:

- Systems Organs Tissues

Cells Organelles Molecules
Atoms




.

.

:Tissue

 :
:
.
( )Niels Bohr 1913 .
.
.
.

:

)(C

18%

)(O

65%

)(H

10%

)(N

3%

)(P

1%

)(S

0.3%

.

.

.
.

.
.

 Variable
:elements

)(K

0.4%

)(Ca

1.5%

)(Na

0.2%

)(Mg

0.1%

)(Cl

0.1%

)(Fe

.
.
.

.
.
.

.

.


:
(:)Trace elements

. .

.
.

 :
:
:

((

( (

.
.

 - :
-1:
.

:

80%

15%

3%

1%

1%

 -2 :
.
.

.
- :

.


( .)Carbon skeletons
( )Chain shape
( )Branched shape (.)Ring shape

 - ():
( ) Carbohydrates : =
= Hydrates
.
.
2 : 1 :.
.
.
:
-1 ( )Monosaccharides
-2 ( )Disaccharides
-3 (.)Polysaccharides
:
Carbo

 : .
:
( ( .)Trioses = )3
(.)Tetroses
(.)Pentose
( .)Hoxoses
( .)Heptoses
: () - - -
().

.
-2 :
.
( ) Maltose :
. ( ) Sucrose
.
.

 -3 :

.

( )Macromolecule
(. )Polymer
( :)Glycogen .
.

 - 2 () (:)Lipids
.
.
.
.
( )
.
.
.
:

 - ( :)True Fats
.
( )Glycerin
.

 - (. )Phospholipids
.
.
.

 - ( : )Steroids

 ( )D
.

 -3 ( : )Proteins
.
.

.
.
.
:
) (C ) (H ) (O ).(N
.
:

 1 ( :)Fibrous proteins
.
(( )Keratin )
.
2 ( :)Globular proteins

. .
.

 :
1 ()Structural proteins
2 ()Metabolic proteins
3 ()Regulatory proteins
4 ()Transport proteins
5 ()Storage proteins
6 ()Contraction proteins
7 ()Defense proteins
8 ()Recognition proteins

 :
(.)Amino acids
.
.
( .) Peptide bond

.

(. )Polypeptide
( )
.

.
( :)Levels of Structure in Proteins

)Tertiary Structure( -

: )Quaternary Structure( -

 ( : )Nucleic Acids
.
.
( .) Macromolecules
(.)Eukaryotic cell
(. )Prokaryotic cell
:
)Deoxyribonucleic) acid: (DNA

.
.
(.: (RNA Ribonucleic acid
. ( )RNA
mRNA tRNA .rRNA ( )DNA
.

 RNA: DNA

DNA

RNA

DNA

) (mRNA )(tRNA
)(rRNA

( )Double helix