2

Cell and Cellular Division

.. 1665 Robert Hook ""

(Cork) ..
1838 - 1839 Schleiden Schwann

(guard cell)
-

BT465


2
1. (Prokaryotic Cell)

2. (Eukaryotic Cell)

2.1
( : http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d4/Celltypes.png)
8

BT465



1.
(cell membrane)
(endoplasmic reticulum) (golgi body) (mitochondria)
(microbody) (nucleus)
(plastid)
(microtubule) (ribosome)
2.

(cell wall) (vacuole)



2 (Cell Wall)
(Protoplast)
(cell wall)

BT465

 (acid phosphatase)
(peroxidase)

(telophase) (cell plate)

(middle lamella) (pectin)


(primary cell wall)



(secondary cell wall)

(fiber)
(vessel element) (tracheid) (stone cell)


(-D-glucose)

(intermicellar)
(interfibrillar)

10

BT465

1. (lignin)

72

2. (cutin)

3. (suberin)

4. (callose)
(sieve plate)

granular hairs

(plasmodesmata) 50 - 80

BT465

11

 (protoplast)



(organelle)
(ergastic substances)
(protoplasm)
(hyaloplasm)

2
(endoplasmic reticulum ; ER) (dictyosomes)





(tonoplast) (vacuolar membrane)
(ectoplast)
(nuclear
envelope; nuclear membrane) (nucleolus)
(karyolymph)
(plastid) (mitochondria) (ribosome)

12

BT465

 (cytoplasm)








(endoplasmic reticulum ; ER)

(Golgi
complex,
Dictyosome) (vesicle)

BT465

13

 (plastid)






4
1. (chloroplasts)
() ()


65 6
29



light
6CO 2 + 6H2O
C 6H12O 6 + 6O 2
chlorophyll

2. (chromoplasts)




14

BT465

3. (leucoplasts)


4. (proplastis)


(Mitochondria)

2
(RNA
polymerase)
(tRNA)

2
1.

2.

BT465

15

 (nucleus)

(sieve tube) 3 - 200
nuclear membrane 2


1. (karyolymph nuclear
sap)
2. (nucleolus)

(+)

(nucleolar chromosome)
nuclear organizer nucleolar organizing region (NOR)


(rRNA)

16

BT465


(Ergastic substances)
(cell inclusions)

(Vacuole)
(cell sap)
(tonoplast)

1

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

BT465

17

 (starch grains)

(amyloplast)
(crystals)
(raphides) (styloids) (stellate)

(cystolith)

2.2

18

( : http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plants/plantmodel.html)
BT465

(primordial)

4 G1
S G2 M ( 2.3) G1
S

G2 M
2
(karyokinesis nuclear division)
(cytokinesis) G1

2
(Meiosis)

BT465

(Mitosis)

19

cell division
(mitosis)
cell prepares
to divide

replication
of DNA

2.3

20

cycle begins

cell grows

cell decides
whether to
continue

( : http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/cell_cycle.html)

BT465

 (MITOSIS)

(totipotency)

(endomitosis) (colchicine)
(microtubules) (mitotic spindle)

5 (Interphase) (Prophase)
(Metaphase) (Anaphase) (Telophase)

G1 - S - G2
RNA
(chromatin)

BT465

21


(resting stage)

2 relational coiling

persistent nucleoli

(metaphase
plate, equatorial plate) 2

22

BT465

0.2 5.0
(sister chromatid)

2


(cell Plate)

(plasmodesmata)

BT465

23

 2.4

24

( : http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/250/mitosis.jpg)

BT465

 (Meiosis)

(homologous chromosome) (crossing over)
(genetic recombination)
2 I II

I
I

C (n)
(2n) 2C
4C
II 2C
4 1C

BT465

25

5 (leptonema) (zygonema)
(pachynema) (diplonema) (diakinesis)
:

:
(synapsis)
3
- procentric
- proterminal
- intermediate
:

4 (tetrad; bivalents)
relational coiling

(chiasma) (loop)

26

BT465

I
2
2 2 (dyad)
2 (V)
(J)
I II
I
II

BT465

27

 II
II
2.5

2.5

28

( : http://faculty.ircc.edu/faculty/tfischer/images/mitosis%20vs%20meiosis.jpg)

BT465

 II
2
I

II II

2
II
1 (monad)
II
II 2

4 (haploid)

BT465

29

 2.6

30

( : http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k4ch9meiosisnotes.html)
BT465

 II
2.1

2.1
( II)

1. 4

1. 2

2.

2.

3.

3.

relational coiling

4.

4.

BT465

31