonf xifonfhtwkdif;yif vrf;wGifum;awGjynfhusyfaewmESifh -uKHawG@c@J &yg./ zG@H jzdK;vm
onfh wkdif;jynfwkdif;wGif rvGJraoG -uKHawG@Ekdifaom jy\emwckjzpfyg./
rav;&Sm;EkdifiH uGmvmvrfyljrdK@ yk'l;um;*dwf0ef;usifwGif jrefrmqkdifawGjzifh tifrwefpnfum;aom
ae&mwckjzpfyg./ tJ'Dae&m0ef;usifudk a&mufvkd@uawmh jrefrmjynfukd jyefa&mufaeovm; atmif;ar@&
onf jrefrmqkdifemrnfqkdif;bkwfawGudk ajrmufrsm;pGmawG@&yg./
rav;&Sm;a&muf a&$jrefawG tcdsef;tcsufvkyfjyD; qkHqnf;&mae&m jrefrmypPnf;awG tpkH&&SdEdkif
aomae&m we*FaEGvkd tvkyfydwf&ufae@rsm;wGif jrefrmtpm; tpmawG tpkHpm;aomufv@dk &Ekdifaom
ae&m jzpfonfhtjyif rdbawG ZeD;om;orD;awGxH aiGvJGb@dk twGuf jrefrmawGjzifh tvGefpnfum;aom
ae&mjzpfyg./
,QK r*FvmqGrf;au|;rnfh a&$urBmjrefrmpwkd; qkdifvJ jrefrmawGjzifh pnfum;aom Tae&m0ef;
usifwGif zGifhxm;jzif;jzpfonf bkef;-uD;wkd@ukd yifhaqmifvmaomum;av;onf 11=em&Dxdk;cgeD;rSa&$urBm
jrefrmpwkd;qkdifokd@a&muf&Sdvm./ uGmvmvrfyljrdK@awmfwGif oDwif;okH;aeaomq&mawmfrsm;ukd tm;vkH;
yifhxm;aoma-umifh oHCmawmfrsm; tpkHzl;jrif&yg./
bkef;-uD;wkd@ aemuft-uqkH;jzpfaoma-umifh bkef;-uD;wkd@a&mufjyD; r-umcifrSm qGrf;uyfb@dk pDpOf
awmh. jrefrmqefqef csufjyKwfxm;aom qGrf;[if;awG jrdKifjrdKifqdkifqdkifESihf wkd@p&m iyda& iydcsufawG
jrif&awmh 0rf;xJawmif [mwmwmjzpfvm./
oHCmawmfrsm;ukd qGrf;uyfbkd@twGuf owkd@om; owkd@orD;wkd@ukd oGm;ac:vmwmawG@&.
owkd@om;uvJ ykqkd; wkdufykH ESifh owkd@orD;uvJ jrefrmqefqef t0wftpm;awG 0wfxm;awmh wrsKd;
-unfhvkd@aumif;yg. EkdifiH&yfjcm;wGif TvkdyHkpHrsKd;um; jrif&cJygbd/
owkd@om; owkd@orD;wkd@ OD;aqmifum oHCmawmf t&Sifjrwfrsm;tm; Á'Har 'geH oHC\ a'r
Á'Har yknH edAŠme\ ypPa,m a[mwk [k&Gwfqkdum om"k okH;-udrfac:qkdI uyfvª-u. owk@d om; o
wkd@orD;wkd@onf oHCmawmft&Sifjrwfrsm;. qGrf;yk*HxJokd@ ukd,fwkdifvkdufxJhv#uf zkH;ay;apcsifaomqEN
jzifh o'<gw&m;xufoefwmukdvJ awG@jrif&yg./ tcsdKyGJukdvJ zG,fzG,f&m&m uyfvª-uyg./
rav;&Sm;a&muf a&$jrefrmwkd@vJ rav;&Sm; zl;pma&;ewfzefwnf;ay;ovm; rajymwwfyg r*Fvm
aqmif tcrf;tem;awG jyKvkyfwm rsm;pGmawG@&yg. bkef;-uD;ausmif;rsm;wGif r*FvmqGrf;au|;yGJjyKvkyfI
rdwfaqGo*F[awG zdwfau|;um bkef;-uD;awGyg todoufaovufrSwfxdk;ay;ae&yg./
wcsKd@r*FvmqGrf;au|;yGJawGonf ZeD;armifESHESpfOD;wnf; wkd;wkd;wdwfwdwf vmvkyfoGm;wmawG &Sd
ovkd wcsKd@-uawmhvnf; r*FvmqGrf;twGuf &nf&G,fjyD; bkef;-uD;ausmif;a&mufvm. bkef;-uD;ukdvJ t
wdtvif;a&Smufrjy&Jawmh a&pufcscgenf; bkef;-uD;rS bmtwGuf &nfpl;vªygovJvkd@ ar;jref;aomtcg
 42
tajz&cufaeaom oli,fcsif;vkdvkd pkHwGJrsKd;awGudkvJ -uKHawG@&bl;yg. bkef;-uD;awGvJ tvkdufodpGmjzifh
qufrar;awmhbJ tpOfajyatmif a&pufcsay;vkduf&yg./
rav;&Sm;wGif b,fESpf-udrfajrmuf r*Fvmaqmifae-uovJvkd@awmif ar;&rvkdjzpfaeyg./ wcgwav
r*Fvm'kHavqdyfa&muf&if ukd,fhvrf;ukda&Smufqkdonfh wkd;wkd;wdwfwdwf r*FvmyGJav;awGqifEJGae-uwm
ukdvJ awG@-uKHbl;yg./ rav;&Sm;. r*FvmyGJ tawG@t-uKHav;awGyg/
rdbawG r&Sdaom TEkdifiH&yfjcm;wGif bkef;-uD;awGukdom rdbt&mxm;jyD; jyKvkyf&wmjzpfaom
a-umifh bkef;-uD;awGvJ vlr+udpPawGrSm rvGJom ra&Smifom yg0ifywfouf&wmukdvJ -udrfzefrsm;pGm -uKH
awG@&yg./ ZeD;armifESHESpfOD; tpOfrajyaomtcg bkef;-uD;awGukd vma&mufwkdifwef;um wynfhawmfu
rSefa-umif; wynfhawmfrurSefa-umif; trsKd;pkH-um;&yg. vufrSwfxkd;ay;xm;I w&m;cHjzpfaeaombkef;
-uD;wkd@rSmvJ vifhusifh0wf r,m;usifh0wfESihftnD aexkdif-ubkd@qkH;r-o0g'ay;&jyef./
EkdifiH&yfjcm;a&muf bkef;-uD;awGrSmvJ ukd,fhEkdifiH ukd,hfvlrsKd;awG vlr+a&; tpOfajyatmif pD;yGm;a&;
tpOfajyatmif ukd,fusifhoduQmESifh jynfhpkHatmif wwfEkdifoavmuf ulnDyef@ydk; aqmif&Gufay;ae&yg./
jrefrmjynf rdom;pkxH vpOfaiGrSefrSefykd@a&;ukdvJ ausmif;a&mufvmaom j refrmrSefor#udk vpm b,f
avmuf&ovJ rdom;pkxH b,favmufy@dk EdkifovJvkd@ rSefrSefar;ay;ae&yg./
bkef;-uD;wkd@&[ef;cHpOftcgwkef;u &[ef;avmif;qkH;rcef;rSm/ em*/ C&m0go udpP&+yfaxG; tdrfaxmif
a&;ukd waxG;yrm pGef@ypfcGgI vmwwfaypG igh&Sifarmifem*[k qkdqkH;rcJhonfh pum;oHav;ukd-um;a&mif
rdaomtcg pdwfxJrSm [kwfrS [kwfav&J@vm;[k wrsdK;av;cHpm;&yg./ a-omf===EkdifiH&yfjcm;rSm omoem
jyKae&aom &[ef;awmfwkdif; awG@& -uKH& qkH&rnfh oabm obm0awGyg/
a&$urBmrdom;pk. r*FvmqGrf;ESihf tcsdKyGJrsm; uyfvªjyD;aomtcg r*Fvmw&m;em,l&ef y&dwfowf
ae&m,l-u. bkef;-uD;wkd@uawmh"rR0d[m&q&mawmfw&m;a[mvdrfhrnftxifESifhowk@d om; owk@d orD;
emrnfukdawmif ar;r-unfhyg w&m;a[mrnfh rkdufu bkef;-uD;wyg;ESifh wyg; a&$@vmwmESihf bkef;-uD;a&S@
a&mufvm. ab;em;rSbkef;-uD;ukd xkd;ay;awmhvJ jiif;qefaejyef. vlawGvJ -oumoqkd&efjyifqifaejyD
tJ'Dtcg-urS owkd@om; owkd@orD;emrnfudk ar;&awmh. r*Fvmaqmif zdwfpmav; vmuyfrS
owkd@om;emrnfu armifausmfausmfvif; owkd@orD;emrnfu ryyxGef; [kawG@&ygonf vlawG-oum
o qkdrS a[mbkd@w&m;pOf;pm;&. tpDtpOfr&SdbJ a[mvkduf&onfh r*Fvmw&m;yGJwckyg/
-oumoESifh uawmhjyD;awmh qkay; oDvay;jyD; avmuDr*FvmrSm ykdjyD;r*Fvm&Sdatmif Ak'<bk&m;
a[m-um;xm;onfh avmukwW&mr*Fvmjzpfaom r*Fvokwf y&dwfawmfukd oHCmawmfrsm; arwWma&S@
xm;I pkaygif; &GwfzwfcsD;jrifhawmfrl-u./
y&dwfw&m;em-um;jyD;aomtcg bkef;-uD;rS r*FvmqGrf;au|;yGJ tEkarm'emw&m;ukd 15=rdepfcef@
tusif;oma[mcJhyg. xkdw&m;ukd ykdwmjzKwf vkdwmxnfhI jyifqifa&;om;vkdufyg./
owkd@om; armifausmfvif;ESifh owkd@orD;ryyxGef;wkd@./ r*FvmOD;qGrf;au|;yGJrSm/ bkef;-uD;w&m;
a[mbkd@ tpDtpOfr&SdbJ w&m;a[m&jcif;jzpfw,f/ Zmwform; tajym ajym&&if tqifroifhv@dk qifjrifh
ay:a&mufvm& ovkdaygh/ ,QKvJ q&mawmf-uD; a[mrnftxifESif/ h bkef;-uD;wkd@jidrfaewm w&m;a[m
 43
rnfh rkdufukd wyg;ESifhwyg; vGJvmvkdufwm/ bkef;-uD;vufxJa&mufvmw,f/ bkef;-uD;vJ tpOfroifhv@dk
qifjrifhay:uae w&m;wyGJawmh a[mvkdufawmhr,f/
y&dwfowf w&m;wkdwkdemrSmvm; &Snf&SnfemrSmvm;========´
&Snf&Snfemr,fbk&m;/
w&m;qkdwm odwf&Snf&if jiD;aiG@wwfw,f/ &efukefrS'umr-uD; wa,mufu av#mufbl;w,f/
t&Sifbk&m;/ w&m;qkdwm twkdqkH;w&m;onf taumif;qkH;w&m;jzpfw,fbk&m;[k av#mufxm;onfh
twkdif; bkef;-uD;vJ taumif;qkH;w&m;jzpfatmif twkdqHk;w&m;a[mr,f/
&Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;. vufxufawmftcgwHk;u b*~wkdif; twGif;rSmwnf&Sdonfh okokrm&*d&jrdK@
qkdwm&Sdw,f jrdK@wnfaomtcsdefu rdausmif;jrnfoHukd tpGJjyKjyD; okokrm&*d& jrdK@[k trnfrSnhfxm;jcif;
jzpfw,f/ tJ'DjrdK@rSm eukvydwk olaX;-uD;ESifh eukvrmwk olaX;uawmf-uD;wkd@ ZeD;armifEHS&dS-uw,f/
eukv qkdonfh wOD;aom om;av;. trnfukd tpGJjyKI eukvydwk eukv.taz/ eukvrm
wk eukv. tar[k ac:a0:ajymqkd&mrS TtrnfwGifvmjcif;jzpfw,f/ vl@avmurSm 'Dvdktac:ta0:
awG&Sdwwfygw,f om;wa,muf emrnf-uD;vmaomf xkdom;.trnfudktpGJjyKI emrnf-uD;om;. t
azyg emrnf-uD;om;. taryg[k ywf0ef;usifavmu. urGef;wyfjcif;ukd tvkdtav#muf&vmwwfyg
./ vl@b0. jzpfwwfaom oabmw&m;wckyg/
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awmfrlI xkdjrdK@. teD;wGif&Sdaom abouVm rnfaom awmtkyfwGif oDwif;okH;aeawmfrl./ abou
Vm bDvl;raeonfh ae&mjzpfaoma-umifh abouVm awmtkyf[k ac:qkdjcif;jzpfw,f/
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awmh&ef abouVmawmtkyfokd@ vma&muf-u. eukvydwkolaX;-uD;ESifh eukvrmwkolaX;uawmf-uD;
wkd@vJ jrwfpGmbk&m;ukd zl;ar#mf&ef vkdufvm-u./
a&S;OD;pGm yxrt-udrf jrwfpGmbk&m;ukd jrifjrifjcif;yif ZeD;armifEHS ESpfOD;wkd@onf jrwfpGmbk&m;
&Sifukd -unfhjyD; Tolum; igwkd@. om;-uD;aywnf;[k om;[laom trSwfonmukd jzpfapI jrwfpGmbk
&m;. ajcawmfwkd@ukd ukdifwG,f &Spfckd;OD;csv#uf/
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vSnfhvnfusufpm; oGm;vmavoenf;[k ZeD;armifEHSESpfOD; wnDwnGwfwnf; ajymqkd-u./
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifukd vma&mufzl;ar#mf-uaom y&dwfowftaygif;onf ,QK rSjrif ,QK rS awG@qHk
zl;jrif&aom jrwfpGmbk&m;ukd -umjrifhpGmuGJuGmI c&D;a0;wae&mrSjyefvmaom om;jzpfoludku&k%ma'g
ojzifh tjypfajymovkd ajymqkdaeaom olaX;-uD; ZeD;armifESHudk-unfhjyD; [kwfrS [kwfao;&J@vm;[k ok@d
avm okd@avm awG;awmr+awG jzpfay:vm./
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif -unfhjyefawmhvJ olaX;-uD;ZeD;armifESH ajymqkdonfhpum;awGudk auseyfESpf
oufaom trlt&mawGjyv#uf qdwfqdwfjidrfjidrf vufcHawmfrlwmukdvJ awG@jrifae&./ jrwfpGmbk&m;.
 44
aemufrSygvmaom ykxkZOf&[ef;awGvJ Za0Z0gjzpfaewm awG@jrif&./
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifukd om;t&if;toGif cspfcifESpfouf&jcif;. twdwfta-umif;u'Dvdkyg eukv
ydwk olaX;-uD;onf a&S;tcg b0ig;&mwk@d ywfvHk; jrwfpGmbk&m;. crnf;awmfjzpfchJbl;avonf b0ig;&m
wkd@ywfvkH; jrwfpGmbk&m;. baxG;awmf taz.nD jzpfcJhbl;avonf/ b0ig;&mwkd@ywfvHk; b-uD;awmf
taz. tukdjzpfchJbl;avonf/ b0ig;&mwkdywfvkH; OD;-uD; tar.armif jzpfcJhbl;avonf/
eukvolaX;uawmf-uD;onfvnf; b0ig;&mwkd@ywfvkH; jrwfpGmbk&m;. r,fawmfjzpfchJbl;av
onf/ b0ig;&mwkd@ywfvkH; a':av; tar. nDrjzpfcJhbl;avonf/ b0ig;&mwkd@ywfvHk; a':-uD; tar.
tr jzpfcJhbl;avonf/ b0ig;&mwkd@ywfvHk; t&D; taz. ESpfr jzpfcJhbl;avonf/
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awG udef;0yfcJhavaoma-umifh jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifukd jrifjrifjcif;yif om;t&if;toGif cspfcifonfhpdwfawG
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w0if ukdifwG,fI w&if;wESD; ajymqkd ac:a0:-ujcif;jzpfavonf/
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r# cspfcspfcifcif &if;&if;ESD;ESD; tu|rf;w0if aygif;oif;qufqH&jcif;. ta-umif;&if;uawmh/
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aqGrsKd;rdwfaqG&if;csmaomfvnf;aumif;/ twlwuG aexkdifcJh&jcif;/
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jzpfay:vmwwfyg.
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uJhokd@ ajymqkdqufqHaejcif; jzpfyg./ jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifonf olaX;-uD;ZeD;armifESHESpfOD;wk@d pdwfauseyfr+ r
a&mufao;or# umvywfvkH; z,f&Sm;awmf rrlbJ oD;cHcGifhvGwfawmfrlyg./
b0aygif;rsm;pGm rdbawmfcJhbl;aom olaX;-uD;ZeD;armifESHwkd@ pdwfauseyfr+ &onftxd apmifhqdkif;
um tu|rf;w0if &if;&if;ESD;ESD; ajymqkdqufqHr+ukd v+dufv+dufvSJvSJ cGifhjyKawmfrlyg.
rdba[mif;jzpfaom xkdolaX;-uD;ZeD;armifESHESpfOD;rdrdwkd@ pdwftvkdtwkdif; ykHrSefowd&-uI tv,f
tvwf yifukd,fpdwfoabmokd@a&muf-uaomtcgrS jrwfpGmbk&m;onf xkdolaX;-uD;ZeD;armifEHS ESpfOD;wk@d
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aX;-uD; ZeD;armifESH ESpfOD;vkH; aomwmyef t&d,mrsm;jzpf-uukef./
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif ukd,fawmfjrwf-uD;onf u|wfxkdufol a0ae,swkd@ukd a'opm&D vSnhfvnfI w
&m;a&at; tjrKdufaq;ukd wkdufau|;awmfrl&ojzifh okokrm&*d& jrdK@ukd -uGawmf rrlvmwm ESpfaygif;t
awmf-umvmjyDjzpfvkd@ eukvydwk'um-uD;ESifh eukvydwk'umr-uD;wkd@vJ ouf&G,fawG-uD;&ifhvmaom
 45
tcg &Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;ukd owd& wef;waeawmfrlyg./
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif ukd,fawmfjrwf-uD;onf rdba[mif;jzpfaom olaX;-uD;ZeD;armifEHSESpfOD;wk@d . t
vkdqENukdjznfhqnf;aomtm;jzifh okokrm&*d& jrdK@ukd wzef-uGawmfrlvm./ olaX;-uD; ZeD;armifEHS ESpfOD;
wkd@onf jrwfpGmbk&m; -uGawmfrlvmjyD owif;pum;ukd -um;od&v#if -um;od&jcif;/
jrwfpGmbk&m; owif;okH;awmfrl&m abouVmrnfawmftkyfokd@ oGm;a&mufI &Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;
tm; &kdaopGm&Sdckd; zl;ar#mfuawmhjyD; eufjzefcg qGrf;twGuf yifhzdwfawmfrl. jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifudk,fawmf
jrwf-uD;vJ rdba[mif;jzpfaom olaX;-uD;ZeD;armifESHwkd@. qGrf;ukd qdyfqdyfjidrfum vufcHawmfrl./
eukvydwkolaX;-uD;ESifh eukvrmwkolaX;uawmf-uD;wkd@onf &Sifawmfjrwfbk&m; qGrf;pm;-uGvm
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vkH;jzifh &Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;twGuf aumif;Ekd;&m&m qGrf;abmZOfawGukd pDrHv#uf&Sdyg./
&ifarmpGmapmifhar#mf&aom tcsdefum;a&muf&SdcJhygjyD &Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;ESifhwuG oHCmawmft&Sif
jrwfrsm; qGrf;csdefeD;vkd@ -uGcsDawmfrlvmygjyD eukvydwk 'um-uD;onf &Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;xHrSoydwfawmf
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pGmxJhI ZeD;armifESH ESpfOD; uyfvª-u./
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bk&m;tm; okd@uvkdav#mufxm;avawmh./
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xyf,lcJhygonfbk&m; eukvrmwk'umu-uD;ukd xdrfjrm;vufxyfjyD;csdefupjyD; b,ftrsdK;orD;ukdrS um
,uHjzifhvJ r-uL;vGefygbk&m; 0pDuHjzifhvJ aemufaemufajymifajymif rajymcJhygbk&m; aemufqHk; raemuH
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ajym-urSmjzpfyg./
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tcg eukvrmwk 'umr-uD;uvJ rdrd&ifxJ&Sdonfhtwkdif; &Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;ukd av#mufxm;jyef./
jrwfpGmbk&m;wynfhawmfronf i,f&G,fpOftcgxJu eukvydwk 'um-uD;ESihf xdrf;r#m;cJhI e
ukvydwk'um-uD;tdrfukd vkdufcJh&ygonfbk&m; tJ'DtcdsefupjyD;awmhwynfhawmfronf b,fa,musFm;
ukdrS um,uHtm;jzifhvJ r-uL;vGefygbk&m; 0pDuHtm;jzifhvJ om,mzG,fjzpfatmif rajymqkdchJygbk&m; r
aemuH tm;jzifh pdwfeJ@awmif rjypfrSm;rdygbk&m;/
'ga-umifrkd@ eukvydwk 'um-uD;ukd ,QKb0rSmvJ tkdrif;onfhwkdifatmif aygif;az:&ygvdk.bk&m;
 46
aemifb0 qufwkdif; qufwkdif;rSmvJ a&$vufwJGvkd@ aygif;zuf&ygvkd.bk&m;vkd@ tzGm;-uD;uvJ r-uD;ri,f
eJ@ jrwfpGmbk&m;ukd r&Sufra-umuf av#mufxm;aejcif;jzpfygw,f/
,ae@ r*FvmOD; qGrf;au|;tvªjyKvkyf-uaom owkd@om; armifausmfausmfvif;ESihf owk@d orD; ry
yyxGef; wkd@vJ ,QK r*FvmOD; qGrf;au|;yGJo@dk -uGa&mufvmaom oHCmawmft&Sifjrwfw@dk udk touf 60=
0ef;usif t&G,f&Sdaom eukvydwk 'um-uD;ESifh eukvrmwk 'umr-uD;wkd@ jrwfpGmbk&m;ukd av#mufxm;
ovkd av#mufxm;Ekdifyghrvm;============´
owkd@om; armifausmfausmfvif;uvJ wynfhawmf ryyxGef;ukd xdrf;jrm;vufxyf,lonfhae@up
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atmif apmifhxdef;ygrnfbk&m;[k av#mufxm;Ekdifygrvm;============´
owkd@om; &Daeygonf bkef;-uD;awGa&S@wGif ajym&J[efrwlyg?
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jyD; armifausmfausmfvGifrSvGJI wjcm;trsdK;om;awGukd um,uHtm;jzifhvJ rusK;vGefrdatmif apmifhxdef;
ygrnfbk&m; 0pDuHtm;jzifhvJ om,mzG,f a&vmajrmif;ay;pum;awGukdvJ rusK;vGefrdatmif apmifhxdrf;
ygrnfbk&m; raemuH tm;jzifh pdwfjzifh rusK;vGefrdatmif apmifhxdrfygrnfbk&m;[k av#mufxm;Ekdifrvm;
owkd@#orD;==========´
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eukvydwk 'um-uD;ESifh eukvrmwk 'umr-uD;wkd@u touf 60=0ef;usift&G,f tkd-uD;tkdr t
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wkdif; av#mufxm;aejcif;jzpfw,f/
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r+ r&Sdvkd@ rav#mufxm;&JwmvJ jzpfEkdifygw,f/
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&if;ESD;cifrifaoma-umifh av#mufxm;&Jjcif;jzpfw,f jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh bmjzpfvkd@ tu|rf;w0if &if;ESD;r+jzpf
vm&ovJ qkd&ifawmh twdwfb0ukd jyefajymrS jzpfygvdrfhrnf/
eukvydwk olaX;avmif;jzpfawmfrlaom olawmfaumif;trsKd;om;onf y'krkwW& jrwfpGmbk&m;
vufxufawmftcgu [Hom0wD rif;aejynfawmfwGif trsKd;aumif;om;wOD; jzpfvm.
y'krkwW& jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif a[m-um;awmfrlaom w&m;yGJwckwGif jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifu Oygoum
wa,mufukd/ 0d\mou=ukd,fawmfjrwfESihf tu|rf;0if &if;ESD;aompum;ukd ajym-um;aom t&m0,f
tomqkH; tjrwfqkH; {w'*f &mxl;Y xm;awmfrlonfukd awG@jrif&I tm;usum t"dum&aumif;r+ uk
okdvfukd jyKjyD;v#if xkd&mxl;ukd qkawmif;ywˆemjyKav./
 47
y'krkwW& jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif ukd,fawmfjrwf-uD;uvnf; qkawmif;aom trsKd;aumif;om;tm;
b'NurBmwGif yGifhawmfrlrnfh a*gwr jrwfpGmbk&m; vufxufawmf tcgwGif oifhqkawmif; jynfhygvdrfh
rnf[k Asm'dwfpum; rdef@-um;awmfrlcJhavonf/
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ausmf-um;aom eukvydwkolaX;-uD;ESifh eukvrmwk olaX;uawmf-uD; b0ukd&&Sdvmjcif;jzpf./
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r0ef@r&J &Sufovkdvkd jzpfaeykH&ygw,f/
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vkyfaqmif&Guf&rnfh wm0efuawmh 'um 'umrawG. wm0efomjzpfyg./
eukvydwk 'um-uD;ESifh eukvrmwk 'umr-uD;wkd@ &Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;tm; rdrdw@dk &ifxJrS jzpf
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Ttcsuf 4=csufESifhtnD ZeD;armifEHS ESpfOD;wk@d aqmif&GufEdkif-ur,fqkd&if ,QK b0rSmvJ a&$vuf
wGJvkd@aygif;zuf&ovkd aemifb0qufwkdif; qufwkdif;rSmvJ a&$vufwGJvkd@ aygif;zuf&ygvdrhfr,fv@dk &Sif
awmfjrwfbk&m; a[m-um;rdef@awmfrlcJhyg./
vl@b0ukd &&SdvmI avmuD bkHb0rSmomv#if aysmfarG@csifaom vlom;awGrSefor# avmuDtm
&kHumr*k%fawGESifh rvGJraoG -uKHawG@&rSmyg rdrdwkd@b0c&D;twGuf vufwJGrnfh taz:rGefonf rdrdw@dk b0
wav#mufvkH; aysmfaysmf&$if&$if csrf;omokcukd aqmif&Gufay;Ekdifrnfh taz:rGefaumif; wa,mufjzpfbkd@t
wGuf a&G;cs,fwwfzkd@ tvGefta&;-uD;yg./
 48
&Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;rS eHygwf 1=taeeJ@ ,kH-unfr+ o'<gw&m;wlnD&rnf[k a[mxm;yg. ZeD;armif
ESH ESpfOD;vkH; bmomw&m;wckckay:rSm ,kH-unfr+awG wlnD&rnf[k qkdjcif;jzpfyg. avmuvl@bkHudk &&Sdvm
onfh vlom;awGrSmvJ rdrdwkd@ESifh eD;pyf&m eD;pyf&m bmomuGJawGESifh b0vufwJGaz:awGtjzpf a&muf&dS
vmaom ZeD;armifESHawGukdvJ rsm;pGmawG@-uKHbl;yg./
oabmxm;-uD;I tjrif-u,faom bmomwckukd csihfcsdefEdkifaom vlrsdK;awGESihf awG@qHk-uaom
ZeD;armifESHpkHwGJawGrSm rdom;pkb0 om,mr+ &&SdwmukdvJ awG@jrifbl;yg./
okd@aomf rsm;aomtm;jzifh bmomjcm;jzifh tdrfaxmifjyKaom yk*~Kdvftrsm;pkonf ,kH-unfr+ rwl
nDaoma-umifh tpOfrajyaom rdom;awGu trsm;pkjzpfyg./
oabmxm;ao;I tjrifusif;aomyk*~KdvfawG bmomwckckukdrcsifhcsdefEkdifbJ turf;,kH t&rf;,kH
tpGef;a&mufaom yk*~KdvfrsKd;awGESifh -uKHawG@&v#ifawmh ZeD;armifESH ESpfOD; a&$vufwJGv@dk aysmf&$if&rnfh b
0rsKd;ukd a&muf&Sdvmawmhrnf r[kwfyg/
rdrdwkd@ ZeD;armifESH ESpfOD;rS aygufzGm;vmaom rsKd;qufopf omorD;rsm;rSmvJ bmom ujym;av;
awG jzpfaoma-umifh tazESifh tar -um;rSm wlnDaom ,kH-unfr+ r&SdonfhtwGuf [kd==[mom ukd,f;
uG,f& aumif;Ekd;Ekd; 'D==bmom ukd;uG,f& aumif;Ekd;Ekd;jzifh bmoma&;rSm Za0Z0gjzpfwwfyg./
taz jzpfoluvnf; ol@bmomxJ0ifvmatmif pnf;&kH;& tarjzpfoluvJ ol@bmomxJ0ifvm
atmif pnf;&kH;&eJ@ rdom;pktwGif;rSm bmoma&; wkdufyGJav;awG qifEGJae&ojzifh aysmf&$ifcsrf;ajr@bG,f
aumif;aom rdom;pkb0ukd b,fawmhrS &&Sdvmvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/
aysmf&$ifbG,faumif;aom rdom;pkb0ukd &&Sda&;on/f vlom;wkdif;twGuf tvGefta&;-uD;yg.
tdrfaxmif&Sifb0onf vlom;awGtwGuf tvGefta&;-uD;aoma-umifh wefbkd;xm;oifhyg. tdrfaxmif
onfb0 tpOf&SifoefaerS rdrdwkd@bkd;pOfabmifqufrsm; rdrdwkd@rsKd;EG,fpOfquffrsm; rdrdw@dk . &kd;&m,Ofaus;
r+ "avhxkH;pHrsm; TurBmajrjyifrS rajymufuG,foGm;atmif apmifhxdrf;EkdifrSmjzpfyg./
vlom;awG a&$vufwGJvkd@ aygif;zuf-ujcif;onf avmuDtm&kH umr*k%fawG cHpm;&efoufouf
omr[kwfbJ rdrdwkd@ rsKd;EG,fpOfqufawG TurBmajrjyifrSm tpOfqufvuf&Sifoefa&;twGuf om;orD;
&wemrsm; xGef;um;vma&;onfvnf; tvGefta&;-uD;yg./ om;orD;&wemrsm; rxGef;um;vmygu
rdrdwkd@rsKd;qufrsm; ysufokH;jyD; TurBmajrjyifwGif rdwkd@EkdifiH rdrdwkd@vlrsKd; rdrdw@dk bmom omoem rdrdw@dk
,Ofaus;r+ "avhxkH;pHrsm; aysmufuG,foGm;Ekdifyg./
rdrdwkd@EkdifiH rdrdwkd@vlrsKd; rdrdwkd@ bmom omoem rdrdwkd@,Ofaus;r+ "avhxkH;pHrsm; TurBmajrjyif
rS rajymufuG,fa&;twGuf rdrdwkd@. &ifESpfoD;csm om;orD;&wemrsm;onf bmomujym;av;awG rjzpf
bkd@ ta&;-uD;yg. bmomujym;av;awG rjzpfb@kd qkdwm rdrdwkd@a&$vufwGJvkd@ aysmf&@$ifa&;twGuf a&G;cs,f
aomtcg bmomjcm;awG rjzpfbkd@ tvGefta&;-uD;yg./ ZeD;armifESH ESpfOD;vkH; bmoma&; ,kH-unfr+ wl
nDrSomv#if aysmf&$ifbG,faumif;aom rdom;pkb0ukd &&SdvmrSmjzpfyg./
&Sifawmfjrwfbk&m; a[m-um;cJhonfh ,kH-unfr+o'<gw&m;rSm ZeD;armifEHSESpfOD; t&m&mrSmwlnDr+
&Sd&r,fqkdwmuawmh Ak'<bmom0ifawG twGuf t"duxm; a[mcJhjcif;jzpfyg./
 49
bmoma&;tm;jzifh ZeD;armifEHS ESpfOD;vkH; ,kH-unfr+wlnDr+ &Sd&ygr,f/ t&[H tp&Sdaom jrwfpGm
bk&m;. *k%fawmfawGukd ,kH-unfr+awG/ oGmuQmw tp&Sdaom jrwfpGmbk&m; a[m-um;awmfrlchJaom
w&m;awmf. *k%fawmfawGukd ,kH-unfr+awG/
okyËdy`EM tp&Sdaom jrwfpGmbk&m;. wynfhom; oHCmawmfawGukd ,kH-unfr+awG/ aumif;wm
vkyf&if aumifusKd;ay;r,f raumif;wmvkyf&if raumif;usKd;ay;r,f qkdonfh uH uH. tusKd;awGukd ,kH
-unfr+awG/ T&wemokH;wef uH uH. tusKd; ,kH-unfr+ t&m&mwlnDr+ &Sd&r,fv@dk qkdvdkjcif;jzpfyg./
bmoma&;t& ukd,f;uG,f,Hk-unfr+awG wlnDr+&SdrSomv#if ZeD;armifEHSb0 rdom;pkb0rSm b0
okc avmuokcawGukd tjynfht0 &&Sd cHpm;&rSmjzpfyg./
vlr+a&;t& ,kH-unfr+awGvJ ZeD;armifEHSESpfOD;rSm wlnDr+awG&Sdoifhyg. vufr+qufqHa&; tpOfajy
atmif rdwfaqGtaygif;oif;awGESifh ajymqkdqufqHaomtcg &if;&if;ESD;ESD; ajymqkdqufqH&awGvJ vlom;
awGrSm rvGJraoG &SdvmEkdifyg./
o0efwkdwwfaom tjrifusif;aom oabmxm;ao;aom trsKd;om; trsKd;orD;awGrSm rdrdw@dk
cifyGef;awG rdrdwkd@ZeD;awGukd wpdrf;trsKd;om; wpdrf;trsKd;orD;awGESihf ajymqkdqufqHwmukd tvkdrus
awGjzpfum tjypfjrifv#uf tzktxpf taxhtaighawGjzifh jyefvnfajymqkd wkH@jyef-uojzifh ZeD;armifEHS
b0 rdom;pk b0rSm aysmf&$ifr+awG ysufoHk;oGm;wmukdvJ rsm;pGmawG@jrifbl;yg./
vlr+a&;e,ffy,frSmvJ oabmxm;-uD;-uD; tjrif-u,f-u,f opPm&Sd&Sd ZeD;armifEHS ESpfOD;wk@d ,kH-unf
r+&Sdatmif wnfaqmufxm;EkdifrSmomv#if rdrdwkd@.ZeD;armifESHb0 rdrdwkd@.rdom;pkb0onf aysmf&$ifbG,f
aumif;aom jidrf;csrf;aom b0ykdif&Sifrsm; jzpfvmygvdrfhrnf/
pD;yGm;a&t& ,kH-unfr+vJ ZeD;armifESHESpfOD;rSm wlnDr+awG &Sdoifhyg./ cifyGef;jzpfol jyKvkyfonfh pD;
yGm;a&;ukd ZeD;jzpfolutm;ray;onfhtjyif ukd;vkd@uef@vef@vkyfwmawG/ ZeD;jzpfol jyKvkyfonfh pD;yGm;a&;
ukd cifyGef;jzpfolu tm;ray;onfhtjyif ukd;vkd@uef@vef@ vkyfwmawG oabmxm;ao;aom tjrifusif;
aom twWqefaom yk*~KdvfawG. o¾mefrSm awG@&wwfyg./
igomodonf igomwwfonf ighudk,fomrSDcdk&rnf[k tjrifusif;I twWqefaom ZeD;armifEHSawG
jzpfvmr,fqkd&ifawmh ZeD;armifESHESpfOD;rSm rmeawG twWawG tjydKif-uJum rdrdwkd@ZeD;armifEHSb0 rdrdw@dk rd
om;pkb0rSm aysmf&$ifr+awG qdwfokOf;aysmufuG,foGm;rSm jzpfyg./
pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,frSmvJ ZeD;armifEHSESpfOD; ,kH-unfr+awG wlnDpGmjzifh wOD;vkyfonfh pD;yGm;a&;ukd wOD;
u az;az;rr 0kdif;0ef;ulnD aqmif&Gufay;EkdifrSomv#if wOD;ESifhwOD;tay;t,l em;vnfr+awG wOD;ESihfw
OD; cGifhv$wfoD;cHr+awG jznfhqnf;ay;EkdifrSomv#if rdrdwkd@ZeD;armifESHb0 rdrdwkd@rdom;pkb0onf jidrf;csrf;I
aysmf&$ifbG,faumif;aom rdom;pk jzpfvmygvdrhfrnf/
ZeD;armifESHESpfOD; wlESpfukd wJtkdysufrSm xrif;a&aomufjyD; ae&yap qkdonfhpum;onf wu,hf
vufawG@rSmawmh pm;0wfaea&; tpOfrajywmESifh b,fvkdrSaysmf&$ifr+ukd &Ekdifrnfr[kwfay aysmf&$ifaom
ZeD;armifESHb0 aysmf&$ifaom rdom;pkb0ukd &,lykdifqkdifcsif&ifawmh armifwxrf; r,fw&Guf pD;yGm;a&;ukd
-uD;yGm;atmif ,kH-unfr+a&S@xm;jyD; -udK;pm;tm;xkwfrSomv#if rdrdw@dk b0 &nfrSef;csufawG atmifjrifjyD;
 50
vl@bkHvl@avmuwGif txufwef;-u-u rsufESmyef;vSaom rdom;pkb0ukd &&Sdygvdrhfrnf/
bmoma&;t& ,kH-unfr+awGonf t"dujzpfyg. vlr+a&;t&,kH-unfr+awG pD;yGm;a&;t&,kH-unf
r+awGyg xyfavmif;I -udK;pm;jyD; aqmif&GufEkdifr,fqkd&if Tavmu0,f wifhawmifhwifhw,f wOD;ukdw
OD; ,kH-unfr+tjynfht0&Sdaom rdom;pkb0ukd ykdifqdkifygvdrfhrnf/
&Sifawmfjrwfbk&m; a[m-um;onfh ZeD;armifESHESpfOD; eHygwfESpf vkdufem&rnfh tcsufuawmh oDv
qkdonfh ukd,fusifhoduQmw&m;jzpfyg./ ukd,fusifhoduQmoDvawG ZeD;armifESHESpfOD; t&m&m wlnDr+&SdrSom
v#if ,QKb0rSmvJ tkdatmifrif;atmif aygif;oif;EkdifI b0qufwkdif; b0qufwkdif;rSmvJ wlESpfukd,f
a&$vufwGJvkd@ aygif;zufEkdifrSm jzpfyg./
vl@b0qkdwm pD;yGm;OpPmawGjynfhpHk bG@J xl;*k%fxl;awGESifh xifay:a-umf-um;r+awG jynfhpHkwmESihf rdrd
b0jynfhpkHaejyDvkd@ qkdvkd@r&yg vlom;wkdif; vlom;wkdif;rSm b0.&nf&G,fcsufawG b0.wm0efawG b0.
usifh0wfawGukd wm0efausatmif aqmif&GufEkdifrSomv#if b0rSm jynfhpkHrnfjzpfyg./
b0. &nf&G,fcsuf qkdonfrSmvJ b0rSm vGwfvwfr+awG b0twGuf &Sifoefr+awG b0twGuf
&kdif;yif;r+awGonf vlom;twGuf tvGefta&;-uD;yg./
vlom;wa,muf. b0vGwfvwfr+qdkonfrSmvJ vl@b0onf avmu. tpdwftykdif;wckomjzpf
./ tpdwftydkif; toD;oD;wkd@onf rdrdw@dk wm0eftav#muf vGwfvwfpGmaqmif&GufEkdifygrS puf,EW&m;o
zG,f avmuonf jirfhanmif;om,mpGm vnfywfEkdifrnfjzpfyg./
'gr r[kwf b0wcku tjcm;b0wckudk rdrdESifhrqkdifbJ 0ifa&mufcsKyfcs,fygu b0tpdwfydkif; tcsif;
csif; wkd;a0S@wpfqkd@oGm;jyD; avmu,EW&m;onf uarmufur jzpfoGm;Ekdifyg./
vl@bkHvl@avmuwGif rdbESifhom;orD;t-um;Y jzpfay:vmwwfaom jy\emtcsK@d jzpfyg. om;orD;
awGonf rdrdwkd@b0woufwm a&$vufwJGjyD;aygif;az:bkd@ a&G;cs,fxm;aomtcg rdbawGrS "e*k%f ynm
*k%f aqGrsKd;*k%fawGESifh wkdif;wmI tpOfrajyr+awG jzpfay:vmwwfyg./
om;orD;awG. waxmifhig;&mwnf;[laom b0vGwfvyfr+ukd rdbawG. ig;&mESpfq,fh&SpfoG,fwnf;
[laomarwWmawGu 0ifa&mufcsKyfcs,fojzifh b0vGwfvyfr+awG ydwfq@kd oGm;ojzifh rdbESihfom;orD;t
-um; a,muQrESifh ac|;r oruft-um;rSm rvkdvm;tyfonfh jy\emawG jzpfay:vmwmukd avmuw
cGifwGif ajrmufrsm;pGm awG@jrifae&yg./
rdbawGonf rdrdwkd@om;orD;awGudk rdrdw@dk cspfvkd@r0cif wpdrf;vlukd ykdcspfoGm;rSmpkd;&drfonfhtwGuf
tcspfo0efwkdwmvnf;jzpfEkdifyg. om;orD;awGtukd qifpD;vkd@ jrif;&Hwmukdvnf; jrifawG@csifwmvJ jzpf
Ekdifyg./ vl@b0ukdtwWrqefbJ ukd,fcsif;pmpdwf"gwfjzifh vlom;awGvufcHEkdifaom obm0-u-u aqmif
&GufEkdifbkd@ rdbrsm;twGuf ta&;-uD;yg./
twWqefaomrdbawGonf rdrdwkd@om;orD;awGukd cspfonfhpdwfawGjzifh wlovm; wefovm; trJ
&kd;ES,f [if;tkdrStm;rem tElvufESifh a&$cGufE+dufv@dk ponfjzifh rwefwp pum;awGudk epfepfemem ajym
qkdv#uf rdrdwkd@om;orD;awGrxdrf;odrf;Ekdifv@dk cspfolaemufokd@ aumufaumufygatmif vkdufygoGm;aom
tcg rdrdwkd@ajymcJhaom pum;awGom tzwfwif-uHcJhyg./
 51
orufavmif; ac|;ravmif;awGuvJ olw@dk ESifh rwl rwef&rvm;vkd@ tajymcH&onfhewGuf a'go
tav#muf jyefvnfwk@HjyefI ajymqkdcJh-uyg./ rdrdwkd@. rkdufrJpGm ajymqkdchJaom jypfr+awGonf/ rdrdw@dk a&$
vufwGJvkd@ aygif;zuf-uaomtcg/ rsufESmylp&mawG/ tpOfrajyr+awG jzpfay:vmwwfyg./
rawmfvkd@ r&Ekdifonfh woufvHk;awmfoGm;&rnfh a,muQr oruf ac|;r b0okd@a&muf&dSvmaom
tcg rdrdwkd@ajymqkd usL;vGefrdxm;onfh pum;awGa-umifh wOD;ESihfwOD; wa,mufESihf wa,muf tjrifr
-unfum tjypfawG ajymqkdv#uf tukodkvfawG yGm;ae-uwmukdvnf; rsm;pGmawG@jrif&yg./
a,muQr jzpfoluvJ rdrd. twW rmeawGukd c0gcsum orufac|;rawGukd rdrd. om;&if;orD;&if;uJh
okd@ oabmxm; -uD;-uD;xm;jyD; qufqHEkdifr,f/ orufac|;rawGuvJ rdrdwkd@. twWrmeawGudk c0gcsum
a,muQrjzpfolukd rdrdwkd@.rdb&if;uJokd@ oabmxm; -uD;-uD;xm;jyD; qufqHEkdif-ur,fqdk&if avmuqef
aomrdbawG avmuqefaom om;orD;awG tjzpfeJ@ tm;vkH;tpOfajyoGm;rSmyg/
vlom;wkdif;. b0vGwfvwfr+awGudk vlom;wkdif;av;pm;oifhyg. rdbwkdif;onf om;orD;awG. b
0vGwfvyfr+awGudk em;vnfay;jyD; tcdsefwef t&G,fa&mufvmaom om;orD;awGukd oifhawmf&mjzifhpDrH
ay;um tdrfaxmifjyKay;aomtm;jzifh olw@dk av;awG. b0ukd tydwftpdk@ twm;tqD;awGrS uif;vGwf
I vGwfvyfpGm vGwfay;oifhyg./
b0vGwfvyfr+awG &&SdrSomv#if b0.&Sifoefr+qkdwmawG jzpfvmrSm jzpfyg./ b0&Sifoefr+twGuf
tdrfaxmifonfb0onf/ vlom;twGufta&;-uD;yg./ tdrfaxmifonfb0a&mufrSomv#if/ rdrdw@dk rsKd;
qufopfawG &Sifoef aygufzGm;vmjyD; rdrdwkd@vlrsKd; rdrdwkd@EkdifiH rdrdw@dk bmomomoem rdrdw@dk . ,Ofaus;
r+ "avhxkH;pHawGukd apmifhxdrf;EkdifrSmjzpfyg./
rdrdwkd@rsKd;qufopfrsm; &SifoefaygufzGm;r+ r&Sdawmhv#if rdrdwkd@EkdifiH rdrdwkd@vlrsKd; rdrdw@dk bmomomoem
rdrdwkd@. ,Ofaus;r+ "avhxkH;pHrsm; TurBmajrjyifrS uG,fajymufoGm;Ekdifyg./ avmu,EW&m;-uD;om,m
jirfhanmif;pGm tpOfajyatmif v,fywfEkdifa&;twGuf om;orD;&wemrsm;xGef;um;vmbk@d onf vlom;
awGtwGuf tifrwef ta&;-uD;yg./
b0.vGwfvyfr+awG&SdrS b0.&Sifoefr+awG jzpfay:vmovkd b0.&Sifoefr+awG wnfwef@atmifvJ
vlom;wkdif;. &kdif;yif;r+uvJ vkdtyfvmyg./ vlom;qkdwm wOD;csif; wa,mufcsif; aevk@d r& taygif;t
pktjzpf tkyfpkzGJ@Iaomfvnf;aumif; &GmwnfIaomfvnf;aumif; jrdK@wnfIaomfvnf;aumif; tcsif;
csif; trSDo[J jyKIaexkdif-u&yg./
vlom;tcsif;csif; wOD;ESifhwOD; wa,mufESifhwa,muf trSDo[JjyKaexkdif&mY wOD;ESihfwOD; pD;yGm;
a&;t& &kdif;yif;ulnDr+awG vlr+a&;t& &kdif;yif;ulnDr+awG bmoma&;t& &kdif;yif;ulnDr+awGonf vlyDo
aom vlom;awGtwGuf vkyfoifhvkyfxdkufaom wm0ef0wW&m;awGjzpfyg./
xkdvkyfoifhvkyfxkdufaom wm0ef0wW&m;awG ysufuGufonfESihftr# avmu,EW&m;onf acsmarm
pGmvnfywfEkdifawmhrnfr[kwfyg/ xkdtcg avmu.tpdwfydkif;ozG,fjzpfaom b0toD;oD;wk@d onf rnf
uJhokd@ csrf;omokcukd cHpm;Ekdifygrnfenf;/
xkd@a-umifh vlom;wa,muf. b0om,ma&;twGuf avmuwckvkH; jidrf;csrf;om,matmif aqmif
 52
&Gufa&;Y vlom;tcsif;csif; &kdif;yif;ulnD&ef vlom;wkdif;rSm wm0efudk,fpD &Sd-uyg./
vlom;wkdif;onf vl@b0. &nf&G,fcsufoHk;rsKd;jzpfaom b0.vGwfvyfr+ b0.&Sifoefr+ b0.&kdif;
yif;r+awGukd aqmif&GufEkdif&ef rdrdwkd@b0tawG@t-uKHrsm;rS tdrfaxmifonfb0ukd wefbdk;xm;-ujcif;jzpf
yg. tdrfaxmifonf b0onfomv#if avmu. tpdwfykdif;ozG,fjzpfaom b0toD;oD;wk@d . wm0ef
0wW&m; trsKd;rsKd;ukd aqmif&GufcGifh t&&SdqkH; jzpfyg. b0. &nf&G,fcsufukd jyD;ajrmufatmif taumif
tx,f taz:EkdifqkH; jzpfyg./
b0&nf&G,fcsufawG qufvufwnfwef@ckdifjrJa&;twGuf b0. wm0efonfvnf; vlom;twGuf
ta&;-uD;yg. vlom;wkdif;rSm wm0efudk,fpD&dS-uyg. rdbuvJ om;orD;tay: wm0efa-uatmif aqmif
&Guf&ovkd om;orD;uvJ rdbtay:wm0efa-uatmif aqmif&Guf&yg./
xkdtwlbJ wynfhu q&mhtay: wm0efa-uatmif aqmif&Guf&ovkd q&muvnf; wynfhtay:
wm0efa-uatmif aqmif&Guf&yg. cifyGef;jzpfolu ZeD;r,m;tay: wm0efa-uatmif aqmif&Guf&ovkd
ZeD;r,m; jzpfoluvJ cifyGef;jzpfol tay: wm0efa-uatmif aqmif&Guf&yg./
rdrdrS rdwfaqGjzpfoltay: wm0efausatmif aqmif&Guf&ovkd rdwfaqGjzpfolrSvJ rdrd rdwfaqGtay:
wm0efausatmif aqmif&Guf&yg. tvkyf&SifrS tvkyform;tay: wm0efausatmif aqmif&Guf&ovkd
tvkyform;rSvJ tvkyf&Siftay: wm0efausatmif aqmif&Guf&yg./
&[ef;oHCmawGrS 'um 'umrawGtay: wm0efausatmif aqmif&Guf&ovkd 'um 'umr awGrS
vJ &[ef;oHCmawGtay: wm0efausatmifaqmif&Guf&yg. wkdif;jynftkyfcsKyfaom rif;rS rdrd. wkdif;ol
jynfom;awGtay: wm0efausatmif aqmif&Guf&ovkd wkdif;oljynfom;awGrSvJ rdrdw@dk tay: rif;usihf
w&m; q,fyg;ESifhtnD tkyfcsKyfaeaomrif;tm; rdrdwkd@uvJ wkdif;jynfrS xkwfjyefxm;aom pnf;urf;Oy
a'ukd vkdufemaomtm;jzifh wm0efausatmif aqmif&Guf&yg./
vlom;rSefor#onf vl@b0ukd &&Sdvkd@ wm0efxrf;aqmifEdkifonfh tcsdeftcg a&muf&dSvmv#if rdrdw@dk
rdrdwkd@. qkdif&mqkdif&m wm0efrsm;ukd 0wW&m;rsm;taejzifh rvGJraoG aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfyg. wm0ef0wW
&m;rsm;ukdvJ rdrdwkd@. bmom,Ofaus;r+t& vkdufemaqmif&Guf&ef bmomwkdif; bmomwkdif;owfrSwf
jyXmef;jyD; jzpfyg./
Ak'<bmomukd ukd,f;uG,f,kH-unfaom ZeD;cifyGef;rsm; vkdufemaqmif&Guf&ef &Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;rS
vl@b0wGif a&$vufwGJvkd@ aygif;zufcsifaom trsKd;om; trsKd;orD;rsm; vkdufemaqmif&Guf&ef vifusihf
0wf r,m;usifh0wfqkdjyD; od*Fgavm0g' okwfrSma[m-um;cJyg./
&Sifawmfjrwfbk&m; a[m-um;cJhaom w&m;awGudk o*FZmq&mawmf-uD;rS vuFmpDchJyg./
rxDrJhuif;/ tyfESif;OpPm/ rdp>mrrSm;/ 0wfpm;qif,if/ jrwfEdk;-uif/ ig;tifvifusifh&m?
tdrfwGif;r+vkyf/ odrf;xkyfaocsm/ rdp>m-uOfa&Smif/ av#mfatmifjzef@csd/ ysif;&drrl/ 0wfig;ql tdrfolusihf
tyfpGm/ [ka&;om;cJhyg./
,ae@r*FvmOD; qGrf;au|;yGJudk rav;&Sm;&Sd oHCmawmft&SifjrwfawGukd yifhzdwfjyD; OD;OD;zsm;zsm;
qGrf;uyfjyD;v#if rdrdwkd@zdwf-um;xm;aom rdwfaqGo*F[awGESifh r*Fvm&SdaomtcsdefrSm r*Fvmaqmif
 53
yGJ usif;yawmhrSmyg/ rdrdwkd@ vufxyfonfhae@rSmbJ r*Fvmaqmifonfhae@[kajymqkdae-uyg./
wu,fawmh r*Fvmaqmifonfqkd&m0,f wae@wnf;r*Fvmaqmif&onfr[kwfyg wouf
ywfvkH;r*FvmaqmifaerSomv#if r*Fvm&Sdaom ZeD;armifESH r*Fvm&Sdaomrdom;pkrsm;jzpfvmjyD; &Sifawmf
jrwfbk&m; a[m-um;awmfrlaom r*Fvokwfw&m;awmfESihf tnDjzpfygvdrfhrnf/
,QKacwfr*FvmyGJawGuawmh [kdw,faumif;aumif; bkef;-uD;ausmif;aumif;aumif;awG vkdufa&G;
cs,fjyD; rdrdwkd@odor# rdwfaqGawG tukefvkdufzdwf tcrf;tem;ukdvJ t-uD;tus,fvkyf wlESpfjzm a&$*
a[ ,Sufygvkd@ qkdonfh r*Fvmaw;oDjcif;awGudk jrdKifjrdKifqkdifqkdifzGifhqkdv#uf======
bdodufq&mawGuvJ r*Fvmaqmifta-umif;ukd *gxmawG ygVdawGe@J pDumywfuHk;ajym owk@d om;
owkd@orD;awGukd vifh0wfw&m; r,m;0wfw&m;ESihftnD aexkdif-ubkd@ qkH;r-o0g'ay;jyD; r*Fvmaqmif
udpPjyD;qkH;um ZeD;armifESHb0okd@ a&muf&dSoGm;-uyg./
tJonfvkd===r*Fvmaqmiftcrf;tem;awGudk b,favmufbJ -uD;-uD;us,fus,f vkyfvkyf/ b,f
avmufbJ atmif*gxmawGukd &Gwf&Gwf/ ,QKb0rSmvJ tdkatmifrif;atmif aygif;oif;Ekdifygap aemifb0
qufwkdif;qufwkdif;rSmvJ tkdatmifrif;atmif aygif;oif;Ekdif-uygapvkd@ b,folawGubJ qkay;ay; owk@d
om; owkd@orD; ESpfOD;vkH; vifh0wWw&m; r,m;0wW&m;rS aoGzDoGm;-ur,fqkdv#if b,fvif b,fr,m;
rS tdkatmifrif;atmif aygif;oif;Ekdif-urSm r[kwfygbl;/
vifhusifh0wf r,m;usifh0wfESifhtnD rusifhokH;Ekdifbl;qkd&if b,fvifr,m;rS ,QKb0rSmvJ tkdatmif
rif;atmif aygif;&rnfr[kwfyg aemifb0wkdif;rSm awG@qkHbkd@qkdwmawmh b,fvdkenf;ESihfrS jzpfvmvdrhfrnf
r[kwfyg/
rvGJomvkd@ aygif;&onfqkdygOD;awmh wa,mufESifhwa,muf wOD;ESihfwOD; tjrifr-unf txifvJG
r+awG ajrmufrsm;pGmeJ@ wOD;ukdwOD; [kdvlESihforkwf 'DvlESifhorkwfESifh wcgwavwOD;ESihfwOD; t&G@J wkdufjyD;
[kdvlESifh wGJjy 'DvlESifhwGJjyum tkd;&GJ@vkd@ pavmif;&GJ@oGm;aom ZeD;armifEHSw@dk b0onf aysmf&$ifbG,faumif;
aom rdom;pkb0ukd b,fawmhrS &&Sdvmrnfr[kwfyg/
rdrdwkd@b0 woufwmrSm ae@pOfae@wkdif; r*Fvm&Sdaebk@d twGuf r*Fvmaqmifonfhae@rSpI o
wkd@om; owkd@orD;wkdif; aowyef oufwqkH; vkdufem&rSmawmh vifhusifh0wfawG r,m;usihf0wfawGjzpf
onfh b0. ay;tyfvmonfh wm0efawGudk ausyGefatmif xrf;aqmif&rnfjzpfyg./
owkd@om;vkdufemaqmif&Guf&rnfh vifhusifh0wfig;yg;xJu eHygwf 1=vkdufem&rSmawmh/ rxDrJhuif;
qkdonfh pum;vkH; jzpfyg./ rxDrJhuif; qkdwm rdrd. ZeD;r,m;ukd vla&S@ ola&S@rSma&m vl@uG,f&mrSmyg
,kwfnHhonfh pum;vkH;awG txifao; tjrifao; oduQmrJhaom pum;vkH;awGESifh ajymqkdqufqHaom
ukd,ftrlt&m E+wftrlt&mawGukd rajymqkd rjyKvkyf&bl;vkd@ qkdjcif;jzpfw,f/
trsKd;om;awGonf rsm;aomtm;jzifh rdrdwkd@usKdufESpfoufaom trsKd;orD;wOD;ukd vlysKdb0 tysKd
b0 ykd;yef;wkef;ujzifh rdrdcspfcspfol txif-uD;atmif rdrdtpGrf;tpawG cspfolod&atmif cspfoltwGufqdk
v#if rdrdowWdb,favmuf&Sda-umif; -uGm;0gcsifonfh pdwf"gwfawGjzifh cspfoltwGufqkdv#if [kd;=rkd;aumif;
uifay:u -u,fwcGef-uD;ukdbJ qGwfcl;ay;& qkdonfh pum;vkH;awGukdvJ x,fvJokH;wwfyg./
 54
rdrdcspfolukdvJ tr&ma'0D r'NDa'0D orBLv wk@d vkd awmf0iftrsKd;orD;awGESifh wkE+dif;um a&;-u ajym-u
csD;rGrf;-uwmukdvJ armifrif;-uD;om;rsm; tajymaumif; ta&;aumif;v#uf trsKd;orD;rsm; pdwf0ifwpm;
&Sdvmatmif vkyfwwf ukdifwwfyg./
udEM&D udEM&mvkd b,folrS rawG@jrifbl;aom tacsmtvSawGESifh E+dif;qum ajrmufvHk;yifhvHk;awG
jzifh ukd,fawmfacsmwkd@ tokH;csum rdrdbufygvmatmif pnf;&kH;wwfyg./ r8FvmaqmifjyD;vk@d rdrdw@dk ydkif
qkdifoGm;aomtcg wcsKd@ armifrif;-uD;om;awG rdrdwkd@. zkH;zdxm;aom twGif;Zmwd&kyfu xif&Sm;jyvm
wwfyg. bDvl;acgif;pGwfxm;aom yk*~Kdvfrsm;ygay/
r&cifuawmh zsmvkdvdyfjyD; acgif;ay:wifxm;csifayrJh rdrd&&SdykdifqkdifoGm;aomtcg zsmukdcif;jyD;
eif;acscsifonfhqENqkd;awGjzifh ,kwfnHhonfhpum;vkH;awG txifao; tjrifao; ouQmrJhaom pum;vkH;
awGjzifh ajymqkdwwfonfh yk*~Kdvfrsm;&Sdovkd/ tdrfrSmawmhrdef;rckdif;wm tukefodrf-uKH;vkyfjyD; vla&S@ ola&S@
rSmawmh rdef;rEkdifa-umif; -uGm;0gcsifwmESifh rdefrukd oa[mufo[ef@ vkyfwwfaom [efaqmifIEkdifcsif
aom armifrif;-uD;om;rsm;ukdvJ avmuwGif awG@&wwfyg./
r&cifuom taoG;,l tom;,l apwemawG jzLaeayrJh nm;-ujyDqkd&ifawmh ayghayghwefwefo
abmxm;wwfw,f ESpfawGvawG ykd-umvmav ta&;w,ljyKvkyfjcif;awG ykdjyD;eJvmwwfw,f ESpf-um
vmav avpdrf;wkdufjcifonfh oabmxm;rsKd;awG trsKd;om;awG. o¾mefrSmjzpfwwfyg./
tjrJwap ae&mwumrSm trsKd;orD;awGukd OD;pm;ay;&r,fvkd@ rajymvkdaomfvnf; rdrdZeD;r,m;
ESifh ac:a0:ajymqkd qufqHonfhtcgrSm ekdifxufpD;eif; pum;rsKd;awG yrmrcef@ ajymqkdwmrsKd;awG rjzpfb@dk
awmh trsKd;om;awG txl;owdxm;oifhyg./
trsKd;orD;awGqkdwm rsm;aomtm;jzifh tacsmh-udKuf tajrmuf-udKufawGrsm;yg. rdrdw@dk u vla&S@
ol@a&S@wGif rmrmxefxef ajymqkdqufqHvdkuf&if olwkd@crsm &ifxJrSm 0rf;eJr+rsm;pGmESifh cHpm;ae&wwfyg.
rdrdwkd@ZeD;r,m;awGukd rxDrJhjrif pum;rsKd; rajymqkdbkd@ trsKd;om;awG owdxm;&rnfhtcsufyg/
eHygwf 2=pum;vkH;uawmh tyfESif;OpPm jzpfyg. rdrdvkyfukdif&SmazGvkd@ &&Sdvmonfh pD;yGm;OpPmawG
ESifh aiGaus;"eawGukd rdrdZeD;r,m;tm; ,kH-unfpGm tyfESH&rnf[k qkdvkdjcif;jzpfyg./ tdrfaxmif&SiftrsKd;
orD;wa,mufonf rdrdcifyGef; &SmazG&&Sdvmonfh pD;yGm;OpPmawGukd ckHcHkrifrif jrwfjrwfEdk;Ekd; wefbdk;xm;
jyD; vkdcsifwwfruf-ujcif;onf trsKd;orD;wkd@. oabmobm0jzpfyg./
rdbtarGukd rsm;pGmykdifxm;onfh trsKd;orD;bJjzpfap rdrdcifyGef;&SmazG&&Sdvmonfh aiGaus;"eOpPm
awGukd vufcH&&Sdwmukd trsKd;orD;wkdif; *k%f,l0ifh-uGm;wwfyg. aqGaumif;awmh wpfpv,f/ rsKd;-uG,f
awmh wpfpavmif;/ bl;aumif;awmhpifcH/vifaumif;rS pH&w,f/ qkdonfh pum;ykHawG[m trsKd;orD;awG
twGuf *k%f,l0ifh-uGm;pGm ajymjycsifaomt&mrsm;omjzpfyg./
rdrdwkd@aqGrsKd;awGa&S@ rdrd rdwfaqGo*F[awGa&S@arSmufwGif rdrdcifyGef;jzpfol pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awG
atmifjrifatmifvkyfEkdifjyD; rdrdxHokd@ aiGaus;"eawG b,favmuftyfESHxm;ausmif;ukd ajymvkduf&onfh
t&omavmuf yDwdjzpf&onfh t&omonf olwkd@b0wGif t&omt&SdqHk;[kxifyg./
tdrfaxmif&Sif trsKd;orD;qkdwm wtdrfvkH;ukd tkyfcsKyfpDrHzkd@ -oZmtm%m vGJtyfwmukdvJ vkdcsif
 55
wwf-uw,f/ rD;zkdacsmifrStp bk&m;piftxd olw@dk &@J pDrHcef@cGJr+om jzpfcsif-uw,f/ olw@dk vkyfief;ukd ab;
vl 0ifpGufzuf&ifvJ r-udKufwwfbl; wtdrfvkH; olw@dk vufolw@dk acsbJ jzpfcsifwwfygw,f/
wu,fawmh tdrfr+udpPqkdwm ayghayghao;ao;awmh r[kwfyg tdrfaxmifpk vlOD;a& rsm;v#if rsm;
oavmuf pm;aomuf csufjyKwfr+wm0efawG rdrdtdrf oef@&Sif;oyf&yf vSya&;twGuf aqmif&Guf&onfh
wm0efawG qH qD qm; i&kyfoD;usufoGefESihf ae@pOfae@wkdif; csufjyKwfzkd@ 0,f,l&onfh wm0efawG av#mf&
zGwf&onfh wm0efawG [if;trnfrxyfatmif csufjyKwf&onfhwm0efawGonf rsm;ar#mifvSyg./
tJ'Dvkd udpPrsKd;awGukd trsKd;om;awG pDrHcef@cGJv#if tpOfrajywmrsm;yg. trsKd;orD;awGom EkdifEkdif
eif;eif; pDrHcef@cGJwwfaoma-umifh trsKd;om;awG tjyifrSmpD;yGm;&SmjyD; rdrdwkd@ZeD;r,m;awGudk &or#pD;yGm;
OpPm"eawG tyfESHum tdrfr+udpPawGudkvnf; vkyfykdifcGifh ay;&rnf[k qkdjcif;jzpfyg./
eHygwf 3=pum;vkH;uawmh rdp>mrrSm; [kqkdxm;yg./ vifhusifh0wfxJwGif ta&;t-uD;qkH; pum;
vkH;jzpfyg./ trsKd;orD;wkdif;onf rkH@ukdom a0pm;r,f/ vifukdawmh a0r#jyD; r,lcsif-ubl; qkdonfhpum;
onf/ olwkd@. &ifwGif;rS wu,fcHpm;csufjzifh ay:xGufvmaom pum;vkH;jzpfyg./
a0\EW&m ZmwfawmfwGif bk&m;tavmif; a0\EW&mrif;-uD;. r,fawmf zk\wD rdzk&m;-uD;
onf a0\EW&mrif;-uD;. crnf;awmf odOPnf;bk&if-uD;ESifh vufxyfxdrf;rsm;rnfh tcsdefrSm odOPnf;lbk&if
-uD;rS rdrd rdzk&m;ukd cspfcifjrwfEkd;onfhtwGuf vufaqmifypPnf; qkwckukd awmif;cGifhay;yg./
zk\wD rdzk&m;avmif;onf odOPnf;bk&if-uD;xHrS tvGeftzkd;wefaom ausmufoH ywWmjrm;ESihf
pdef a&$ &wem pD;pdrfOpPmawGukd rawmif;qkdbJ rdrdrSwyg; wjcm;aomrdzk&m;awG rxm;&atmif vifwlr
,m; r&Sdyg&apeJ@ qkdwJhqkukdom awmif;qkdwmawG@&yg./
wvif wr,m;pepfukd a&S;acwfvlom;awG vufxufxJu jrwfjrwfEkd;Ekd; xm;cJhwmukd awG@&
yg. trsKd;orD;rsm;onf rdrdcifyGef; ti,ftaESmif;xm;wmukd b,ftrsKd;orD;rSoabmr-uyg azgufjyef
onfvifqkdv#if a&S;wkef;u ,kH-unfcJhor#awG[m oJxJa&oGefjzpfjyD; vifukd ,kH-unfr+ uif;rJhum rxD
av;pm; yrmrcef@ vkyfvmwmukdvJ azgufjyefonfh trsKd;om;rsm; -uKHawG@&wwfyg./
trsKd;om;rsm; ti,ftaESmif;ESihf awG@Edkifonfh tcsufav;csuf&Sdygonf eHygwf 1=0,/ touf
t&G,fEkysKdjcif;/ eHygwf 2 =vmb/ pD;pdrfOpPm"e -uG,f0jcif;/ eHygwf 3= udwWd/ xifay:a-umf-um;jcif;/
eHygwf 4=Á\&d,/ &mxl; tm%m wefckd; yg0gawG xif&Sm;&Sdaejcif;/ Ttcsufav;csufxJu wcsuf
avmuf jynfhpkHaewmeJ@bJ trsKd;orD;awG pdwf0ifpm;wwfyg./
tdrfaxmif&SiftrsKd;om;awG rdrdukdpdwf0ifpm;onfh trsKd;orD;rsm;ukd jyefvnfpdwf0ifpm;aomae@onf
rdrdwkd@ZeD;armifESH rdrdwkd@rdom;pk. aysmf&$ifbG,faumif;aom ae@rSonf uH-urRmqkd;awG 0ifa&mufvmjyD;
rdrdwkd@rdom;pk aysmf&$ifr+awGqdwfokOf;I uHqdk;rkd;arSmif-uaomae@wae@ukd a&muf&dSvmatmif igudk,fwdkif
zefwnf;aeygovm;qkdwm owdw&m; &apcsifyg./
eHygwf 4=pum;vkH;u 0wfpm;qif,if jzpfyg./ trsKd;orD;rsm; tvGefESpfoufaom acwfrDSrDS armf',f
jrifjhrifh ay;OD;ay:zsm; t0wftxnf topftqef;rsm;ESifh vuf0wf&wem tqifqef;rsm;ukd rdrd&&Sdvm
onfh 0ifaiGay:rlwnfI xkdufoifhovkd 0,f,lqifjref;ay;&rnf[k qkdvkdygonf/
 56
trsKd;orD;awGqkdwm rdrdukd,fwkdifvJ vSvSyy 0,f,l0wfqifwwfyg./ rdrd0,f,l0wfqifwmxuf
rdrdcifyGef;jzpfolrS 0,f,lqifjref;wmukdykdjyD;wefbkd;xm;I 0wfqifwwfyg./ aqGrsKd;rdwfo*F[awGESihfawG@
-uKH qkHawG@&aom tcgrsKd;0,f rdrd0wfvmaom rdrdcifyGef;qifjref;xm;aom t0wftpm;ukd ar;jref;rnfh
ol r&Sdwmawmif rdrdbmomar;jref;I usr t0wftpm;awG rvSblvm;[k ar;wwfyg./
olu rvSbl;vm;vkd@ ar;vmawmhrS tar;cH&onfh yk*~KdvfawGrSvJ tpOfajyatmif ajz&ygawmh.
[kwfyg&J@awmf ckrSaoaocsmcsm -unfhrdw,f nDrav;eJ@ vkdufzufnDvkdufwm b,fu0,fwmvJ b,f
ol0,fay;wmvJ ponfjzifh rdrdvkdcsifajymcsifaom tajzok@d a&muf&Sdatmif zefwnf;jyD;rS/
'g armif &efukefu0,fay;wm/ armif rEWav;u0,fay;wm/ armif e,fpyfu0,fy@dk vdkufwm/ armif
EkdifiHjcm;u 0,fykd@vkdufwm ponf ponfjzifh rdwfaqG o*F[awG. tv,fY Tpum;rsKd;ukd *k%f,l0ifh
-uGm;pGmajymjyvkdjcif;onf tdrfaxmif&Sif trsKd;orD;wkdif; ajymjycsifaom tcGifhta&;-uD;wckjzpfyg./ pm;
&onfxuf -uGm;&wmukd ykdjyD; 0goemyg[ef wlygonf/
trsKd;orD;wkdif;[m rdrdcifyGef;u rdrdtay: b,favmufta&;w,l&Sdw,fqkdwm aqGrsKd;rdwfaqGwkd@
tv,faumifwGif *k%f,lwwfw,f b,ftrsKd;orD;rqkd TvkdoabmrsKd;&Sdw,fqdkwm cifyGef;jzpfol t
rsKd;om;rsm; oabmaygufjyD; 0wfpm;qif,ifr+ukd wm0efausatmif aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfyg./
eHygwf 5= pum;vkH;u jrwfEkd;-uif [kqkdxm;jcif;jzpfyg./ rdrd.ZeD;jzpfolukd jrwfjrwfEdk;Ekd; vSvSyy
pum;vkH;av;awG -uif-uifemem ,k,k,, pum;vkH;av;awG avmuwGif tcsKdomqkH;aom pum;vkH;
awGESifh ajymqkdqufqH&rnf[k qkdjcif;jzpfyg./
tdrfaxmif&Sif trsKd;orD;awGqdkwm rdrdcifyGef;jzpfolrS rdrdtay: -uif-uifemem ,k,k,, az;az;
rr ajymqkdqufqHwmukd tvGefESpfoufjrwfEdk;-uyg./ tcsKdomqkH;pum;vkH;awGqdkwm vlrajymeJ@ wd&
p>mefawGawmif ESpfoufjrwfEkd;wmukd awG@jrif&yg./
acG;uav;awG a-umifav;awGawmif arwWmoHjzifh csKdcsKdomom ac:qkdvkdufv#if tjrD;uav;eef@
Iaomfvnf;aumif; acgif;uav;jzifhwdk;a0S@Iaomfvnf;aumif; ac:olem;ukd uyfIvmwwfyg./ a'go
oHjzifh oa[mufo[ef@vkyfvkdufv#if b,fwd&p>mefrS rdrdtem;okd@ ac:vkd@&rnfr[kwfyg/
tcsKdomqkH;pum;vkH;av;awGqdkwm vlrajymeJ@ wd&p>mefawGawmifrS oabm-u ESpfoufw,f
qkdwm oabmaygufjyD; rdrdESifh rdrdywf0ef;usifrSm awG@-uKH qkH-u&rnfh rdwfaqGo*F[awGtay:rSmvJ t
csKdomqkH; pum;vkH;av;awGESifh ajymqkdoifhyg./ rdrdESifhwoufwmywfvkH; a&$vufwJGjyD; aygif;zuf&rnfh
rdrd. &+rnD;onfh cspfZeD;ukdvJ tcsKdomqkH; pum;vkH;vSvSav;awGukd a&G;cs,fjyD;ajymqkdoifhyg./
vifhusifh0wfig;yg;jyD;awmh r,m;usihf0wfig;yg;ukd ajymjy a[mjybkd@a&mufvmygjyD/ vifhusihf0wfig;yg;
ESifhtnD wm0efausatmif aqmif&Gufwwfaom vifaumif;wa,mufukd &&Sdxm;aom ZeD;r,m;awG
rSmvJ r,m;usifh0wfig;yg;ESifhtnD aexkdifjyKvkyf aqmif&Guf&rSmjzpfyg./
r,m;usifh0wfig;yg;rSm eHygwf 1=pumvkH;u tdrfwGif;r+vkyf jzpfygonf/ tdrfwGif;r+vkyfqdkwm tdrf
wGif;tdrfjyifrSm&Sdonfh udpPrSefor#udk EkdifEdkifeif;eif; jyKvkyfEkdif&rnf[k qkdvkdjcif;jzpfyg./ a&S@acwfu trsKd;
om;awGom pD;yGm;&SmjyD; tdrf&SifrjzpfolrS tdrfr+udpP t00ukd aqmif&Guf-uyg./
 57
,QKacwfawmh armifwxrf; r,fw&Guf pD;yGm;&Sm&onfh acwfjzpfvmonfhtwGuf tdrfr+udpPawGvJ
armifwxrf;r,fw&Gufvkyfoifhyg./&kH;ydwf&uf tvkyfydwf&uf tm;vyfonfh&ufrsm;wGif rdrdtdrfoef@&Sif;
om,matmif twlwlaqmif&Gufoifhyg./
rdrdcifyGef;pD;yGm;a&;jzifh aeEkdif pm;Ekdif 0wfEdkifaom tdrf&SifrawGuawmh tdrfr+udpPawGukd Ekdifeif;atmif
aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfyg./ rdrdtdrfwGif tdrf&Sifr ukd,fwkdif x-uGvkH;v0d&d, r&Sdbl;qkd&if tdrfaxmify&dabm
*awG b,favmufbJ tzkd;wefonfjzpfygap tdrf&Sifr xdrf;odrf;r+nH@zsif;onfhtwGuf ypPnf;awGupOfhu
v#m;ESifh jzpfcsifovkd jzpfaewwfyg./
x-uGvkH;vr+ESifh jynfhpkHaom tdrf&Sifr OD;aqmifaom tdrfrsm;wGif bk&m;pifutp yef; a&csrf; opf
oD; qDrD; wkd@jzifh oyfoyf&yf&yf jrif&yg. tdrfaxmify&dab*awGukdvJ pepfwusxm;wwfyg. tr+duf zkH
ponfwkd@ukdvnf; awG@jrif&rnfr[kwfyg rD;zkdacsmifwGif;Yvnf; oef@&Sifoyf&yfI pepfwus xm;wwfyg.
tdrfwGif;tdrfjyif oef@&Sif;oyf&yfI pdwfcsrf;ajr@zG,f tdrfa*[mjzpfyg./
eHygwf 2= pum;vkH;u odrf;xkyfaocsm jzpfygw,f/ rdrdcifyGef;jzpfol &SmazG&&Sdvmonfh pD;yGm;OpPm"e
awGukd xdrf;odrf;apmifha&SmufEkdif&r,fv@dk qdkjcif;jzpfyg./ rdrdcifyGef;jzpfolonf ezl;rSac|; acsrusatmifusKd;
pm;jyD;&SmazGxm;onfh pD;yGm;OpPmawGudk tdrfoloufxm;awG xifwkdif;rjzKH;jypfbdk@ta&;-uD;yg./
EkdifiH&yfjcm;rSm pD;yGm;&Smaeaom trsKd;om;awG bkef;-uD;wkd@ausmif;vmnnf;wmuawmh tdrfurdef;
r aiGb,favmufykd@ydk@ ravmufEkdifbl;bk&m;[k tawmfrsm;rsm;-um;ae&yg./ trsKd;orD;rsm;onf rdrdw@dk
cifyGef; EkdifiH&yfjcm;u aiGrSmoavmuf ydk@wmbJ[k -uGm;0gjyD;xifwkdif;okH;wwfyg./
rdwfaqGo*F[awGESifh *k%fwk *k%fjydKifawGvkyfjyD; topfay:wkdif; 0,f,l0wfqifaer,f qkd&ifawmh
rdrdcifyGef; &SmazGay;or# pD;yGm;OpPm"eawGonf yvkdif;aygufeJ@ zm;aumufovkd jzpfaeyg. aemufqHk;
awmh ypPnf; ta[mif;awGom rdrdrSm pkrdygawmh./
r&Sdv#if0rf;pm &Sdv#ifwefpm qkdonfhtwkdif; ,QKacwfonf a&$pkxm;jcif;onf taumifqHk;jzpfyg.
urBmwGif a&$omv#if tckdiftrmqkH;ypPnf;tjzpfawG@jrifae&yg./ urBmaiGaus;trsm;pkonf wefbkd; t
wuftus &Sdaoma-umifh aiGaus;pkxm;aom yk*~KdvfawG qkH;&+H;r+rsm;ESihf &ifqdkif&wwfyg./
pD;wJha& qnfwJhuoif; qkdonfhtwkdif;/ rdk;&Gmvkd@ v,fuGif;xJusvmonfh rkd;a&ukd uoif;&kd;jyKvkyf
jyD; rdk;a&ukd tjyifra&mufatmif xdrf;odrf;xm;ovkd/ rdrdcifyGef; -udK;pm;jyD; &SmazGvkd@ &&Sdvmonfh pD;yGm;
OpPmawGukd ukefoifhonfukdom ukefapI rukefoifhonfrsm;ukd rukefapbJ xdrf;odrf; apmifha&SmufEkdifrS
omv#if odrf;xkyfaocsm aom ZeD;aumif;wa,muf jzpfygvdrfhrnf/
eHygwf 3= pum;vkH;uawmh rdp>m-uOfa&Smif jzpfygw,f/ vifhusifh0wfwGif rdp>mrrSm;ygovkd r,m;usihf
0wfwGifvJ rdp>m-uOfa&Smif [kyg0ifwmawG@&yg./ vifjzpfoluvJ wjcm;trsKd;orD;rsm;ESihf razmufjyef&o
vkd r,m;jzpfolrSmvJ wjcm;trsKd;om;rsm;ESihf razmufjyef&bl;[k qkdvkdjcif;jzpfyg./
vif&Sdr,m;rsm; vifi,faeonf[k owif;xGufvmonfh wjydKifeuf rdrdwkd@rdom;pk rdrdw@dk aqGrsKd;t
okdif;t0kdif;awG t&SufwuGJtusKd;eJjzpf&yg./ cifyGef;jzpfolrS r,m;xd "g;-unfhqkdonfh vlpm;rsKd;jzpfchJv#if
oHo&m&Snfaom r+cif;awGESif &ifqkdif-uKHawG@&tkH;rnfjzpfyg./
 58
tdrfaxmif&Sif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf TudpPukd txl;owdxm;I apmifpnf;oifhyg./ wu,fr[kwf
bJ ,kHxifa-umifxif jzpfwmawmif ywf0ef;usif tokdif;t0kdif;rS ar;aighjcif; oykwfavvGihf tajymcH&
jcif; txifao;tjrifao; -unfh&+cH&jcif;ESifh -uKHawG@&wwfyg./
TudpPrsKd; jzpfvmv#if ,QKb0rSmvJ t&SufwuGJ tusKd;eJ jzpf&ovkd aemifoHo&mrSmvJ tyg,f
i&J a&muf&OD;rnfjzpfyg./ ,QKb0tusKd;aum aemifb0tusKd;ygraumif;onfh Tumarokrdp>mpm&tr+
ukd vifa&m r,m;yg txl;a&SmifoifhvSyg./
eHygwf 4= pum;vkH;u av#mfatmifjzef@csd jzpfyg./ rdrdcifyGef;bufuaqGrsKd;a&m rdrdbufuaqGrsKd;
ukdyg tnDtr# ay;urf;csD;jrifh&rnf[k qkdjcif;jzpfyg./ twWqefaomZeD;awGonf rdrdtrsKd;rS trsKd;[kxif
wwfyg. cifyGef;bufu trsKd;awGukd trsKd;[krxifbJ tdrfvmvnfwmawmif r-udKufwwfyg vmvnf
jyef&ifvJ oabm rusonfh trlt&mawG ajymqkdv#uf aemufwcg rvmatmif ynmjywwfyg. TuJh
okd@ oabmxm;ao;aom ZeD;rsKd;vJ rjzpfoifhyg/
vlom;qkdwm ywf0ef;usifESifh uif;aevk@d r&yg txl;tm;jzifh rdrdwkd@vifhbuf r,m;bufrS aqGrsKd;
awGESifh ykdjyD;uif;vkd@r&yg rdrdcifyGef; &SmazG&&Sdvmonfh ypPnf;awGxJu rdrdaqGrsKd;a&m rdrdcifyGef;aqGrsKd;awG
ukdyg r#r#ww ay;urf;csD;jrifh&yg. rdrdtdrfokd@tv,fvmaom vifhbufrS aqGrsKd;a&m rdrdaqGrsKd;awGudkyg
cspfcspfcifcif &if;&if;ESD;ESD; qufqH&yg./
rdrdwkd@ ywf0efusif tdrfeD;em;jcif; rdwfaqGrsm;ukdvJ tcgtm;av#mfpGm &&Sdvmaom ypPnfrsm;rS
vufaqmifay;Iaomfvnfaumif; arG;ae@vkyfIaomfvnf;aumif; au|;arG;ay;urf;oifhyg./ tdrfeD;em;
jcif;ESifh roifhjrwf&ifvJraumif;yg/ tdrfeD;em;jcif;aumif;rS rdrdw@kd tdrfvJ vkHjcKHpdwfcs&yg./
rdrdtdrf tvkyform;utp tdrfaz:awG '&kdifbmawGygrusef r#r#ww qufqHau|;arG;wwfrSom
v#if oabmxm;-uD;aom r#r#wwqufqHwwfaom tdrf&Sifraumif;wa,mufjzpfygvdrhfrnf/
eHygwf 5= pum;vkH;uawmh ysif;&drrl jzpfyg./ trsKd;orD;rsm; tdrfrSmaejyD; tysif;rxl&bl;vk@d qkdvdk
jcif;jzpfw,f/ tysif;xlaom trsKd;orD;awG tdrftvkyfawGjzpfxm;jyD; tdrfaygufpd av#mufv,fum t
a& r& tzwfr&aom twif;tzsif;awG ajymqkdv#uf aysmfarG@wwfyg./
rdrd. wukd,fa& oef@&Sif;a&;awGudkvJ rjyKvkyfbJ jzpfovkdae jzpfovkdpm;jcif;onf tysif;xlaom
trsKd;orD;awGxHrSm awG@&wwfyg./ rdrd. tysif;xlonfh tusKd;qufuawmh trsKd;om;rsm; tdrf&Sifrukd
pdwfysufjyD; tdrfaxmifopfxlaxmifoGm;wmrsKd;ESifh -uKHawG@&wwfyg./
trsKd;orD;awG tysif;rxlbJ oef@oef@&Sif;&Sif; 0wfpm;qif,ifI tvkyfrSjyefvmaom rdrdcifyGef;ukd
vJ tarmajyatmif aqmif&Gufwwf&ygrnf/ rdrdcifyGef;ukd jzpfovkdrau|;bJ rdrdcifyGef; -udKufonfh [if;
v#mrsm;ukd csufjyKwfIau|;arG;wwf&ygrnf/ cifyGef;jzpfol. t-udKufukd tvkdufodwwfaom tysif;rxl
aomtrsKd;orD;jzpfrSomv#if tdrf&Sifraumif; wa,muf yDov#uf rdrdwkd@ ZeD;armifEHSESpfOD; b0wouf
wmywfvkH; a&$vufwGJvkd@ aygif;zuf&rSm jzpfyg./
vlom;wkdif; wm0efukd,fpD &Sd-uonf qkdonfhtwkdif; vifhwm0ef r,m;wm0efawGudk vifhb0 r,m;
b0ukd &&Sdvmaom yk*~KdvfawG wm0efausatmif xrf;aqmifjyD;aomtcg vlom;. b0&nf&G,fcsuf b
 59
0 wm0efawG jynfhpkHvmjyD[k qkd&rSmjzpfyg./
b0wm0efawGukd aqmif&Guf&mY wm0ef wpfckESifhwpfck tcsif;csif; csKyfcs,fv$rf;rkd;jyD; wkd;a0S@wpfq@dk
oGm;um tpOfvnfywfaeaom avmu,EW&m;-uD; uarmufurjzpfroGm;&avatmif tcsif;csif;vkduf
emusifhokH;&rnfh tacscHrlrsm;jzpfonfh b0usifh0wfrsm;ukdvnf; jznfhqnf;aqmif&Gufb@dk vdkygao;onf/
b0usifh0wfrsm;ukd ukd,fusifhoduQmrsm;[lIac:qkdyg./ ukd,fusifhoduQmrsm;ukd usihfoHk;&mwGif jA[R
pkd&f w&m;wkd@jzifh 0ef;&Hxmzkd@ vkdtyfyg. cspfjcif;/ -uifemjcif;/ av;pm;jcif;/ rSefuefr#wjcif;/ qkdonfh jA[R
pkd&fw&m;av;yg;ukd tajccHonfh ukdusifhoduQmoDv omv#if avmu,EW&m;-uD;ukd tpOfjidrf;csrf;atmif
aqmif&GufEkdifrnf jzpfyg./
xkd@a-umifh avmu,EW&m;-uD; tpOfat;csrf;om,matmif vnfywfEdkifa&;twGuf vlom;wkdif;
vlom;wkdif; cspfjcif;/ usifemjcif;/ av;pm;jcif;/ rSefuefr#wjcif;/ wnf;[laom jA[Rpdk&fw&m; av;yg;wk@d
jzifh xkHrGrf;xm;aom ukd,fusifhoduQmrsm;ukd ukd,fpD ukd,fiS usifh-uH -uKd;ukwftm;xkwfrSomv#if b0
usifh0wfawGESifh jynfhpkHjyD; avmu,EW&m;-uD; jidrfhanmif;om,mpGm vnfywfEdkifrSmjzpfyg./
b0&nf&G,fcsufawG b0wm0efawG b0usifh0wfawGonf oDvukd tajccHaom ukd,fusifhoduQm
oDvw&m;rsm;jzpfyg./ ,QKb0rSmvJ a&$vufwJGvkd@ aygif;zufcsifonfhyk*~KdvfawG b0qufwdkif; b0quf
wkdif;rSmvJ a&$vufwGJvkd@aygif;zufcsifonfh yk*~KdvfawG ukd,fusifhoduQmqkdonfh oDv w&m;rSm ZeD;cifyGef;
ESpfOD;vkH; t&m&m wlnD&rnf[k qkdjcif;jzpfyg./
&Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;a[m-um;onfh oDvw&m;jyD;awmh pm* qkdonfh pGe@f -uJay;urf;vª'gef;onfht
&mrSmvJ t&m&mwlnD&rnf[k qkdygonf/ armifuvªrl r,f-unfjzL r,fuvª'gef; armif&$ifvef; qkdonfh
twkdif; ZeD;jzpfol pGef@-uJay;urf;vª'gef;zkd@ jzpfay:vm&if cifyGef;jzpfolrS -unf-unfjzLjzL vkdufvdkufav#m
av#m aqmif&Gufay;&rnf jzpfyg. cifyGef;jzpfol vª'gef;zkd@ tcGihf-uKHvmv#if ZeD;jzpfolrSvJ -unf-unfjzL
jzL tm;wufoa&m aqmif&Gufay;&rnf jzpfyg./
vl@b0qkdwm txD;usef txD;qefI wOD;wa,mufwnf; wrdom;pkwnf; aevk@d &onf r[kwfyg
ywf0ef;usif tokdif;t0kdif; rdwfaqGo*F[awGESifh aysmfaysmf&$if&$if aewwfrSomv#if vlr+qufqHa&;rSm
tpOfajyonf[k qkd&rSmjzpfyg. rdwfaqGo*F[awGESifh aygif;oif;qufqHonfh t&mrSmvJ tompH enf;
ESifh aygif;oif;qufqHvkd@ tpOfajyrnfr[kwfyg/ temcH enf;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqHrSomv#if vlcspfvlcif
aygrsm;I rdwfaqGo*F[rsm; aygrsm;vmrnfjzpfyg./
temcH enf;jzifh aygif;oif;qufqHzkd@twGuf vlom;wa,muf tvGefESpfouf0rf;omauseyf yDwd
jzpf&aom ay;urf;pGef@-uJ vª'gef;onfh pm* w&m;onf vlom;wkdif; rjzpfraeaqmif&Guf&rnfhw&m;jzpf
aoma-umifh ZeD;cifyGef;ESpfOD;vJ rvGJraoG-uKHawG@&rnfjzpfyg./
ZeD;jzpfol ay;urf;pGef@-uJvª'gef;aom ZeD;jzpfol. aqGrsKd;rsm; ZeD;jzpfol. &if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGo*F[
rsm; ZeD;jzpfol ukd,f;uG,fqnf;uyfaom &[ef;oHCmrsm;ukd cifyGef;jzpfolrS rdrdaqGrsKd;rsm;uJho@dk rdrd rdwf
aqGo*F[rsm;uJhokd@ rdrdukd,f;uG,faom &[ef;oHCmrsm;uJhokd@ oabmxm;&rnfjzpfyg./
cifyGef;jzpfol ay;urf;pGef@-uJvª'gef;aom cifyGef;jzpfol. aqGrsKd;rsm; cifyGef;jzpfol. &if;ESD;aom rdwfaqG
 60
o*F[rsm; cifyGef;jzpfol ukd,f;uG,fqnf;uyfaom &[ef;oHCmrsmukd ZeD;jzpfolrS rdrdaqGrsKd;rsm;uJhokd@ rd
rd rdwfawG o*F[rsm;uJhokd@ rdrdukd,f;uG,faom &[ef;oHCmrsm;uJhokd@ oabmxm;&rnfjzpfyg./
TuJhokd@aom vlr+a&;vkyfief;awGrSm ZeD;armifESHESpfOD; r#r#wwrqufqHbJ ol@bufudk,hfbuf ,uf
-ur,fqkd&ifawmh TZeD;armifESHESpfOD; ,QKb0rSmvJ a&&Snfaygif;oif;qufqHvd@k &rnf r[kwfovkd aemif
b0qufwkdif;rSmvJ a&$vufwGJvkd@ aygif;az:&rnfr[kwfyg/
,QK b0rSmvJ a&$vufwGJvkd@ aygif;zufcsif-uaom ZeD;armifESHawG aemif b0qufwdkif; b0qufwdkif;
rSmvJ a&$vufwGJvkd@ aygif;zufcsif-uaom ZeD;armifESHawG pm* qkdonfh pGef@-uJay;urf;vª'gef;onfh tcg
rsKd;wGif ZeD;armifESHESpfOD;vkH; pdwfxm;wlnDrSomv#if a&$vufwGJvkd@aygif;zuf&rSmjzpfyg./
&Sifawmfjrwfbk&m; a[m-um;onfh eHygwf 4=tcsufuawmh ynm w&m;jzpfyg./ tod^m%f
ynmt&mwGif ZeD;cifyGef;ESpfOD; t&m&mwlr#r+ &Sd&rnf[kqkdjcif; jzpfyg./ tod^m%fynm[lonf bG@J xl;
*k%fxl;awG &&Sdxmjcif;ukd qkdvkdonf r[kwfyg/
pD;yGm;a&;tawG;tac:ynmawG vlr+a&;tawG;tac:ynmawG ynma&;tawG;tac:ynmawG
bmoma&;tawG;tac:ynmawG ZeD;armifEHSESpfOD; t&m&mwlr#bkd@ ta&;-uD;yg. ZeD;jzpfolu 0efxrf;
vkyfcsifonf cifyGef;jzpfolu aps;a&mif;aps;0,f vkyfcsifv#if pD;yGm;a&;rSm nDr#r+ r&SdawmhbJ ol@pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;u ru|rf;usif&if t&if;tESD;awG ukefoGm;Ekdif. 0efxrf;b0onf vcrSefrSef&I rylyif&[k ZeD;
olu rdrd.pD;yGm;a&; tawG;tac:ynmukd ZGwfajym./
cifyGef;jzpfoluvnf; 0efxrf;b0onf b,fawmhrS -uD;yGm;rnfr[kwf ta&mif;t0,fpD;yGm;a&;
vkyfrSomv#if -uD;yGm;rnf[k rdrd. pD;yGm;a&; tawG;tac:ynmukd ZGwfajymae-ur,fqdk&if ZeD;armifEHS
ESpfOD; pD;yGm;a&;tawG;tac:ynm rwlr#onfhtwGuf a&&Snfaygif;oifqufqHzkd@rvG,fulyg/
vlr+qufqHa&; e,fy,frSmvJ rdwfaqGo*F[awGESifh awG@qHkaomtcg ZeD;jzpfolrS csKdcsKdomom
qufqH. cifyGef;jzpfolrS cyfwnfwnfqufqH. wcgwav cifyGef;jzpfolrS csKdcsKdomom qufqHwwf.
ZeD;jzpfolu cyfwnfwnfqufqHjyef. okd@uvkd vlr+qufqHa&; e,fy,frSmvJ oabmxm;t,ltp
awG rwlr#bl;qkd&if a&&Snfaygif;oif;qufqHzk@d rvG,fyg/
bmoma&; tawG;tac:awGrSmvJ ZeD;jzpfolu ewf bkd;awmf r,fawmfukd,f;uG,fwm0oem
yg. cifyGef;jzpfolu 0goemryg cifyGef;jzpfolu bk&m; w&m; oHCmukd ,kH-unfpGm ukd,f;uG,f. ZeD;jzpf
olu a&mif0g;0g;vkyfwwfwmvJ awG@&wwfyg. ZeD;jzpfolu w&m;yGJawGrSm w&m;em0goemyg. cifyGef;
jzpfolrS a&mif0g;0g; vkyfwwfwmukdvJ awG@&wwfyg./
tJ'Dvkd tawG;tac: todynm t,ltqawG wlr#r+ r&Sd&ifawmh ,QKb0rSmvJ tkdatmif rif;
atmif aygif;zufzkd@rvG,fovkd aemifb0qufwkdif;rSmvJ awG@jrif&zkd@rvG,fyg/
pD;yGm;a&; tawG;tac:ynmrSmvJ ZeD;ESihfcifyGef; pdwfwlukd,fwl awG;ac:r+awGyg wlnD&ygrnf/ vlr+
qufqHa&; e,fy,frSmvJ cifyGef;jyKH;v#if ZeD;uvJjyKH;v#uf ZeD;jyKH;v#if cifyGef;uvJjyKH;v#uf vlr+qufqH
a&;e,fy,frSmvJ awG;ac:r+ynmawG wlnD&ygrnf/ bmoma&; tawG;tac:ynmawGrSmvJ ZeD;cifyGef;
ESpfOD;vkH; rSefuefonfh "rRvrf;a-umif;ay:rSm wlnDr+ &Sd&ygrnf/
 61
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