MHHIAION nEPIOAIICON EnlrTHMONllCttt

itA. nA'AArOl'llCHE MAEIHMAnICHE YIIHt

EUOIII THI EM.. I118H1ATIKHI ETAIPlI[
o
TOY loEATIOY
THI EUHRIKHI IlINIAlIKHE ETlIPEl1I
NEil. DIP'"
'A.aS, hO( ,,,., - 12
r_ E'
f_.
BAAIIRlKB 8811 TIER BTAlPBlA (a. .a,)
APrYJIPYIt METAAAIOrt TH% AKAAHMIA% AetII'IW.'I
...... (IlGOfa&CJUIPCCMfl M- 'A"", '1'l.'l8t
'Ooca K08' hdcn.,.: 8.80 .. 110 - 1.80 .......
1 5.80 P.IL - 8.00 II.,.,
Do6l&oo;: r.
Ma8J)6Km
Ttjvau 31. 'A8t\\IGl 802 T'I'" 812-3311
IIA,. n ...MATH% EYMT. - tfk A1IhoOc:
'!fk 'E1notl),,\v
APOl:Ol: r. B.
}(hBa tAl: I. B. rut'
K NTZI 2: %. B. fut! aoulcPXrJj;
e Ka:9. /t\o6I'UIQ IkQ
:tnvponoy I. a9YHxa 1\61;
r..- a.,.ln lW.6Ios
J:JAEPH% .... Ka8qy. MciI8rJIKm
BIOOOVAO% n - Kcdny MaiIIJ.ICftlttt.W

o
r' . , .
II.
A' . .
:t B'"
:t r'.
1ltUXlOUX01 A \lCiltatCilV
E096vl1v tc;)v !pyaolc;)v
lAO o&.by c"O Ehlal ,- hM3eto, W IoU bdcn
OVG ...1 11rii 10000(o" 'toU 1100,.
-l:vwo-vaa t'loOoa. aoon,vtS"I" l.soBll: lenni
OICD\', telJI) bocnfllono, f rouepet(l ri\, E.M.E. JA1 *'
X. r, 4j .. r. MatuemnJv, 802.
o xno6YOOfPCI '" quO 1O,..HtOI'
r ...........
a lilt..... "" II _ot 6ft, """' ..".., " ...
dl ....
a) Ai' IIQ6c *' 'EhI+ ...
BU4&o!t- KnIQU169 8'. - Aul a.otaoUlO,. d5 ..... C'AQ6t. Aor .ao...,.
m44' cd lUI 'YM__aa1'fpa.a 'Bh,1Ifls XU-'
'BUaoc ,_d no&. ... ... ..ad 40.0. , . Tgo.
/1t-.1J--II6.
"...'..... ...,.. Ill'll" .. 1&ac.aaoIna. .. r.,....1a
'JhcMoelac
&\6 rlrv tfk ,00 .tval:
'0 r1p6I!Jpoc: tfk EAE. It. J. 'EArteAKHl:.
'0 !Co A. nAMA;[. KCl8nY. J:xoAtk Aotefal6ly
o E:YI<A141-1(
nAPAPTHMA TOY AEATIOY
TH1 EAAHNIKH1 MA8HMATIKHI ETAlPEIA1
Nta :!:SlpO: - E' - TeOxoe; 3 - 197 J
6mN&6'IICaJV
'YuOOuYOe;
rEaP. MAZAPAKH:!:
'Eslt. riY. 'EftLtla(;)p. MaS'lIJ.QtlKi3v
Tflvou 31 -'A9f'\yal (802)
'Y1Ie68uvoc; t01Iou:
KaN. ZHl:OYAH:!:
Baath. l:ocplae; 25 -
nePI XOM NA
:!:x6i..la-Kplosle;-E15"osle; . 81
I. AUoele; ftpotaSEloi3v 6:oK"Oe(;)V
:. A'.. 82
:. B'.. 87

Mtpoc; r' . . . . 98
II. 6:oK"oele;
Mtpoc; A' . 104
:. B',. 106
:. r'.. . . 107
AvaKolvGlOale;-eip.ata-"ApSpa
'Iotop(a tC3v Ma9TJp.atlK13v 110i
'lotOptKi) die; !lluolKolla
l:xoA!ie; toO naveftLO't.
'AS'lvi3v, ORb MlX. KaoloUpa. 113
'Epyao{a KaS'lYl1toO. 117
Nia I)ll)J..(a. . . 120
"ETflOla :Euv8pop.iJ 4pX. 50
(XOAIA
KPI(I(
llltf(I(
Katd: t1'\v rsvlKi)v
tfjv tfje; E.M.E. bp(SI1 lS'tl
'RpOe; t6V(;)OlV toO
povtoe; Bld: ta ti.3v
Sl1ti.3v t13v 4IOltGlv't(;)V ete; tOe; tpliC;
'RpGltae; t13v lS'R(;)e;
6La1:I800v, Ii1t6 toO
'teuxoue;, GlplojJbaL oeA(6ee; touc:ElJ.
I KAel60u:t ste; 1:ae; imo(ae; So 5rUJ.OOl
eU(;)vtaL 8Slla'ta 6:\(aIPep6IlE\la. 6:'RO
KASLOtlKi.3e;, ete; 'ta Mael1p.a'tlKd: ta
6L!5aoK6p.sva ste; 'tae; b A6'YCtl tat;sLe;.
Tolito I)sl)a((;)e; 6:'ROKAE(ual va !XD
'tl va 't600v hl 'tfje;
'tou 'Repl06LKOO. lSoov Kat dIe;
cpavoue; Ota5laKfIe; 'too bL
1a l)eJ..t[(;).
'y'ROilV"OEle;: I) 'y'ROjJlP.V"OKI
tal 61a 'ROAAooti)v cpopav ete; toO.;.
:!:uvepyatae; Ilae; lS'R(;)e; OUIlIl0ptouv
tal 'RpOe; 't0Ue; lSpoue; toOe; 6:vaKOl\1(;)
Sh1ae; 1I:J..elotaKle;, ha Ili) napap.ep(
l,;(;)vtal, bIota,
OraL 1(;)V Kat (va 1l1'\ ORol)aAA(;)Vtat
ate; ftpoo9t'toue; K6n:ooe; ta 6:vL5Lo'te'
Ai.3e; 1Iap!xovta 1ae; un:l1p1o(ae; t(;)V,
ete; 't6v c:EOKA:el6I1v:" die; l:uvta
K'tlltije; 'Emtponije; aOtoO.
II) Ot 6:n:Oot!AJ..oVtae; !pyao(ac;
fttUXLOOXOl 'Av(;)tat(;)v :!:xoJ..i.3v !Xoov 'ti)v 6:116 1Iao'lC; 6:1I61jJ8(A)e; YA(;)OOlk1'\Y
eOSUvTJv ti.3v t(;)V,
}\6Kr1SIS MaOnUOTIK.WV
lOU rUlJV06iOU
!S J\VCUT01WV lxoilwv
l. AYl:EIl: npOTA8EIl:ON A:EKH:EEON
M E POll A',
1
nPAKTIKH API9MHTIKH. 1094) "A" II, d(l,6",0" ""(10116."1'.0,,,'" 'rolf
.1l'rOv K/ll d. 'ro 116(1o,,,,,,a. 'ri! nv ,v(I'tJ.II"rO, dlJ.(lolll",a'ro, foO, Hill' If.
f." 2000 6el dJew",.. "0" &e,6",0" 200.000. lIoio. cJ de,6",6, ;
.4_11". :!:UIlCl>OOVCi>e,; TtpOe; tl'\v KCI>c:j:l\iI'lal v toG de,; tOY 1;I')toO
IlsVOV liplS!1ov Sa to +autoO Ka1 Sa !XCi>!lSV ta :
'toO liplSlloO. Ka1 ltv ate; ta 6 to 1 06toG. ta 6 eo:
!XCi>!lSV ta 6+ :5 = toO 1;I')'tOU!lEvOU liplSIlOO. Ka1 hSl&1'\ dv Ie,; ta
toO liPIS!100 2000 Sa S/jPUlIl8V tOY 200.000, dpa ta
toO lip!8!100 elval 180.000. "HtOI 6 liPl81l0c; Sa sIvat 180.000: 36 == 125.000 .
.4v'ra. I r. AIOVtf)pl')C;:, A. Kaxptllavl')e,;. I. BaKahl')C;, K. nsq,avl1.
nPAKTIKH rE.QMETPIA. 1096) EI,Ia6n;1.ve... 'leI,,,,,,.,, .n1,ve", 76em
dn, I".,e.","""o, K_HA.., _I d, /I'u)" 'II-red,co"o". Rc1 .-Be,.",." "el i",/la'd
1:." 'I"." "x'I",lh,.".
.4v,,,,, Af/loO to 1)0Sh tp[yUlVOV elva! ta61tAeupov Tthl!UpOe; 75 em,
I)la!lsa6c;: tOU (OtjJoe;, I)IXOt61l0e,;) Blval em Ka1 OU\S1tcz,e; liKt1e; toO
75 '1'3 1 251/3
ale; autO !yysypa!l!lEvOU K6KhOU 2 3 = 2 em. Ka1 TtS!I)1) it
1th6UPO tou tStpayoovou Etc: KUKhOV eOp[oKUat {Xv TtOl.ha
'lthaOlaaUll16V tl'\v .:iKttVa toO Klll<:hOU ht '12, toO
11 So S' t 251/3 .f-2 251/6 .... J.
",yY6ypal1!l"'VOU tS'tpaywvou a S val 2 v = 2 em. ",UVSTtUle,;
75'1/3
'to toG I)SI)OjJEvOU tPI)'QVC:': 90: elva! 4 em', t6 tOO
st<; autO
to toO Ie; tOY KU
r. Psnouar
AArEBPA. 1098) 1!
A = II) {YC[(Y+CO)(yl_!
H/ll ". 4/'1:1.""0,,,6i In
II)+Y+w = O.
.4_a.,. "Exo!lsv: x
&16,\,\, &:le,; YVUlat6v, taXl
Il tl'\v 6lto[av !X0!lSV I;
x{YCi>[(Y+Ul}(l
'A1tO tl'\v (1), Sux ,
,
Y{UlX[(Ul +x)(c.
Ul{:x:y[(Z +y)(x
'ATtO !1), (2), 131 1)1
A =ZYUl(yl+Ci>"
= XyUl(y"
= XYUl(!lX.'
Ete; tl'\ v TtSp[1ttUlC1t
ea stva! X'+yB+Ul" =
]099) Rd &"dviJi
,w,,.,,.
.4.11',. "Exo",n:
+ 3
4Y
+l+232'1'-2-3
h
+ 3
h
+32-1+3
1
' =
= (311'-1)I
(3
2
'-1)'
.4",,/1, : I. nanavll
1100) Rel "'x"8
1:?)" "'.'9'ti" I R =
'Rev tI" ...... , a., lpllllU
A.n6h,e" . ..:1lalPl
1t'1}"lKOV Kat U, to ult6A
!lSV n. to nl1A.[Kov Kat
-
]11 KCUV
,

)V Ixoilwv
KHl:EUN
1
",dl' I'i
"{!olol'al'o, d>, Hill lu
, a{!'''1'6, ;
IAiillatOC;, stc; tOY CTJtOO'
6
lfepoloj.ta ta
... 6"...
autou, "tOl t .... Kt ou
,D. Kal ETtSl&Tt elv slC; ta
36
i 200,000, apa to: 25
36
180.000: 26= 125,000.
'11<;. K. nS4Ia\ll1.
1'111'1110"" ;1I;ll1v{!ii, 75em
Ifa. 1Il/{!fIIIl'lI" I'a. il'fJaJe
IV'ltAEUPcXC; 75 em. c!ipa 1"1
OU\S'lti3c:; O:Ktlc; toO
43
-2- em. Kal E'ltSI!)Tt 1"1
SUp[OKStal a'll 'ltOAA.a
I Cl1tOUIlEVTJ 1tAsUpa toO
- 83
251/3 )' 25',3
etc; a6ro Kll!C:AOU ea slval 'It. 2 = 'It --4- em' Kat
(
25'6 25"3
'to !1lf3:xMv tou dc; tOil KUKA.OV tEtpcxYrovou -4- = -2- em',
AVl'al: r. PSTtouoTJC:;. K. nSl\lavl1. l:. NtKOAaou, N. 'Aeavao6'1touAoc:;.
AArEBPA. 1098) Ifd III, "dl'."ol' t) ;1I;1I,II:OI'aOl, :
I
A = w +
+a>{wy[(:t+y)(x'-XY+Y')]}
1
Hal "d 4",10;11;01'1"8 In ;1I;_{!an;{!fIII eI, 1'1}" ;1I;_{!I"l'lIIo,. Hal'd 1'1}nola. Bl"al
a:+y+ro = O.
AVoI,. "EXOIlSV: x{yc.l[lY+c.l)(Y-Yc.l+c.l')+2x'J} = x[Yc.l(Y'+c.l'+2x)],
&16tl. QC; YVc.lat6v, laxuSI f\ taut6tTJC:; = a'+f3', OUI,.upc.lVa
Ilt rlJv Olto(av IY+c.llly-c.ly+c.l) = y'+c.l'. "Apa:
x{Yc.lIlY+c.l)(y'-Yc.l+c.l)+2x.
'
j} = xYc.l{y+c.l +2x) (1).
'
'A'lto tflv IU. fml KUKAtKfiC; j.tEtatpottnc; I]/yc.l), sUp(Ol<oj.tsv:
y{c.l%[(c.l+x)(c.l'-c.lI:+x')+2y']} = xYc.l(c.l'+x'+2y') (2)
c.l{xyl!x ..... y)(x-xy+v)+2c.lj} = X,c.l(x'+Y'+2c.l') (31.
'Atto (1), (2). 131 6ux 'ltpOOeEOSc.lC; Kata 'ltPOKllTttEl:
A = xyc.l(Y'+c.l" +2x')+xYc.l(c.l'+x
'
+2}")+xyc.l(x' +-y+2c.l) =
= xYc.l(y+c.l'+2x'+c.l'+x' +2y' ..... 1+Y+2c.l) =
= xYc.l(b+'-y'+4c.l) = 4
x
Yc.l(x"+ytc.l). "Apa:
A = 4xYc.l(x
'
+y-t c.l') (4'.
Etc:; tTtIl ttSp('lttc.lOI V Kata tflv Olto(av slval x+ y-t c.l = 0, QC; YVc.lot6v,
8a slval X'+Y+c.l
1
= 3xyc.l Kal 1"114) ylVStal :
A = 12 <IY'c.l
I
.
]099) Ifa. d.abtJ8 I} ;1I;a{!aol'ao., a
h
+
1
+1 d, '''eOl0l'a I'{!,ci.. I'n{!.

.1.0.,.. "Ezol'lI": 3
h
+
1
+1 = 3
4
".3+1 == 3
4
'1'+3
h
+
+ 3
h
+l+2.3
2
'1'-2-3
h
= (34Y_2.3h+1I+3h+3h+2.32V = 13
h
-l}'+3
h
+
+ 3
h
+32"1+311v = - 2.3'" =
= =
= (3h_l)'+(3h+3Yj"+(3h_3Yj'.
1
Atha, : I. nattavlKoAaou, A. ATJj.tVI6C;, N. K6paAAI1C;, K. KaAo'Ylipou.
1100) Ifa. '.'zfJ1i In H6."1I 1II1I0'Hd. 'e'''I'.1 N, ""arcu ..II uB; 6"i
1'1}.. I'e{!""tj.. I If = a,1/ t-aa21 +a.81+ ...+ .,,,/ (ll,
I"ev a" ....... a., 1II1I0,Hoi '11'''l'ol, l'e,061'01 ClJou a., < .. +1 (.1= 1.2.a......).
: 25'{ 6 em. l:UVS'It(;)C;
'An61..II" AlatpoDj.tIV tOY dpt8j.tov N rna 2 Kat 6\1ol1td:0j.tsv "1 to
1II1AlKoV Kal u, to ull6Aomov. "E'ltSlta !halpoOj.tsv tOY 'It, &la 3 Kal 6voll6:Co
- em", to tOO
1l6':' 11. to 'ltI1AlKoV Kal u. 'to utt6AOlltOV.
- 84 -.
tilv autilv BlalpEtTlv tOV CPUOl'
KOV ap191l6v. 6 6'1toioe; !IvaI tcroe; tOV toO BlalpEtOU tTje; 'ltPOTl'
YOUIlEVI1e;, 9a I!Xc..lIl!V TCI1A(KOV Illa<; EllalpEO!Cile; ll!yaAUuPov aTto tOV
/)lal pttl1V tile; Blalpecr!Cile; aotiie;.
'ETtel5il ol Tt" TCa .... ea qJ9aoc..lIl!V ele; Il(av /)la(
peolv, tile; 6Tto(a<; to 'ltTlAlKOV 'It... ea sIval '" a'lto tOY 5lalphTJv v tiie; aVtl'
Oto[xou 5lalpEOCile;. 'H 5lalp!ol<; t6tE toO Ttv Ella toO v+l. BIEI!!! aKpalov
'ltI1AIKOV 0 Kat U'lt6AOl'ltOV U... = 'lty.
ea I!XCilllev a'lt6 tilv apxilv de; [o6tI1Ue;:
N = 2,'It.+u, I
'It, = 3 'lt8+U,
'Ita = 4'It.+u.
v I (A).
'lty = (v+IJO+Uv
ta !lEAI1 ti3v loo't1'!tCilv auti3v TCOAAa1tAaolacreoOv aVtlotO(XCile;
II. 21, 3!, .... vI y(vOVtal:
11 N = 2! 'It. +I! u, I
2! 'It. = 31 TC,+21 u.
3111, = 41 'It,+3! U8
(A').
I'
\1 'ltv = 0+\:1 u"
npoogetovtEe; tIe; to6tTJ't!e; (A') Kala !lEAI1, crv t'llaypaqJoOv O{ {SPOl 'ltOU
!Ival Kotvol dc; to: Mo (leAI1 ti\e; '\IEae; lcr6tl1tOC;, 90: !Xc..l!l!V 'tEAlKO:
11 N = I! u.+2! u.+31 u8+ .. +vl u, 5I1A.'
N = 11 u1+2! u.+3! u.+ .. +\1 uv (21,
lS'ltou, Etc; kaeS 5la(pSOlV, to UTC6AOl'ltOV sIval IllKp6tspov toO 5lalpe
'IOU. ea elval u, < 2. u. <3 ..... u., <v+1 Kat U.. u ...... uv qJuolKol aple!loL
-!
,
Auto qJaV!PQVSl lSn fI (2) Ell5sl tov (/lUOlKOV N UTCO tilv !lopqJilv (1)
Ka( aATle!Uel lS.tl va /)elx8fj.
11 01) JJllnll' d /laou,"" "",,d,n' n = {t. :I, 8, 'II, a}. N de'tliJoov" 11
41l1oou,,01l1 A, B, r I, ItplJelAo,ij. 11m ,,6fJ.1XJ!I lIOV De Morgan, a"
111, :
.AnB={2,4}, AUB={:I, 8,4, a}, .Anr={:I.8}. AUI'={f,:I,8,4}.
'P de"''''';'' ...i '1' .An(AUB) Kid rn(AUB).
4-601,. "EXOIJ.!V (AUBle = {I}, Kate: tOV v6IJ.oV toO De Morgan !XOIlSV
(AUB)e = AcnBe !K 'tOUtCt.'lV !X0!lsv:
1 e (AcnBe) ....... 1 e Ac 1\ 1 e Be 1 A 1\ 1 B.
'Ana 1 e (Aun 1<:a1 bSl5t) 1 A ....... 1 er, Ka'ta tOV aOtov lIp6Ttov
Ixo!ls'II :
(AUric ={5} = Acnr
c
(Kan'k 'tOY v6!lOV De Morgan). "Apa:
5e (Aenr
e
)
'AAAa 5e(AUB)
Kata ta Boeevta
'AAAa (An]
2e(M
'ETt[ol1e; I!XO!l!V Ar
(Anne = {1. 4,5.
4 Ac (I
Ollo(c..le; Anr ={2
(.A.nB)e = {J
Kal 3 Ae, (5l6t
'EK t&v aVc..ltepCt.'l i
A={2,
An(AUB) = A, 5
,rn(AUB) =(rnAlu(r
1
A.'hll': e. TplaVta
1102) Al tlXitlfU, :
.A t B = (&nBc)L
-(A-B)n(
"'''tI''' a') AUlAnl
(A-B)nB = (AI
ti3v OUV6ACilV I!xoll
(AnBe
y') ArB = (}
5') A-B = AnBe
,
"EtOl I!xoIlSV:
(AnBe)U(A-B<
=
e') A-(BUn= Ar
AntBur)c = An(I
= (A-E
Ot') (AUB) t (An
=HAL
=(AUI
= [(AUB)nAeIU[(Al
(BnAc)U(I
A."lIeu : e. Tpla\lt(
I
C:>C thalpStl']V tOY CPUOl
toO lhalpStOU npOT]'
:ilC; I,lsyaMupov dna tOV
qlBao(J)ll sv dc; I,llav fllal
roy Blalphl1v v tijc; dVtl,
toO v+ I, BIBsl
.aaBoGv avtIOToIX(J)C;
(A').
BlaypocpoOv ot /SPOl nOll
IIX(J)I,lEV TeALKO:
BT]A.'
(21.
I I,llKp6tepov toO Blalps!
2 .... ' tJ'Y cpuolKol dpIBl,lol.
N tJ'lrO Tl')v 110PCPl')v (II
4, 6}. NO; 4e,a"'oill 'lid
Morgan, a" ,tlfDtl"OIJ/U"
9}. ",-ur={1,2,8,4},
I(AUB).
TOG De Morgan I!XOI1SV
$: A;\ 1 B.
Kala tOY aOtov 'IIp61tov
Morgan). Apa:
- 85
5IAcnr
c
) 5Ac;\5r
e

'AAM 5(AUBI Kal SEB.
Kata Ta BoBsvta IIxol,lsv: (AnB)n(Ann = {2}.
'AUa (AnBln(Ann = AnBnr IIxol,lsv:
2E(AnBnn 2EA;\2EB ;\2r.
'ETc[ol']C; I!XOl,lsv AnB = {2, 4} 4 A ;\ 4 B. 'AAM 4 r, Bl6tl :
(Anne ={1, 4, 5} ===? 4e(Ann
c
==> 4E(Aeur
e
l KaL
4 Ac (B16n 4 Al !!nstat 4 r
c
==:0- 4 r.
'0110((J)<; Anr ={2, 3) ===? 3 E A ;\ 3 E r. 'AAM 3 B, B16tl:
(AnBle = {I, 3, 4} ===? 3e (AnBle ===? 3e (AcUBC)
KaL (B16n 3eA). hEtal 3EBc ___
'EK tC3v ch(J)tsp'" I!XOI,lEV
A={2, 3, 4}, B={2, 4, 5}, r={I. 2. 3}
An(AUB)=A, Bl6n AS AUB. cipa An(AUB)-A- {2, 3,4}
rn(AUB) =(rnA)ucrnB) Kal rnA = {2, 3}, rnB-{2} I!XOI,lEV:
rn(AUBI= {2, 3}U{2} ={2. 3}.
A.h;cn: e. TPlovta4luAA(Bl']C;, N. KopO:AAIlC;, N. 'AcpEvtoUAIBl']c;.
1102) AI a%BtW,: AU(AnB) =A, (A-B)nB = 50,
At B = (AnBc)U(BnAc). (A-B)U(A-Bc) = A, A-(Bur) =
-(A-B)n(A-r), (AUB)t(AnB)=AtB Ill",,,, cu..,,,,.,.;
Ava,,_ a') AUIAnBI = (AUA>n(AUB) =An(AUB) = A, BI6tl AS AUB.
P') (A-BlnB = (An Be), (BI6tl, c1lC; YV(J)at6v, !K tC3V tC3v Ttpa
tC3v auv6A(J)V I!XOI,lSV A-B = AnBc)
(AnBclnB = An(BcnB)= An0 = 50.
y') At B (A -B\ U (B-A) = (A nBc) U (Bn AC).
B') A-B = AnBc, (Bc)c ::::; B Kal BcUB = auvoAov i3aolKov 1!0t(J) .0..
"Etol !XOl,lsv:
(AnBc)U(A-Bc) = (AnBc)U[An<Bc)cj = (AnBC)U(AnB) =
= An(BcUB) = Ann =A .
E') A-(BUn =An(BUr)c (dAM Kata TOV v61,l0v De Morgan I!XOl1sv:
(BUr)c = (Bcnr
c
)
An(Bun
c
= AncBcnr
c
) = (AnA)n(Bcnr
C
) = (AnBc)nIAnr
c
) =
= (A-B>n{A-rJ.
Ot') (AUB) T (AnBI = [(AUB)-(AnBI]U[(AnBI-(AUB)] =
= {(AUB)-(AnB)]U0 = (AUBI-IAnB) =
= (AUBln(AnB)c (AUBln(AcUBcl
= [(AUBlnAc]U[(AUB)nBc] =(AnAc)UIBnAc)U(AnBc)U(BnBc) =
= (BnAc)U(AnBOj = (B-AlUIA-B) = B,!, A = At B .
. AV1lc", : e. TplavtacptJAAIBIlC;, N. KopaAAIlC;, N. 'Acp6vtouA[BIlC;.
,
- 86
1103) lid '''x<{Jfj In " na(lflnllCJ" :
a:
1
at fl'
-=-((1;---0--:,:-:-(a;-fl) + (a- fl)(a - (1;) +({J- a)({J -..:'
d".., dnlde1:'1co, t:c" nea"l'a1:ucciI' lIe''''I'CII (1;, a, (J.
Aio". 'Eav X" = Kat
- (3)
a" = _ Kat
la-
/3' (3'
= = + -
..Apa XO[.1SV :
x' a"
(x-al(x - + + =

= - (a-fJ)(x:-a)(x-p) +ta-f3Hx-f3J(x-aJ

= /31 = =
=> = _

= X"- = x'-ax-/3x+a/3 = 1.

Apa' 509sloa 1tapaotacllC; slval 6vseapt1")to, t(3v X, a,
AU1:., I a. Tplavta'Pu).Al51")', f, Alovtf)PI1C;, A. BataA1")" M. na1talCUavvou.
rEQMETPIA. 10391 "roande, t:el"_o,, ABr (AB == Ar) .rt'a& ,,,,,.
"e"l'l'illa" II" NthcAo" "ineav O. Eib IH t:oil ltf, ClVI',...t:e,N.; nell. t:" 0
nell, n)" :rcA.ved" Ar tpiealllll" :rca(ldU'IAo" n(l'" t:t)" AB. dl'''OVOClt' t:1),.
Br aI. d E. "d clnoh'x<{Jfj In: Cl) 'H ),aI"la MOE delHI HClI {J, 1:0
t:u(lcinAltvea" 1Il0ET .l"a, 1""eciV"l'a" lit, Hu"Aa"_
.An66.,I,. lIlpo[.1sV tae; OA, or. AM, Mr (ox. I): Elval t6te to tStpO:
1tASUtOV AOfM p6[.1/3oe; 516n al 5laYGlVlOI aOtou
OM Kat Af Ka6tcuc; Kat 5lXOt0[.10uvtaL
"Apa Mr II AO. 'H AO SlvOI I5[.1Col<; Kat Oq.toe; tOU't'Pl'
YGlVOU ABf 516tl to tp(yCilVOV ABf stval lOOOKSA"
dpa Kat Mf .l fB 51]).. to tplycuvov MrE stval
.-.. ...... ......
bpSOY(:lVlOVI! l, to f. Elval l5[.1cu, MET = B = r dpa
to tplyc,l\Iov TEr stval lOOOKSM, f\lOI TE = Tf.
Apa O:v 'PEPCol[.18V tl'lv Ta -.L Br aOtT! Sa 51EASIl 5"x
tou [.1EOOU a tnc; Ef. 'AUa t6u E'ltS151'1 f) aT (Xys
tal IK 1:00 [.1OOU tnC; Ef 1tapa)'AI1AO, 'ltPO, tttv fM
aa 5la tOU [.1OOU tnc; ME. l:x. 1
To T Aol1t6v slval [.1OOV til, ME f) 5e l!6aeia PT ouvMouoa to:
[.1Eoa t&v SUo n).sup&v MO Kat ME tOU tPIYGlVOU MOE sIvaL 1tapCrA).1")Aoc;
"1tp6, ttiv OE Kat Imu5tt
'E1tSl5ti f\fll1 etc; t6
...... ,..,
MOE+MrE = 1 6p9.
A'ha,' N. 'lcuoll'P{t'i
"11C;. I. Xatl;1")YlavvaKo6Z
6, I1tup61tou).0C;.
r. 'Icuoll'Pl5T!C;. K. KaAo
(apa, A. rscuPYla
5
11C;
AArEBPA. 1044) .II
8(1;y
,
Syz+;
B:z:z+
Ava'" npoo9EtO[.1lr
")'lv6[.18VOV AOYa2
2AO
Yls;

2x(3y-2AOY1S'3I->",
(2x-).oy.6Jt
AoYu2+
2
'OJ,lo(cu<;, 5SUtEPO
My
I
62AOY1S3 YPCc'PStaL
3yz+3yAOy.6 -z>..;
3Y(Z+AOy
I
6)
(3y-2AOY
1s
3)(Z+AOY
(3y
Kal tpltTJ, 5l' O:'P
2xz+2li:AOy
,
6-zAO
2x(z+>"oy.61-Aoy.2(z
=It
'(/I -x)
)"
Kat
x-8)
Kat

8'(x-a)
:
I-x)



=



;:--_--=--c'--;;. = 1.

;@V x, a,
:A11<;, M. na'ltaiCilavvou.
.4.B == Ar) al1 ",.
1I",,,,nllaN.v nea, 'l'a 0
r:t)" AB. '&'/f",,,ov,,a,, 'l't)tI
Nal /I) d
I: ETval t6t8 to tStpa
A
1':x. 1
PT Qt; C1uv5touoa 'fa
JE sTvaL
- 87
't'flv OE Kat !'lt8l&fl MO PT 90: alval Kat MO -'- OE &I'JA. "{OE = 1 lip.
'E'lt81&fl fi&T} 't'0 't'6't'p6C'1tAeupov MOEr elval :
"" .-.
MOE+MrE = 1 6p9.+16p9. =2 6p9. 6pa elval AyypatjllllOV K()KAoV.
A,h;'a,' N. Map. MaPllouA't'OU, K. Kapa'ltavoc;. M. Xpova-
I. Xa't'l.;;TJYlavvaKoo&T}. n. M'ltoOpa(. r, AloV't'...
4ln<;. A. I'ltup6'1toUAoc;. 1':. 'Opcpavl&TJ<;, N. e.
r. 'ICiloTJIjl(&n<;. K. KaAoyopoU, r. TOI't'aap11<;, A. A. nex
(apex. A. raCilpYla&TJ<;.
ME P 0 1: B',
AArEBPA. 1044) If;), 1v6iJ 'l'a Im,,,a :
lh:y-4x1.'
ls
8 - 8y1.'61l = 10,.11.1.'1911
8y: t8y1o"B - zlo'.s9 =10,.B
1l0llz+llxlo"B - :10'62 = 1l(1+10,,8}.
Av,"" atc; cif,lljl6't'apa 'ta 'ltpQ'tl'J<: M;IOrooac.x:. to
-Ylv611evov Aoy,22Aoy
18
3, lS'te aOt11 ypQljluaL:
oxy-4XAOYle3-3yAOy.2+Aoy622AOY183 =AoY
o
2AOY1S2+Aoy.22Aoy
18
3 Q
2x(3y-2)..0Y183)-AOYe2(3y-2AoYu31 = AOY62(AOY182+2AoY1I3) "
(2X-Aoy,6)(3y-2AOY193) = Aoy.2 (A) Ka9' lSaov ehal:
AoY
u
2+2AOYle3 = AOy1B2+AOYls9 == AOY'B18 = 1.
'OIlO[Cil<;, f) 5au'tepa 51' tK t61V !J.eA61v 't11<; 'tou YLVO!J.SvOU
:Aoy.62)..oY1S3 ypaljl8tal:
3yz+3yAoy.6-ZAOY189-Aoy.62AOYls3 - Aoy,6-AoY
s
62AoY,s3 "
3Y(Z+Aoy,6)-2AOYts 3i Z+Aoy,6) =Aoy,611-2Aoy.s21 f\
18
(3y-2AoY,B'3I(z+Aoy,6) =Aoy,6(AoY,s18-AoY,89) = Aoy.6.AOY189 =
I
== Aoy,6AoY.s2 " 1:8ALK61,:
13y-2AoY.s31(Z+Aoy.61 = AOY,s6) IS).
r Kal f) 'tp[tn, 51' acp:llptasCil<; 'toO YlVO!J.!vou AOY62Aoy.6 yp6:1jl6tal :
2xz+2KAoy.6-zAoy.2 -Aoy.2Aoy.6 == 20+Aoy.3)-Aoye2Aoy.6 "
2x(z+Aoy.61-Aoy.2(z+Aoy.6) == 2+Aoy.9-1 =
= 1+Aoy.9 == Aoy.2+Aoy.9 == Aoy.18, fi'fol:
12x:-Aoy.2)!z+Aoy,6) = Aoy.18 In.
I
- 88
-EXOIlEV Aom6v, Kat6mv t&'iv 6VCUtEpc.l, va MOCUIlEV to ouotl'}lla:
(2X:-AOy&2113y-2AOy
18
3) = AOYs2
(3y-2AOYt03J(Z+AOy.6) =AoY106
(z+Aoy,6)(2x-AOYe'2l = Aoy.18.
abOIlEV 3y-2AOy
19
3 = CUt 21iC-AOy
e
2 =: Kat z+Aoy.6 = t Kat
VOIlEV to ouotT)lla :
.CU = Aoy.2
Aoy2 . Aov6 AoyI8
CAn = AOY186 ;:> cu'cp"t" = Aoy
e
2AoYu
6

Ao
y.18 = A 0)6 Aoyl8' Aoy2 .. 1'.
}
1'41 == Aoy.18
I
c!pa cu!l>t == l. l:uvEnl3e; cu = Aoy.18' == AOY,02
1
=: Aoy 6 == AOYe18
19
1
't = Aoy 2 = Aoy,6
s
lSnou ta + Kat - 6VtIO'tOlXOOV. "ExoIlEV Aomov tae; AUOEle;:
111
XI == "2(AoYe
1
8+AoYe'2) = Aoye36 = "2' 2AOy.6 = 1
1 1 1
YI = 3 (Aoy, 82 + 2Aoy
18
3) = AOY,818 = 3
ZI = Aoy.6-Aoy.6 = Kat tae;
Aov3
AoYs9 == -Aoys3 = - 1..0)'6
1 Aoy4,5
AoYto
4
,5 = 3 1..0),18
Ao....36
z. == - Aoy.6-Aoy.6 == - 2Aoy,6 = - Aoy.36 = - Aoy2 -
Av"",: NIK6AaOe; !K. 1'IlupVI6e;.
1046) E(;ge,,, "cl IUJ.eo&op.a Ileo" 'CQW qlVO'Ktill e&(J.p.mll ". :ue,e".p.i
"m" p.nll/iil 821. Kfill 567 Kal vi dno&o, U" ellla, a&lI/&enol lIiJre a'A 'COU 8
ofn a'A "fOU B.
AVI"'_ 'APKEl 6lto 'to a9pololla lSACUV Tl3V 6KEpa(cuv tibv nEplExollEVCUV
Illtat;O 321 Kat 567 v' 6.alpEocullEV eKElvoue; oi 6noiol Ival 5lalpEtot EttE
Iha toO 3 stta ISla TOO 8. eav :
x = c:i9pololla 'tl3v nOAAanAaolcuv too 3 tl3v IlEtClt;u 321 Kot 567
Y -= a9pOlolla t&'iv nOAAanAaolcuv toO 8 tibv IlEtat;u 321 Kat 567
z =a9pOlolla 't&'iv 'ltOAAanAao(cuv toO 24 Tl3V J.lE'tat;u 321 Kat 567,
t6tE A'ltEI&T) ot OUVIO'tl3vue; to Z On:apxouv Kat de; to X Kat elc; to y 5la
toOtO i] no06tT)e; x+y
EttE &la 3 EttE &la 8.
npe'ltEl lSIlCUe; 321 <
-dpa : x 3(108+11
'EnloT)e;, 'ltpe'ltEl 3:
42, ... , 70, apa :
y - 8(41+4;
'E'ltEt&fJ 'ltaALV npe
JJ. = 14, 15 . 23 Kat oU'
Z == 24(14+1
'EK t&'iv (1), (21 Kat
lSIlCUe; lSAcuv tGlv 'ltEPIEXOI
S = 322+3'(
lipcx, TO l;T)tOUIlEVOV 9a l
Autcli I fl. rla\IVaK.
1112) Eo." fill
Kal 01 ov"teleotflll fIIUt.,
In a' QI, Qt 'Cil. j
IIQI-Ietl I<2.
o An6&e,S". 'EnEI&l'1
a' = 1&1 Kat i] (2) ypa.e
yvcuot6v, y <: Iyl Kat I
'Ano (4) Kat (5), ell
'A'lto tfJv (6) ouvay
lyl' <0, 'ltOU Etval !lJEu&r
'EIP60ov elval.' & 4
TOO 151'. Kat T6rE, bEI!)l
. lvi'
{i'tl 6AT)9EUEl Kat i] W
II onola ypalPETal I
I I" -I 1
'Ano Tiiv (7), AItEl5T)
i76lI!EV 'to o60tTU1a:
)Ys2
'la6
B.
z+Aoy.6 = t Kat
.oy2 Aoy6 Aoy18_
1
. 0),6 Aoy18 Aoy2
u
2
8
:Xc; AlIaEIC; :
-. 2AOy.6= 1
Aoy3
-Aoy
a
3= - Aoy6
1 Aoy4.5
Aoy18
Aov36
2
36
= - Aoy2
1"8""iJ. 'C'OW
luenol ,,-liu 'ui 'C'oil 8
palcuv t(;)v 1tEPIEXOIJEVCUV
)iOI Elval 5lalpE'fot EttE
321 Kat 567
321 Kat 567
321 Kat 567,
to :It Kat Elc; to y 61a
89
'[oOtO it 1toa6tT]C; x+y-z Elval to a8pololla 01 6KOioi /:nalpoOvta
l
d'[E 3 dtl! 6ux 8.
lSIlCUC; 321 < 3k < 567 107 < k< 189, 11tOI k=108, 109,. 188
296
<4pa: x = 3(108+109+ .. +1881 = 3 2.81 = 35964 (I).
'ETt[ol']C;, 1tpETtEI 321 < 8A < 567 40,.., < A < 70.... ijtOl A== 41,
42, ... , 70. lipa :
111
y -= 8141+42+.. +70) 8 30 = 13320 12)
'E1tEI6i1 Tt6cAlV 321 < 2411 < 567 13 .... < 11 < 23.... 11'[01:
11 = 14. 15, ... ,23 Kat ouvE K(;)C; I
z =24(14+15+"+23) = 24
37
10= 444 (3).
'EK '[(;)v {II, (21 Kat (3), x+y-z = 44844. To li8pololla
lSACUV tiZlV TtEPIEXOIlEVCUV 321 Kat 567 Elval:
882
S = 322+323+ ... +565+566=2'".245 = 108780,
apa, to r.;;rl'touI1EVOV 6a laoOtal IlS S-(x+y-zl = 108780-44844 == 63936.
, fl. rlaVVaK6TtoUAOC;, N. naYlaaAi}c;, r. Tr.;;lphac;, N. 'lcuarrq,[6T]c;.
1112) Ed. at el,al d;s lilOcQl1llQ)S x"+,.x+& = 0 (I) .l.al neCll'I'ClnHCll
Hal 01 l7u"uhnai alld;s nl'1eovt' "'';t' I"-a&" <"III (21. I'd IIl,xiIj
lin at el,a, ell eu 'C'ij. lilGcQl7llW, &z'+,x+l == 0 (3) nl'1eoi'lt' ",t}t'
Ile.-le,11 <R .
Anolll,i". 'E1tEI6i1 ot y,6 Elval TtpaYllatlKot 6:p161l01 Y' = lyl',
6' = /61
1
Kat Ii (21 yp6cq>EtQl lyll-2161" <y'lll (4). "E11:Elta, Elval, mc;
),vcuO'r6v. y <; Iyl Kat 161 Etval 11i1 apvl']tlKOC; apI61l6c;. auv6cyEtal lSn:
yl51 <Iyl 161 (5).
ATto (4) Kat (5), it aXEolC; <l> Elval auv6cyEtal lSt
l
lyl"-2161' <lyl161 (6).
'A1to tilv (61 Ouv6cYE'[al lStl Etval 540, 616tl IJs 5 = 0 it (6) y:VEtaL
/yl' <0, 11:00 Elval ljIEu5i1c; Ttp6taalC;.
'Eq>6aov Elval 540. Mva'[al va y[vn 51a[pEau:; t(;)v IlEA(;)V tfic; (6) 61a
toO 161'. Kat t6tE, 161" Elval 8E,[IKOc; apI61l6c;. a1to tilv (6) Ouv6cYEtal
, lvi' I y / I y I' I y I
aAT]6EUEI Kat it Wt -2 <ITI' lipa Kat it T5V - m -2 <0,
f) lmo[a yp6cq>Etal I
I I" -I 1-2 <0 f\ (I 1-2)( I 1+1) <0 (7).
'A1tO tnv (7), I 1+1 Elval 6EtIKOC; apI6p.6c;, auv6cyual l'Itl Etval
I \-2 <0, lipa I <2 (8).
.
- 90
Elval lSj.lcue; : = -(p,+P.' Kat !1I"
0
IlevCUe; I : 1== !-(P,+PI'! = !PI+P.t
kat", (8) ypatStaL: I Pl+p, I<2 19).
Elval yvcuOt6v lStL \ Ipll-lplll <: IPI+PII (10), fiul' otoofifj1l"0't8 'ltpayj.la
'tI. K01X; d:Plell0l'>e; P1J p
'A'lt6 t'l'lv (10) Kat 't1')v (9), !m;:151') '" oxtole; c <;) slvaL j.lSta/3a'tlta'l..
auvaYStal tstl d:AfJ6sUSL fj l!p,1 - Iplll <2.
1113) Nd lv., I} II1GlJOfu,: 10,.: 10 = 1.'6(3a:).
AOY 10 1
AVG',I' "Exoj.l8v lS'tl Aoy.: 10 = -..-- Kat
",oy.I: ",oyx:
71.0 (2x) = Aoy(2x) = Aoyl2x) == Aoy2+Aoyx:
Aoy2+Aoyx
Y5 Aoy5 AOY( Aoy10-).oy2
l-Aoy2
"Apa, fj 5oesloa y(vStal :
= A0 Y2"!"'A0YX fl l-Aoy2 = (Aoy2+AoYX)'Aoyx tt
",oyx:
1
-",oy
2
l-Aoy2 = Aoy2'Aoyx+Aoy
2
x: tt AoY"X:+Aoy2'Aoyx+Aoy2-1 = O. flit';
AOYx = -Aoy2+ VIAOy21"- 4(Aoy2-1l = -Aoy2+V(Aoy2I'-4Aoy-+4=
2 2
== -Aoy2+ = = 2
2
=-1 = AOY 1
-Aoy2-VO.oy2)"-4IAoy2-11
"A 1
po x =10'
AOYx= 2
-Aoy2-V(Aoy2-2)S -Aoy2-(Aoy2-21 -Aoy2-Aoy2+2
= 2 == 2 = 2 =
=--2--
2(1-Aoy2}
=1-Aoy2 == Aoyl0-Aoy2 =
10
= AOYT= Aoy5 Kat x = 5.
"Apa. at pll;QI die; stval Xl = 110 Kat x. == 5.
1114) 'Ed" 1,1 < ,.,. fJe Z Hed fJ =F 0, "ci ,,,ilii on:
I ; - +IEO 'a-, I + I fJ-' I (1).
'Alld: 15(a-yl
5LaLpoO'Yuc; 5ul'
15(a
6lto(a. MyCi} tTl;:; (2)
,

Elval 5s50j.levov
e'ltl 6 6'1tOlO;:; sf
Kat d:ml aOtfjv. fj: la
'Am) t1')v (4), ala
la-YI
'Ane (3) KaL (5),
Exovte;:; twpa !
stVOl I-IlI'to!3atlKt'!, OUI-l
la
t6te ed: d:Al18sun Kat
'APKSi Aomev ve
v&. elval pe Z Kat !3::;
d:n6 t1')v 611"0(av, nOA!
1-11') apvT]tlK6t;, I!xollsv
la-yl +
1131
1== 1-(Pl+p.)1 = Ip+p.r
)ui oio0'5fJnOt6 npaYlta
(<,. StvOL [lSta13atLKiJ..
el.
Kat
Xoy2+Xoyx
(2= l-X0y2'
rAOYX)'AOYX f1
oyx+Xoy2-1 = 0,
+1/(Aoy2)"-4AOy-t- 4
2
1
AOY
1O
,
II =
-Aoy2-Aoy2+2
2
[1 x. = 5.
:.fi 6,., :
(1).
I
1
r
- 91
AndlS.lfl" "ExoIlEV:
a y _ as-(:\y _ as-(:\y+yS-yS _ S(a-yl-y(I3-S1 "A .
T - T - (:\S - pS - pS pa.
- I= !5Ca-
Y
I-ti3-S) 1= IS(a-yl-y(fl-5) 1 (2)
I
13 I) (:\S 1(:\1 IIlI
'AXAit. I S(a-y)-Ylp-S) I !IIi; I S[a-y) I+ I Y /3-5) I, tl'}v 6no[av
5IalpOO'\ltEC;; Sui 1131 lSI, nou Elval 6Etl1t0C;; opl9lloC;;, !XOIlEV:
15(a-yl-yl/3-S) I 15(a ...... Y) I + I y(fl-I I
1131 lSI ..,; -- \/31' lSI '
f! 6no[a, MY4? tfic;; (2) ypaq,Etal : I - I'" I Sfa-yll + I f1
/3 S 1131 lSI
I<; la-YI151jvll /3-S1
I
13 S 1131 . lSI - (3).
Elval 5ESO(lEVOV Iyl < 15
1
, 01'10 tl'}v (mo[av. SUI nOAAanXaO'laO'(lOO
113-5
1
, 6 6noloc;; Elvat Ill') op"TJtlIt6c;;. npoKuntSL: f! lyll13-SI <; 1511p-SI
Kat aOtfJv, f!: la-yl151 + lyll13-SI '" la-y1151 + \511/3-51 (4).
'Ano tY\v (4), SlalpoOVtEC;; 5la EXOItE\I :
la-Y1151 + lyllp - 51 <; 'a -yl +=- 16-SI
15).
1131 151 Itli
'Ano (3) Kat (5), l't O'XEO'1C;; " l> Elvat [lEta(:\atIKi) O'uvayetat !Stl :
- I'" la-yl-!- Ifl-51
I

5 (6). 13 1/31
"ExovtEC;; toopa 5e5o[lEVOV Btl 0A.TJ6eUel f! (6) KaL !Stl f! O'XEO'IC;; <;,.
elvat (l&ta/3atlItTJ. O'u(lnepa[vo(lev Btl CX:v OA'16ecen f!:
la-yl ..,;Ia-YI +113-51
(7),
1131
totS 6a OAT)6soU Kal it (1).
'APKSl Aomov va on05slx6n it (7). npOC;; toOto napat'1poO(lSV !Stl (lE to
va sIvat /3 e Z Kat /3 =+ 0 15eSO(lEva), !7tStat !Stt Itli 1. 'EnO(lEvCVC;; <: I,
tY\v 67t0[av, la+y\ + 1/3-51. '/'Cou shat o:pl61l0,
(lY\ OPVT)'tlItOC;, :
la-yl -!- 1/3-51
1/31 <la-yl +1/3-51, '/'Cou sIval it (7),
5'1A, O,tl va 0'/'C05Slx6n, "Apa, O:AT)geoSI it (1).
- 92
rE.QMETPIA. 10051 ABP ,,,,,,.,eal'I'e,,ou d, xVHllo" 0, t} ,fld
.,. BP d"a. (Joeo., I' .,e{Jo., na{Jo'e. 'tip 10 A HUI.i't.''lI' in, t.'ov fir
t:ov n'e,.,lIyeal'I'ou I'''Hlou. 'Ex nv llioou JIll t:;;. nb"ea, Ar 11..,01"" n).
'n, t:t}. AB, I;'" MIJ. IIo'ios .,col'ne'xo, t.'6no, nv d ;
A.vo". -EOtCil to tp{yCilvov ABr (oX 2), !\lBa A
sr otaSepa BeOEl IlEyeSsl Kat to A KIVOOIlEVOV snl
-
toO Br. Etc; to O'll:lelOV r tJtjJOU[lEV a'ltt tliv
Br tell\louoav ttt\l EtC; to o'1[lEiO\l E to
O'lto'l:ov Eival otaBEp6v. (f)ePOIlEv &i Kat tli\l AE.
'EKtOO Eyyeypall[levou tetpaltAEUpOU AErB !XOIlEV
'" --- .......
BAE+Ers == 2 opSse; f\ an:Sl&tt BrE = 1 opstt
'"
Kat BAE = 1 0pstt f\ AE II AM.
OOtCil, EaV 'ltPOtdVCilIlEV tttv AM Sa
otaSepav Er de; to otaSspov o'lllsiov H TO
ono(ov Sa elval Kat TO Ileoov Tile; Er.
M to Ileoov tile; Ar Kat MH II AEI.
CIlepollEV tttv BH Kat 'ltapat'lPOOIlEV to M qla[veral anc tliv otaSs
pay SH tJno YCilV{a:V. l:uvEn&c;, KEital tnt 'ltspupEpslaC; 5lalletpOU BH.
A.1'Inu: K. l:taS'lC;, I. 'HpaK'Asl51]C;, A, A. Kaoovl"\C;. J. navte
'A[&'1C;, N, , I CilOTJ<\lU>T\C;, n. MapK6'1tou'AoC;, I. Toovl"\C;, E. BapYlaVOK'1<;, A. Kop'
vlaapl"\C;, n'Aatilc; - l:Kop'Aac;, K Krovo!avtlv(5'1C;, A. naVtOKpOtOpac;, x. Kpa
VIGltTJC;. M. TThpou. X. ToaKvoK'1C; K. KUPlOKOU. 'Ava. ATJIl. r.
X. TpaKac;. r - 'ICiloTJ<\l(5T\C;, N. naYlaoAfjC;.
!::::.
1048) NO. x,uaox.u,uI8j de{Jooyth",o" t:eiyawo" ABP Ix I;;, <j)nofs.tloV
cn,. II. Ha, a,aHBtlt:eGV 0 10. t:NtI '"y,.,etll"'I'B'I'COtl HVHA,COtl IN" a'llo le,.,th1'CO"
!::::. f::::..
ABd. 4rd 10. &n:Di'a C1%'11'tlld,otlt:tIIl id" rp;e"'I'1I'I' t:o iH IOV A iJ"o, Ad 'lTd
t:;;. vnon.tlo'll0'l' BP. (AISPEUVTJOld.
A.'I10.,_ TTpo<\lav&c; ta 0, O. Kat 0,0, (oX- 3) KEivtal E'ltt t&v t'llxot6l:lCilv
t&v YCilVI&V BKat r. 'E'ltSI5li at BO, Or, AO alXo- A
t61l01 Kat at BAr = AAB = AAr = 90
D
, !XOIlEV:
-.-.-.
-. -. -. Ot:
BOr = = AO,B = 135
0
(11 0,
KaSQC; Kai '1 l'
....... ....... ....... -. B l:.K r
ZO.O = Z009 = EOO, = EO.O = 45
l:X 3.
ci:JC; 'ltapa'ltAl1pwllata t&v YCilvl(3\1 t&v 135.
-. .......
TGlpa: to tOOOKEAEC; op90YGlVlOV 1
==> O.ZO = OEO
I
= 90.
to EOO. !aoaKSAEC; 0PSOYGlVIOV
!::::.
"Apa' to 0 op96KVtpOV toO 1'1.010,.
"Apa AO..L 0,0
f::::..
KaSStOl). "Apa OAZ = (
tpOV 0.0. =5).
'A'A'Aa Br = a, 0,
f::::..
AOUe; AOT ste; I) 1'1 OT:
p = :2 'AAM at( tije
eh; 0 fJ Br = a Kat I) E
'E'It[o'le;, to 0 ci:Je;
Kat etc; a'lt60taOlv OK I
li\lCil 'ltepl<\lspdac; Kat til

, ypallll&V Kat to I
At AB Kat Ar tS!!vovt,
f::::..
vou ABr.
..t". Etc; tl
....... ....... -.
= A + B. + r I Kat
lxollev litl :
Bar = A+45
8
==II
f.
Kat E'ltel5tt to AB
01'1. = 0,0.
etc; ov Kltal to 0 Kal
NA = Nr = a Kai
aAM MN =
lEK tfiC; (2), (3)
AUla, : N. 'ICilO1'\(
- 93
IV d. dHl,n 0,,, {la..
"Apa AO 0,0. lCat ZO == ZOIl o"A.z = O.O,Z (til6tl at 'It"eupat sIval
6. 6.
- Ka6stoLl. "Apa OAZ =O.O,Z ===> AO = 0,0. == ti. (Ka"oullsv tTJV tilaKsv'
'7:'" Bni 7:oti 7:deotl Br
Ar 1,.011-"" n}.
tpOV 0,0. = ti).
uti A ;
'AUa Br = a, 0,0, ti = AO = p '/2 (tIC tOU 6p90ycuvlou 1000KS'
A
6.
"oue; AOT sIe; 5 OT = pl. "Apex EK tfie; ts).suta[ae; Ia6tl1toe; @XOIlSV lStl:
p =:2 .'A""o. tIC die; (1) iStl to 0 Ksital tnt t6C;ou nspllpspslae;
1
eIe; 8 Br =a KaL Bar =135,
'E'It[aTle;, to 0 &e; KeIlSVOV Kat e06dae; 'ltCXpex"A iI"ou npoe; tTtv Br
Kat sIe; dn60taolv OK == V (5l6tl OK =OT = p) ea etval 1'1 tile; &e;
civcu nsplq,sps(ae; Kat tiie; Otaespexe; aihfje; napa,,). ti"ou.
ra7:alJlC'tltj, l:xrUlatlL;oIlEV tTJv tOIlTJV 0 tC3v 500 ataeepmv st':lps9slai3v
6. ...... ............ ......
:Ex 2.
ypallllt:)v Kat o!hcu to BOr. Kat6mv 0XTlllatlCollsv ycuv[ae; B, = B" r. = r._
:VStal dnc Tilv ata9s
Ai AB Kat Ar tSjlVOVtOl sIe; to A to CTltoOIlSVOV tphov aTl(.1siov tou tPlY&'
tilallStpou BH.
6.
YOU ABr.
A. KaaavTle;, I. navts
6. ...... ......
BapYlaVaKTJC:, fl. Kop
'4-ndle, . Ele; to ABr sIval: Br = a, Bor == 135, dna Bor ==
:XVtoKpatOpae;, X, Kpa
......... .-.. ........ .......... ......... ......... ..-..
. - flTlIl KouL;s"Tle;, r,
= A + B, + r, Kal tnEltif) B, + r, = B. + r. = 45
@Xo(.1sv iStl :
tiM r
...... ......

:.
Bor = A+45 ===> 135 = A+45 ===> A =90.
K '
rr BIC '1";;' tinof",*,OU.
A
os'
6.
'" '1"00" luo 'e'ydwC<l'll
Kat tftEltiTJ to ABr 6p90ycilVlov eo. &tval :
<!>
OA = 0,0. = ti, cipa to Cl1tQullSvov.
c 'l"t/v A vy.ro, Ad enl
:Ex. 4.
A'''e.v."IJ,'' "EotCrl A (ax. 4) to Ksvtpov tou KUK"OU
:al tnt tC3v tilxot61lCrlV 6.
de; 8v Ksital to 0 Kat Br 1'1 l3aale; toO ABr, t6ts eO: np1tI!1:
OK <MN (2).
...... ......
(ISnou. NA .1 Br). 'E'ltSltif) tit B81r == MAr = 45, @XO(.1SV 1St! :
0,
"'&'1:
, a. aV2 6.
r
NA = Nr = -;:;- Kal AM = Ar -'-2- ltK toO taoaxs"oOc; 6peoy. NAn.
:Ex 3.
'12 a a (.r- )
6:"M MN - MA-AN = ---::::::;- y 2 -1
(3).
- 2 2 2
...... ......
_ ti a (.1- ) a(2-V2")
).ZO = OEO, = 90'.
lEK tl1e; (21, (3) ....".. <2 v 2 -1 ===> <---2-'
Avra, : N. '\cuoTlq,ltil'K, r. TClphac;, Eu. TOlapeKtoi'jc;.
.
I
- -
- - -
- - -
--- --- --- - -- ---
- 94
1051) 'EO?:f ABI' lo6nA.veo" .." nA'"g8, A Hal (I') I} ,urg,,'
negup_g8la.. I;'" neg; rou rel,WOV 11)"
'l8..,1J.v,01ll IilH M ii. nlleHp'eela,
rd, Ha{J.8covI :M.A', MB', MI" inl -roo" BI', I'A, AB tinlol'olZIlII" "E01rllIloa"
BA' a, rB' = p, AI" =,.
10'11) 'Yno10,(om-r, uti 1-r1l, naeanso." a tP+" a'+ps+,'
9.l8
8
20'11) 6" a p
3
t
y
l-Bap, = 8"
"EXOIlEV: MB' = -A'B' + A'M' - Kat
MP == A'P
-
+ A'MS
-
(oX 5)
teal I)l' 6:cpalpAoEOOe; il.allf3CtvoIlEv :
-
A'B' - A'r'
-
= MS" - Mrs f\
A'B' - (A'B + Sn
l
= MB' - MP f\
2Br ' A'B + SP = MP MB' f\
Br = r A = AB = A
:!:x. 5,
-
MP-MSI (11.
-
(2), 2A,A'B + iI." = 0IlO(OOe; 2A,BT + A" =MAI-Mrl
2Ar'A
-
+ A' = MS'-MAI (3)
Kat npooBhovtEe; tde; OXAOEle; (II, 121, (3) KaTa :
-
BT
-
+ r'A) + 3i1. == 0 f\ 2i1.(A'B +

---3i1. I 3AI
BA' + rB' + Ar' = ,l)lJA.. a+ f3+y = 2 (41,
Ta Tpla olJl1Eia A', B', r' dval a!n' EOBdae; (Simson) Kat TO BawPlJlla
TOU MEvflACtou 1)(I)Sl :
BA'rB'Ar' = rA'AB',Br' f\ BA'rB',Ar' =(rB+BA'I(Ar+rB'l(BA+Ar') f\
af3y =(-A+al(-il.+f3)(-A+y) Kat 5l' a!KuMosooe; TiJV
il.
1
af3+f3v+ya = 2' on6ts it YVOOOT\ oAyef3plKl'! TauT6tlJe; 15)
(aHHy)' = 5(1)El:
I ';' 1
16
),
20'11) 'EK tiJv (41, lSI. (6) Kat tile,; yvoootile,; Taut6tlJtoc;:
a'+f3
I
+yB-Jaf3y =
8
+1:\8+Y'-3af3y =
3A (SA.l
-
iI.')
f\
\
a'+f3'+y8-3af3y = -8
9A.'!
lS.M. a - -
,2,... 4.' 2
lJ 08Z) Ifd ii IIOAGI'"
'910'11 "e-' 'g{J.ol'f"lov

naeaU"bn,n_lov ,
Auo". "Eotoo lSTl
"tiJv Ellayoov(oov A' A, B,
M
1
, MI. M.,
-A'M,BM. etval napaA}
Ala Tile; A' A,
tile; A'B Kat etval napl
Opoe; TOUTO, cpApOIlEV t
t1')v A'E. 'H AH, Kate
Kat ouvEniJe; aOtll Ba
'ltTdnE50v A'M.HM1
A
EOToooav ZZ' it
tile; A'Z' Kat Tile
'ne; sOK6AOOe; 'IIpl
"toO htns!)ou A'M.BM
-----
Q.1. Uol,ll'tJ. 99 'UAJrlOA19lllSOdll 'HV IJ AXl1911.JAnD 9.1.Xl)l "we'w,v DOl.
1Xlll 3V.v Al')9i1l.111.i AWl \I. 11)1\19 Q9 U,3 \I. 19l.1I.QlIOd1l. :'l'),{9)1Q!I :''0,
-'W. V :,y.1. tllll .ZZ =>!p, I.trtO.1. IJ U lXl)l W.V :,y.1. lXlll .Z.V :'yl I.trlO:L
.3 ',JJV.V )!p lXlll 3.'1'1 00g,11111.1 OOl I.trtol \I. .ZZ AXlDl')lD3 ..
'9 -X3:
'WR'W,V AOg911.]lIi1'
lWV.V 9.1. Ql llli lXlll :)Ol99';)lI IXlA19 Q9 ulgXl :)W1I.9AOD lXlll
'WV, V AOg91)lli Q.1. =>on9Q)I IXlA19 99 'QlDl')A,(, Ql QlXlll 'HV H. 3.'1
A0199Q)I HV lXlll 'wv l\'J.l lUi /\Ol99Q)I 3V l\'J.l 1\9r1od,cb 'Ol{)Ol :'QdU
we'w.V 9l :)r,>d1l. 'J.gXl'{ug V.V A'J.l :)Qd1l. /\o'(h't'lQdD1I. IDAl9 lXlll e.v :'yl
Q1g IXl13Xd',Ig AO!01l9 Ql l\og311)1I.' Q.1. lUi 1\0139QlI 1\3r1od,cb 'V. V :'l:!l QIV
'Xl'llt'{'{DlI IXl/\ 13 'we1w,V'
'WV. V Xlg911.)1I.' Ql .e.v 'VJ 'ev AWrtl/:P I\Wl XlD,rI taw w 'lW
'19 'XD) .ve V.V 1\l'))/\l')AXlIg I\Wl.
('I01'9Xlll :'Y/\10X )Yl )ollyrl Ql !:!QDlAo'{Oll.Q QA 1Xll131.u:2 l')lD3. 'u''.'v
. 40p,Ut:lur"nsihJ..
eos "!JIi'" "!!IS "'6"lI.w "!!IS "I .11.:"'pou ,,(u "ou AupllriAD, '40p",'U'r
'''naosu !OS -,-,(,nr .put ,,,,, 40"..'U.t"n.asu 401''co'(0.g.0, ,.off 401....
_,(S" '.'" ''''.pU8.., '''s.1'Xsu '{:fs '."If" f2 {1.g..,,(or
oll
q. ,. (,SOli
- 96
: A9r10AWrlD'{ (XlA-A1
: :)01.U1.91
: 199]g (Xl,
:'U1.91.0XlJ.
: Al')9:?1I. AWl :)l')91
II I.Jv+veH.eJ+JVltV
=)
: A9r10Xi U'
(I
'IZ) ,JW-.VW =.'( +
\
I
"SD{)(UD:!lA "o>oX,
02DU
", 8.
".rioo,_ ''DJ.09",a".. .".
II2'DH 40"9''('02
,(,o.U " ("[J ,"H r ,
I
- 96
Am.!V l!.'MBBM, stl;; 01'1I1elOV S KsIl..lsVOV 'tiil;; E'n. 'H AH &l, l(a9uo,
Iftt 'Co A'l!.M
1
9a stvat Ka9s't01;; Kat 'to napaAAI1AOV 'll'POI;; ''tOUTO
b[ne&ov l!.'M.BM,.
'Eav cpEpG)I..lSV h 'tOO K 'tii, A'l!.) napanl1AOV 'II'pO<; 'tilv AS, a6't1l
ea atval K6:9s't01;; ht 'to l!.'M.BM, Kat 96: 't1l1')00 'toOtO Ka'ta 1:0011'
llelOV T. 'to 61l010V sa slvat 'to IlEOOV 'tou l!.'S. 'EK'tOO T nap6:AAI1'
Mv Tl: 1lpOC; 'tilv A'l!. Kat !K 1:00 0l1lls(OU l: 'tiil;; 'tolliil;; atJ'tfjl;; IlS'ta 'tnc; l!.'B
1lapO:AAI1AOV l:N 1lPOC:; 'ti'\v TK. To sOBuYPOjJ.lloV 'tjJ.fjlla Nl: atvat KaTa 'ta YVG)'
o'ta, iJ d:1l6O'taOlC:; 'tQV d:oulll36:'tG)v wgetQv A'l!. Kat l!.'B. -EXOIlIV:
AS
KT=Z--=AH (11.
'A1lo 'to 6peO'Y
ID
VIO
V
A'AE = + (21.
'A1lo'to 6pBOyIDVlOV AM,l!. Ai, = + -!, (31.
AMI
1 1 1
At (1). (2), (31 => KT' = AN' +
1 1 1 4
KT' = AA" + Al!.I ... AS' (4).
'H (4), 1)I!)st 'to l,;11'toUIlSVOV I..lfjKO,.
TPlro.NOMETPIA. 1132) "A... d, ,,, rel,."o" ABr 4 AS .I"", ,uyalv
z
'A"6h",,. ouv2B-ouv2r =
= 2ouv'B-I-12ou,,'r-l) =
= 2ouv'B-2ouv'r =
= 2(ouvB+ouvr)(ouvB-ouvn

r
" ouv2B-ouv2r = l:x. 7,
B+r B-r s+r r-B
= 22ouv -2- ouv-- . 2111..l 1111-
2 2
B+r B+r r-B B-r
= 2'2l11l- ouv -2- 2'l1l -2- ouv -2
2

r-B r-B
-2 'l1l(B+n'21'J1l-- ouv-
z 2
= l'J1l(r-B)
= 2111l
A
t
r
= 2111l
A
[-


zr= al1!.lB=
om2B

(Ju,,2S-01

1133) Ird vllo!oy,,,,
-,;tj. A 'yol'itrO,
;t;.ii iYY_Y(lAI"I"i.ov Hid 4
Avo.,. u ': B11Ilr
'tal llltO a _6_ :::::
1111
A
111l
S
'AK'tl,
A
P= 'tecp
A
'" 'H p-1:eCPT
a =
a
A
I
En. 'H AH &c;
, 'ltapan.l]AOV 1Tp6c; toiho
1Tp6c; AS, aOt'l
toO to KatQ t6 aT)'
: toO T 'ltapaAAl]'
'!liiC; aotile; !lEta tijc; il'B
I
il:1
a
slval Kena ta YVCa)'
'v A'6. Kat il'B, -Exo!lev:
I

1
(2),
+ AP
1
+-. (3),
AM!
4
(4).
A.B"
ABr 4 AB .'HI ".,dv
,....,
, == B Hal n). rz.L AB.
z
r
7,
+r r-B
r-l]1J.-
2

,B B-r
-2
- 97
.......... .......... ........ .........
= 2rw.AI'llJ.ilrZCluvArZ-T)IJ.ArZCluvilrZI
{ilZ) Irz. IAZI (Zr) ]
= 2rU.lA [ (iln' -(Ar) (An' lilr)
l
,Zr)(ilZ-AZIJ
Cluv2B -Cluv2r = 2rU.lA (Ar)(ilr)
IZr)(6Al
auv2B-Clu\ 2r = 2TJIJ.A . -=;:,=-=-===-=-
zr = aTJI.l.B = 2RrU.lA'l]IJ.B. y = 2RTJ\.I.
r
au.2B-auv2r = 2T}I:1A, 2_R_TJ_IlA_I'J_IJ._B _lil_A_'
-==
2RI'J IJ.r lilr)
2 . TJIl'A TJIJ.B loA)
auv2B -Cluv2r
TJlJ.r (iln
a" B TJ"r _L
l]1J.'A = 4R" TJIl = 2R' ,.. - 2R
(x. 2R lilA'
==> Clu.2B-Cluv2r -= 2, 4R" 2R Y . (ilr)
(oAt _ a
t
f3 (ilA).
Cluv2B-Cluv2r = BRBy , lilrJ - ByRI filB)
1133) Nd t'lnCJ1CJ)'un'CJv. a; nl.veal lI'e,,.II&,,CJ" iN 1I'1i,. ,._IIi" Hal 11'0. ftc
"'ij. HCJe""ij. A i),opil'Ov vtpo".. EH?:., UVI'W", tId ilnCJloJ'lo'f700;,. 4 Ii"d.
T.; i,,,,,.ea,,,,'''.'' Hal tl liHII'I. II'OV nBe"')'ea,."piI'OV Hv"l .,.
AveJl" u -: BT}lJ.r = yf]\.I.B === /3 = - U " 'Kat y = U Ij 'ltASUpa &8s
l]1l
r
l]1lB
a 6 u ul]"A
'tal unO -- = -- = (X = ... .
l]IJ.A 111lB l]IlB l]lJ.r TJIlB, TJlJ.r
'AKtlC; KUKA.OU (p).
B r
r *. 2tl]1J. T . l]1:1 T
A B
P=Nl'PT' E(jlT' E(jl
A B
... 'H P - t,s(jl-2
sepT
r
A
tl](.lT
ex
ClU\! T' auv T
A A
tTJ(.l P ClUV T
---;:B;:-- r=
quvT,auvT
K(Xl U=
ClUV
sup[aKStexl &C;
A
P CluvT
,a=
l]IlT l](.l T
A B r
==> p =t ' S(jl T &(jl T E. T'
3
- 98
(1) Ka\ t
LhalpouVtS<: Kato: pSAl'h :
A B r A
(x-p,)(x-Ps)(x-Ps' (J
eq, -. eq,- sq,
P 2 2
-=
- B r
u
20'uv T . auv T
Etvat yvcuatov 8tt av ,
= {z - a{Z-asJ, lhe
UI')I1
A
(x- )(x
- p= B r
2auvT' auv
=
'AKtl<; nsplYllypallllSvOU {(R) &60 tp6nou<;) J.
Kat Kato: to:
a = uI')Il
A
r' a - 2RI')IlA 5l' toO a 51561 t
a
I')IlB 1')11
f(x) f(ax) ,f(a
9
x) =
x
u
R = 2 B r {(6e6upo<: tp61toC;) J '=* = 2Ru.
Q<; npo<; y =
I')p '1')11
tQV Kat y 510 tl'v tlIlQ" tCUV :
U u U 1056) Ifd Av6ij 4
= 2Ru R = B r'
I')lJ
r
.
111')1J TIll
<l>(x) =
Lbl'1:a, : e, Tplavtaq,u]"AI511C;, X. nanaXPl1at61tou]"o<;. 'l:ii, dntlla, al el,a, e ..

MEPOl: r'.
Avo". 'H 121 yp&,
(p,-
AArEBPA. 1055) "E ., 'Co I(x):;:; a.'+,tll'+,.:I:+" ,.. e. e.. e...
Ton I'd '.'%'ii In " /(x) j{aJ)) f(a:.r;) = 0, '%'" ws neos Y = a.& e"as 'Cd.
IPI-1
B
e:. e:. e:/a="T=+ 1..
== (Pl+p.-Pa-P
Aveul. npoq,avQC;
f(xl flax) f!aDx) = a(x-p.)(x-P.l(x-p,)' f(a,,) f(a'xl (1),
'H (31 t'ltaAI1geu6't
shs
tl'lv tLllliv x =
Ett6 O:v laxuouv
f(x) f(ax). f(o'x) =f( f( P;/) , f( .aD)=f( ). flp,)' fp,al=
P,+P,+Pa
=f( o flp! a) 0,
apa, to f(II)' f(02) 51alpeital 510: x-
61l0(cu<;


"
:II
"
:
"


l>
l>

:

P,
x-
a'
P.
x-a

a'
(2).
-Ev9a
-7nx'+:
'EK l7J

"
"
11
"
x-E!..
a
'EK 'rQV 19) Kat (
11 :/I : :/I x-2!.
a
-===>
:-. OUVT
: toG a 5l5l :
!3Y = 2Ru.
;)" tu:>v :
)
I TJ!1
r
'
JAO<;.
:+" fAi ei'llfl e., e"
I neG, y = a,s ei'lIl I'd.
f( 0 j( I f(o-XI (l).
f( .fip,) fp,a) =
p.
x-a
P,
Ie-a.
P.
Ie-a
(2J.
ill
r;- (jI
P.
P.
1L-(jI
- 99
A6Yli> di<; (1) Kat (2) IlX0!1V lSn 10 f1x)f(ihl f 02X) 5lalpltal 5u:l
(X-p,I(X-p,)(lr-Psl (x- )(x- )( )( x- )(x-
1
x'
Kat Ka1'a 1'0: civu:>tepu:> Kat A6YG;! III to)(6l:
a
f(xl f(ox:) . f{o'xl = - (x
8
_pl)(X B_
p
S)(X
8
_
p
S) ==> lStl to f(IC) f(OK) f(o'x)
x' , 8
!Xl c:,<; npo<; y = x8 ta, P:. P:
&11"": ". Kaoavl1" N. 'JU:>OT)q,t511<;
1056) Btl lut'Jii I)
':I(x) = a,'-6'x'-7m:'+80nx+72n == 0 (1)
";;11 'nola., a.l el,II' e" e!. e8, e, xlIl d n, enlll'1iJ.llilfJv. n;1I O%BO'''.:
= 8(e,+e. J(e.e,-ele.) (2)
.lVo'fl. 'H (21 ypaq,tal :
(p,+p.)8_p!-p!-3(p,+p.)psP, = 0 fI
IP,+p.1
8
-p:-p! 3(p.+p.)PaP, =:
-( + )l' (p,p.+p.\I+(p.+ P.+p.)'+I- P.-tP,I'J 0 (3)
== p, P.-P.-P, 2 . .
'H (3) naAT)961'al {iv Aa!3U:>!Jv :
tt P.+p, = P.+P, (4.
Eh: av (oX6ouv auyxp6vu:><; at OXeOl,:
P,+P.+P.=O, -Pstp,=O, te wv
Pa == p" = -\P,+PI) (5)
A) p,+p = Ps+P, (aXEol<; (4) J.
-Emu:> :
Pl+P, = P.+p, = k, t6t
a(x) =: (x'-kx+ml(x'-kn+n) (6).
-EvSa m = p,p, Kat n = p.p, !'itOll
CII(x)=x'-6x'-7rcx
l
+30nx+72rc=:x'-2kx.
B
+lk
'
+m t n)x'- k(m+n)x+mn (7).
'EK mlrrtal : k = 3 (8)
k'+m+n = -7n 191
kIm tn) = -30n (10)
mn = 72ft (111.
EK 'tl3v 19) Kat (10) Kat6nl v '[il<; (8) l!nOVtal :
m+n = -7n-9 = -IOn (12).
t-ii
- 100
'EK t&v (1) Kat (9) '11
'EK tc.;v (12) !nOVtal: n = 3 1131.
B+t. > B'+t.' ==CI- 3
KaL m+n = -30 (14),
'EK (3) npoKlmtl
'EK t&v (81 Kat (13) Kat toG aUatfUlatOc; t&v (11) Kat (l4) lnStal 6
dv fito A> A', T6, tc
tlll&V (15) :
'It 3 3 (a =Q
k 3 3
!vCj) t&v tPlYc:.,Ve.>V Bf.
m -18 12
II! =,
n -12 -18
at 6noial Elval daul.ll![l!a
KuntSI y < y' (ax. 81.
'EK (6) Kat t&v tlll&V 'toO n[vaKoc; (15). Enl!'tal:
1
<%l(x) =:r.
4
-6x
s
-21x
2
+90x+216 =(x
l
-31:-18)(x'-3x-12)
(16)
3 3-1/ 57
PI - 6, P. = - 3, PI = p, == 2
tlllai cbc; 't'liv (4) aUVS1t&e; Kat tilv (2).
B) Pa = P. = -(P.+p,) (axalC; (511.
qEnstal " aXO'le;: <%l(lt) == (x-B)' (x.+Sx+n)
(17)
!v9a S = Pa = P. = -(p,+p.l Kat n = p,p, fl
<%l(X) = x"-6x'-7n 1'+30nx+72n == x'-Sx
'
-(S'-n)x
'
+(SI-3Sn)x+S'n
(18)
'EK tile; (18) l1novtal: S = 6
1
SI-n = 7n
J (191.'
(np6I!Al'Jlla toO Sturm. 'H
SS-39n = 301t
"Eo,e.>aav x', y' at !l
S2n = 72n
x' aB+l!y
'EK toG ouatl;llatOe; t&v (19), l1nl!'tal 6 (201:
= al!+y5 Kat 'U
"All x> x' 1
X
: I : I(20).
"Av x<x .2
'EK axase.>C; (17) Kat tc.;v tlllc.;v toO n[vaKoc; (20), lnStal:
l[
"Apa, x = x', y =
<%l(x) == x.4-6xB -281"+1201:+ 288 == (x- 6)'ix"+6xt 8)
KOtaaKEuaaSEv
tic; PI = -2, P2 =-4, p. = p, = 6
JJ.vl:a,: N 'le.>ol'JIfl[Bl'J'
1
tlllal cbC; t'liv 15), auvsn&c; Kat t'liv (2).
1152) Ed" HVld
AVI:'1' : eSlllat. 'AXIA. l:aKK'1C;.
1'1eal''''''''1' ds l:el'Ycol'Cll"
fEO,METPIA. 11511 l'Alltlatpolflov toO f>audpou Sse.>p. toO ntOA&l.la[OU).
lIIOll 1,00,,, 1:8 o'l"",a Ina
(lIIaea'H.'neov) uti I:(H)'OO,
-A" .1, ul:ednA,velW ABrA nA,ve." AB = a. Br= fl. rlJ. = 1. AA =,
,
x d+fl1 "Eate.> I
Hai I,a),."[oo,, Ar = x, BA == Y tJtpltHal:a, t} .,6(U, - = -11-- 1:.0 I:ue'
y a,..+,' B Kai f (ax, 9) sIC; tTtV c
lIIA,ve." .1"11' I,.)'e'tp,,,,.,, II, HVHA.". (Cl. to M liE T' sIval
eo: Kat'dpxoe; lSn 560 tStp6:nAEupa !xouv WEate.> t.' Kat E' TO
a = a', I! = 13', y = y', B = 8' Kat x> x' t6te Sa stval y < y' (ax. 8).
b.
npaYllatl, ta tp(ye.>va At.f, A't.T' houv B I)', y == y' Kat x> x'
CAt.)("t.') IAI)', AI.::l
c!ipa t. > t.' (I), 61l0[e.>C; b t&v tPlYc:.,Ve.>V ABf Kat A'BT' !xollSV B >B' (2).
I ht til\l At. 61.l0[e.>c; to f
'v (11) Kol (14) l'ltEtOL ()
I.
(15), tl'ltStOI :
IB)(x
t
-3x-12) (16)
3-1/57
Kat tTjv (2).
(5) ).
'It) (17)
:'+(S'-3S'It)x+S
t
'lt (1B)
!O) :
r; (20), I'ltSTOI:
l'ix
l
+6x+ B)
;6
; Kol tfJv (2).
8eCilp. toO nTOAEIlO[OU).
= fl, r.t =,. .011 .. =1
x f.l1+ fl" , _'"
y = a{J+". "'"
- 101
t
'EK t(;)v (1) Kat (II) 'ltPOKU'ltTSt :
B+l1 > B'+l1' ==> 360-(A+n> 380 """""'+r'l =+ A+r <A'+r' (3).
'EK (3) 'ltPOKU'ltt61 liTI avoYICQdtut&c; stval A <A' Kat r < r', /)IMI
<'Xv fjTO A> A', t6tE !K t(;)v tPlYGlVCilV ABA Kat A'a: /J.' 90: afxcoj.lev:
(a = a', /)=/)', A> A'J ........ :II: >1:'
tve;; !K t(;)v TPIYGlVCilV Brl1 Kat. BT'l1' sa ElXCilIl8V:
113 =13' y =y', r < r') x < x',
at 6'1tOlat Etval aOUIlI3[l3aoTol. -Ape, A < A' Kal r <r' !K t(;)v 6'1tO[CilV 'ltpO
KO'ltUI Y < y' (oX. 8).
1::. 1;.'
r
A a'
A'
lX B.
tyypaqJlIlOV 'tS'tpa'ltAEUpOV 'ltAEUp(;)V a, 13, y,
(np6j3Al1lla teO Sturm. 'H KataOKsul) navtc..:l<,; /)Ev !v/),aq,spel).
WOtCilOav x', y' at /)laYGlVIOI aOtOO. 90: gl{CilIlEV (20v 9sGlp. nTOAElla[oo)
x' a/)+ j3y t l - x a/)+!3y x l1:' l1: Y
7 = al3+yo Ka K tl1<; y = =+ y =7 ==> 7= 7'
"Av x> x' !K = L > 1 =+ y > y' cito'ltov.
X Y Y
"Av x< x' !K X L
y
==>
<1 =+ y <y' cito'll'ov.
-Apa, x = x', y y' Kat to tEtp6:nAEupov ABrl1 Etval 'loov 'ltpo<; to
KataOKliuaoBEv lyypatjllj.lov.
Aura,: N 'ICilol1q,l5'1<;, 9 Tplavtaq,uAA(/)I1<;.
1
115:1) Ed" lUi HVltl05 'ipdnurf.l, tacoflle&HW5 ij ",ij, n.'e'
",ea",,,,.,,'1' .Is ",gi),con" n..g'ip'glia5 Hf.ll 1:W" .ViI nl.vgo;" avroii, I) IIJ-IJ.if.l
nov i,cbr., 'lid o'l""if& inaipif. ,.,.. ri .:11lI'I.IgB, Iligxntu Illd roii iHH."'lieo'l.l II
(.:IIf&gf&Hengov) 'Ii.ii rg"cb"ov.
, ..t.:ll6rJIIE -OtCil I to IlEOOV l1E Kal S' Kal r' to: avdOTpoq,a ti3v
B Kal r (ol{. 91 sIC; tl')v avtlOtpOlPfJv f A Al") fJ ST' elval avtlotpocpo<;
(C). to ot &E T' Elva! TO avt(otpccpOV TOO T.
560 tetpanAEUpo -E<HCil l1' Kat E' 'tel an(otpcq,a tWV l1, E. -XOI,IEV:
:VOI y < y' (ox. B).
/:::,.
/)', y = y' Kat x > x'
rAl1)(.I.l1,) = (All', AJ.1 6p6oYGlvIOV E(<; to I ==> to l1' sIvat 'ltpoj3oM toO
B'r' lXOj.lEV B >B' (2).
I !'ltl iilv Al1 6!lO(Cil<; to E' ==> nEpupepEta l1'ET stval avtlo'tpoq,o<;
'
- 102
tii<; AET - it A'ET tiir; BT' et<; to T'. 816tl i) (d;vtlotpoqrq
8latl']pSl ta ol']IlEla t'ltoq,il<;) to I slval to 'ltOpO:KSVTPOV toO ABT' to
.......
d;VtlotOIXOOV st<; tnV A.
'0 KOKAO<;(IBT'1 dilvSI ttrv AI otO M, h
A
KSVtpO v toG tOI yIDvouABT'.
'EK toO tetpa'ltXsupou:
....... ......... 1 1
IB'Mr' B'IM=B:TM=TB'r'A==T
ABr

At B'I Kat BI slval d;vtl'ltapO:XXI']).,OI, 816fl
ta B', I elval d;vdotpoq,a tCbv B Kat I ........
....... ....... ....... 1 .......
ABI = B'IA = B'IM = 2 ABr BI 8lXOt6
1l0<; til<; B d;Ua Kat tii<; A ==to I EKOCSVtpov
1::.
til<; ABr.
'H d<; tnV 'ltep('It[6)OIV E'ltaq>ii<; ehal d;.O:Xoyo<;.
1019} Nd .\ve.tJij 4 ,,'Ii. 1:QW 0'l,U/fD" lul
'lid 4no&1l 1tl A'- (l11tlB" == 1', Iltl{)a A, B '''0 0'1"'.'0. 0,,"6aed H",j H, 1 1o
"n, I.e,.",ol.
dUOI" 'H 80geioa oxeol<; ypO:q,etal:
--+ --+ --+ --+
(MA+ KMBHMA-KMB).
'Eav r (oX 10) slval !ikxp6KSVtpOV tCbv Ol1lls(6)V A, B IlE OUVts).,sota<; +1
Kat K Kat A to tOOv A. B IlS OUVtli:Xsoto<; +1 Kat -K' (Ta 01']'
Ilsla A, B, r, A elval Q<; Y\6)otov oUvsu9slaKO:I.
--+ ---jo --+ --+ --+ --+
T6'tS: Mr== MA+KMB MA+KMB=U+KIMr(K+-l).
l+K
M
- --+ --+
MA-K'MB = {l-K)MA{K.,& II.
Ala 1tona'ltXaOlaoIlOO Kata
lleXI'] !!XOIlSV:
--+ ---jo A
MA'-K'MB" = (1- K') . Mr MA.
'AXAO: :
Mr
- -
MA = 2
1 - --+ 1 [
t2M6)I-
(
-2" ' [IMr +MA)'-(MP+MAI)J = 2
r AI)]
--+ --+ --+ --+ rA'
rcu = cuA 0\5 Mr MA =M6)'- -4-' QoTS:
MA'-K" MBI=II-K') Mr. MA = (1-KI) . (M6)I- r:")= XI.
X" rAt
1} Eo(6) X.,& 0, t6ts Mcu' = l-K' + = Vi, 81']).,. tq>' 1500v toOtO
Slval IlsyaMtepov 1ll']8ev6c, t61'10<; tCbv o'1llstcuv M, StVCXl Kl)l(XO<; d;KtlVO<; v.
'Eav v = 0, 6 t6'1t0<; hq,uXIZ;stal e[<; to cu. 'Eav v <o. 8ev u'ltapxsi MOI<;.
B If--t----+-l---+...::; r
I
9,
]0.
:8) -Eotcu X = a IlS
YSCUIl t61'10<; slval it 'itS,
rA
MID = 2' 6lt6ts to tpl
et<; t nv nsp( I'ItCUOI v Mr_
]0641 Nd .noh'Xli
/l1l{fUHlltI'&'eO" Hal nae/HII
Inl "if, IIv.dal
'An6111'f. Elvat
Kii<; t'ltontsla<;)
CG=OA+AC
=
3
- 1
OA+
3
(OB
1 __
3(OA+OB -l
r = OA + OB+Or
'En(o'1<; ; OH = OA
OA+OB+Or:=. r. 816t1
'EK tG,>v (I) Kat (21
slvat ouyypaillllKO:.
I OHI==I
OG+
.lh'i,&,(II: N. '16)0'1q,(8
TPlrONOMETPIA.
ABr de.o,,_lo't) aI, 'Ii.
''Ii& ROB, or = ",I, 8no'IJ
4!hd no/." 'Ii,,,,t),, 'lie
AVol,. Ta tplY6)va
AB
511 == BA - --B- Kat 8,
auv"2
I
I T', Bl6n fI (cbnotpolJlll
rtapO:KSvtpOV 'tou ABT' to
A
B ,r 1 yr
T
l:X. 9.
slval 6:VO:AOYOC;.
.lJ1j d ., '&'. '&'&W o'1lAllicu.
'1'1i'a o'&'a",.,a H!:d H, 1 do
--+ --+ ---to
\+ KMBHMA-KMB).
:.lV A, B 11 OUVtSAotaC; +1
oto<; +1 Kat -K (TO: 011'
I.
--+
:3 = 11 tKIMr(K=/:-l).
M
r B
l:X. 10.
[(2Mm)l- ,
OCltE :
rAt)
I). Mm"- --4 AI,
(
=Vi, BT}A. lSoov toutO
M, lval KUKAOe; dKttvOC; v.
v <0, Orro:pXBl MOle;.
- 103
It) "Eotcu A =0 11 k
t
=/:1, t6t "
- --+
a, : Mr MA. 6116t& Mr MA =
rAt
yscull' t6ltoc; Elval I'j BlOllbpou r A, Tj Mm'- = 0, fltOl:
Mm = i:, 6Tr6ts to tp(ycuvov MrA Sa sival 6p60yWVlOV, BI1A. dvay611s9a
slc; tTJv Trsphttmol v Mr MA.
AU'&'tu : e. T06AllC;, B. l:TrUp6TrOUAOC;.
10641 Bd 'noa.,%lJ1j 6'&', Ii. H, G,O cI.UDI"O{XCU, ,'u" ..0 0Ir"6H..,,'&"O.,.
/la(1,h'.'II'&'(1o. Hal n.(1IHn'&'(10" bo, r(1'''c6"ov ABr, r45 ..11 '&'d H, G, 0 "dna.
Inl dis all"" .''''"10., Hal 8'&', HG = 2GO
An6d.,e". Elval TrpOlJlavc'3c;: (BEv Trap(otatal 6t6AOU 6:VO:YKI1 0Xlll1atl'
Kiic;
- - - - 2
A
CG=OA+AG=OA+TAM=
- 2 1 -
= OA+T' -;;- (AB + An =
OA+ (OB-OA+Or-OA)==
1 - - - 1
B M
r
T(OA+OB + OrJ= r, b9a
- - - - 1
l:X. 11.
r :. OA + OB + or, fltOl: OG =-;;- r (1 ).
'ET((OI1<;: OH =OA + AH =OA + 20M, (6l6n AH II 20M) =
OA+OB+Or =r. Bl6tl to M 'tii<; Br lipa 20M = OB+ or. "Apa:
OH = r (2).
'EK tc'3v III Kat (21 TrPOKUlttel lStl ta BlavuojJ.ata 00 Kat OH (OX. 11)
elval Cloyypal-llllKo:,fltOl ta H, G. 0 Khtal OSetac; Kat lStt:
I OH I = r I = 31 OG I, f1tOl: OH = 30G
OG + GH =30G ==> HO = 2GO lS.!.B.
A'..a,; N. 'ICilCIl1lJllBllC;, N. naytaoAi'ic;, A. Aallla\(l'>f!C;.
TPIrONOMETPIA. 1157) Al I,%0,&,6{40, '&'00. "0)"'00. B Hal r '&'(1,.,116.011
ABr oQ60.,_lov Ill. '&'0 .. vno.,...,.ri0'1' III '&'_1'''''11'&'0., Ill, D'II'Sio. O .tb/, .,...
, .., 20B or = I't, (In.v 1" = dll dy
Au! nol "'1'1)....i I' '&'0 1"(1'''0).0. ,"'0., 101l0HIIU,;
Avol" TO: tplymva ArE 6.o90YC:)Vta (ox' 121 de; to A. BlBouv:
AB Ar .. ABAr
BII == BA - --",- Kat By = rE = --r-' Apex, BfJ By = <> r- BllA.
ClUV"'2 OUVToovT
ouv
(1,.
11' =
,
- 104
'AHa alto to Tp(y(.)VOV ABr. 6p60y0VlOV eIc:; to A,
AB = aTJllr Kat Ar =aIU1B. wApa ABAr = a''1!.lr'1!lB It
r r B B
ABAr <= 4a'TJIl l. aUVTTJIlT auvT r
Kat (II ypa4letal :
r r B B
4a'TJIl- auv - flll- auv
1_ 2 2 2 2
11 - B r
auvTauvT
{mOte. Ileta o:nAono(r;OlV
E
A
B r
11' == 4a'fll1 TJI1 T (2). 12.
'AltO to tfAAO I1EpOe;. to tp(y(.)vov BOr ete; TO 6R
O
iov, Iflc; YV(.)aTOV. elval
........ A ........
BOr = 1 6pS. + T' 5TJA BOr 90+45 = 135',
6[5el, aUI141(.)va I1t TOil v6!1oV 'tC3v t6v(.)v :
a
OB __ 5TJA
=aV2,
B TJ[l J35 . r B
TJI1 T TJI1 TJIl fill "2
.r- r . .r- 'B r B
6n6Te OB =ay 2 TJlA 2' or = ay 2 TJIl 2' tfpa OBor = 2a'TJI1 TJI1 2
Kat (21 ypa4letal (.1' = 20Bor.
'Eav to tp(y(.)vov ABr elval tcroaKeMe;, t6te Kat 1l6vov T6te, Ba elval
B =r= 45.
"EltoI1Ev(.)e;, f) (2) f) 6no(a taxuel 5((:1 KaSe tp{y(.)\lov ABr 6pSOY0VIOV
ete; to A, lItav to tp(y(.)vov auto elval taoaKeMc;. Kat 116\1ov t6t&, y(vETal:
45 45 45
111 =4a'TJIl-2- 111-1 2' 51"])... 11' = 4a'TJIl' T It
I.J." - 2a
2
(1-auv45) = 2a' (J- V ) = a"(2-V2).
Ala 'HI elval Aomov looaKeMc: TO 6p9oYQvIOV etc: to A tply(.)vov ABr,
npEn81 Kat 6pKei va elval:
11' = a
'
(2-V2), 5TJA. 11 = aV2-'{2
AVfa,; A. KuplaKou, e. TplaVta4luAAl51"]C;.
II. fIPOTEINOMENAI
ME PO:Z A',
IX(.)pte; va XPTJOIIlO'ltoITJBouv aAye/3plKat y\00eLC;)
nPAKTIKH APJeMHTIKH. 12211 'EK Mo A Kat B Ileta
'to ltEp:xe; tfie; t(')v, !ha/3ev 6 A 25% h tOO lIAou Kep50oe; 'ltpO
Tijc:; alavol1ijc:;. l1eta at
BEV't(.)V Ke4laAa[(.)v
NO. etipeBo(
to. tfje;
30 % tc'3v
nPAKTfKH rEm.
ABrAEZHefK: a) tOT
Kat toO 6no(ou al liAA
t
yl To I1EyeSoe; tc'3v y(.),
AArEBPA. 12231 I
va etipeBfj to aUVOAov
BoOv to.: MXM, NXN
MXMUNXN, MXMUfv1
lIJ24) a+/3+y
,12a
l
/3"y2+(a-t /3'+yI)I:
12251 'Eav 11
elval 5lalpetOe; ala TOO
1226) NO. CmoAoYlc
1227) "Av x, y, Z, G
x+y .r-
II -2->y xy, II
Kat b ouveX&[Q II O:v
X
x=y=z Kat 11
1228) 'H napaotaol
anAOnOloUlAEVTJ va y[vn
rEQMETPIA. 1229)
OB O A iJ y(.)vla iJ aXI
val otaBsp6:.
1230) lIpon;
I1Eoa tC3v 51a50XlKC3v ItAI
p
6
11/3ou ft t&tpay0vou ;
:0 A, :
: a'l1ll
rr
ll.l.
B
f\
r
E
12.
onoiov, YVCilot6v. Elval
A
+45
0
= 135",
a
= a l/'2.
13=
'/2
r B
)Bor = 2a'llll "'2 I1Il 2
S Kal v.6vov tOtE, Bde Elval
tplyCilvov ABr op60yc:,vIOV
Kat 1l0VOV 'tOtS, )lIVEtal:
Irw'
45
-:;- f\
: a
l
(2-V2).
DV el<; to A 'lp()lCilVOV ABr.
2-'12
A
lKal y\c:,oau:;)
il xelPllllatl6)V A Kat B !lStde
, h tOO lSAOU KEpI)OUC;: npo
- 105
'til<; 8IavOlln<;. IlStde 8E tilv Blavov.i1v tou On:oAo(nou d:vaMyCil<; t6)V
BbtCilV KscpaAa(Cilv SOpSBll lSn 130 000 BpX. KSpBo<; Kat
Nde E,6psBouv tde KatatE,Bevta 01[0 t6)V A Kat B KSqlaAala G><; Kat
tde h til<; E'ItlXS1Pilo!Cil<; KepBll, BsBollSVOU lSn to lSAOV KEpBo<; ti1<;
30 % t6)V Ka'tatsBevtCilV KecpaAa[Cilv.
nPAKTlKH rEnMETPIA. l:n21 NeX Eyypacpft El<; KUKAOV BSKayCilvov
ABrAEZHeIK: a) 'Ono(ou iJ YCilv[a A shal 6pB'tJ IlE nAE,Upa<; AB =5'/3
Kat toO Ono(ou at iiAAal TtAEupal \eX dval foal. 'H d:Ktl<; tOO KOKAOU Kal
yl To IlSYEBo<; t6)V YCilV(6)V tOU BCilBEKa"yG>vou.
AArEBPA, 1223) M={lC/$ IlE x< ;S}. N={x/X$IlE x'=36}.
va EllpsBfj til OUVOAOV MXN. MAv M = {a. y. B}, N == {5, y. I), s} vde sOps
Bouv tde: MXM, NXN. MXN, MXMnNXN. MXMnMXN, NXNnMXN.
MXMUNXN. MXMUMXN, NXNUMXN.
1924) MAv vde d:TCoBsIXBfj lStll
12a"j3'y"+(a"-t == Z. 7'CJotlp.dl., (KaAaIlO:ta)
12251 'Edev Il d:KEpaIO<;. vde BElxBfi lStl 0 d:pIBIlO<;: 1l1_14Ila+49v.8_35[.l
etvat BlalpSto<; Bide tOU 168. 1l. IIne.I'II'''", (nEtaA(l)lov)
] 226) Nde 6TtOAOYla6ii It d:plBIlTJtl K'tJ 't11l'tJ 'Ci1<; napaOtaoECil<;:
8
1 lStav x == 15626.
V (x-2)(x-1l
12271 ..Av x, y, z, Cil sl val BUIKOt d:pIBllol, Bef,au lStt :
x+y .r- X+Y+Z+Cil' __ x+y+z 8 __
II -2-;;> v xy. II) 4 :> "XyzCil, III) 3 :> V xyz
x+v .r- x+V+z
Kat II (XvT == V xy ==l>- X = y. II) (Xv j = V xyz
X+V+Z+Cil '-
===? X = Y=Z Kat III) (Xv 4 = "X) ZCil ==l>- X =Y= Z = Cil.
E. raoiil:ol E.M.m
a'-a
B
-3a"+5a-2
1228) 'H 1tapaotaOl,: a'+2a -3 : (at"" 5a+6J slval Buvatov
'
a-l
UTtAOTtOlOUIlEVTJ vde ylvn a'+6a+21 Kat 'l'(6te;
.t .lfnotiednO'lllol
rEQMETPIA. 1229) 'Eav Mo YCilvlal ADB Kal ro.:1 AOIiOT Kat
OB 0'.:1 iJ YCilv(a "OXl1llatl!;0IlSVTJ llTtO t6)V 8lXOtOllCilV 't6)V YCil\t(6)V tCilV El
val otaBEpa.
1230) nOlOUC;: lSPOl'C;: 'ltp'lEel ... de (lCaVOTtOln te'fpaTCAEUpoV tva tde
l..l6oa t6)V BLal)oXIK6)V 'ltAEupi3v tOU'tEtpaTtAaUpOl) atval Kopucpa\ 6pBoyCilV[OU.
'[Stpayc:,vou ;
- 106
123)) Ell; KUptOv 'tEtpa1tAEUpOV ta OU!l1l6tPIKa 011fJ.e(ou
'lOU 1tpOe; ta t&v 1tA6UP&V tou. noloue; l5poue; va tICa'
vonoLn TO 't8tpa1tl..eupov OOtCile; to 'lTpOKUntOv 't6'tpa1tAEupov, !av bc.;,OCil
!lev Kata OSLpO:V ta o'1!lSla (oulllletpIKal, elval 6,J80yc.;,VlOV, p6!l'
fl 'tEtpayCilvov;
1232) Ete; tplyCilvov ABr 'ltpoSKU(vOIlSV to 't1J.f\lla B'r' 'lTOU ouv5tsl ta
IJ.soa B' Kat r' t&v 'ltl..SUp&v AB Kat Ar, Kata l1ilKOe; r'A - B'r'. To tpl
YCilVOV 'ltOU !XEI KopUCIlae; ta o'1llsia A, A Kat to A' tile; Br
ItXSI tae; 'lI:l..Eupae; tOU loae; Il[av 1tpOe; Illav Il! tae; 51<X!J.eooue; tOO ABr Kat
at 5LaIJ.SOOl tOO tPLYc.;,VOU AAA' elvaL ChtlOtO(XCile; loal ta +t&v 1tAEU'
p&v toO tPIYc.;,VOU ABr 'ltOU l!xouv tivtIOtO(XCile; til'll t5tav 5lEUBuvOIV.
1233) 'H 5IXot6!loe; tile; ')ICil,,[ae; A tpLYc.;,vou ABr til'll 'ltl..SupO:v
sr de; to ollileiov A Kat tit'll 'ltSPlYE')Ipallllb'1v ste; 'to tplyCilvov
ale; to E. Na ti'lt05elx8ii lin II eu8eia BE elval !CIla1t'tolltv'1 tile; 1tsplCllepe(ae;
'tile; 'lTEplyeypallllevfle; de; to tp(yCilVOV ABA.
ME POll B'.
AArEBPA. 1234) Na aupe8fj to a8pololla lIl..Cilv t&v 8atlK{3v tiKepa[Cilv
'[(3v 6no(Cilv to tE'tpa)'Cilvov etval tstpalJlitCllLoe; tipl81l0e; 'ltol..l..a'ltl..aolov tOU 48.
Z. Il'ovgoi",l,,, tKECllaAl..'1v(a)
12351 'Eay a, 13. y, 5 n, Kat >2, ya 5SlX8fj lItl sa loxun
lJ.[a t{3v l3y <a5-l3y < a5, afl < a5-f3y <f3y.
. r. Illill", (IllOLt. E.M.m
1235) -A'll a R. ('ltpaYIlCXtlKOe; 40), 5Ei!:;atE lItl II !!:;loCilcne; :
11:1 + Ix+a
t
, + lx-all =a"
at'll !X8l 'ltp<XWatlKnV Mal'll. 9. ZIJf!I"rio", (nol... M'1X.)
1237) Na l..u8fj II t!:;(OCilOle;: AOY.,-l2,\oy,xl..oYI'll:+Aoy.,-xl = 6.
. ,2 ,
.d. MlJvel"".
1236) 'Eav ol 'ltpaYIlCXtlKot d:pl8",ot au a .. a ..... , a
v
'ltl..flPoOV til'll
S = la.1 + la.1 + la.1 + ... +lavl, va aELX8fi lItl eo 'ltl..'1poi)v Kat tnV
1)" ( 1 )1 ( l)t (SI+vll
t
( a'+a;- + al+o. +...+ a., + a., > Sty
.d. Tcf,,,., ('ICilavvLva)
1239) Ao8dofle; tii/O t!:;lOc.;,OSCile; zl-ax- 4 = 0, va 5elXaD lItl IlEta!:;u t{3v
PLl,;&V aOn;c: P, Kal PI l'J;.lotatal '/l oxeOle;: IPI-II <2 <I PI-lid'll sIval
13a-71 >9, 7. . .d, Tgu,cfl",
12.401 'Eav a, 13, y, 5, x, Y, z, Cil R, va flalx8jj Ij tivlo6'tTJe;:
fC Y+YZ+&Cil)I+ lay -I3XI" +laz-yx)t+laCil-5z:)t+lf3z-yy)t+
+(f3Cil-&y)1 +(YCil-5zj t]J(af3ylt+(af3W+(ayt\)"+lIhW][{xyz)t+(xyCil)"+
+ IXZCil)t+(yZCil)"] ;;a. 16'a'f3lyt6Ixtytztcu'.
I

1241) 'AKSPCXlOV 'ltC
.x"+3 d:VtlC1toIXCilc;
tile; fllalptoECile; 'lOU o(xJ
12421 'Ew a> 13.
rEOMETPIA. 1243
P, po. /3-y = l...
1244) AI&stal Op8n
A'll to B KEiTal t'ltt til<;
va KataoKEUCXo8n opec
= 2(AB)(ArJ.
1245) Ele; tUXev
o'1l.1sia A, E Kat
tae; AB Kat Ar tiVtlC1TQ
'lTapaAAl')l..oe; npee; til'll I
,
Kat 13) Bv AB =Ar va !
1246) Ala 508evto<;
AB Kat Ar tPlYc.;,VOU Af
{v8a Il Kat v 5000V'ta tp
TPlrONOMETPIA.
ouvA = ouva '11.113, ouvB:
1248) MAv at 'ltAeUpc
a'+f3'+y' =:
1249) AEf!:;atE lItllj c
AArEBPA. 1250) 'E
X80Dv al d:vIOOtflUe;:
I aUtltlStP1Ka aTJlletou
[oue;: 'ltptnSl va [lea
fetpa1tASUpOV, Mv tv6lac.>
:), sIvaL ll,J80YG>Vlov, p6tl
lilila B'r' 1tOll auv5SSL ta
.ilKOe;: r'a-BT'. Til 'tp[
.lSOOV A' tjje;: Bf
: 6ta llsaoUe;: tOO ABf Kcxt
(oaL !li Ta 4
3
tOOv 1tASU
v m[a" &lSUSuVOlV.
ABf tSIlVSl 'tTlV 1tASUpaV
'to Tplyc.>vov
la1tfOIlSv'l tile;
tOOv 9Stl KOOv d:Kspa(c.>v
'1l
0
C; 1tOAAa1tAaOIOV TOU 48.
led111" I
>2, va 5SlX9fi On ea laxun
-l.\y<l.\y.
BUll", (G10tT. E.M.nl
S OTI tf,lac.>olC;:
a
l
[1111'0110", (nOA. M 'lX' )
,
.0Ya"S:+AOYVsX) = 6.
A. II.V2 :14,,'
'
c , a 1tATJPOiJV TTlV 0XSOlv:
v
hl 9a 1tATJPOOV Kat tl'(y
l)' (SI+vll'
1 ;> S'v
'I
<!I. 'l'dl".' ('Ic.>avvlva)
0, va 5SlX9fi OTl IlSTaf,u TOOv
-11 < 2 < I PI-11 .Bv alval
A. 'l'elJcd1",
(9fi d:vlo6TTJC;:
(ac.>-5x)I+(l.\z-yy)l+
,+ [(xyz)'+ (xyc.+
,'xOY'Z'c.>I.
- 107
1241) 'Adpalov 1tOAu6lvullov a{x) 6lalpoOllsvOV 5la tOOv lI'+x+l Kat
x
l
+3 6(5Sl aVtlato(xc.>e;: ti1t6AOl1'ra 7x+9 I(at 81:. Na st'Jps9fi til 01t6AOmOV
5lalpeasCiH:; tou alx) 5la tou 1tOAUc.>VOIlOU x'+x
l
+4x
2
+3x+3
II 11.""".1(0,
1242, 'Eav a > 5s[f,ats (a];>
fEOMETPIA. 1243) Na KataaKsooo9fi Tplyc.>vov '" Bf i;1( tOOv atotXs!c.>v
p, Ila I = A. N. IlIiUII,
1244) al5ual l>p9l'( yc.>vla xOy Kai o,a9spov o'lllll'iov A htOe; Qutnc;.
-Av to B KSltal t1tt tjje; 01: Kai to f t1ti tfiC; Oy, AB;> OB Kai Ar> or,
va KataaKsucxo9fi llp90y6lvlov tp[yc.>vov ABr, tOlOutOV &JotS (Br)(OA) =
= 2IAB)(Arl. A A .J"dlClI' CA9jjval)
1245) Etc; 'WXOv tp(yc.>vov ABr t1tl tilc; Br 600 tux6vta
o'llls'ia a , E Kat <'iYOIlSY tTlv tK tou E 'ItapaAA'lAOV 1tpOC; tTlV All, tSIlVouaav
tac; AB I(al Ar aVtlOtq[Xc.>C; siC; to: a'lilsia M Kat N. 'H tK tou M d:YOllsv'l
napaAA'lAOC;: 1tpOC; tl'(v Bf tSIlVSL tTlv Aa til A Na d:1t05SlX9fi: a) OTL
ME-AA BE-Ea
III
.::....:..:==,-:-;;- - ---"====-
Aa
Kat 1.\) Bv aB = ar va 5SlX9fi OTl EM+EN = 2Aa
B. 3.'11,,6630vlo, (apalla)
1246) ala 509svtoe; oT1IlS[oU P va d:X9fi su9sia tEllvouoa tac; 1tAsupae;:
AB Kat Af Tply6lVOU ABf dc; ta o'lllsla a Kat E &JotS (Ba): (rE) = Il: v.
lv9a p. Kat v 509sYTa TIli)llata. X. 'A6CI"aoc'i. (KaAQllata)
TPlrONOMETPIA. 1247) Na 81ux9fi Otl Bv A+B+f = 'It Kat
auvA = ouva TJIlI.\. ouvB = ouvl.\'lIlY. auvr = ouvy 'lila. t6ts 1.
I. ICovuofJaol1", (P65oc;:)
1248) -Av al 1tASupat tPly6lvoU ABr 1tA'lPOOV tTlv axsaLv:
a'+I.\'+'Y' = 2(a"+I.\")y"-a'l.\l, va sups9fi yc.>vla r.
IC. Klovl",olj, ("E5sooa)
1249) aslt;ats On ouVaptTJOIC; y - kn 5b fae; fL
\1"3
p.ac; T'le;: 5la OUIlIlEtPOUC; tlllaC; TOO k.
R, 'l'oo(loldll", ('EASUOtC;)
IIIEPOlJ r!.
AArEBPA. 1250) 'Eav've N, :K,1l 9STlKot d:pl91l0t Kat a> 1. va 5Sl"
X900v at d:vla6TTJ'tSC;:
a
2
'11+1+1 a
a) 1+x+x
l
+. ,,+x.!I'I >12,,+1)%'1 I 131 V I > --1 Kat
a 'V_I a-
Y) (1l+1H1l+21(1l+3) '(1l+2v-l) <fll+v)lIv-1.
If. Zove1., (Aaptoa)

- 108
1251) 'Eav Xo Elval plt.;a tOU ltOAUCilVUllOU x."+a,lt,,-I+
a
,x,,-B+ '''+av
III tux6vtae; oUVtEAEota<;. 5E!f;atE iStl Ix.1 <1+ lall + la,1 +...+ la.l. .
II, 1l.1l."na.,
1252, -Av xp/'2-Ig:-y/) == Iyl (Ixl-Iyl), y(1-II:I) = l-Iyl, It=a+l3i
1
Kal y= y+ '12 i, va EUPE80uv ot 5la,opol tau 0, a, /3. y, g. TotJ",a.flflt
1253) 'Eav a, /3, y, 1', y, Cil e R+. ve cJ> Kal
(v
,,+1 ,,+1 .+1 "
a,,-tl /3,,-t1 y,,-t1 V V)"+l
=-- = a +/3 +y
x" y" Cil"
A llo;n:a'6nodo, Ka81']Y' (L'1palla)
1254) 9ECilPOUllEV 5aKtUXloV L'1 tOU 6nolou ta OtOlxEia ltXT)poOv Kal tTry
2a = ai, a =F 0, 5E1f;a'tE lit! ; I) va = a", v =t-, X = 0, I, 2, 3 ....
III '0 L'1 elval llEta8EtlKOe; &It; ltpOe; ClI. III) a" 1!l+/3" a = O.
(1l'+V
I
)' 3
1255) 'Eav 11, v, pe R+ /\ p <2, va 5Elx8nlSt! I )8 + -. >1.
llvP P
1. Tad..",
rEO,METPIA. 1256) L'1180vtal Mo OTlllEla A Kal M. Na KataoKEua09t;
tplyCilvOY EXOV KopU,1}v tOU A, 8la\lEoOv t1')v AM Kal toO (mo(ou "
tfie; A lTMUpO: a \0: Elval 809cioa Kal 11 5la,opa tfie; liK'tivoe; toO ltapEYYE'
tfi a KUltXOU Kal tfie; liKthoe; toO de; to tplyCil'
vov (PI-P) yO: Elval 809Eloa. P. Tt'eho;, \,Hp6:KAElOV)
1257) noiov h tmv 6p8oyCilV[CilV ltapaXATJAE1tl1tt8Cilv tmv
yc;,VlOV llf!koue; 5, !XEl tt)v IlE y!otTlv .
..d. p&o;""o;IC6.n;otJlo, (4)lXlatpo:)
1258) NO: 5lalpESn 50Bell tplyCilvov 81' E09E(ac; 1topaXXt;Xou npoe; a09Et
oav Kauu8uvol v de; llEOOV Kat all:pov A6yov.
1259) 'Eav ol 860 1l1Kp6tEpal E8pCXl Elval 6f;sial Kal al li1tE.
vavn tOUtCilV 8!E8pOI ehal 6f;Eial.
Z. Uo;n.""ocaoiotJ Ka91')y. Ma9/tlKmV
ilIANYl:MATlKOl: I\Orll:MOl:. 1260, Tupai,8pou OAMI'i at !6paL OI\M
Kat OI\N lxouv loa NO: li1t06llX6fj 0'[\ 11 KOI vlI K6:6J'toC; K,K't tmv
01\ Kat MN 8lO: toO 'tije; MN.
TPlrQNOMETPIA. 126 n Ala t6(a x, y, z 8(f'loVtal al 0XS(7Ele;:
1t' -1t
OUVX Ol)'y +ouvz= S. ouvx.ouvyouvz::;-:s-,
OUVIl: ouvy+ouvx ouvy OUVZ= 11,
'Eav 10xuEl Kal "oX
lit!: ouvx+ ouvy ouvz =
1262) Na 5ElX8fi iStl.
... =4
1263J -Av k, A. 11 tPE'
YCilv(al tPlYc;,VOU, va 8ElXe

, 1264) 'EO:II: aouvxou
o
Kal to: t6f;a x, y. z Mv 8le
x9fi iSn:
]265) Av ta t6f;a a.
TJlla+ TJIlJ3+ TJllY
II E'fa +13
II) lin (TJll1C
= TJll'(a
BAl:II\EION TH::!:
VnOyprEION E9N. nAlilE
'APl9. npCilt. 85727
npoe;.'
roue; K.K. 'Em6ECilPTJtO:(
navE'ltlotTJIl(CilV. L'1lEU9uvtt)v
"ExovtEe; un' to:e;
'A 1t 0 ' a o! t.; oilS v.
'VnoupyEtou Kat
811t6lv 'EK1taI8sUOSCile;
tOY tl'tXov cO EYKI\Elilf-U;:t
.a
,
x"-1+
a1x
,,-lI,.... ..+a\'"
1+ laal +.. + \a.. l.
nadon .,lo, (Btpola)
-Ixl) = 1-111. x=a+13
i
a, 13. y.
x.. 7'0",.. .. 0".
c.l, 'l'6'1'E vO: l'>EL'X9ii lStl :
!-1 ;,+ 1 "
V
;- +y }'+l.
y, Ma6/tlK&V
O'tolxs'la ttA1']POOv Kat t":it
=2'1.,1,.=0,1,2,3....
a" '13+[3'" a=O.
IfJ8+V
'
)! 3
tI l!.I.vpls + po> 1.
1. Tod"".
Kat M. Nel KataaKEua0'6fjo
Kat toO OttO(ou it attEVaVtL
die; aK1ivoe; toO 1tapsyye'
ysypa!.l.!.I.hou Ele; to tplyc.l'
7"'eha, ,'HpaKAelov)
Ettl1tEl'>c.lV t&v !x6vtc.lv 6la
a
',a"0,,,01l10S ((I)lAlatpo:)
:xc:; ttOpaAAfJAou fl'pOe; 506si
) shal 6f;aial Kat al ant
" Ma6/m.c.;y
!l6pou OAMN at !6pal OAM
L " KOI'llfi Ka6f,toe; K,K'I tc.;v
x, y, Z 5(t)ovtal al
'lt
1
-1t
O'UVZ = --:r
)yZ='I'C.
- 109
'Eelv taxuet Ka\ l) axeau:; TJIl2X:+TII.l.22y+rUl"2L-12=4(1["-S,. t)slt;atS
lS'tl: auv'x+ auvy auvz = auv1y-t auvx au'\lz = ouvz +auvx auvy 1.
N. rHOO"a.
12621 Nel OEilX6fj lSu:
...
+SCP'("4-
x
) 1+eCP2( -x)
1-e4l' x
x
... =4----ecp-
t +e(j)' x 2 Kaea6a"';'0fJS (K6pIV60e;l
12631 It. A.!.I. 'l'peie; 'ltpaY!.I.awcol apl6!.1.01 lSttou k A, !.I.=10 Kat A. B. r
Yc.lv(al 'l'pl Y@vou, vO: oSlX6fi lSn laxuEl it aXeOi e; :
kt+A'+!.I.;;;' 2A!.I. auvA+!,)!.I.k auvB+2H auvr.
1264) 'Eelv: aauvxauvy-t f3l1!.1.xl1!lY = y, aauvyau.z+ 1311!.1.} l1uz = Y,
aauvzauvx+l3mlz l'Jlllt = Y
Kat '1'0: 'l'6t:a x, y. Z I)v OLacpepouv Ka'l'el TtOAAan:AelalOV 1[eplcpspsla<:;. vO: OEl'
x9fj lSn: al3 +l3y+y:x = O. A. Nao,onouA.o. (Aaplaa)
1265) A v '1'0 r6t;a a. 13, y 1[AI'JPOOv '1'0<:; axeaE1<:;:
l1!.1.a+I'J!lI3+I'J!.I.Y = :Juva+auvl3+auvy = 0, l'>Elt:a'l's lS'tl:
II E +[H ) = 11f.L3::X+l1u3134- rU13y Kat
ql Y auv3a+auv313+auv3y
III lSn (1'J!.I."a+I1f.Lf3 +11!.1.Y)" = (auv'a+auv'13+auv'Y)' =
9
= I1fJ'(a - [31+ 1'Jf.LII3-Y)+I1!.I.(Y- al =
4
K. IIalll;t;'&fJlAfJrelo" (P6l'>0e;)
BAl:IAEION THl:
VnOyprEION E6N. KAI 9PHl:/MATCN
'Ap16. npc.l'l'. '(,5727 'Ev 'A6f}vau; tIi 371969
npo<:;
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t&v q>96yyCLlV tttv 6no[ov I3MnoIJEv t1'lv 6IJo16
tl'JtO OVOIlOO[O<; tCLlV tf}V apxo[ov Oll0IJ.00[ov ti.)v q>96yyCLlV. E151"
KG>tEPOV, it OVOIlOO(O toO q>B6yyou no !XSI ATlq>9il h OVOIlOO[O<; toO
nu90yopElou q>96yyou li-rcu-tTl KOt tr OVOIJoo(o toO q>96yyou VI1 !XSI AT\q>9ij
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t&v q>96yyCLlv (XPl1olIJOnOIOulJ.EVO tv 'EAAa51). 5) Ta<; ouxv6tl1'to<; t&v 8
q>96yyCLlV h toO npG>tou q>96yyou ouxv6 !l'JtOc; 1. (,H 'll'POYIJOtIKf}
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IJt tOV 4l96yyov la 440):
1. lilIa II'J nopunatTj Il!OTj nopoIJ!ol'J tpl't11 nopoll!'ttl'J vi)tl'J
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IJ.OKO<; IKOt til<; auyxpOvou, 4lualKa, 6<1>00 Kol 06tl1 otI'JP{l;;E1:01 tf}V nu90
y6pEIOV), IlxollEv Ento: IJOUOIKa 510otlllJOto. nspl KMIJOKO<; 9a
aaxoAl19&IJ.EV al(6IJI'J Kot Koto: tf}V EflIJl1vElov IJOUOIKOO XCLlp[OU toO 510Myou
tou T(IJOIO<;. to KS41aAolov nAatCLlv. KOt to KE41a1.olov
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to too aEAle; 35 KatCLl, tr q>paol<;
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VOL, tStpaYCLlVOI. nSVtaYCLlVOI, tE,aYCLlVOI. ElttaYCLlVOl KAn.
-EotCLl f) aKoAouB
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to: 5l050XIKO: IJ.EPIKO: aE
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,9il tfie; ovolJaalae; 'tou
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ye.>v, 1l0UaiKov
TTu9ayopElou KA(
t5tT] a'tTJpICE'tcXL ete; 'ttiv nu9a
)1 tiie; Kr-llJaKOe; sa
UOlKOU Xe.>plou 'toO 6laMyou
[e.>V, Kat Ete; to KEcpar-alOV
u, aEAle; 35 Kate.>. 1) cppaale;
&pl91J00 6) 5eov va 5laypacpu,
tpltTje; 16to'tTJtOC;),
,1
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o[ KaAoullEVOl tplye.>
IVOl KA'It.
- 111
TplYCI)'l/Ol apdJp.o1
"Eate.> 1) ChOAou9la tibv cpuall(ibv :
1 2 3 4 56? 8 9 10 11 '" (I'
1) 6'1tola 6notSAd np6060v np&ltov tl'lv
Kat 6lacpopav Mo 6la60XlKibv tliv ZTJtattal va Eups8ii to
vuoaTOV &epolalJa Ele; 'tliv 'ltp6060v (ll. ta 61a60
XlKa IJEPIKa 69po(alJma outile;. 6T1ou
al=1
a,=1+2=3
a
8
= 1+2+3= 6
a. =1+2+3+4 = 10
1+2+3+4+-.'+v =v(v-+-1I
a" 2
Ta al' a" a8"a., OV0IJ.0Cov'tal Tplye.>VOI 6pt91J0L
'AvaypacpOIJEV ete; IJlav ypalJlJliv toue: cpualKOue; Kat Kate.>9Ev aO'tibv
'ta 6la60XlKa 6TJ!'. tCue; tPlyG:n.OUe; .
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 . (21
1 3 6 10 15 21 28 36 45 55 66 ..
"Eate.> !iBEAOV va elJpouv 'to ti3v 9 6la60XlKi3v npmte.>v
tile; 6ve.>tepe.> OplBlJl1tlKfie; 1Tp0660u. TOUtO 6l6E'tal i'l'ItO 'toO 6vnatolxou
tplymvou 'toO Kate.>9Ev toO OPI9"LOU 9, l<at Elval 6
45. l:'ltOU6alal ovaKaAUlj.Jele; Elxov yhEl uno 'l00 nu9ay6pou Kat
tibv nl.l8ayopEle.>v aXEtlKal npoe; ttlv a1Tou5liv 'tibv apl91JT]T'tKibv np066e.>v. 'Ev
npmtole;. EK 'tOlOOte.>V TIlVaKe.>v, c0e: 6 6ve.>tepe.>. xe.>pte; 'toOtO va
IlVTJI.lOVEuEtal aacpibe; ete: ta EAaXlata t'HaawBevta auvacpfl
'to n. x t&v 9 6la60XLKibV Ope.>v 'tfie; apl9llTJTlKfie; np0650u (2) Aaw
'tOU 'ltoAAa'ltAaaLaalloO toO 9 'tov t'lt6IlEVOV 10 Kat 5lal
pease.>e; toO Yl 6la toO 2, ft'tOI tOV tunov
'toO tile; apl9lJTJtlKile; npoo50u. 'tov 1 v(v+1), Iv = 1. 2, 3, .).
'H 51aCPOpa 660 6la60X1Kibv tfje; npoo50u y\m'
(gee.>v l:IlUpValOC;, asA. 33, 15).
TE't'pclYCI)VOl apl6p.ol
"Eate.> '" &I<OAou8la tibv &no lJova60e; 6la60XlKibv nsplt'tibv apI91lC3v:
1 35 79 11 ... 2v-l (v = t, 2, 3 , .. ), (aI,
Kal 'ta IJSPllUl 69polalJa'ta aO'tfie;:
al =}I. a. == 1 t 3 = 2'.' a. = 1+3+5 = 3",
0', = 1+3+5+7 4', 0'.,= 1+3t5+.. +(2v-1) =v",
- 112
Ete; TOUe; Tplyc::,VOUe; thocpopo Mo 5lo50XlKe;)v tlpc.Jv
Tiie; a'lto l1ov6:50e; aKoAoUSloe; te;)v CPUOlKe;)V 6:pl811e;)v, te;)v 6ltolc.J" Aal1(36:
VOVtOt c::,c; Tp[Yc.JVOl TOe a8poloIlOt<X, slvol 110,,6:e;. OtaV iJ
5l0410POe Mo 5la50XlKe;)V tiic; aOrfje; ano llov6:50e; aKOAOu9[ae;
etVat Mo llov6:5sc;, &:Ie; sle; TI'jV altoAou9{av (a), ta IlSPlKa
a9po(ollOta KaAOUVtal TStp6:Yc.JVOl ,,"pl91l0L Otav iJ 5l0CPOPO Mo
6ta50XlKe;)V lSpc.Jv Tfje; aKoAou9Lae; te;)v CPUOlKe;)V apl911e;)v shal Tpsie; llov6:6sC;,
TOe IlSPlKOe d:9po{ollata KaAOUVtal 'ltSVt6:Yc.J'IIOI dPl91l01. Kat YSVIKe;)<;, lITOV iJ
6lacpopo Mo 6l050XlKe;)V lSpc.Jv. 'die; olJtTiC; aKoAou8{ae; te;)v CPUOlKe;)V
1tATJ80ue; v, slval v-2 (linou v> 31. tOe IlSplKOe 6900[ollatO
KOAOU'IItal V-Yc.JVOI (fl 'ltOMYc.JVOI) 6pI8110[. '0 ap191l0e; ,,-2 KaAeltal yvc::,
Ilc.JV fl YVc.J110VIKOe; apI91l6e;. 5t 6:KOAou9lo shal tfje; l1oPlPfie;:
1 v-I 2v-3 3v-5 4v-" 6v-l1 ..
0 YVc.J110VIKOe; apt9lloe; v-2 llXSI oxeolv 'ltpOC; 11'jv AUOIV auotTJl1atOe; V
oc::,osc.Jv lit v ayvc::,otOUC;. &:Ie; 90 cpo"U 6Alyov Katc.Jtepc.J. uOtav 509n 6 YVc.J
110VIKOC; ap191l0c; etlls9a s[e; vOe 5TlAc::,0c.JIlSV to E160e; tOU
6:PI91l00. 'Eav 'It X. 6 YVc.JIlOVIKOe; apl81l0c; elval v-2 = 13 tin
'ltp6ltSlTQl 'ltEpt te;)v 5SKa'ltEvtoyc::,Vc.Jv d:pl911e;)V. otnvEC; YSc.Jlle
tplKe;)e; tit IlxovtOC; v = 13+2 15 'ltASup6:e;.
Kotc.JtEpc.J 'It(vaKa IlEPlKe;)V 6pl911{.)V.
0= 'ltpt3tOe; lSpoC; tfie; <h:oAou9{ac;, 5 = 5lacpopOe 600 5la50XlK{.)V lSpc.Jv (6
I1c.JV. f1 6 YI/c.JIlOVlKOe; 6:pl91l6e;1.
nINA:::: nOAYnlN.QN API9M.QN
6p191l0e;
111213,41516171
8 I 9
a= 1, 6=1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 9
tp[Yc.JVOI d:pl91l0l 1 3 6 10 15
21 28 35
I-
i-i
- - - -
1
a= 1, 6=2 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
TStPO:Yc.JVOI d:pl91l0l 1
-
4
-
9
-
16
-
25 36
- -,
49 64
a= I, 6 3 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25
'ltsvt6:Yc.JVOI d:pl9fJol 1 5 12 22 35 51 70 92 117
a =1. 5=4
apl91lo1
a= 1, 6 5
E'ltt6:Yc.JVOI 6Pl91lo1
j-I
;-!
1
25 29 1 5 33
91-;;-17
120 15 28 45 153 1 6 661 91
'-
26 31 36 41 1 6

81 112 189 148 1 7
18 i34' 55
-1
t;19
i
25 49 31 37 43 a=1, 6=6 1 7
176 225 96 133 1 8 OKt6:Yc.JlIOI d:p191l01 21140165
BI4
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'Y'ltO MIXAHA t
'0 navaYlc::,t'le; l:. Z
to !!tOe; 1878. Tiic;
ciKpc.Jc; KAI voDe; 6PSI voO
"'HTO IlEAOC; ltOAUIlSA,
(na'lta6atoe;) Kal iJ "lilt'lP
hVEo (9) th:va, tpsic; U(OI
Kal 'ltOI'ltl'jv-A
VSOSAATJVc.JV Ma9rn
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h Tn A'lIlOo(q: Mean 'E ('It
!3lfiA(c.JV Ilt
teK\a G>41SIAaV ltOAAOe Kol
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CPIA6:
AA
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TSPOI EV KSCPOAATlV(q: Zspf3t
1264 Il. X. rsvo:pX'le; t{.)V ZI
Zspfi6e;, Elvol 0 (spSUC; XPI
01:0606AOU ZEPfiou 61tSKATJI
l!v tOUA6:XIOtOV KO
Mo /:llalloXlKroV lSpc.lv
I, trov 6tto((,)" Aalli3a
slval i') tlovae;. Otav 1'\
(ttO llovalloe; ciKOAOuB(ae;
KOAouB(av la). ta IlSPlKa
v ft lllOcpopci IlstaE.v Mo
'llrov Eh at 'TpEle; !lova5se;,
101. Ko1 YSVlKroC;, lStav ft
trov CPUOlKWV
I), 'to: IlSPlKa oBpololla'ta
81l 0e; .11-2 KaAShat YVQ'
fie; tloPIPfje; :
6'11-11 ...
MOl'll OUo'tllllatOe; v
)tI2p('). uO
tav
608ft 6 yv(')'
to sllloe; toG ttOAUY6>VOU
1-2 = 13 y\.(,)p(1:0tlEV lStt
'se; 0Xll!latl1:ovtal YS(,)lls,
upae;.
I"Glv(,)'V ciPl 8llwv.
lllalloXlllrov lSp(,)v {6 yvQ'
\.oN
16\ 7 \ 8 \ 9
6
7\ 8\ 9
21 28. 36 45

11
36
.16
51 I
21
66
261 31 i
36
1 41
148 189
43 49
I 96 i 133 i 176 225

113
BIOrPA4>JAI KA0HI'HTON
AIAASANTnN MA0HMATIKA Ell: TO fiANErm::THMION A8HNON
'YttO MIXAHt\ KA1:IOYPA, MaBI111atIKoO - rUll"aolapxou
nANArI.oTH1: 1:, ZEPBOI
(1878 1952)
DCllSUCC Kell YEUYUCC if,"!_
'0 navayu:iltl1e; 1:. de; ta Tiie; KscpaAAl'Jvlae;
to I!toe; 1878. Ti;e; ttaTplKi;e; TOU otdae; OGl1:etal i') XapaE.le; Tro" BSllsA((,)V,
liKpc.lC; 6PSl\iOU
9HTO !lnO, ttOAUllSAOOe; oLKoysvs(ae;. -0 ttatfJp toU 1:n:up(ti(i.)V
(nan:atiato,) KOt ft IlfJtl1P TOU 'A1Iaotao(a (to YEvOe; Movteoavtou) cim!Ktl1oav
hvea (9) tSK"a. tpete; ulo6<.;. to'll 'l(i.)av\l1v (1874-1944). dvtipa AoytGltatov,
otOXaOll'IV Kat ttOll1t1),,-AoYOtSXVI1V. to'll navaytGltl1v, trov titan:psn:s
otSP(i.)V vsoSAAftV(i.)V Ma81'Jl.latllcrov. Kat to'll Xpiotov. Kal (61 8uyatspae;.
'EK twv 8uyattp(i.)", 1'\ Mapla It 1948) cicp(i.)olGl811 Ete; ta Ma8111latlKO:
tn Al'JtloolQ: Mson 'EI(n:al5soost. lSttou titsKpl811 G'l, ouyypacpsoe; tiLt)aKtlK6)V
ll tmotl111ovlKOV Kat KpttlKOV ttvsOtla. 9s(i.)psltal ysVtKroe;. lSn ta
tSK\O (.)qlslAav 'ltOAAa Kal ste; tfJv, IlStp[a<; llh 1l0pcpc::,OS(i.)e;, ciAAa llt
XplotlavlKT)V n:(Otlv. ciqlOO[(i.)OlV st<; t1)v hKAl1o(av. ttvSUtlatlKa n:poo6vtO Kat
cptAaAAI1Aa aloBfJtlaTa. tll1tspa T(i.)V.
.. Q{ sIval ttaAalol KatOlKol ti;<; vi]oou KscpaAAI'J\la<;. Ot d'pxal6
tePOl tv KscpaAATlv!Q: ll\o,woveuOVtOl ete; 'ltpaKtlKOv tfie; 1211<; 'IOUA[OU
1264 Il. X. rsvapxl'Je; t6)V st<; teve; lmolou<; <hi]KSl Kal 6 navaYlGltl1<;
slval /) lepeoe; XPlot6!)ouAoe; It 16101. Ot ci'lt6yoVOl toO XPl
Ot050UAOU cin:SKAfJ8l'Joav Kat snsltiit, Kata ttapatioolv,
tOUAeXXIOtOV teKVoV elCeXotl1<; ysvsa<; lspouto.
114
(; dv'tlj.lErc:,tttaev,
'H 1tap0:500lC; tilc; ol!coysvslac; 'tou n. Zep!300 L'loXEtOC; 1tpO<; 'ta
'tOUt Il[av llaKpOtO:t1']V 1tep
Ma91']l-Iatl
K
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Apsuv1']tlKfjc; !nlOt'lIlOVIKfje;
dpav KAlol v elc; aOtO:.
'0 1tattjp tou 1l,.1.1t0pOC; "Etpeq,ev 01J6)C; tf>laldpav dyO:1t1']v 1tpO<; ttlv 'E" IlSOG,> 'tijc;
ta'tplKttv hlo'ttjIlI'1V, Kal. 1l5l5ev 6p9ac; ta'tPlKaC; OUj.l(3ooAO:C;. '0 n. Zep
VE1tlOtI'JI-IlOV 'AB1']vl3v, ete; i
POc; KUPIOhSKtIK&C;, tOUC; yovsic; 'tou Kat f\yO:1ta 1tOAt) 'ttlV 1tatplKI'Jv etc; ta Ma6'l!.ltJtIKI
tOU OTfP tile; 61tolae; EKOUO(6)C;, MKl']e;, 've;? E1thavCito dK61
Ka'ta tilv 1tep(050v tilC; 1tPOOXOhlKijC; 1\hlKlac; toO n. Zep(300. fl toO NlKOhO:oU NIKoAatf>ot
VSlO: tOU 6h6Kh1']PCX; IlSt</lKl']OSV etc; tilv lS1tou 6 1ta'ttjp toU Hipuosv
l,;oonv '(au 6 n. 'E' i
OUVStalPI KC3c;, IlUa toO eOlt6pou Mapyapitou KIJPO-
Kiic; 'tou l,;oofjc;-tO 1951-l
1tOltae;. 'EKsl 6 navay. Zeo60c; etc; to 'EK1tal5eutTtPloV OlKov61l0U l5!av, 8la 'tov NlKohat8r
(18B4-18891 Kat ouvsxelq; etc; to rUIlVO:OlOV KepKupac; 11889-1893), lS1tou
'tOy CDe(3pooaplov 'toO 193
1
elX
ev
fllll'] 5laKpl9f\ 6 dllshcp6C; tOU 'I6)O:vv1']C;. 6 (5l0e; ete; v
OXEttKl3e; : '0 NIK6haOe; r
1tPOC; tOY XalpoV'ta KUPOUC; Ka91']Yl']ttlv t&v Ma91'1IlatIKl3v. '1teI5tl
l-IaBl']!.la'tlKl3v dlto tile;
1l&15e t5lKo:e; tOU Mosll:; bel 'tl3v &lacp6p6)v 'lTpo(3hl'JIlO:t6)V, 5laqlopouc; tC3v 'toO tfje; ol']j.lav'tlK'
Ka9l'JYl']tOO too. Kata Illav ypaltttlv 'tOO l-Ia9tjlla'toe; tl3v Ma9l']lla'tI'
1the[Otae; 1tpoo'tOtVltOUe; !ttl(
Kl3V 6 Zep(36c; 1tptv doxohl19fi Ilt ttlv AUOlV tl3v teBev't6)v BSllat6)V tile;
'ltlOn'lIl1']e; tou, 1tOhhat tl3\
151Kfic; 'too K6hhac;. ouvlmhtjp6)Oe tilv K6hAav d6u.atou OUIlIlOB1']toO 'tou. To MVG,> tile; Ileya "-11e; toov on
yeyovoC; Od1teoev etc; 'ttlv dV'tlhTflj!IV 'toO Ka91']yl']toO. t5otl(; TOO
navtooc;, 6 NIKOft.all:ll']C;,
ttlv Kat 't01f (Xcpl')oe etc; 'ta MaBl']j.la'tlKO:...
tf>&otputav) .
Meta 1tohAa Il'tl']. lStav 6 Zep(3oc; lloB1']!.Iat'lIl6C; &u;B\oOC; 1tpO'
Tilv E1tOX1'(v Ka9' l
pOhilc;, dvayv6)pioe6lc; Kat KUpOUC; !Ileooopo:vel etc; 'to M09l'lI.latlKOv 'Emo'tl']'
al 6l6aKtlKat oU\lBilKal
1l0VlKOV 6 15l0C; KaBl'JYl')tilC; tOY dVEllevev etc; 'ttlv 1tpoKulla(av 5la
dOltl'Joele; t&v Ma6l']lla,(lKi2
va tou EKqlpaOn dvo&polllK&e; t1'(v AU!t1']V tOU 5l' lSoa tOtS ouvll)1']oav, lft.al3ev
ucp1']yl']taf, o[ Ileta 'tae;
lSll6)C; 'ttlv lleyahOlj!UXov Kat 1tapl']YOp1']tlK1'(v dItO:V't1']OlV: eMt
ll
o
Ov6oc;). M6vov On 6 K.
'H 1topeia 'toG n. Zep(300 1tpOC; TitV ''Itlotl'JIJOV'KtlV Kataptlolv, 6hOKhfJ
ete; Illta/;6
P6l0lV Kat 51']UlOUPY(OV 5Av (XI/eu 5l6'tl 1\ otKoyEvElO: tOU
f\p(Bllel 8EKa tpOl tl')tae;' Ilet
5elvl3c
rU\laOlOV 'ABl']vl3v M[alac;
nevla, 1tal&IK1'( SVl'J0I1l6tl']C; Kat cpullad6)OlC; h'tu1t1']aov OIK'tOU aOtfJv.
a altoioe; 1tal/fOte toe;,
Al IllKpa( 'tou AYYEhl K1'( Kat GllMv1'] dd9;xvov, 1\ E'ItlXelP1']OlC;
alv.A1[0 ttlv l81av <Jl01 t1']'tl
'too 1taTp6c; 'tOU 1\ O[KoyEvEla 'too etc; 'AhE/;o:v5pelav
KOC; rec:,pYlOe; A. rlal)aol']c;.
Kat 'KEl ddBavEv 6 1tatTtP 'tou 'to IrtoC;.lB94. oOtOUc; (XI/eu 1t0
D' Algebre) toO Briot, to
P6)V. 'Evl3 56 6 T51oe; elXEv Ml'] tae; YUllvoolaKae; 10U o1tou8oC;
XlOtov 5eiYlla cplh[ae;. 'EvBl
ete; ttlv !KEl yaMlKi!v 0XOh1'(v tl3v FRE:RES. lylvav oKEljIele; va ele;
hlae; ap. 18 b te;? UltEPc:,G,>:
qlaPIlO:i(6)v. 'H ltpotaBaioa hvalC; 0056h6)e; IKavo1to(Tjoe to cp1holla' .
a/;l6AOYOV lla91']lJatl KOV OU'
etc; Kat l']tll<OV 1tvEUua tOU Zepl>oO. '0 'ltp6e; ta uaBl']llatlKa 1rP6le; ilto {oxu
K6Xaoe; NIKOhaou Kal 6 51
p6tepOC; 1taa1']e; (xft.h1']e; dTfaoxo?.fJoe6)e;. 8l' a Kat nhgev etc; ASfJvac;. etc; ilhl
lj!Euf>c:,VUIlOV l.\a<Jl
Klov 16 E tl3v, 1-16voe; Kal ol/EUlt6poov, I\lBa dc; 'to naH1tlOtI'Jlllov
nEv lIoe; TIptv elaEABn
'A9l']vl3v Ete; ta MaBl']llatlKa. Kata '(0 naVeltlo'tl']JJlaKOv hoc; IB94-95.
6 N. (1893), 6
Kara ta Mo 1tpi3ta ltaveltlotl']lllOKO: tOU ltl') 1894 - 1896 tilEllevE 1l6voc;
6l']Y'ltite; '(fjc; rEoolle'(plae;
'tou ere; Iliav oocp[tav Kat elXev 1t6poue; 'ta loo8a Tl3V tlll6ltlK&v tou Ila
ouv8e&eIlEVOe; IlEta 'toO n. :
6l']lJat6)v. Kata ta dlJEoc.>c; ETf6!J.E\lQ l'tl'] '(&v 1tavSmOtl']lllaKl3v toU oltoool3v
d1tO M 'ttlv ouvepyaa[av tl
ete; 'A6fJvae; 1\ O[KoyEvl:lla tOU {1tAtlV 'tou d5eXcpou '(ou 'lGJav'
(1tPOltOhEI-IIK1'( dKIl1'( 'toO Mal
vou,Oeme; 8lEIlevev Ell:; 'tTJV 'Ahe/;avf>pelav) Kat oU\lE'tI1Pouv'tO OXOl d1to ta
Kat 1tpOltOXeIlIKr)
Ircro&a tl3v l5l6)'tlKl3V 'tou 1tapa56os6)v, 8la tac; 01l:0[0e; d1tEKtl']ae CPllllllv Ka
Zepl)ov Ele; to Oa\
hOU &loaoKahou.
'0 vE6nsp6e; 'tou dl)eXcpoe; Xpta'toc; Kat !nAeOVEV!K Kah'lta
1tPSlti3v Ka6l'jY'ltl3v tiie; r.
<\lu!J.a'tll:ilaEooc;. 'Y1tO tOe; ou'tae; (1899-1902 Kat 1906-1917).
A9l']vl3v KatQ tr)v Ile'ta/;u ,
- 115
6 Zspl36c;, avtl!letG'>TtI aev. &lC; {iv9pcu'ltoC; nATjpnc; aya1l:1')C; 51d: tflV olKoyhEtcXV
fj to daxuoc:; npo<; ta
'too, Il(av llaKpOtat1')v 'ltep(050v I3lo'ltaA1')e; Kat auYXP6vCilC; dKPCilC; l,;I1Aso'lfie;
00 ll'1xaVllIlIC; t!hal"
Apsovl']tLKfic:; Antotl11l0VlKfiC; 'ltapaycuyfie;.
'Ev IlOctl tijc; 1310'lta!-1')C; TOU, etxsv tT)v eCltux{av va </IOltnan ele; to na'
atdpav ayan'1v npo, tT)V
vematftlliov 'A9l']v6Jv, etc; hOXT)v nvsOllatlKfie: al(!.tije; a/hou. 'tT)v 6no(av A('
:ic:; '0 n. Zsp
4>paZ:av de: ta 6 KOltO:01000C; l:t</Iavoc; Kal 6 'ICilavvTJC; Xatl,;l
lyana noAU tT)V natplKT]V
5al(l1C:;. tv4'> anAaVQtO aK61lTJ EtC; tac; nave1tlotTJlllaKac; al906aac; 1J aVallv'1alC;
CilC:;, &lC; \10<;.
tOO N1KoAaou NIKoAat50u, tOY onoLov 5ev va auvavtJ'jan lEe; tflv
00 n. ft olKoy
l,;Cilfiv tOU 0 n. ZeoI36c;. 'Enavepx6!.tevoc;, Kata tOv te"EUlaLov !tOe; Tfie; t5l
i'ltou 6 na'tT]p too t5poasv
Knc; tOU Z:CUijC;-To 1951- etc; tac; avallvftaslC; tl1c; v86TTJT6e; tOO, f).8ye KaT'
:pltoo ov K'1PO
151av, 51a tOY NlKoAat5'1v, cTov fA8yav lluaM Poincare:.. E1Xe YP6:t\!el,
OlKov61l
00
tOY toO 1938, etc; to cl\alKov navematnlllOV> dle; Bpa50vile;,
)KOpa, 11889-1893). lSnoo
OxetlK6Je; : c'O NlK6AaOe; NlKoAat5'1C:; BeCilpeltal AK twv KaAUtpCilV 'EAAJ'j\CilV
tl (5toc:; fjMsv ete; pij(t v l
lla91')!latlK6JV ano tfiC; t5puaeCile; 'IOU navemat1')ll(oo 'ASTJvWV Kat 5le9voOc;
:6JV MaSm.tatlK6JV,
</IilIlTJC; i!veKa Tije; a1')llaVtlK6tntoC; twv mat1')!lOVlK6JV TOO -EypalJle
tatCilV, 51a</l6poo<; t&v toO
'ltA6(atac; npCiltOtunOue; tltlat'11l0Vl 'ltpaYllatdac; etc; 5la4l0pa Bllata tfic;
.ta9ftllatOe; t6JV MaS'1llatl'
tOO, nOAAat Ti3V 6no[Cilv a nCilAaBn aav, {iAAal 5e avaypa</lovtal.
tS9evtCilV BSllalCilv h:l die;
Myctl tfic; lleyal..'1C; 'tCilV anou5aI6t'1toC; eIc; 51aq>opa Amat'1lloVlKa nepl05lKa.
atou oollllaB'1tou 'too. To
naVtCilt;, 0 NlKoAat5TJC;, i'itO npolKlallvoc; Ile At;alpetlKT)v lla9'1llatlKT)v
:ou KaB'1yntoO. tSatlC; TOO
t5'O(j)utav)
OV et, ta MaBl1llatlKa ...
Tilv noxnv KaS' flv t</lo(ta stc; to navSmati)lllov 'A91')vi3v 0 n.
a9TJlJa'l'lkOC; 51EB\oOe; npo,
at 5l5aKtiKai auvBfiKal t5SG'>6elC;. 'EM5aaKov Kat tT)V Bscup[av Kat tac;
to MaBI1!latIKOV 'Em<nTJ"
aaKJ'jaeLC:; t&lv Ma91')lJ,atlK&V navtote 01 (510L 01 KaB1')Y1')tal (apy6tspov Kat
iV ete; tT)V npoKU!la(av 5u:x
\Jq!'1YTJta[. &lc; ot IlEta tac; !v napla[olC; tcuv, n. Kal r. Pea
::ra tOtS
lloOv50C;). M6vov lSn 6 K. l:tq>avoc; Kal 6 'ICilavvl']C; XatZ:L5(XKI1e; euplOKOvtO
: &l</lsAT]aatl>.
aic; lJIuxpac; axeaiilC:; I.tEtat;6 tcuv. 'H navematl1ll{aKTr tOU n.
"KT)V Ka'lapnal V, 6AOK"ft
frp[9!lel 5Ka q>Oltl']tac;' Ileta(u aCltwv, 0 l1ettTtelTa aova5e).</I6c:; tOO etc; '10 H'
)V, 516tl 1J 01KoyvSla tOO
rUvaalOv 'A91')vi3v M[aLa<: Kal 0 'E'ltal1elvG'>v5ac; nanaatpa
6nTJaav (hsu O(KtOO autTjv. toc:;. 6 oltoioC; navtotE tv[axue npoBOIlCilC; tTJV 'EAAl1VlKT)v llaB'1llatLKT)v Klv'1'
I anB.:xvov, 1J A7tlX
el
Pl1
al
C;
alv. 'Ano tnv 1Mav q>OltTJtIKT)V tEtpaetlav npoi)pxovto 6aq>aMic; 0 llaB'1!latl"
tpla9TJ et,
KOC:; rSG'>pYlOC; A. 6 onotoc; dC; to K?"aaaLKov aoyypalllla Le<;ons
ta"s[t\Jac; oOtouc:; {iveu 'ItO
D' Algebre:t '100 Briot, to 6noLov 5Cilplaac:; etc tov n. Zepl3ov' ypaq>el: C'EAa'
YU!lVaataKac; 'tou anou50C:;
xtatov 5eLYIla q>IAlac;. 'EvBullOU t4'> 1894-1895 Kal 1895-1896, oMC; Maaaa
av aKt\JE1C:; va ApyaoSjj ete;
A(ac:; ap. 18 !v t4'> ultepQ(j):t, 0 IlStnElta YVCilatOC; a'lto to 'ltOAuaXL5Ec; Kat
Ie; lKavonol'1aE to </IlAOlla" .
af;16AoyOV llaBTJlJ,a'ttKov auyypaq>LKOV tot: liLa tflv MaTJv nat5a[av Nl'
fpCilC; ft
10
lax
o

K6Aaoc:; NtKOAcXOU Kat 6 5laKpL9s1C; apy6tepov etc; tT)v Aoyotaxvlav, Ile to
dc:; A9Tjvac:;, etc; flAl lJIs05G'>VU!lOV l:tq>avoc; 8aq>V'1C:;, !la911IlatLKOc:; ZcuI611:0UAo<;.
)cX</Il'] etc:; 'to na"S1tlatTjllloV
"Ev l!toC; nplv etaeASn 0 elc; to n.:xvlmanl!lLov ans</Iol'tTJOSv autou
.laKov !10';; 1894-95.
o N. Xa'tZ:L5aKl']C:; (1893), 0 u10c:; toO 'Icuavvou Kat !lSt'ltElta 5Ianpe'ltT)C; Ka'
I 1894 - 1896 !h!lSVE 1l6voe;
SI1Y'1t l'\c:; tfiC; reCilIlStplac:; e1c; aut6. 015toc:; Onijpf;ev [OOI3{CilC:; 6 nsplaa6tepov
,a AK t6JV I5lcutlK6JV 'tOU !la
auv5s5e!lvoc; !leta toO n. "EAAl']V llaB'1llatlKOC; tfic; AKe(Vl']C;.
smatnlllaK6JV tOO a'ltOU56Jv
ano 56 tT)v auvepyaa(av tCilV npolIulJlav Kapnot aTJllavtlKol 5lO: to -E9voc;
.T)v toO &5SA</IOO tOU 'Icuav
t
('ltPOnOAEIlIKn aKlln toO MaBllllatlKOu TIlT]llatoc:; toO navsmat'1ll[oo 'A91lvwv
aUVStnPO{}VlO lSAOl cmo ta
Kal TtpOnOAelllKtl 81al3aAKavlI<fl MaBllllatlKn "EvCilat<;). "v ftoc:; IlEta tOY
no{ae; anKtl1ae </IiJll'lV Ka
etc:; to navemati)lllov 0 r. PelloOvl)oC;. 6 ftepoc:; tWV 5la
'ltPS1t6JV KaB'1Yllt6JV 'AvaMaecuc:; elc:; to navematf!!llOV
'1 Kal AnBavsv AK Ka"'lta'
'AB'1v&lv Kata tnV toO 1912 Kal toO 1950 nep{050v,
899-1902 Kat 1906-1917).
-116
'Evo$ oOtol CPOI 'n]tal tGlV MaBl'}llatlKGlV, IlflxaVI\<Oe;; sIc;;
t1')v OtpatlUltlK1')V OXOA1')V toD BSAylou 0 uloe; toD sh; BepoAlvov. UAT]VOC;;
t1')v KataYUlYftV. npso/3wtoD tile;; 'OBUlllavIKi'je;; autOKpatOp(ae; KUl\otaVtlVOe;
KapaBsoBUlPil (1873-1950). 0 o1toioc; KatOmV BIEnpslJisv c1le;; lla9T]!lanKOe;!V
Kat BIS8\1Gle;. KU1taOlOOOe; l:tEcpaVOe;. '!Ul6:\lVT]C; Xatl,;IB6:II.l']e;, NIKO'
AaOe;; Xatl;IM:KI'}e;;, rscilpYtoe;; PelloD"Boe; Kat KUlVotavtivoc; elval
ta EAAnVlKa 6v6llata, tei on:oia ouolcilBT] POAOV sie; tl')v
npGltT]v cpaOl v tiie; OKaB'lllailti'je; otaBloBpolllae; toO n. Zsp1300. B15aKtl
KOV, !VIOXUtlKOV, O.taYUlvIOtlKOV fl opvl1tl1(Ov' tSAlKGle;. ono toO 1917. BT]'
IllOUpYlKGle; ouvaBsA.cpIK6v. 'H olleie;; aOtT] tGlV lla9'luatlK(')v t'l1'}1l10UPYEI tilv
t'lSUtEpaV nEp(ot'lov tiie;; llaBl1llatlKile;; aKlliie; toD navEIHotl1ll(Ou' ABrI\'Glv .,.
on:o[a 5Xl '1l6vov BEIlEAtGlVSl t1')v MaEl1llatlK1')v -EpEuvav !v 'EAAlxt'll. aAAa
j
Kat npo13aAAEl t'lIEBVGle; t1')v 'EAAI1VlK1')V Ma611llatlK1')v chtExouaa
sIe; t'lIEBvil OUYKPlOlV tGl\l tl1e;, lIatataaoOllElT] IlEtaE.u tGlV ilea
!pSUVl1tGlV toD t'lIE91100e; Xcilpou.
Kata to n:PGltOV tGlV on:out'lGlV tOU (1894-1895) Il6tEOXEV 0 ZEP'
/36c;, aoeEV!')e;, t'llaYUlvlolloD IlStaE,u CPOltlltGlV lIAUlV tGlV toO navEmOtl1
Il[OU Kat npUltEuoae;. gaaEV XPfJllatlKOV !n:(t'lOlla toO navsmotl1ll(ou. 'AK6!111
o 'IUlaVVI1e; Xatl,;IBlxKne;. Ka9I1Yl'}t1')e; tOU naVEmot'lIl(ou. dnl1y6peuosv ete; aO
tov vei Ete; CPPOvtlC7tnPLaKOe; !pUltl'jaEle;; f\ dOKl'joEle;;, Bl6tl !n:EAUE to nov.
"E.v on:6YSUlla toO 1899 nTuXlaKoc; !E,StO:OSle; (t6tE !tilBovto lIAa
Ilal,;t ta !1a8ftllata, np041oplKGle;), ocpoD npollyoU!1EVoue;. ee,(!)aE,Ev [t'lIUltlKGlC;
sIe;; t'lEKa tEOOapae;; (14) lloBllteX(, fHJA. lIAae; tae; npo tile;
Clpae;. 'H !E,Etaatllll'l !nltp01t1') IK. l:tecpavoc;, I Xatl;IOaKI1e;. fl. AIYlvfttl1e;1
a6 t6v, IBIUle;, Ola t1')v EO)(EPSllxv tOU de; toOe; IlstaoXl1llatloIlOUe;"
tile; npof3oAlKile;; rEUlllETp(ae; (BlBaBXE(ol']e; tJno toD l:tEq>lxvou). 'Evo$ dVEIlSVS.
Kata ta t6tE Ka81EpUllle"a. to anOtEAEolla 'tile; oUC7dlJisUle;; tGlV eE,uaO'tGlv.
0 Itecpavoe;, 0 oltoioe; tOv ouvSxaPI1 5ta tile; q>plxaSUle;: CrEla aou,
Ka1tUaVlell.
To mux[ov tOU to gaf3s IlE CdplOtal> Kal IlE tautoxpovovel51Kt')V Ilva[av
tile; l:xoAilc;. ToOto OUVU.EASOEV Clars ot K(811)llta( 'tou Kunaplaaoe; l:tE41a'
voe; Kat I. Xatl,;l5aKllC; v aE,lciloouv ano to 'V1touPYEiov nal5dae; tOY dlla
aov 510Ptall6v tou ElC; 'to oxoAeia tile; MEal']e;; 'EKnal5suOSUle;. OlJtUl t1')v 241']v
Auyouatou 1899 BlUlp(09'l cilC; e).AIl1l0oLB6:aKaAoc; eh; 'to A'lE,OUPlov tile;; Ks
q>aAAl']v(ac;, ete; to onoiov OItl']pEtllOE t6 0XOAlIIOV hoC; 1899-1900. T6 En6
!levov axoAlKoV 01tllpEtl']a6v dC; 'to B' Bap13lxKElov 'EAAl']VlKOV aXOAelOV
'tGlV 'ABl1vGlV Kat to IlE9Elt61lsVOV etc; 'to h KepatEc;I 'EAAI'}HKOV axoAsiov.
(T6u, ot !K1tal5sutlKO(, 1tWXIOOXOI tou naIiETtlatl'}!l(ou, BlUlp(l;ov'to, Kat'
c1l:; M,l.l1voBIBlxaKaAoll.
to 1901 EYI VE IhaYUlvla!.lCc; Bl' OttoatOA1')v tJ1totp6cpou 'toO Kp6:
tOUe; OV6:"llSPa<; llaBl1!lallKOC; anouMci; eli; to !E,UltEpIKOV Kat 6
AOycp,;tGlII n:po:XllacpEp9aloc;)v o[l(oysVEtaKGlV o1toxpacilasGlv 'tou. OEII ilAa13s IlEpoc;.
tOV El(lxA!aEV 0 l:tecpcnoc; Kat toO E.tTtE crlvetal BlaYUlVlallOe; Bla 'to eE,u>tE
PIKOV Kat OEV Aaj.l13oVetC; IlEpOe;; tau ill. Inp6KEt'tal 1tEp! toO t'llaYUlVla!100. 51a
toO OTtolcu !lEtt131l E[C; napla(ouc; 0 P'IlOO\'Boc;)
** 'H E6XEpEla a6tl'l toD n. lEp1300 e[e; tOUC; !la611!1atlKOOC; IlEtOaXTllla'
'tlo!.l06C; 01tEtE).Ii!I, ta:.l<;. tOil Tlp6AOYOV tilC; lletE1tElta aXEtlKne; oVEoecile;; 'tou.
tt')v oTl'o(av eB:xu;J,aa:xv Kal IJEylxAol !laBl1!latlKo( [IuIIEx(l;etalj
TVnOl: nAPE
'Vno to
npOXElllEVOU ,eX elJp
o[out'lt'tnot& KUptOG nOAUI
d1to5elKvuollev 1tPGltov tC
Aijl'I'CZ 10'11. 'E,;. 'II cJ t
",.,1111.,,,.,0, dj. I'G
"I''11'fhtIO'II, d d.noi'. de".
cJlIo ;,,(1)1"'111 II = k(k
,
'AnoeS.,E,., Ae; Elv
ypalllla tllftllata ta onoi
dAAUlIi 0l1llslUlV: At. As, ..
6' OE apl91l0C; aOtGlv Elval
6p(l;ov'tal UTtO toO o'lllsiol
&tval 1tpoCPI:x"GlC; ta
OI1e; k-1 K.O K.
HAoc;, ta e06uypalll
I!KaatO"ll tGlV dAAUlV 011IJE1
At".. "tAB ... AtAk-l 0
TO d9pololla: (k:-I)
'tov TtPOOSEtEOV K-l Elval
!AllCPBI1 060 cpoplxe;. n. X. t,
(BIOV IlE to tll'1lla A.A ..
tllnlJ
G
AIA" 6pll;0IlS\OV 0
t)EUtEpaV c1lC; sU8uypallllOv
'toG Ol1llelou AI' 'EK 'toute.:
"HtOl:. 2n =
Aijl'p.cz 20'11, E';''II .nil,
"o& A' d'll 6.e,""'o'll '&'0
,&,oil IPB 1;0'11 rei'll
'&',III.n1avE.JucciW ilJE.Jlii'r, lui '&'
dlos. iha %'0& IPv TO'll
m KaAeital Bla)GlVlC
1tOU 6p(l;Etal ano Mo KOP
Ka[ 1l6vov a6t6.
, ElC;
00 Eh; BEPOAIVOV, !AATJVOe;
JTOKpaTOp(ae;
'ltpEIIJEV!l)C;
CUCxVVTlC; Xati;;lM: TJe;, NlK6
aVTLVOe; Etvat
0601<::>5'1 p6AOV de; 1:1')v
o n. Zepl3oQ, fltOl: 5l5aK1:l'
tEAlICiile;. 6:'ltO TOO 1917, 5'1'
19'1uatlKiilv 'tl')v
naVE1tlotTJIl{OU 'A9'1
viilv
, iJ
EPEUvcXV !V 'HM5L, dAM
I<1') V 'EmotTJI.lTJ\', 6:vtexouoa
taooo!J.h'1 !J.EtaEo Tiilv tKa
!J.EteOXEV 0 ZEP'
v tiilv ttiilV TOO naVE'ltlOTTJ
1:00 '
AK6
!J.11
'TlIlIOU, 6:'ltTly6pEUOEV Ete; ali
'KfJOEle;. fn6tl t'lteAUE to 'ltav.
;wloEle; (t6tE t5t50vTo {SAa
ltvoUe;. t5tCU'tlKiilC
tAae; tOe; 'ltPO tile; tE,EtaOECUe;
(atl:lMK'1e;. a. AlYl vTJt'1e;)
e; toile;
o 'Evij) dve!J.EvE,
oUOKellJecuc; tiilv eE,Etaot(;)v,
i: tile; q,paoECUe;: CrEla OOU,
: Taut6xpovov Et5lK1')V !J.vElav
:a( tOU KU'ltaplOOOe;
Iupyeiov nal5eLae; tOV &!J.e
mal5euoecuc;. OBtcu T1')v 24TJv
ete; to ATlE,OUPlOV tile; Ke
/ ftoe; 1899-1900. To t'lt6
[KelOV 'EAATJVlKOV 0xoAetov
ate<;x 'EAATJ\l KOV OXOAetov.
aot'llllou, 5lcupll:ovtO. Kat'
:oMv O'ltotp6q,ou tOO Kp6.
!f,CUteplKOV Kat 6 ZepJ3bc;.
WOEWV TOU, Mv liAal3E Il
e
poe;.
5laycuvl0!J.Oe; 510 to
'ltEpl toG 5laycuvlollOO, 510
..

\
t
- 117
nAPEXQN TON API9MON T.QN I1IAr.QNI.QN
KYPTOY nOAYEAPOY
'Y'ltO toG Ka9TJY'1'[oO t(;)v Ma9l'JllatlK(;)v X.
npOKElllevou ,ex eBpcu!J.ev Tunov noptxollta TOv dplBIlOV tt.lv 5laycuv(cuv
0[ou5llTtotS KUptoO 'ltoAueflpou (') ouVaptTJoEL wplo(,lhcuv 01:0IXS(CUV a6toO.
tin05ElKvtJO!J.SV 'ltp(;)tov tOe; 560 6:KoAou90ue; I3oTJBTJtlKoe; 'ltpOtaOlle;
Aijp.p.u loyEd" d.l)wo, k dUIIH.OCe'''''",a (1"",.i., 1.,,1). k Ipvo."o. cle'
1)",0, ",.,abin.o, "i. Nal Nl"t'Jij 11 d de,l)",o!; 'Cwvl)v1Qti",,,,w,,
'C",,,,,,cit:w,,,, 'Cd Inoi. lel'on., tino 'CW" (1""'''_ 1.",/l.""",bflOt' 4"d
, k(k-1J
'V" I)d l%fJO",." I II = a .
An6"',l,. elval A" AI. As.., "k to 50Bena o'1!J.Ela. To s09u
ypcxlllla to o'ltola oprl:ovtol 6:'/10 to orllleiov A, Kat !iKQOtOV tiilv
liAAWII 0TJ!J.E(CUV : As, As.... , Ak ElVCXl 'ltpo<!>av(;)r; ta A.",_, A,"'. , .... A,Ak
6 M 6:pl9!J.0e; ali'[(;)v Elval 'ltpoq,av(;)e; k-l. To 1:IlTt!J.a1:a ta OTlOla
6pli;;ovtal O'ltO toO oTJIlS!OU A. Kal tKaOtOU 1;(;)V (1AACUV OTJI.lE{CUV Au A...... Ak
elval 'ltpoq>a"(;)e; ta A.A .. A.", ...... A9Ak 6 5e 6:plBlloe; atJt(;)v Elval tlt!
oT)e; k-1 K.O K.
HAOC;, ta etJeuypalllla 'ltOO Op{i;;OllTOl 6:1(0 to o'1!J.s'iov Ak Kat
lKaOtOll tOOv liAACUV 0TJI.le(cuv AI. "'t. A91'''' Ak-I elval npoq,a\We; to
Akl\" AkAs,"" AkAk-1 0 5E 6:pl91l0e; atJtwv E1VCll k-1.
To li9polo!J.a: (k-1lt(k-1)+(k-1)t .. +lk-1) 'ltOO 1(EpleXEI k q,opae;
tOV npooBEteOV K-I elval to 5l'1tAaol.Ov tOU 6:pl91l00 n. 5l6t! lKaOtOV t!J.ii!J.a
Mo q>opae;. n. x. to tllillla A,"'I. 'ltOO Elval 'ltpoq,av(;)c:; to
t5l0V IlE TO AlA" Mo q,opae;. Tflv 'ltpWtTJV q,opov we;
AlA.. Opli;;6IlS\OV OnO tOU O'1Ile(ou A, Kal toO O'1lle(ou A, Kal tnV
5eutepav t::le; EOS6YPOIlIlOV A.A O'ltO tOU OTJ(,IE!CU A. Kat
toO AI' 'EK tOUtCilvOu.6:yo!J.ev On :
2n = Ik-l +Ik -1)+:k-l)+.. O+lk-ll.
k
k!k-1)
"HtOl: 2n = k(k-ll Kal n =-_
Aijp.p.u 2ov Ed" ". 'COv A 'Co", tI"I)",o. 'CW" IIK",m,
". 'Cov ..: 'Co", tle,l)",o" 'CW" ,s,.,w..'fIOt' nov I%GlI" 11., d",oii Al /I,se.o, I,.
",01 911 'Co" tle,I)",." 'Ce',fJO"',.w" l"ew", ,sui 'Cov 91. 'Co", de,l)",o" 'Cw" u,
'Ceanllve'Nw" Idem, ,s"i 'Coil 915 'C." de,I)",,,,, II'W" n.na,_,,,m llew" N.O.H.
'ClIo" all. 'Cov 91. d" lIe,l)",o" &'w" ,,- nl,ve'Hw", Ueal" KVe'COV

III KaAE'ltal 5la)WVtOe; XUptoO 'ltoAueflpou Ko9s eMuypallllov
; lla9TJIlatl KOOe; IlEtooX'1ll
a

'ltOO opll;;etal 6:110 Mo KOpUq,Oe; atJtoG ai O'ltOlal 5ev KEhtal Tiie; aOttie;
alta OXEtlKiie; 6:veoewe; tOU,
Kal !J.6vov aOt6.
[IU\lEx(l:etat]
,.,..bJ,;
- 118
Z (I) Ha, IJI.I,.,'II': 1- 1"a+.I",+8 ",+... t('II'-2j'PY HII'
,.= 1.8'P.+.I4'P.+8.5".+.. +(.-.Ij'II''PY,
.1'1",UI' ., IClch'1' A+A' = : .
At 41, tPlYCilvlKal TOO :r EXOUV T1'p04laV&C; 3'41.
'ltASUPO:,. at 01tOial slval tOU :r. 'E1t[oT)" at 41. 'tStpa'ltAEUpIKat
tOU 1:: 4'41, 'ltt..eupa, at 6'11oTal elval toO :r. at 41.
'ltSVtaYCilvlKa1 tOU :r 5'41, 1tASUpa, 'ltOU elvaI S'It[o1'J,
toO :r K o. K. nAO<;, at 4IY V 'ltAEuplKal lopal toO:r EXouv 0IlOU v4I., 'ltAeu
po, 'ltOU elvat OIlO[Cil, toU :r. To d9pOl0l1a 3'41.+4 4I.+54I,+"+v4IY
dVtmpOOCil'llEUSl to 6l'1tAO:OLOV tOU d:p191l00 A ti3v dKl1i3v tOU :r, 616n tKo:otl'l
dKllli aOtou elval Mo Kat 660 116\OV t6pi3v tOU otEpsou. 'E'IIOIlEvCilC;
8cl: lXCill1SV tliv [06tT)ta,
A =3'41.+
4
'41,+5 4I,+,,,+v'4Iy
2 (1).
'At'
A' - 3(3-3) + 4. 4-3) +5<5-3) + +v(v-3) (2)
- -2- . f. -2-' 41. -2-' </)A ... -2-' 41.
(2).
. _
ilotl b:O:otl'l tPlYCilVlKIi l6pa tou :r Ka9m, -2- 61aY6l'
4(4 -3) 5(5-3)
v[ou" ocO:otl'l tetpa'llAauplKIi -2- 61ayCilv[ou" eKO:otl'l 'ltevtaYCilVlKIi 2
v(v-31
61aY6lv{ouc; K.o.K. nAO" tKO:OtT) v- 'ltAeuplKIi l5pa toO :r lXSl -2- 61ayCil'
v[ou,. 'A'110 to, [06tl'lta, (1) Kat (2) OUVO:YOIlEV eOKoACil, lSn:
A+A' = 3 4I.+
4
'4I.+
5
4I,+"+vty+1.4</).+2.5:CII5+ "+(v-3)v</)y
2 (3),
A+A' = ,616tl 13cp. + 2 44l.+35</),+ ',+<v-2)'v'4I" =
-ExovtS, f\&T) U'lt' lSlj.ISl ta, Mo 1301'J9T)tl1(0, 'ltpotd:081C;
(A+2I1A+4)- 1.1
(Af)lll1atal, 8cl: lSn dA1'J9EUet II toot'1,: Il = 8 etc;
tli'll oRo[av 6 Il 'IIaplotcx tOY d:pl9lloV tt3v fHayCilv[Cilv toO KUptOU 'IIoAuS6pou l:.
(1) M[a l6pa toO :r 9a Ka)"ijtai v- 'IIAEUPIKf). lhav elva! ath'1 KUP'tOv
'ltoM)lCilvOV v 'ltAEUPO, (v q,UOlKO, d:pIBl1oC; toO 2) Ka1
vov TotE.
(2) 'E'lt8151i at tPlYCilvlKa1 too :r OtSpOOvTal. Y\Cilot6\1, BlaY6l'
'II[CilV. {, 'ltpt3tO, 'ltpoa9UEo, toO BEUdpou tij, [06'tT)to, (2J MvaTat
vo 'ltapaAslq,9fi.
I
I
Anohll". "A, U'lt.
TO lov Aiil1lla 6 d:pI9110,
Tt3v k KOPUq,i3v 'toO :r d:
oOto, Elval T1'po</)a1
ou.O:YStal ." [06tT)e; A+
Il=k(k-ll -(A+A').
A+A'= 'E
1110 v 0
to d:vaq,sp611svov s[, ta
'ltpOC; to 6'11otov EX0!lsv:
t6pi3v toO :r.
'ltpocpavt3e;: E = </).+11'.+'11
,
Aall/36:vEI 'tliv 110P4If)v :
k+</).+4l.+4l,+"
'EK dl, t06TI'lto<; (5)
2k+2'4l.+2 </).+ ....,
2k -l'qJ
'AAM: 14la+2q,,+3.q
A+4
k = 2' nAO<;, sle;
"'..... 4
ol1
a
'toC; -2- sOp(OKO Il8V 1
Il=
6 6'1tOlO<; !lSTO Tliv
tliv IlOP<Pi!V: Il= (A+2)(A+.
. I:!
A Kat Il'
'Eav to KUptoV 'ltoMI
d'ltAOU0t80I!tal Ka1 Aal1el6:'
dptBIlOV tt3v 1tAeupi3v
np6:Y!laTI. de; 9SCilpr')a
WOAUY6lVa f!xovta
Ta 1tpio(la iiXSl 1
.-2)rp., HId
....
ouv 1rpo'Pavi3<; 3'P.
it 'P. tetpa1rAeupucal 1!:5pal
:Kllal tOO l:. 'O.,o[CU<; at CPt
iX<; TtOll etval t1r[OT')<;
EXOUV l>IlOO V' C\l TtA.ell"
3''Pa+4 'P.+5cps+"+v,cp"
aKIl&v toO 510tl
v toO otepeoO.
(I).
\I(v-3) . '" (2)
,,+ 2
(21.
3(3-3)
yvcuplZ;;OIJ.
EV
-2- 5laycu,
. 5(5-3)
aKootTJ 1rE\ltaycu\lIKi(-2
v(v-31
t TOU CXEI -2- 5laycu
eOKoAcu<; lSTI:
'1116+ +(v-3)V4>"
pl.
f\ teAo<;:
.-cp6+ ..+(v-2),v4>" = It
tva<; 1rpotaoll<;
A (A+21(A+4,- 11 t
;: .... = 8 EC;
lcuv toO KuptOO 1roAue5pou l:.
lSTav Etval a()tTJ KUPTOV
IsyaAIl'tepo<; TOO 2) Kat !to
oOvTaL, Y\CUOTOV. 51ay(;.)
toOtTJTO<; (2J 56vataL
- 119
An6a ..A<; 6n:0geoculJ.ev lStl to k KOPU4>O<;. l:U[.1'PIDVCU<; 1rPO<;
'Co 10v AfjlJ.[.1a 0 apl91J.0<; tilly t[.1T([.10tCUV, litl \la op(Z;;ovtaL 01'10
'tQV k KOPUq,e;;V TOO avo Mo elvaL 0 k(k;-I). '0
lSlJ.cu<; o15to<; etval 1rpo4>avill<; (00<; 1rPO<; TO 'Evu09sv
au\oyetal tOOTll<: A+A'+6 = klk;-1) tfj<; 1rPOKOTt'tE1 lStL:
k(k-ll, I.l
_ -(A+A). 'AAMKata TO 20v ATJ[.1J.la A+A'=T'
41.l k(&:-I) 41l .
A+A =8' '
E1rO
llevcu<; 90 stval = 2 -8- (4).
va toY k ouVaptT!OEI toO A,
TO a\laIPEpO[.1e\lOV et<; TO KUp'tO 1roMe5pa gec:,PTJlla TOO Euler, OUIlCPIDvcu<;

'ltpo<; to 01r010V k+E = A+2. lS1roU E TOV apl9[.1ov troy
3'4> 4-44> +5 4>.+"...f-vcpv
l5pt3v TOO TtOAut5pou 'E1rEI5i'l Elval : A = '2 Kat
1rpocpa\lw<;: E = 'P.+cP,+4>&+"+4>v. ,. 100TT(<; k+E = A+2 (t01ro<; tOO Euler) . "
Tilv !topcp!\v :
k+4>a+CP.+'P,+"+CP = 3'P.+4'P.+5CP6+'+vcp., +2 151
2
'EK Til<; 100tT')to<; (5) 1rPOK01rtEl lSTL :
2k+24>.+2 4>.++2cp" = 4>.+5'4>6.+"'+\1'4>,,+4, fitOL:
2k = 14>.+24>.+34>6++(v-2)4>,,+4,
'AAM: 14>a+2cp,+3'P6+' '+(v-2)cp" = A. "Apa 2k = A+4 Kat
k = A+4. HAO<;. !ttv Et<; 'ti'lv [ootTJta (4) avtlKataotaBp 0 k 5,a TOO KM.
A-I-4
OllaTO<; 2 TOV T01rOV I
(
A-I-4)(A+4 -1)
1. 2 _ 41.l.
2 B
o lmoio<; [.1Eta ti'lv hTtAeol v an:Awv 'll:paeECUV, teAL KW<;
(A+2)(A+4,-41.l _
I:! Kat 1rapeXEI tOY apl91l0v A ouvapT!\oEl tCUV
A Kat Il'
_ (1+ 2)(1+4)-41'
-Bcpclpp.oyiJ 'l:OU EUPE8611'l:O\i 'l:6ftou : A = 8 ..:& ftp{crp.fI"C'lI.
,
'Eav TO KUptOV 1rOME5pov l: elval 1rpiolla. 0 aVCUTspcu EOpE9Et<; T01rO<;
a1rAOUOnUnal Kat Tilv 1J.0P4>!\v: = v(v-3). I!v9a 0 v TOV
apl91J.0v t&v 1rAEUp&v t&v 500 f300Ecuv toO 1rp(ollatOC;
np6:YlJ.atl. d<; gecup!\ocullev 1rpioj,.la llxov V 1rAEUpa. '1tOI KUpTa
ttoMycuva @xovta I!:KaotOv v TtAEUpO<; (v 4>UOIKO<; apl9J.1o<; IlsyaXe{tEpo<; TOO 2).
To 1rpto[la EXEI 1rpocpavw<; v+2 l5pa<;. 'EK t&v l5p)v tOOtcuv at
;,
- 120
'ltapaItASup:)l, 1tpoillav&'Sc; v, slval 'tStpcXltA.supa (Kat llaAlota 'ltapaAAI'\M
ypalllla) at Bs Mo t'aoslC; v- ItASupa. 90: (/)4='11 Kat q,v = 2,
'EK toutc.:lV ouvayual lin :
11.= 2'(/)4+ (v-2)(/)., = 2-'11+1'11-2)2 = 4'11-4, 61'\Aa5iJ A. - 4v-4.
'Ef; tinou elval :
Il = 2 4'(/)4+('II-2)v(/)" == 8v+(v-2)'v2 = 2'111+4'11 tjtOlll = 211"+4'11,
W Apa, eo:
A = 14'11-4 +2H4V-!+4)-412V
'
+4'111 = '11('11-3'.
"Htol: A = v(v-3},
, +4)-41l
.%'I1U /(IOfI'" T6v tUItOV; A = 8 'ltapsAat'ollsv tK toO PI
I cTheorie des, nombers toO Edouard - Lucas (Tome premier nou
vau tirage edition 1961' page 117). '0 tU'ltOC; OthOl; l'm6 tOO
aVE!) eXTt05s(E.Sc.:ll;
DClpopclp.. .. AOKTjOIC; 1122, T61l0C; A', tsOXOC; 10, 'lol)VIoc; 197], OSA.. :179,
dvtl IE-.a.I(E-2r.J(E-2r.) ypa(/)s: (E-ud(E-uaJ(E-tr.).
i
t
;
NEA BIBAIA
MAeHMATIKON
Ko.HOVA.AO' ee6rp, - 'AO'lC1jO'EI\I: 8eIDQ'a\l: nli7a'YOt{j1;ID'Y
.d. - reID!l-8tQ'a ala un;o'ljlT]lpLOUlO 'A'YIDtat. l:xoAci'Y xat ru
!l-'YacrLou, - eeIDQia - l:U!l-"U..f)QID!l-1l -1850 AU!l-F'YS\I: aO'xTj0'8\.ijj
MaJ.o.l'o'YAOV NtH. - Mo'YtFQ'Ya rSIDIl8tQ(O
NaHo.o1J A. - Mnel' A. 'R "AAyetJQa BOOLE t\l: tiJ'Y l:';'Ytecn'Y !\lXtUIDllcX-
1:ID'II /) La xon:1:00'Y
lIa'l'a'YwJtonovAo.
lIa'l'a'YtwTov E.
N,
lIana,u1xaql .d1]f.I.,
lI"evl'amtor; NtH,


2EefJerii. EM.'Y'Y.
'A'I't. - Moi71jllata nL-&a'YOtTj1:ID'II
'HAextQo'YLlCOl
l':tauO'nxiJ
- Mai71j"ata 'A'YaAunxij\l: reID!l-8t{lL(9)
- Mai71jllata
- Ma6ti!l-alQ
- 'An:6A\l1;o, Tl!l-ai
Ma6'1llanxa 'EIp'lQ!l-0I11l8'Y.Q Btl; tel 'HAextQo"&Xel
'EHfJooet<; - c9fllata J 969
:t - gef,'ata 197()
Iro.i'Ho> Bo,tJt)., - Mai7T]!l-at&ltij\l: 'A'YaAva oo\l::t
2T(1l'o.r1]> EM"". - 'AI1X&Jt1j8ou\I: An:(1'Vta

I.l =2v' +4v.
. ..-. v(v-3).
h tou
(Tome premier nou
dvaq,tp6tOI ':'1(6 toU
O. ')OlJVlOC; 1971 , aEh. 379,
HI)'
l:XOAW'V llt rv
UI.tIl 'VE;
,.; l:v'V60(H'V



'HASX

AlA TJ9EMENAI AlA AOI';lPIAl:MON TID: E.M.E
I) .DATtOIl ......
41cn(8Ivtal tilpOi 'tf\c; (41r6 151fiO). T'llft k6atoU t6
1100 &px. 100.
2) U.,.oIuih .0 aYKdI4IDa (IIDAPI'IDI& AaAftOY)
tlOXI1 tc) tplxOY ml t6
Jtoc;. Ttl1ft 11c6otou uOxouc; &PX. !5.
u).al6upa oxoAlm Int t6 ,..0&&lc6 IkaIl8ltc:Q ..6VOY Ill;
kcbnou (10 uOxtt). Ttidl k6cnou ..au &px. 50.
I) 1POiiiJU &nUJIIaII e.....
4lCXtl8notcn m Xpovl1cb t6)y teal J1atBaytolyl1lAw %uve
&P(CilV Tik E.M.E.. (1960). "Imcan(w.,v I1M2), (1....
T,l1ft IIc4otou t6&tou XpcwltcAv BpX. 100.
t) &. ftAlU'l'II-IIPOZImP&'I'IKOI AOBCMOI Apx. 50
I) II. ID'l'fi&OY-mAl'Dra ftA dQ'DPA 1I&8aA'I'ISA
(IIPAl'IU.TIK01 APlellOl)
ZS
I) &;II.K.-'I'A 'JlAeBllATIKA 1101' (ftIIOAOI'IOII)
2S
f) IQYAAODOYAOY-a.J .DIIOADII
25
') A' nA AJlOAY'I'OI 'I'IIIAI
I 25
At IltMolu; E,ME, 1tAflv 100 AEATIOV 1CCIl toO
EYKAElAOV uilxrt. ..,).oOvtat t6 acnt.mpQ &pAlcmVata:
A.B. nOYr'ITZA -.J(apt>.6au Tpuco6'Jq ItCIl nOVl1lunJllIou (IvWc tP,c
l:m&;).
N.KOKOTl:AKH -llamncnyudOU kat 't'k J:tolilo)
X. hAI:KAPH- cO EnIl:THMOtt ....... l'
A' t4\v Ix tfk E./o\E. a60
vClYU'lI al 61toatiUCilvtCll 1CCI1 pam t'iIv
oxltudk &1tl }1!. cba).oyoOv .000v.
At 'tCI)(U&po"ucCll tmtCiyot MOll ..0 4wau8(M.wtCll tfty &l.ICI8uYolll
EMHHIKHl't "'t\etlMATIKHH ETAIPEJAn
naw-.atflj.llou - 'A8Itwal- 10
"" yp6tncx
l
"1 d\c;. hl.UlYfk
toP 1tai ..0 .. Ik6 t6c;
6wota.; dtroadllttat t6 IP'1l"Itut6v 1IOO6v.
23. 'A""'CIll __ ,,.-571