Cc phng php gii phng trnh lng gic

Nguyn nh Thnh Cng- Nguyn c Dng

Trung tm gia s CLC DHKHTN-H Ni
I)Bin i v phng trnh lng gic c bn
1) Kin thc:
- Cng thc lng gic
- Cch gii cac phng trnh lng giac c bn.
2) V d:
V d 1: Gii phng trnh:
3 3
1
os3 cos sin3 sin3 os 4
4
c x x x x c x +
Gii
3 3
1
os3 cos sin3 sin3 os 4
4
c x x x x c x +

3 3
os3 4cos sin3 4sin3 4 os 4 1 c x x x x c x +

3
os3 ( os3 3cos ) sin3 (3sin sin3 ) 4cos 4 1 c x c x x x x x x + +

2 2 3
cos 3 sin 3 3(cos3 cos sin3 sin ) 4cos 4 1 x x x x x x x + + +

2
cos 4 (4cos 4 3) 0 x x

2
cos 4 0
4cos 4 3 0
x
x

4
2
1
cos8
2
x k
x

8 4
24 4
x k
x k

t +

( ) k Z
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l:
8 4
x k

+ ;
24 4
x k

t +
( ) k Z
V d 2: Gii phng trnh:
6 6 4 4 2
2(sin cos ) ( os sin ) sin ( )
6
x x c x x x

+ +
Gii
6 6 4 4 2
2(sin cos ) ( os sin ) sin ( )
6
x x c x x x

+ +
4 4 2 2
4 4 2
sin ( 1) os (2cos 1) sin ( )
6
os os2 sin os2 sin ( )
6
x c x x x
c xc x xc x x

+

2 2 2 2 2
os2 (cos sin )(cos sin ) sin ( )
6
c x x x x x x

+
2 2
cos 2 sin ( )
6
x x


1 os(2 )
1 os4
3
2 2
c x
c x


+

os4 os(2 ) 0
3
os(3 ) cos( ) 0
6 6
c x c x
c x x

+
+
os(3 ) 0
6
cos( ) 0
6
2
3
6 2 9 3
( )
6 2 3
c x
x
x k x k
k Z
x k x k

+ +



+ + +



Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l:
2
9 3
x k

+ ;
3
x k

+
( ) k Z
V d 3: Gii phng trnh:
2 2 4 4
2 3
sin ( ) os ( ) os sin
3 6 4
x c x c x x

+ + +
Gii
2 2 4 4
2 3
sin ( ) os ( ) os sin
3 6 4
x c x c x x

+ + +
4
1 os(2 ) 1 os(2 )
3
3 3
os2
2 2 4
3
2 os(2 ) os(2 ) 2cos 2
3 3 2
3
2 2cos 2 cos 2cos 2
3 2
1
os2
2
2 2
3
c x c x
c x
c x c x x
x x
c x
x k

+ +
+ +
+ + + +
+ +

t +
6
x k

t +
( ) k Z
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l:
6
x k

t + vi
( ) k Z
V d 4: Gii phng trnh:
2
4
os os
3
x
c c x
Gii
2
4
os os
3
x
c c x
2.2 os2 1
os
3 2
2.2 3.2
2cos os 1 0
3 3
x c x
c
x x
c
+


2 3
2 2 2
4cos 2 4cos 3cos 1 0
3 3 3
x x x
+
3 2
2
2 2 2
4cos 4cos 3cos 3 0
3 3 3
2 2
(cos 1)(4cos 3) 0
3 3
2 4
(cos 1)(2cos 1) 0
3 3
x x x
x x
x x
+



2
os 1
3
4 1
cos
3 2
x
c
x

2
3
4
2
3 3
x
k
x
k

t +

3
2
3
4 2
x k
x k

t +

( ) k Z
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l:
3
2
x k

;
3
4 2
x k

t +
( ) k Z
V d 5: Gii phng trnh:
2 2 2 2
tan 2 tan 3 tan5 tan 2 tan 3 tan5 x x x x x x + (1)
Gii
iu kin:
os2 0
os3 0
os5 0
c x
c x
c x

'

Vi iu kin trn phng trnh (1) cho tng ng:
2 2 2 2
tan 2 tan 3 tan5 (1 tan 2 tan 3 ) x x x x x
*Nu
2 2
1 tan 2 tan 3 0 x x , ta c:
(1)

2 2
tan 2 tan 3 x x
Kt hp vi
2 2
1 tan 2 tan 3 0 x x , ta c:
2
tan 2 1 tan 2 1 x x t
8
x k

t +
( ) k Z
Vi
x
nh trn th:
2 2
tan 3 tan 2 x x . Vy
2 2
1 tan 2 tan 3 0 x x .
*Vi
2 2
1 tan 2 tan 3 0 x x , ta c:
(1)

2 2
2 2
tan 3 tan 2
tan5
1 tan 2 tan 3
x x
x
x x

(tan3 tan 2 )(tan 2 tan3 )

tan5
(1 tan 2 tan3 )(1 tan 2 tan3 )
x x x x
x
x x x x
+

+
tan5 tan5 tan x x x
tan5 (1 t anx) 0 x

tan5 0
tan x 1
x

5
x ( )
4
o
x k
k k tmdk

( ) k Z
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l:
5
x k

;
( ) k Z
3) Bi tp.
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
+)
3 3 2
2(sin cos3 os sin3 ) 3sin 2 x x c x x x +
+)
6 6
3 3
4(sin cos ) sin 4 1
2
x x x + +
+)
3
4cos 3 2 sin 2 8cos x x x +
+) 2sin cot 1 2sin 2 x x x + +
+)
4 4
1 3
sin cos cos 4
4 4
x x x + +
+)
4 2 4 2
3(cos 3sin ) cos 4sin sin 4cos x x x x x x + + + +
+)
3
sin ( ) 2 sin
4
x x

+) tan 2 tan3 tan5 tan 2 tan3 tan5 x x x x x x
II) Bin i phng trnh v dng tch s:
1)Kin thc:
- Php bin i lng gic
- Cch gii phng trnh lng gic c bn
- Cch phn tch a thc thnh nhn t.
2) V d:
V d 1: Gii phng trnh:
2 2 2 2
3
os os 2 os 3 os 4
2
c x c x c x c x + + +
Gii
2 2 2 2
3
os os 2 os 3 os 4
2
c x c x c x c x + + +
2
2
2
2
2
os2 1 os4 1 os6 1 3
os 4
2 2 2 2
cos 2 cos 4 cos 6 2 os 4 0
2cos 4 cos 2 cos 4 2 os 4 0
cos 4 (2cos 2 2cos 4 1) 0
cos 4 (4 os 2 2cos 2 1) 0
cos 4 0
4 os 2 2cos 2 1
4
2
1 5
cos 2
2
c x c x c x
c x
x x x c x
x x x c x
x x x
x c x x
x
c x x
x k
x

+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+ +
+

8 4
1 1 5
(cos )
2 2
x k
x k

t
t +

( ) k Z
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l:
8 4
x k

+ ;
1
2
x k t + vi
1 5
cos
2

t
v
( ) k Z
V d 2: Gii phng trnh: sin 2cos sin 2 cos 2 0 x x x x + +
Gii
sin 2cos sin 2 cos 2 0 x x x x + +
2
sin 2cos 2sin cos 2cos 1 0 x x x x x + +
2
(sin 1) 2cos (sin 1) 2cos 0
(sin 1) 2cos (sin 1) 2(sin 1)(sin 1) 0
(sin 1)(1 2cos 2sin 2) 0
x x x x
x x x x x
x x x
+
+

[ ] (sin 1) 2(sin cos ) 1 0 x x x + +
(sin 1)(2 2 cos( ) 1) 0
4
x x

+
sin 1 0
2 2 cos( ) 1 0
4
sin 1
1
cos( )
4 2 2
x
x
x
x

1
2 (cos )
4 2 2
x k
x k

t + +

( ) k Z
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim l:
x k ; 2
4
x k

t + + vi
1
cos
2 2

v k Z
V d 3: Gii phng trnh:
(2sin 1)(2cos 2 2sin 1) 3(1 2cos 2 ) x x x x + +
Gii
2 2
2 2
2
2
(2sin 1)(2cos 2 2sin 1) 3(1 2cos 2 )
(2sin 1)(2 4sin 2sin 1) 3(1 2 4sin )
(2sin 1)( 4sin 2sin 3) 3(4sin 1)
(2sin 1)( 4sin 2sin 3) 3(2sin 1)(2sin 1) 0
(2sin 1)( 4sin 2sin 3 6sin
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ + 3) 0
2
(2sin 1)( 4sin 4sin ) 0
sinx(2sin 1)(sin 1) 0
x x x
x x

+
sin 0
2
6
1
sin ( )
5
2 2
6
sin 1
2
2
x k
x
x k
x k
x k
x
x k

+



+

Z
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l:
x k ; 2
6
x k

+ ;
5
2
6
x k

+ ; 2
2
x k

+ vi k Z
V d 4: Gii phng trnh:
3
tan ( ) t anx 1
4
x

+ +
Gii
k: cos 0, os( ) 0
4
x c x

+
Vi dk trn, ta c:
3
tan ( ) t anx 1
4
x

+ +
( ) ( )
2
t anx t anx 1 tan 2tan 5 0 x x + +
3
3
tan ( ) t anx 1
4
t anx tan
4
t anx 1
1 t anx tan
4
x

+ +
_
+

+

,
2
t anx 0
t anx 1
tan 2tan 5 0( )
( )
4
x x vonghiem
x k
k
x k

Z
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l:
x k ;
4
x k

+
( ) k Z
.
V d 5: Gii phng trnh:
sin3 sin5
3 5
x x

Gii
D thy x k ( k Z) khng l nghim ca phng trnh cho, suy ra x k
Vi x k ( ) *
, nhn c hai v ca phng trnh cho vi sinx , ta c:
2 2 3
3 2
3 2
5sin3 sin 3sin5 sin
5( os2 os4 ) 3( os4 os6 )
5( os2 2 os 2 1) 3(2cos 2 1 4cos 3cos )
12cos 16cos 2 4cos 8 0
3cos 4cos 2 cos 2 0
x x x x
c x c x c x c x
c x c x x x x
x x x
x x x

+ +
+
+
2
2
2
3cos 2 ( os2 1) os2 ( os2 1) 2( os2 1) 0
( os2 1)(3cos 2 os2 2) 0
2
( os2 1) ( os2 ) 0
3
x c x c x c x c x
c x x c x
c x c x



( ) os2 1 *
2
cos 2
3
2 2
os2 2 ( os , )
3 3
o
c x k tm
x
c x x k c k
1
]

t + Z
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l:
2 x k t + vi k Z
3) Bi tp.
Gii cc phng trinh sau:
+)
4 4 4 4
sin cos sin cos x x x x + +
+)
3 3
1 os sin sin 2 c x x x +
+)
2
3tan3 cot 2 2tan
sin 4
x x x
x
+ +
+)
2 2
sinx.sin cos sin 1 2cos ( )
2 2 2 4
x x x
x

+
+)
3
sin sin3 4sin 0 x x x + +
+) cos 2 1 sin 2 2 cos sin x x x + + +
+) tan cot 4cos 4 3 x x x +
+)
2
3tan6 2tan 2 cot 4
sin8
x x x
x

III) phng php t n ph:
1)Kin thc:
+ Cng thc tan chia i:
Vi
2 , x k k Z
, t tan
2
x
t , ta c:
2
2
sinx=
1
t
t +
;
2
2
1
cos
1
t
x
t

+
;
2
2
t anx
1
t
t

+ Cc phng php gii phng trnh i s.

2) V d:
V d 1: Gii phng trnh:
sin cos 1 tan
2 4
x
x x
_
+ + +

,
Gii
k:
os 0
2 4
x
c
_
+

,
Vi dk trn, phng trnh cho tng ng:
tan 1
2
sin cos 1
1 tan
2
x
x x
x
+
+ +

t tan
2
x
t , ta c:
2
2 2
2 2
2
2 1 1
1
1 1 1
2 2 1
1 1 1
2( 1) 1
1 1
t t t
t t t
t t
t t t
t t
t t
+
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+ +

+
2
2
2 1
( 1) 0
1 1
1
1 2 2 0
t
t t
t
t t
_
+

+
,

+ +

1
1 2
t
t

+) 1 tan 1 2
2 2
x
t x k

+
( ) k Z
+) 1 2 tan 1 2 2 2 (tan 1 2)
2
x
t x k t t + t
( ) k Z
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l:
2
2
x k

+ ; 2 2 x k + vi
( ) k Z
V d 2: Gii phng trnh:
(1 sin 2 )(1 t anx)=1+tanx x +
Gii
k: cos 0 x .
Vi dk trn, t t anx t , phng trnh cho tr thnh:
2
2
1 (1 ) 1
1
t
t t
t
_
+ +

+
,
2 2
2 2
2
( 1) (1 ) ( 1)( 1)
( 1) (1 ) ( 1) 0
( 1) 0
0
1
t t t t
t t t
t t
t
t
+ + +
1 + +
]
+

+) Nu 0 tan x 0 t x k
( ) k Z
+) Nu 1 t anx 1
4
t x k

+
( ) k Z
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l:
x k ;
4
x k

+
( ) k Z
V d 3: Gii phng trnh:
4
sin cos 2 sin3 1 sin 0 x x x x + + + +
Gii
4
sin cos 2 sin3 1 sin 0 x x x x + + + +
4 2 3
4 3 2
2sin 2 2sin 4sin 4sin 0
sin 2sin sin 2sin 1 0
x x x x
x x x x
+ +
+ +
2
2
1 1
sin 2 sin 1 0
sin sin
x x
x x
_
+

,
(do sin 0 x khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh)
t
2 2
2
1 1
sin sin 2
sin sin
t x t x
x x
+ , phng trnh cho tr thnh:
2
2
2 1 0 1
1
sin 1 sin sin 1 0
sin
t t t
x x x
x
+

1 5
sin ( )
2
1 5
2
cos
2 2
1 5
sin
2
x loai
x k
x k
x

_ +

+

,

( ) k Z
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l:
2 x k + ; 2 x k + vi k Z

V d 4: Gii phng trnh:
2 3 2 3
tan tan tan cot cot cot 6 x x x x x x + + + + +
Gi
k: sin 2 0 x
Vi k trn phng trnh cho tng ng:
2 2 3 3
tan cot tan cot tan cot 6 x x x x x x + + + + +
t
tan cot ( 2) t x x t +
, ta c:
+)
2 2 2 2 2 2
tan cot 2 tan cot 2 t x x x x t + + +
+)
3 3 3 3 3 3
tan cot 3(tan cot ) tan cot 3 t x x x x x x t t + + + +
Phng trnh cho tr thnh:
2 3
2 3 6 0 t t t t + +
3 2
2
2 8 0
( 2)( 3 4) 0
2
t t t
t t t
t
+
+ +

tan cot 2 x x +

tan 1 x

4
x k

+
( ) k Z
(tm dk)
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l:
4
x k

+ vi k Z
V d 5 (phng php i bin s) : Gii phng trnh
3 3
sin 2sin
4 2 4 2
x x _ _
+

, ,
Gii
t
3 3 3 9
2 3
4 2 2 2 4
x x
t x t t

+ , phng trnh cho tr thnh:
9
sin 3 2sin
4 4
t t
_


,
3
2
sin3 2sin
4sin 3sin 2sin 0
sin (4sin 5) 0
t t
t t t
t t



2
sin 0
4sin 5( )
t
t loai

t k

3
2
2
x k

+
( ) k Z
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l:
3
2
2
x k

+ vi k Z
3) Bi tp
Gi cc phng trnh sau
+) 3sin 4cot cos 1 0
2
x
x x + +
+)1 3tan 2sin 2 x x +
+) 2 cos 2tan
2
x
x +
+) 3sin cot cos 1 0
2
x
x t x + +
+)
2
(2sin 1)(3cos 2 2sin 4) 4cos 3 x x x x + + +
+)
2
2 2
2 2
1 1 5
sin cos
sin cos 2
x x
x x
_ _
+ + +

, ,
+)
sin 3 sin 2 .sin
4 4
x x x
_ _
+

, ,
+)
2
6 8
2cos cos 1
5 5
x x
.
IV) Phng php nh gi:
1)Kin thc:
- Gi tr ca cc hm lng gic
- Cc ng thc v bt ng thc ai s, bt ng thc lng gic
2) V d
a) S dng tnh b chn ca hm sin, cos:
V d 1: Gii phng trnh:
3 4
sin 1 os x c x
Gii
3 4
sin 1 os x c x
3 4
sin os 1 x c x +
Ta c:
3 2
3 4 2 2
4 2
sinx 1 sin sin
sin os sin cos 1
cos 1 os os
x x
x c x x x
x c x c x


+ +
;

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi:

3 2
4 2
sinx 0
sinx 1 sin sin sinx 0
( )
sin 1 2 cos 0 os os
2
cos 1
x k
x x
k
x x k x c x c x
x

' '

Z
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l:
x k ; 2
2
x k

+ vi k Z
V d 2: Gii phng trnh:
3 2
cos cos 2sin 2 0 x x x + +
Gii
3 2
cos cos 2sin 2 0 x x x + +
2 3
sin 2sin 1 cos x x x +
2 3
(sin 1) cos x x
3
3
cos 0
sin 1 cos ( )
sin 1 cos ( )
x x a
x x b

'

+

Xt phng trnh
( ) a
:
3
sin 0
( )
sin cos 1
x
a
x x

'
+

Ta c:
2
3
3 2
sin sin
sin cos 1
cos cos
x x
x x
x x


+
;

Suy ra ng thc xy ra khi:

2
3 4
sin sin
2
cos cos ( )
2
2
sin 0
x x
x k
x x k
x k
x

'

Z
Tng t phng trnh
( ) b
, ta c:
3
sin 1
1 cos 1
x
x

'
+

Suy ra ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi:

sin 1
2
cos 0 2
x
x k
x

+
'

( ) k Z
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l:
2
2
x k

+ ; 2 x k vi k Z
b) S dng cc ng thc v bt ng thc:
V d 1: Gii phng trnh:
2
2cos 2 3tan 4 3 cos 2 3 tan 6 0 x x x x + + +
Gii
2
2cos 2 3tan 4 3 cos 2 3 tan 6 0 x x x x + + +
2 2
2 2
2 2
4cos 3tan 4 3 cos 2 3 tan 4 0
(4cos 4 3 cos 3) (3tan 2 3 tan 1) 0
(2cos 3) ( 3 t anx 1) 0
x x x x
x x x x
x
+ + +
+ + + +
+ +
3
cos
2
1
t anx
3
x

'

2
6
1
t anx
3
x k

t +

'

2
6
x k

+
( ) k Z
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l:
2
6
x k

+ vi k Z
V d 2: Gii phng trnh:
5
sinx sin 2 sin3
2
x x + +
Gii
p dng BT Bunhiacopxki, ta c:
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
sinx sin 2 sin3 2cos sin 2 2sin cos
2 (cos sin )(sin 2 cos ) 2 sin 2 cos
1 3 25 1 5 5
2 cos 2 cos 2 2 (cos 2 ) 2.
2 2 16 4 4 2
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi:
2
1
1
cos 2
cos 2
4
4
cos sin
cos 2sin
sin 2 cos
x
x
x x
x x
x x

' '

2
5
2cos
4
3
cos
4
x
x

'

h v nghim
Vy phng trnh cho v nghim.
V d 3: Gi phng trnh:
sinx cos
t anx cot 4 4
x
x +
Gi
k: sin 2 0 x
D thy:
t anx 0
tan x cot
cot 0
x
x

+
'

p dng BT Cosi, ta c:
t anx cot 2 x +
Mt khc
sinx cos sin2
4 4 2 2
x x

sinx cos
t anx cot 4 4
x
x +
ng thc xy ra khi v chi khi:
t anx cot
sin 2 1 4
x
x k
x

+
'

( ) k Z
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l:
4
x k

+ vi k Z
V d 4: Gii phng trnh:
1 1
cos 1 cos 2 1 1
cos cos 2
x x
x x
+
Gii
k:
0 cos 1
0 cos 2 1
x
x
<
'
<

Vi dk trn, phng trnh cho tng ng:

cos (1 cos ) cos 2 (1 cos 2 ) 1 x x x x +
p dng BDT, ta c:
cos 1 cos 1
cos (1 cos )
2 2
cos 2 1 cos 2 1
cos 2 (1 cos 2 )
2 2
x x
x x
x x
x x
+

'
+

cos (1 cos ) cos 2 (1 cos 2 ) 1 x x x x +
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi:
1
cos
cos 1 cos
2
cos 2 1 cos 2 1
cos 2
2
x
x x
x x
x

' '

h v nghim
Vy phng trnh cho v nghim
3) Bi tp:
Gi cc phng trnh sau:
+) 3sinx cos os2 3 x c x + +
+)
3 3
sin os sin 2 os2 1 2 x c x x c x + + + +
+)
2 2
2sin 2 3
2
x
x x +
+)
2sin 2 os2 2 2 sinx 4 0 x c x + +
+)
2 2 2
4sin sin 3 4sin sin 3 x x x x +
+)
2
3sin 4cos 6 15 x x x x + +
+)
2 2 3
tan tan 2 cot 1 x x x + +
+)
( )
3
3
(1 sinx)(1 sin 2 )(1 sin3 ) 1 sin xsin 2 sin3 x x x x + + + +
V) Phng php kho st hm s:
1) V d:
V d 1: Gi phng trnh:

2
1 cos
2
x
x vi 0
2
x


Gii
2
1 cos
2
x
x
2
1 cos 0
2
x
x
Xt hm s:
2
( ) 1 cos
2
x
f x x
Ta c:
'
( ) sin f x x x +

"
( ) 1 cos 0 f x x + vi
0;
2
x
1

1
]
Bng bin thin
x
0
2

"
( ) f x

'
( ) f x
0
1
2

( ) f x
0

2
1
8

T bng bin thin, suy ra:

( ) 0 f x
vi 0
2
x


Du " " xy ra khi v ch khi: 0 x
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l: 0 x
V d 2: Gii phng trnh:
2
2
sin os 2
n
n n
x c x

+
vi 0 , 2
2
x n

< >
Gii
Xt hm s ( ) sin os
n n
f x x c x + vi 0
2
x

<
Ta c:
' 1 1
( ) sin cos cos sinx
n n
f x n x x n



2 2
sin cos (sin os )
n n
n x x x c x


' 2 2
( ) 0 sin os 0
4
n n
f x x c x x



Bng bin thin:
x
0
4

'
( ) f x

0 +
( ) f x
0
1
( )
4
f


T bng bin thin, suy ra
( ) f x ( )
4
f

=
2
2
2
n
vi 0
2
x

<
Du " " xy ra khi v ch khi:
4
x

Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l:

4
x

.
3) Bi tp: Gi cc phng trnh sau
+) t anx sinx=2x + vi
2 2
x

< <
+)
3 2
log t anx log s inx
+)
2
3
1 1
cot
sinx sin
x
x