It Blows You Away

"Coal, gas and oil will not be the three kings of the energy world for ever. It is no longer folly to look up to the sun and wind, down into the sea's waves"

Introduction

 Energy is a major input for overall socioeconomic development of any society

 The prices of the fossil fuels steeply increasing  So renewables are expected to play a key role  Wind energy is the fastest growing renewable  Wind turbines are up to the task of producing
serious amounts of electricity

Principles

Uneven heating of earths surface and rotation

Beaufort Scale
Force Strength km/h Effect

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Calm Light air Light breeze Gentle breeze Moderate breeze Fresh breeze Strong breeze Near gale Gale Strong gale Storm Violent Storm Hurricane

0-1 1-5 6-11 12-19 20-29 30-39 40-50 51-61 62-74 75-87 88-101 102-117 Over 119

Smoke rises vertically Smoke drifts slowly Wind felt on face; leaves rustle Twigs move; light flag unfurls Dust and paper blown about; small branches move Wavelets on inland water; small trees move Large branches sway; umbrellas turn inside out Whole trees sway; difficult to walk against wind Twigs break off trees; walking very hard Chimney pots, roof tiles and branches blown down Widespread damage to buildings Widespread damage to buildings Devastation

Velocity with Height

Power vs. Velocity

Lift and drag forces

Solidity and Tip speed ratio

Performance co-efficient and Betz criterion

Potential

 Huge potential exists  Available potential can contribute five times the world energy demand  0.4% contribution to total energy

Wind is currently the worlds fastest growing energy source

Growth of Wind Energy

Year

Wind Energy generating capacity by country, 1980-2003

Installed Capacity (MW) in 2005

Available potential in India

Wind Power Density of India

All India Fuel wise Installed Capacity, 2004

iesel % ind % uclea 2% yd 2 %

C al %

as 0%

Installed capacity (MW) in India

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05

State wise potential in India, 2005

10000 8000 6000

MW
4000 2000 0 AP Gross Potential Gujara Karnat Mahar Rajast Kerala MP Orissa t aka ashtra han 875 2 28.85 456.15 2 TN WB 450

8275 9675 6620

5500 3650 1700 5400 3050

Installed Capacity 120.6 253.53 410.75

284.76 2040.3 1.1

Technology

Turbine Evolution
Used for Pumping water Grinding grain

Mainly used for Generating Electricity

Types of turbines
VAWT
 Drag is the main force  Nacelle is placed at the bottom  Yaw mechanism is not required  Lower starting torque  Difficulty in mounting the turbine  Unwanted fluctuations in the power output

HAWT
 Lift is the main force  Much lower cyclic stresses  95% of the existing turbines are HAWTs  Nacelle is placed at the top of the tower  Yaw mechanism is required

Two types of HAWT

DOWNWIND TURBINE UPWIND TURBINE

Counter Rotating HAWT

 Increase the rotation speed  Rear one is smaller and stalls at high
wind speeds

 Operates for wider range of wind speeds

Offshore turbines
 More wind speeds  Less noise pollution  Less visual impact  Difficult to install and maintain  Energy losses due long distance
transport

A Typical HAWT

Turbine design and construction

 Blades  Material used  Typical length  Tower height  Heights twice the blade length are
found economical

 Number of blades
 Three blade HAWT are most efficient  Two blade turbines dont require a hub  As the number increases; noise, wear and cost increase and efficiency decreases  Multiple blade turbines are generally used for water pumping purposes

 Rotational control
 Maintenance  Noise reduction  Centripetal force reduction  Mechanisms
 Stalling  Furling

 Yaw Mechanism
 To turn the turbine against the wind  Yaw error and fatigue loads  Uses electric motors and gear boxes

 Wind turbine safety

 Sensors controlling vibrations  Over speed protection  Aero dynamic braking  Mechanical braking

Improvements
 Concentrators

Future Wind Turbines

Wind Amplified Rotor Platform

Disc type wind turbine

o Much more efficient than HAWT o Requires less height o Low noise o Works in any wind direction

Economics

Determining Factors
 Wind Speed  Turbine design and construction  Rated capacity of the turbine  Exact Location  Improvements in turbine design  Capital

Wind Speed Matters

Assuming the same size project, the better the wind resource, the lower the cost.

Size Matters
Assuming the same wind speed of 8.08 m/s, a large wind farm is more economical

Overall cost distribution

Break down of capital cost

Energy Cost Trend

1979: 40 cents/kWh

2000: 4 - 6 cents/kWh
 Increased Turbine Size  R&D Advances  Manufacturing Improvements

2004: 3 4.5 cents/kWh

Typical cost statistics

 Size: 51 MW  Wind Speed: 13-18 miles/hour  Capital cost: $ 65 million ($1300/MW)  Annual production: 150 million kW-hr  Electricity costs: 3.6-4.5 cents  Payback period: 20 years

Economic Advantages

 Greater fuel diversity  No delay in construction  Low maintenance costs  Reliable and durable equipment  Additional income to land owners  More jobs per unit energy produced  No hidden costs

Future

Wind Capital Cost

Cost of Wind Energy

Germany now and 2020

 At present 10% of the countrys energy is supplied by wind energy  By 2020 it is expected to go up to 26%

Australia now and 2040

So..
 Price of wind power is coming down  There is enormous capacity  Energy storage, however, is still a problem

Typical Concerns

 Visual impact
 Off shore turbines  Arrangement

 Avian concerns
 Suitable choice of site  Using tubular towers instead of lattice tower  Using radars

 Noise
 Varies as 5th power of relative wind speed  Streamlining of tower and nacelle  Acoustic insulation of nacelle  Specially designed gear box  Use of upwind turbines  Reducing angle of attack  Low tip speed ratios

 Changes in wind patterns

 Reducing turbulence

 Intermittent
 Coupling with hydro or solar energy

 TV, microwave, radar interference

 Switching from conducting material to non-conducting and composite material

Conclusion

 Wind energy is pollution free and nature friendly  Wind energy has very good potential and it is the fastest growing energy source  The future looks bright for wind energy because technology is becoming more advanced and windmills are becoming more efficient

THANK YOU

Furling