-

III-

2012-2013

 III-

2012-2013

 III-

2012-2013

,
, .
.
.

.1

.
AP =

PIZ
,
PVL

:
1. AU =

U IZ
-
UVL

( RVL RIZ0 )
2. AI =

I IZ
-
IVL

( RVL0 RIZ ).
3. Gm =

I IZ

UVL

( RVL RIZ0 ).
4. Rm =

U IZ
IVL

( RVL0 RIZ).
Rg RL.
:
1. ( )
.
2. -
.

.2.

:
1. ( DC amplifier )
. .
2. ( ) (LF AF ) -
20Hz 20kHz ( 0 100kHz ). ,
RC .
2

 III-

2012-2013

3. - NF
MHz.
4. ( VF RF amplifier ) -

kHz MHz.
, RC .
5. - .
VF .

. (
) :
1.
2.
3.
4.

VF

:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

FET
MOSFET


( )

, :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

A
B
AB
C
D
G

MOSFET FET, BPT .
AB
MOSFET FET .
MOSFET
.

 III-

2012-2013

( )
1.

AU =

U IZ
UVL

AU [dB ] = 20 log

U IZ
UVL

AI =

I IZ
IVL

AI [dB ] = 20 log

I IZ
IVL

2.

3.

AP = AU AI =

PIZ
PVL

AP [dB ] = 10 log

PIZ
PVL

AP = AU
2

R
RIZ
2
= AI L
RIZ
RL

4. RVL ( .. ZVL) -
.

RVL =

UVL
IVL

5. RIZ ( . ZIZ) -
RL ( )
:

RIZ =

6.

7.

8.
9.

U IZ
/ Eg = 0
I IZ

..
(
RVL
RL) ( 5 10 )
.
-
f=1kHz
0,5V.
0,1V, 0,775V 1V

.
-
..
1%.
-
1%.
-
( )
.
() ,

. Y dB, dB
Y
. X .

f=1kHz 6 dB
(UIZ=UIZref/2).
( 3 dB .

2 1kHz) W

[ dB].

B=fg-fd.
. Hi-Fi 20Hz
4

 III-

2012-2013

20kHz ( 40 15Hz ), W1,5dB.

20Hz 20Hz
. . :
fd, fg, W : 10Hz-30kHz (1dB).
AUB ( 1kHz).

, AUB1dB.
AUB ( )
(fd, fg AUB ).

:

U 0 [dB ] = 20 log

U0
U 0(1kHz )

U0[dB]
AUB(dB). Y - AUB
kaj ,
0dB.

3.

4.

10. ( Tone control response ).

,

.
:
(cut off frequency) (Slope) . :
BASS12dB( 100Hz), TREBLE12dB ( 100Hz), Low filter-100Hz Slope -12dB/oct,
-FPVF fd=100Hz S=-12dB/oct.
11. / (-Weighted Signal to Noise Ratio).
,
. .
S/N dB(): S / N = 20 log

U IZ
. S/N
U VL

( Hi-Fi S/N>60dB()
5

 III-

2012-2013

S/N>70dB() , S/N>90dB().
S/N (- Weighted Noise
Level-NL)
NL[db(A)]. S/N=90dB(),
NL=-90dB(). UIZ UIZref.
12. (Dynamic). ( dB)
.
,
. ( )
-
10-20dB.
13. (Crosstalk).

( )
.
3dB
. dB dB()- Crosstalk = 20 log
) Crosstalk = 20 log

U1
(
U2

U2
(
U1

). .
>20dB ( ), <-20dB (
), .
,
(Channel separation)
.
14. (Slew factor).
V/s 5.

5.

1s.
( 1
100 V/s). (Rise
Time)- 1V .

:

SF = 2 f g U IZm

SF V/s, fg MHz,
UIZM V.
:

SF = f g [kHz ] / 20

. SF
. SF
.
15. (Total Harmonic Distorsion).
..
.

6

 III-

2012-2013

.
, .
.
n- :

K n [%] =

U IZn
100
U IZ 1

UIZn n- (
f=fn=nf1), UIZ1
f1- . .
:

[%] = THD[%] =

U IZ2 2 + U IZ2 3 + U IZ2 4 + ...........

U IZ 1

100

THD . 1%
1%
THD<0,01%.
.
(
) THD
( ) THD=1%
THD=0,1%.
16. (Intermodulation Distorsion)-IMD[%].



.


. THD
(<0,2%). IHF (IHF=Institute od High-Fidelity)
IMD :
20Hz
10%
.
17. (Transient Distorsion).

.
. -
-
.
. .

. 6.

.6

.

.
7

 III-

2012-2013

18. (Phase Distorsion).

.
,
. .
- ,
.
.
.
( ) .

(
)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
(Damping factor).
(4,8 16) .
dB :

DF =

Z ZV
Z
DF [dB ] = 20 log ZV
Z IZzas
Z IZzas

, .
ZIZ (RIZ)
( ).
DF 10 100 (. 20 40dB).
7. - RMS.

f=1kHz.
8. (Continuous Average Power Output).

( UVL=0dBm=0,775V).

.
:

PIZ =

U IZ2
Rnomzv

IHF
dBW (P[dBW]=10logP[W]/1W)
. P=200W .. 23dBW 3dB
P=100W=20dBW. dBW

.
() 93dBW
110dB 17dBW (93+17=110) ..
50W.
9. (Music Power).
=10%. 1,5 2

.
8

 III-

2012-2013

.
(Dynamic Headroom)
dB.
10.
f=1kHz
1W 8. 1W
8 IHF

f=1kHz .
11.
.
12. :

.

f=1kHz 6dB
. ( PIZ =

1
PIZnom ).
4

13. - -

.

S / N [dB( A)] = 10 log

PIZnom
PShIZ

14. - .
15. -
.
16. - .
17. -
.
18. -
.
19. - .
20. -

-

()
.
, , .

.
- .
(
5 10 ) .
,
.

 III-

(
)

50Hz-10Hz

20Hz-20Hz

0,1-0,5mV/b
(1
5mV/Pa)
10-100mV/Pa

2012-2013

(50-600)

1-10

100

10-1

100-10

10

200

10-1

100-10

300-5

47
(10 100)

20Hz
20Hz

)


()

,
, CD
,

0,1-5mV/Pa

(PICK-UP)
100Hz-8Hz

40Hz-15Hz

30Hz-15Hz
( 30kHz)

20Hz-20Hz

0,1V-1V
UIZmax 10V
1mV-10mV
f=1Hz

UIZmax=100mV
f=1kHz
0,1-0,5mV/Pa
UIZmax
10mV

10-100

100-1

AU60dB

0,1V-1V

1-10

1mV-100mV
5-1

47
(10 100)

50-5
AU=(20-60)dB

1: -

()
, (
), ( 5V 18V).

( 8 ).
,
,
NF .
([-] [+] ) .
.
10

 III-

2012-2013

7.

AU AU=

AU0=100001000000 .. AU0[dB]=80120dB.
RVL- RVL=,
RVL=11000.
RIZ RIZ=0,
RIZ=101.

8 fg ( ), fT
. S 6dB/oct f T = AU 0 f g .

.
6dB/oct
.
( )
RC .
,
( 741, TL 071, TL 081...).

.8

(OFFSET VOLTAGE)
UVL=0 UIZ=0
0,5-5mV (
).

( 1 5).
.
FET
.


.
11

 III-

2012-2013

: 741 ( BPT ), TL 081

( BPT FET ) TL
071( FET, ).
L071.
2 4 : 747=2 741, L 082=2L 081, L 084=4L
081.

.9

( )
10
, , , CD
.
(
180 ).

.10

R1 (RVL=R1)
10 :
RVL10RIZps Rf .
:

UB =

Rf
R1

12

 III-

2012-2013

C1
.
:

f d1 =

1
2 C1 R1

, C1
R1 nF F.

:

R3 =

R1 R2
R1 + R2

C2
RP (. )
:

fd2 =

1
2 C2 R p

(RP>10) C2 nF F
( RP). fd

.
fd1=fd, fd2<<fd
fd1=fd2=fd
( Cf)
AUB fT
:

fg =

fT
AUB

fT 741 1MHz, L 071 3Hz, LF 356 5Hz.

fg 20Hz
.
fg
.
Cf .

f g' =

1
2 Rf C f

pF.
RIZ=RIZop100.
RP1.
13

 III-

2012-2013

IHF
UIZref=500mV,
( ) RP=47.

( )
11
, , , CD
.
(
180 .)

.11

R1 (RVL=R1)
10 :
RVL10RIZps .
R3 Rf
:

U = 1 +

Rf
R3

R3=1, Rf
AUB.
C1
. R1
:

f d1 =

1
2 C1 R1

, C1
R1 nF F.
14

 III-

2012-2013

C3
.
( ) .
C2
R2 Rf . C2
R2
:

fd3 =

1
2 C 3 R3

R2 (1),
(<20Hz) C3 ( 1 100F).
C2
RP (. )
:

fd2 =

1
2 C2 R p

(RP>10) C2 nF F
( RP). fd

(R1-C1,R2-C2,R4-C4).
fd1=fd, fd2,fd3<<fd
fd1=fd2=fd3=fd.
( Cf)
UB f
:

fg =

fT
AUB

f 741 1Hz, L 071 3Hz, LF 356 5Hz.

fg 20Hz
.
fg
.
Cf .

f g' =

1
2 Rf C f

pF.
RIZ=RIZoz100.
RP1.

IHF
UIZref=500mV,
( ) RP=47.
15

 III-

2012-2013

(
200 600) (
- mV).

-

(),

, .
( L 071).
( 0,1mV 10mV/Pa),

.
Rf
12.

12.

RfA
(UBmin) RfB
(UBmax).
100log 1log.
GAIN SENSITIVITY.
-
.. .. mV.
CD
,
,
,
,

... 47 (10
100), ( 1 ) .
.

( mV) ( mV).
(100 1) .

Rf .

, 82,5Hz ( 2) 10-15Hz.

.
. ()
(- ).
47
. mV ( 25mV)
, . ,
( , )

. RIAA ( ).
RIAA
13.

16

 III-

2012-2013

.13 RC RIAA

Rf RC 13.
R2
Zf RC f=1Hz.

RIAA RC
.


741 LM741.
( , , .. ,
...)
L071 .
741, LM741, L071 LF356 DIL8 .
(. )
5V 15V.

3 +UCC, , -UCC.

.
:
100mV
47. 30Hz 15kHz.
:

a UVLref=UIZref=100mV.
IHF 500mV
:

UB =

U IZref
U VLref

500
=5
100

UB = 1 +

Rf
R3

17

 III-

2012-2013

R3=1k Rf=4k,
Rf=3k9. 10
,

R1 = RVL = 10 R IZkas = 10 4k 7 = 47 k
C1
fd=30Hz=fd1. fd1

f d1 =

1
= 112nF
2 C1 R1

100 120nF.
C2 C3 fd1=fd2=5Hz, :

1
= 672nF
2 C 3 R3
1
=
= 31,8nF
2 C2 R p

fd3 =

fd2

C2 33 47nF, C3 470nF
1F. Cf 741
:

.14 741, Cf,

Cf

18

 III-

fg =

2012-2013

f T 1MHz
= 200Hz
AUB 5

(15kHz).
Cf fg

f g' =

1
= 2,7 nF
2 Rf C f

TBA 810P
,
15.

. 15 TBA 810P

TBA 810P PIZ=7W UCC=16V, RL=4

UCC=14,4V, RL=2.
, ,
3, ,
. SVR
40dB .
16

.

19

 III-

2012-2013

16. 7W TBA 810P

U0 =

U CC
2

Rf=56, RL=4, d=10%, f=1kHz.
VCC [V]
PIZ [W]

Rf=56, f=1kHz, d=10%, RL=4V

4
6
8
10
12
0,5
1
1,8
3
4,2

14
5,6

16
6,7

2 :
UCC=14,4V, f=1kHz, PIZ=6W RL=4V
Rf[]

20

50

70

100

150

Ui[mV]

30

70

100

150

210

AU[dB]

44

37

34

31

28

3: ( ) Rf

C3 Rf .
C7 C3 5
TBA 810P.
C7=5C3.

20

 III-

2012-2013

/
UCC

U0
Id0
Ui

14,4V
6,9V
12mA
75mV
40-20000Hz

Ri

PIZ=6W, RL=2,
Rf=56 f=1kHz
RL=4/2
C3=820pF
f=1kHz

AU0

f=1kHz RL=4

80dB

AU

f=1kHz RL=4/2

37dB

PIZ=6W, RL=4,
f=1kHz
PIZ=6W, RL=4

0,75

Id
eN
iN

UCC=16V
B(-3dB)=40-15000

5M

600mA
0,002mV
80pA

4: TBA 810P

TDA 2003
TDA 2003
.
TDA 2002. 17.

17. TDA 2003

DC AC , ,
, ( 40V
50ms).
18.

21

 III-

2012-2013

18. TDA 2003

18W
.

.
U0=US/2.
RL[]
PIZ [W]

2
12

AU=40dB, f=1kHz, d=10%, VCC=16V

3
4
5
6
7
10
7,5
6,2
5,3
4,8

8
4

9
3,8

10
3,5

5:

VCC [V]
PIZ [W]

8
1,5

AU=40dB, f=1kHz, d=10%, RL=16V

9
10
11
12
13
2
3
3,5
4,2
5

14
5,8

15
6,5

16
7,5

6:

/
UCC

B
Ri

U0
Id
Ui

AU0

PIZ=10W, RL=2,
f=1kHz
PIZ=10W, RL=4
f=1kHz

f=1kHz RL=4

AU

14,4V
6,9V
44mA
50mV
40-15000Hz
150k
80dB

40dB
PIZ=10W, RL=2,
f=1kHz

65%

7: TDA 2003

R1 R2
:
22

 III-

2012-2013

AU =

R1
R2

CX :

CX =

1
2 B R1

RX :

R X = 20 R2

R3, RX C3, C4 C5

.
C1
,
. C4
,
. C1
TDA 2003 ( )

. C4 RL

. C3 100F
. R1 R2
. RX

,
.
CX

,
. C5 R3
,
,
.

.

TDA 2005
TDA 2005
-, CD . B
MULTIWATT
19.

23

 III-

2012-2013

. 19 TDA 2005M

TDA 2005M
TDA 2005S
.
8-18V 3,5
1,6.
TDA 2005M 20W RL=4 d=10%, S* PIZ=10+10W RL=2
d=10%.
20 20W- .

20. 20 TDA 2005M

R1 ,
.
R2, R3, R4 R5, a R6 R7
C9 C10. R6 R7,
C9 C10 . C1


.
C3
,
, .
C6 C8
.

24

 III-

2012-2013

21 TDA 2005S.

.

21. TDA 2005S

( 8
10)

/
VCC

8-18V

U0S

VCC=14,4V

150mV

Id0
Ui

75-150mA
9mV

Ri
AU

VCC=14,4V, RL=4
PIZ=2W, RL=4,
f=1kHz
f=1kHz
f=1kHz

50dB

Rg=10k
B=22Hz-22kHz
VCC=14,4V,
PIZ=20W, RL=4,
f=1kHz

0,003mV
60%

En

70k

8: TDA 2005M

25

 III-

(
)

( )

2012-2013

/
VCC
U0

Id0
Ui

VCC=14,4V
PIZ=1W, RL=4,
f=1kHz

65-120mA
6mV

Ri

f=1kHz

200k

Ri

f=1kHz

10k

AU0

f=1kHz

90dB

AU

f=1kHz

50dB

En

Rg=10k
B=22Hz-22kHz
VCC=14,4V,
U0=4V, RL=4,
f=1kHz
VCC=14,4V,
PIZ=6,5W, RL=4,
f=1kHz

CT

VCC=14,4V

8-18V
7,2V

0,0015mV
60dB
70%

9: TDA 2005S

. 4 .
22 .

22.

AU =

U0
1 + R1
=
R
R2 R4
Ui
+ 3
R2 + R4 R4

R2=R4 R3=2R1

26

 III-

AU =

2012-2013

4 R1
R2

AU=40dB R1=1000, R2=R4=39 R3=2000, AU=50dB

R1=1000 R2=R4=12 R3=2000.

TDA 2030
TDA 2030
. PENTAWAT
. 14W 4
14V. 23.

23. TDA 2030

.
.
.
( )
,
. 24
TDA 2030.
.

24. TDA 2030

27

 III-

2012-2013

C1

.
R3 .
.
. R3
.
.
R1 R2
. R1 ,
. R2
,
.
C3, C4, C5 C6.

.
R4 C7

.
. C7
,
R4 .
R5 C8 ( R1)
.
R5 ,
R5
. C8
,
. R53R2. C8
:

C8 =

1
2 B R1

D1 D2 .

28

 III-

.
VCC
PIZ

(3dB)

Ri

2012-2013

.
6V

d=0,5%, GV=30dB
f=40-15000Hz
RL=4
RL=8
d=10%, GV=30dB
f=1kHz
RL=4
RL=8
PIZ=0,1-12W
RL=4 GV=30dB
f=40-15000Hz
PIZ=0,1-8W
RL=8 GV=30dB
f=40-15000Hz
GV=30dB
PIZ=12W RL=4
0,5

RL=8 GV=30dB
RG=22k
VBRUM=0,5Veff
fBRUM=100Hz

.
18V

12
8

14
9

W
W

18
11

GV

SVR

40

W
W

0,2

0,5

0,1

0,5

10-140000

Hz

90

dB

50

dB

10: TDA 2030

TDA 2050

.
35W 4- THD=10%, UCC=18V f=1kHz, 32W
8- THD=10%, UCC=22V f=1kHz.
(RMS) 50W
4- UCC=22,5V f=1kHz 1s.
()
() .
.
-
,
.
.


. 25
.

25. TDA 2050

29

 III-

(RMS)

.
UCC
Id

.
4,5V

.
V

30
55
0,1

50
90
0,5

mA
mA
A

UGS

UCC=22V

15

mV

IGS

UCC=22V

200

nA

PIZ

THD=0,5%
RL=4
RL=8
UCC=22V, RL=8

THD

24
22

THD=10%
RL=4
RL=8
UCC=22V, RL=8
RL=4
f=1kHz, PIZ=0,1-24W
f=100-10kHz
PIZ=0,1-18W

SR

BW

RL=4
Ui=200mV

Tsd-j

W
W
W

0,5

0,5

%
%

%
V/s

80

dB

30,5

31

20-80000

RS=22k
VBRUM=0,5Veff
fBRUM=100Hz
UCC=22V RL=8
PIZ=25W

4
5

dB

Hz

500
B=22Hz 22kHz

SVR

35
22
32

0,5

30

Ri

W
W
W

0,02

AU0

AU

28
18
25

0,03

eN

.
25V

Ib

UCC=22V RL=8
f=1kHz PIZ=0,1-20W
f=100-10kHz
PIZ=0,1-15W

(-3dB)

(1)

UCC=4,5V
UCC=25V
UCC=22V

2012-2013

10

V
V

45

dB

67

150

11: TDA 2050

26
TDA 2050 .

30

 III-

2012-2013

25. TDA 2050

C1. C1

. R1 ,
.

. R1 .

,
. C3, C4, C5 C6
.

. R2 R3
. R2
,
. R3
,
. C2
.

,
. R4
C7
,
. R4

, C7

.
27 TDA 2050
.

31

 III-

2012-2013

27. TDA 2050

C1. C1

. R3 ,
.

. R1,R2 .
C3,C5
.

. R3 .

,
. . R4 R5
. R2
,
. R3
,
. C2
.

. C3
.
,
.
R6 C6
,
. R4

, C7

.
C7
.
.
32

 III-

2012-2013

,
.

.
.
.
.

- .

.

TDA 2003.
.
:
TDA 2003
5W 4, 100mV 50Hz 15kHz.
:
17. 7
(5W 4)
UCC=14V.
R1 R2 :

AUB =

U IZref
U VLref

AUB =

U IZref
U VLref

R1
, UVLref=100mV, U IZref = PIZ R L = 5 4 = 20 = 4,47V
R2
=

4,47
= 44,7 , AUB = 20 log AUB = 20 log 44,7 = 34dB
0,1

AUB =

R1
R2

R2=2,2

R1 = R2 AUB = 2,2 44,7 = 98,34

( 24)
R1=100.
CX B R1.

CX =

1
1
= 0,1F
; B = f g f d = 15kHz 50 Hz 15kHz; C X =
2 B R1
2 B R1

C1 C4

:
33

 III-

C1 =

2012-2013

1
2 f d RVL

7 150. :

C1 =

1
1
=
= 21,2nF = 22nF
2 f d RVL 6,28 50 150 10 3
1
1
C4 =
=
= 796 F
2 f d R p 6,28 50 4

U IZDC =

U CC 14
=
= 7V
2
2

C4
7V C4=1000F/16V.
C2 C3
UCMAX>UCC . UCMAX>14V.
=58%=0,58
:

PIZ
P
5
= 0,58 PCC = IZ =
= 8,6W
0,58
PCC

UCC=14V
:

I CC =

PCC 8,6W
=
= 0,61A
14V
U CC

34

 III-

2012-2013

NF
.
1. - 1kHz
(
).
2. - .
f=1kHz
. EV1 R ( ..
R RVL ), EV2 R ( ..
RVL ).
R EV2 2 EV1
( U2=U1/2 ). RVL=R ( R
).

.28.

3. - .
f=1kHz
EV U1 ( .. RP
). R
( UVL ). R
EV U2=U1/2. RIZ=R.
4. - 29.
f=1kHz
EV2 UIZ=0,5V ( 0,775V 1V). RP
. EV1 .

29.

5. -
.
35

 III-

2012-2013

f=1kHz =1%
( -
). EV1 UVLmax, EV2 UIZmax.
6. -
29.
.
f=1kHz
6 dB (
UIZ=UIZref/2 ,
PIZ=PIZref/4 ). ( UVL
) UIZ .
( 10 15)

X ..

, ,
( EV1)
.
.
.
-
.
7. .
29. RL
,

.
f=1kHz (
) .
1% (

)
10min ( 1 )
() .
:

PIZnom = PIZRMS =

U IZ2
.
RL

RP e RL=ZZVnom. PIZnom = PIZRMS =

U IZ2
40W
=0,1%.
=
RL
4

8.
UVL UIZ ima k=10%.

MusicPower =

U IZ2 (k = 10% )
.
RP

9.
f=1kHz

.
PTR=40W/4 100Hz 20Hz =0,1%.
1 1/3 ,
5 .
10. - .
(USHUM PSHUM) (
36

 III-

2012-2013

), S/N :

S / N [dB ] = 20 log

U IZ
U IZSHUM

S / N [dB ] = 10 log

PIZ
PIZSHUM

UIZ(PIZ) ().
11.

3dB U1 .
U2
. :

CROSSTALK [dB ] = 20 log

U1
U
CROSSTALK [dB ] = 20 log 2 .
U2
U1

f=1kHz (
) 100Hz 10kHz.
12.
.
13. THD .
f1 U1

fn=kf1 .
2, 3, 4...
=THD. 30.
30.
. f
PIZ . f=1kHz
.
.

.30 ) )

37

 III-

2012-2013

. :
, , .
. 80-90%
, 10-20% , 1-5%
.
(
UVL) ,
.
(20%) .
20%, ,
.. .

. ( ) 1kHz,
,
.
, .

. ,
,
. , ,
.
, .

38

 III-

2012-2013

39

 III-

2012-2013

,
.
.. .

, - , .
(.
) .
.
1.
4 :

- FPNF (LOW PASS FILTERS-LPF)

FPVF (HIGH PASS FILTERS HPF)
FPOF (BAND PASS FILTERS BPF)
FNOF (BAND REJECTION
FILTERS - BRF)

) FPNF

) FPOF

) FPVF

) FNOPF

.31

2.
:

40

 III-

2012-2013

(PASIVE FILTERS)-
(, , , ......)
(ACTIVE FILTERS)
( ).

3. (. )
:

L L

.32

4. ,
:
LC
RC
LR
RLC
()

.
.
1. - .
.
U,
U.

41

 III-

2012-2013

)
.33 FPNF

.34 ( 1) - () FPNF

.
: , ,
, ,
.
2. - U. :

AU =

U IZ
U VL

AU (dB) = 20 log

U IZ
U VL

AU ,
AUB. FPNF
AUB=0dB . AUB=1
(UIZ=UVL). FNOPF
aUB.
3. - FPNF fg,
3dB
. FPVF fd,
3dB . FPOF
,
42

 III-

2012-2013

3dB . FNOPF
,
( )
4. B (Hz) - .
FPNF B=0-fg
FPVF B=fd-
FPOF =fg-fd
FNOPF B=fg-fd
5. S. o
.. . S
dB/octava dB/dekada
,
( ) ( ).
FPNF 47 S=-26-(-14)=12dB/oct . S=-54-(-14)=-40dB/oct.
:
) I S=-6dB/oct=-20dB/dec,
) II S=-12dB/oct=-40dB/dec
) III S=-18dB/oct=-60dB/dec
) IV S=-24dB/oct=-80dB/dec
35 4
fd fg, .

.35 FPOF

6. W.
.. ,
( )
, 36. W
X dB. 36 FPNF,
W=1dB.
.
43

 III-

2012-2013

.36 FPNF

7. - .
. 37
FPNF.
, .
, ,
.

.37 FPNF

8. ZVL RVL . ZVL RVL

.
9. ZIZ RIZ.

.
ZVL(RVL) , ZIZ (RIZ)
.
,
. ,
.

.
- ,
.
:
ZVLF10ZIZPS .. RVLF10RIZPS.
.
..
ZP ( ..RP): Z IZF

ZP
R
.. R IZF P
10
10
44

 III-

2012-2013

Z P 10 Z IZF .. R P 10 R IZF .
, ,

.
FPOF FNOPF :
.
10. f0
fd fg.

f0 =

fd fg

11. Q :

Q=

f0
B

:
12. UVLref
13. UVLMAX
14. UIZMAX
15. - S/N ( )
16. (SLEW FACTOR) (RISE TIME)
17. THD[%]
18. IMD [%]
19. .
(
).

, ,
( ),
,
: UB=0dB,
(UB<0),
,

,
,
(UB0dB)
,
( )
,
45

 III-

2012-2013

RC ,
(UB0dB),
(
),
,
,
,

,

(
),
, ( .
)
,

(
) ( ).
.
:
1. .
: FPNF,
FPVF, FPOP, FNOPF.
2. . :
I (S=-6dB/oct), II
(S=-12dB/oct), III .
3. .
4. ( AFK FFK).

:
1. .
2. .
3. (
).
4.
.

,
.
.
46

 III-

2012-2013

1. .

,
, .

(BUFFER).
,
, FET
. .
38
.

.38

. 39 VF ( VF FPOF)

.
( ) VF
( VF VF FPOF).
LC FPOF (
). VF ( VF FPOF)
39. VF
.
2.
.
. ,
,
( ,
).
RC (RC ) .

.
RC FPVF
FPNF. RC
,
. RC
( )
( AUB=1=0dB)
() .
.

AU0, RVL,
RIZ0.

47

 III-

2012-2013

, ,
.
(
) .

.
. :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

(Bessel)
(Butterworth)

() (Cauer active filters)

, ,
.
1. ,
.
, .
.
2. ,
.
,
.
3.
, ,
. ,
.
(
, IV-
, 40)

.

.40

41
(1), (2) FPNF IV
(3).
48

 III-

2012-2013

.41 ,

. ,
, ..
, .
,
. ,
,
.
,
,
.
RC .

.

,
RC .

II RC

FPNF II
RC (R, C1 C2)
.
(
). ..
AUB=0dB.

49

 III-

.42 FPNF II

2012-2013

.43 FPNF II

C1 =

C1
C2
1
1
; R=
; fg =
; d=
2
2 f g C1 d
C2
d
2 R C1 C 2

d
. d
,
d .

2
..
2
2
. d <

2
2

, d >
2

d =

d=

3
).
2

fg d.
,
.
:
FPNF fg=10kHz
( d =
:

2
).
2

C2=470pF. :

C1 =

C2
1
= 23,9k
= 940 pF ; R =
2
2 f g C1 d
d

IEC : C1=1nF R=24k.

50

 III-

2012-2013

FPVF II-
RC (C, R1 R2)
.
(
). AUB=1 .. 0dB.

. 44 FPVF II

fd =

1
2 C R1 R2

; d=

R1
1
d
; R1 =
; R2 =
R2
2 fd C d
2 fd C

d .
fd d (. ).
C, R1 R2
.
:
FPVF fd=100Hz ( d =
:

2
).
2

C=20nF. :

R1 =

d
1
= 56,27 56 ; R2 =
= 112,4 110
2 fd C
2 fd C d

FPOF II-
FPOF FPNF FPVF.
, ,
, .
, - fg FPNF fd
FPVF.

51

 III-

2012-2013

.45 FPOF FPNF FPVF

46 FPOF
FPNF FPVF.

. 46 FPOF FPNF FPVF

FPOF
Q FPNF FPVF
FPOF .

FNOPF II-
FPOVF 47 FPNF FPVF
. ,
FNPOF FPNF FPVF.

.47 FNOPF FPNF FPVF

, fg FPNF
fd FPVF. FNOPF
48.
52

 III-

2012-2013

.48 FNOPF AFK FPNF FPVF

FNOPF- f0 aUB
fg fd S=-12dB/oct.
FNPOF aUB, f0 Q ( B fd fg).
S=-12dB/oct fg fd ( ),
FPNF FPVF.
FNPOF .. Q
, (FPNF FPVF)
FNPOF
.
FNPOF ( Q . )
49.

.49 FNOPF

RC FNPOF Q . R3 C3
( )
..
.
Q .. f0.
61 -
(1) FNOPF ( 2).
.
:

f0 =

1
; R=R1=R2=2R3 C=C1=C2=C3/2
2 R C

53

 III-

2012-2013

.. f0
.
0,1%, 1% aUB>40dB.
FNOPF ( 50Hz 100Hz)
.
:
FNOPF (f0=100Hz).
:
C=20nF, :

R=

1
R
= 79,5k = R1 = R2 ; R3 = = 39,8k ; C1=C2=20nF ; C3=2C=40nF.
2 f0 C
2

I RC

e I (6dB/oct)

.

.

FPNF I
50.
Cf
fg.

.50 FPNF I

XCf=1/2fCf. Rf Cf FPVF.
Rf||Cf ..

fg S=-6dB/oct.
:

54

 III-

AUB =

Rf
R1

Rf
R1

; AUB [db] = 20 log

2012-2013

R1 R f

1
; f g =
; R2 =
; RVL=R1 ; RIZ=RIZoz
2 Rf C f
R1 + R f

( Cf
)
.
FPNF
f>20kHz
.
( 100kHz).
Cf
Cf ( FPNF) Cf (
).

II RC


( RC
AUB=0dB).
51
Z4 Z5.

.51

, ,
:

AU ( f ) =

U IZ
Y1 Y2
(f )=
U VL
Y2 Y4 + Y5 (Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y4 )

Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4 Y5

.
(AU0>10000,
RVLoz>1M, RIZoz<1k),
. FPNF, FPVF
FPOF II Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4 Z5
, .
II ,
.
55

 III-

2012-2013

FPNF II
52 51
Z1, Z2 Z4 , Z3 Z5
.
fg AUB,
, .

.52 FPNF II RC

C3.
:

C5

2 C3
2 ( AUB + 1)
R
; R4 =
; R1 = 4 ;
AUB
4 ( AUB + 1)
2 f g C 3 1 + C 3 2 C 5 ( AUB + 1)

R2 =

1
4 f C 3 C 5 R4
2

2
g

:
fg=1000Hz AUB=1 (.. AUB=0dB).
:
C3=10nF, :

C5
R4 =

C
2 C3
= 3 C 5 = 2,5nF
4 ( AUB + 1) 4

2 ( AUB + 1)

2 f g C 3 1 + C 3 2 C 5 ( AUB + 1)

R1 =

R4
= R4 = 45k
AUB

R2 =

R
1
= 4 = 22,5k
2
4 f C 3 C 5 R4
2

2
= 45k
f g C3

2
g

56

 III-

2012-2013

FPVF II
53, 51
Z1, Z2 Z4 , Z3 Z5 .
FPVF FPNF 64 RC CR.

.53 FPVF II RC

fd
AUB,
. C1,

:

C 2 = C1 ; C 4 =

2 AUB + 1
2 AUB
C1
; R3 =
; R5 =
AUB
2 f d C1 (2 AUB + 1)
2 2 f d C1

:
FPVF fd=10Hz AUB=1.
:
C1=100nF. .

C 2 = C1 = 100nF ; C 4 =

C1
= 100nF ;
AUB

2 AUB
2
0,075
=
=
= 75k ;
2 f d C1 (2 AUB + 1) 6 f d C1
f d C1
2 AUB + 1
0,3376
R5 =
=
= 337,6k
f d C1
2 2 f d C1
R3 =

FPOF II
FPOF FPNF FPVF.
FPOF Q FPOF
. FPOF Q
51 Z1, Z3 Z5 ,
57

 III-

2012-2013

Z2 Z4 . FPOF 54
Q AUB.

.54 FPOF II RC

f0 =

1
2 Re R5 C 2 C 4

; Re =

R1 R3
R1 + R3

( )
Q . (
) 12dB/oct .. II .
AUB ( .
f0) : f0, Q
B ( . fd fg).
:

Q=

f0
; f0 =
B

f d f g ; B=fg-fd

AUB
,
2

.
1. Q>

AUB
:
2

C2 C4.
:

R1 =

R R
C
Q
1
; Re =
; R3 = 1 e ; R5 = AUB R1 (1 + 4 ) ;
R1 + R3
C2
2 f 0 AUB C 4
2 f 0 Q (C 2 + C 4 )

2. Q<

AUB
R1
2

R3 . R1
, R3 R3= .. .
:

58

 III-

R5 =

2012-2013

AUB R1
AUB
Q
;
;
C
=
=
C
2
4
2 f 0 Q R5
2 f 0 AUB R1
Q 2 Re
1
AUB R1

:
FPOF f0=160Hz B=16Hz AUB=50 (.. AUB=34dB).
:

Q=

AUB
f0
= 10 . Q>
2
B

(Q>5),

:
C2=C4=100nF, :

R1 =

R R
1
Q
= 2 ; R e =
= 500 ; R3 = 1 e = 667 ;
R1 + R3
2 f 0 AUB C 4
2 f 0 Q (C 2 + C 4 )

R5 = AUB R1 (1 +

C4
) = 200 .
C2

FNOPF II
RC
FNOPF 49. FNOPF
Q . FNOPF Q (Q>1) ..
55.
FPOF ..1
..2 R6, R7 R8.
( ) R6
FPOF R7. ..1 FPOF
, -180,
.
FNOPF
f0.
FPOF C2=C4=C,
:

.55 FNOPF II RC

59

 III-

C 2 = C 4 = C ; R1 =

2012-2013

R1
Q
; R3 =
; R5 = 2 R1 .
2 f0 C
2 Q2 1

aUB
FPOF, R6 R7. R7
R7=2R6
aUB .
R8 R6, ,
R8=R6.
FNOPF aUB
: f0, Q B (..fd fg). C
R6 (R6>10k), .
aUB
R7.

1. AUB
AU0.
fT
. , ,
fT>>fd,fg AU0>>AUB.
2.
.
AU0 fT,
AUB, .
56
( ) ( ) FPNF II AUB=20dB fg=1kHz.
741. FPNF
II ,
1,
2.

)
)
.56 ) FPNF II

60

 III-

2012-2013

57
FPVF II AUB=30dB fd=10Hz.
741.

.57 FPVF

57. FPVF fd
FPVF.
( 741). FPVF
fg.
,
. ,
fT.
. 741 FPVF TL071,
30kHz 150kHz. (
TL071 fT=5MHz).

58 FPOF
II AUB=20dB, f0=100Hz Q=10.

.58 FPOF

3.

,
.
61

 III-

2012-2013

: RIZoz<<R<<RVLoz, : RIZoz<<XC<<RVLoz.
XC f=fg FPNF, f=fd
FPVF f=f0 FPOF FNOPF. RIZoz<1k
RVLoz>2M, R ( XC)
. ,
,
.
4.
n
. .
,
.

( , ,
).
.
, .
5. (RVL, AUB, , ),
.
: RIZ, -,
.
, -
, .
,
TL071, TL081 A741.
6.
.
.

RC 59. RX CX

, VF
.
CX

, . RX
47 150, CX 10nF
100nF.
,
.

.59 RC

UCC , 5V 15V,
(

62

 III-

2012-2013

) UCC. UIZmax
UCC. UIZmax 1 3V UCC,

U IZ max pp (U CC 2V ) ;
U IZ max (U CC 2V ) .
U IZ max

U VL max =

U CC 2V
2

U IZ max
.
AUB

,
1.
.
.

: ( ), ,
.
.
2. ) .
, .
( 2 3) (6)
,
+UCC ( 7), UCC ( 4).
UC>UB>UE UBE0,10,7V.
) .
.
(
, , RVL, RIZ, UIZmax, UVLmax THD) f=1kHz
,
. FPOF f0, FPNF
f=fg/10, FPVF f=10fd, a f=f0
aUB.

.
.
: ,

.
.
3.
:
,
.
( ).

.

63

 III-

2012-2013

()

64

 III-

2012-2013

.

. 60
.
U=AU0.
UVL>UREF UIZ-UZASop , UVL<UREF UIZ+UZASop.

.60

,
( )
UREF=0 . R2 . UVL
(UVL>0) AU
(UIZ=-UZAS) UVL<0 ( UVL) UIZ=+UZAS
61.

.61

(SLEW FACTOR)
. ..
Slew Factor TL071.
..
( ) 62.

UVL UIZMAX UIZMIN Ug,
UVL UIZMIN UIZMAX Ud.


.
.
65

 III-

U H = U IZ

2012-2013

R2
R2

= (U IZMAX U IZMIN )
R2 + R3
R2 + R3

R3>>R2,
R1=R2||R3. ( )
( )
UREF=0 .. R2 .
100
, 0,1F
.

.62

. 63
. UIZ 64
UIZ 180
.

.63

. 64

(
) .
65.
= R C << T1 << T2 .

,
.
. 64
66

 III-

AU =

2012-2013

R

XC

().

.65

, 66.

.66 )
)

C1 R2, R1 C2
,
.
:

f VLMAX =

1
2 R1 C1

f VLMAX <

f
fT
fg < T
AU
2 R2 C1

AU =

R2
1
fg =
R1
2 R2 C 2
67

 III-

2012-2013

UIZ R3=R2,
fVL<<fVLMAX.

77.

. 67 .

.67

68
= R C
>> T1 >> T2 .
.
(1=2=/2), (12)
.

. 68

69.

68

 III-

2012-2013

. 69

UIZ UIZ 180

.
DC .
(UDC=AU0) DC

.(UIZ=UZASOZUCC)

70. R2
, . R2
.
:

f VLMIN =

1
2 R1 C1

:
fVLMIN>fg f g =

1
2 R2 C 2

. 70 )
)

fVL>>fV LMIN.
R3=R1||R2 UIZ.

69

 III-

2012-2013

()
.
71 . R1,
R2, , Rn 47 100.
AUB=1 5 .
R1=R2=..=Rn=R, RVL1=R1, RVL2=R2

AUB =

Rf
R

C1 C2
50F 200F.

. 71 ()

,
.
.

.
72.

.72 , , (
)
70

 III-

2012-2013

(
). Y1
, Y2
.
,
.
.

.
:

(, , ), (, , )
(, , , , ).
,
.

, .

71

 III-

2012-2013

72

 III-

2012-2013

.
, .

.
kHz
n
( f =

n p
).
60

I-U .
kHz.
(1913), (1948.)

.
.
(,, ...)
().
1. :

2. :

( )
..

3. :

(,
kHz)
(, 100kHz)
( 300MHz)

( )
(VFO- Variable Frequency Oscilator)

4. ,
, , FET-, UJT ,
,
:

73

 III-

2012-2013

LC ( )
RC ( )
(
)
- -

(VCO- Voltage Controled Oscilator)
.

5. :

(
) ,
.

.
,

( ).
:

AR =

A
1 B A

A - , B -
, B A - , 1- B A -
.

.73

U3 B
U1.
74

 III-

2012-2013

U1
U2 .

.
.. 1- B A =0
.. B A =1 B A = B e j A e i = B A e j ( + ) = 1 e j 0 .
: -

B A = B A = 1 + = 0 . 1,
0 360 (
). BA<1 , BA>1
U1 .. ,
BA>>1
. BA>1
(
.. .)
.


.
BA=1.
B
LC RC .

.
- - (
).

r=

dU U
,

dI
I

(
).
S N 74 74.

.74

B C. rn , rn e .
S - ( , , , UJT)
75
75

 III-

2012-2013

rn R , N ( , )
75

rn R0 R0 =

L
C RL

R0 .

.75

( )

rn
.
rn = R .. rn = R0 .

1. f0 [Hz] (
f0).
2.

f.
(..
) (.. ).

FREQUENCYSTABILITY =

f
f
.. FREQUENCYSTABILITY [%] =
100 .
f0
f0

.
f0 f. f0=1kHz
210-3
FREQUENCYSTABILITY = 0,2% f0=1kHz0,2% .. f0=1kHz2Hz.
10-6
ppm (ppm=par per million).

510-6

FREQUENCYSTABILITY = 5 ppm .
f0
,
.
, , ,
.
76

 III-

2012-2013

.

, ,
.
TC
TC
TC (
TC0).

.
, ,
.

.

(BUFFER).

. -
VF
. LC
f0
. LC RC
10-2 10-4,
10-4 10-6.
3. (AMPLITUDE STABILITY).
% dB
.
.

.
.
.

. UIZ
, UIZ
.
.
() (AUTOMAIC
GAIN CONTROL - AGC).

,
.

.
10% 0,1% .. 1dB 0,001dB.
4. . :

.76)
. 76)
. 76)
. 76)
.76)

77

 III-

2012-2013

. 76

5. .

.. .
.. [%]
THD [%].
1%, 0,001%.
SLEW
FACTOR [V/s] (RISE TIME)
(FALL TIME)
.
[%] [%]
.
6. RIZ

. RIZ
RP,
RP.
7.
f0 UIZ % x .

LC
- B LC
77. L
R=RL .
C
.

. 77 LC - LC

Z=

R + j L
1 L C + j R C
2

78

 III-

2012-2013

77. ff
.
:

fr = f0 =

1
2 L C

fr (ZNjL), a
fr (ZV1/jC).
() :

fr

= R0 =

L
R0 .
RC

Q

:

L I m2
W
L
Q
L
1
1
2
Q = 2 m = 2
= 0
=
=
R0 = Q 2 R =
= Q L
2
W1
R
0 R C R C
0 C
Im
T0
R
2
Q
.
, .. .

,
78 78.

. f=fr
, .
78 78 Q
.. .

.78 ( )

79

 III-

2012-2013

f0
B=fg-fd , fg fd
B

3dB .
(Rg=)
, .
Rg
Rg.
( R0' =

R0 R g

R0 + R g

),

.
.
RP (. RVL ).
RP

R0' =

R0 RVL
.
R0 + RVL

Rg>>R0, RP>>R0.

. fr
L C.
, ,
Ur=IR0 . R0
Q L , R C .
R . C


.
fr L C
fr R0 Q,
. LC
Q 50 500.
LC
. LC B L C ()
. ,
. LC
( 100kHz 300MHz). 100kHz
L C
. MHz

.
LC
LC .
.
Q , Q
, , ,
.
.
, ,
L, C LC .

,
. ( )
fT f0.
80

 III-

2012-2013

fT>>f0

f0.

LC
,
79.
.
() .
180 (
360)
.

.79 LC

RE RB1-RB2.
RE CE, a RB2 CB2.
f=f0
. RB1, RB2 RE
( )
RB1, RB2 >>RE. RE ,
RB1 RB2 .
RB1 RB2
.
, , PN B-E, RE
CE UE , UBE .
AB, B C ( L LB ..
).
AB, B C, ,
. C ,
.
,
, ,
.. Q .
LB L.
RVL LB
RVL .
L LB N:NB=2:1 10:1.
81

 III-

'
VL

N
=
NB

2012-2013

RVL . LB L,

.
LC
:

0 =

1 + R hoe
LC M 2

hoe
hie

M = k L L B , (<0k<1).
Rhoe<<1 M 2

hoe
<< 1 :
hie
1
f0
2 L C

h fe

hie
R

'
0

L
M

R0 . R0
. Q .
(1) L LB
L LB . R0


( hfe1).
RE
.
CS.
CS f=f0 CS .
.
LS L .
RP .. RVL .

,

LB .. RB1-RB2, LB ..
N/NB,
...

L C. f0 C

.
f0
.

82

 III-

2012-2013

LC
.. .
X1, X2 X3.
( ) :
X1+X2+X3=0
.

. 80 LC
.

.80 LC

,
:

h fe >

L2 + M
M = k L1 L2
L1 + M

, Q>>1 :

f0 =

2 L C + L1 L2 M 2

L=L1+L2+2M

h
oe
hie

L1 L2 (
) . L1 L2
(1) M = k L1 L2 L1 L2 .. 2=L1L2,
:

f0 =

1
2 L C

2 C (L1 + L2 + 2 M )

Q>>1,
LC .
f0
. f0 C
. RE
.
RB1, RB2 RE
. CF
f=f0 . CE, CF CB
f=f0 .
CS f=f0
83

 III-

2012-2013

.
LS
80. LS L1 L2
.. . RP .. RVL
.


( RB1-RB2
RE) (
L1+L2).

LC

,
.

. 81 LC
.

.81 LC

.
:

h fe >

C2
C1

C1=C2 hfe>1
hfe .
, Q>>1 :

f0 =

1
1

2
LC

L C hoe
1 +
C1 C 2 hie

C C
C = 1 2
C1 + C 2

f0 ,
hie hoe
:
84

 III-

L C hoe
<< 1 f 0
C1 C 2 hie

2012-2013

1
2 L

C1 C 2
Cq + C2

C2 C1
, f0
( ,
,
). ,
, C1 C2

C2/C1, .
, f0
( ) C
81. .
RE
.
(RB1, RB2, RE, CE CB)
. LPR
f=f0 , .. LPr>>L.
RC,
.

CS 81. (CS f=f0
). ,
. RP (.. RVL
) .
,
,
, ( RB1RB2 RE) ( C2/C1,

C=

C1 C 2
).
C1 + C 2

LC . LC
: , , .
(
) .
, . LC
.

85

 III-

2012-2013

RC
RC .
B RC
. RC
MHz. RC
LC . ( LC
LC ).
RC RC
f0 R 100 1,
C 0,1nF 100F.

RC
RC B RC
f0 180.
180 (
FET ) f0
360 ( )
f0. 82
RC
.

. 82 RC

() () RC
f=f0 60 180.
( )
.
C1=C2=C3=C R1=R2=R. R3
hie R (R=R1=R2=R3+hie
R3=R-hie).
:

f0 =

1
2 C 6 R 2 + 4 R RE

(AU
RC )
hfe :
86

 III-

h fe 23 + 29

2012-2013

R
R
+ 4 C
RC
R

RC
= 2,7 ) hfe45.
R

hfe>>1.
..
A,
. RC
1 20. R4 R5
( U B =

R5
U CC ; R4,R5>>RC). RE ,
R 4 + R5

CE. RE
1 10, CE XCE<<RE ( f=f0).
RE , CE .
R4 .. R5
83 ( R3 hie
).

.83 RC

84 RC
:

f0
)

6
2 R C

f0

1
2 R C 6

.84 RC

87

 III-

2012-2013

hfe fT>>f0.
f0 fT RC

85.
CS RP .. RVL .

.85 RC f0

RP>>RIZosc ( RIZoscRC), CS f=f0 ..

XCS<<RP.

,
.
(
.. / RC
),
.

RC
86.
.
,
. :

f0 =

1
2 R C 6

. 86 RC

88

 III-

2012-2013

: AUB29.
AUB =

Rf
R

, : Rf29R.

.
Rf NTC
29R.
(Rf29R) .
, Rf
NTC .


.
. CS f=f0 ,
RP (.. RVL ) (RP>>R).

RC
RC
. RC FPOF
86. RC FPOF
f0 (=0)
=0 .. RC FPOF
.

.86 RC

RC
,
.
RC 87.

89

 III-

2012-2013

. 87 RC

RC
:

f0 =

1
2 R1 R 2 C1 C 2

R1=R2=R C1=C2=C :

f0 =

1
2 R C

R , .

AB1 .. Pn. R1=R2=R C1=C2=C
P =

1
( RC FPOF f=f0 3
3

)
3 .

P n ;

R
R + R4
R4
1
; 3
3 ; AU NPV = 3 + 1 3 R3 2 R4

R4
3 R3 + R 4
R4

R3 R4 . P=n
, P<n ,
P>n
.
. , .
88).
R4 PTC (
PTC ). :
UIZ, R4
.
R4 ( AU NPV =

R3
+ 1 ) UIZ
R4

90

 III-

2012-2013

.88 ) )

UIZ UIZ
.
PTC 1C,

, ( 24V/20mA).
R3 (R32R4),
.
R4
R3
, .
88). R3 NTC , R4
.
88)
R3 . :
UIZ , RAB
UIZ .. .
UIZ : ,
RAB , UIZ
.
D1 D2 A B . UIZ

RAB UIZ .
.
R3

, .
, R3
, .
R3 .

( , )
(
AU0 ).

( .. fT)
91

 III-

2012-2013

. 741(fT=1MHz) AUNPV=3
foMAX=400kHz ( 741 AU=3 ).
kHz
(SLEW FACTOR) 741.

(TL071).

R1 R2
.. UIZ +UCC UCC.
UIZ+UCC R1 R2 , R3
.
UC .. UVLi ,
:
UC=UVLi>UVLNi U VLNI = U IZ

R1
R1 + R2

.89 )
C )

(UIZ-UCC).
, C .. UC , 0
. UC
,
.
UIZUCC. :

2 R1
= Tn
TP = R3 C ln1 +
R2

92

 III-

f0 =

1
=
T P + Tn

2012-2013

1
1
=

2 R1
2 R1
4,6 R3 C log1 +

2 R3 C ln1 +
R2
R2

R1 R2 R1=0,86R2 TP=Tn=R3C f0=1/2R3C.

C 1nF 100F, .
R3<1M, R1,R2<100k RP>100.

.
UZ<UCC-2V,
UIZ=UZ.
R3 C.
..
(SLEW FACTOR)
. 741 SLEW FACTOR (0,7V/s)
f0>10kHz. ( )
SLEW FACTOR TL071.

UIZ .
.
TPTn 90.
(DUG
DUS), .

.90
TPTn

C R3A,
R3B. :

2 R1

TP = R3 C ln1 +
R
2

2 R1

Tn = R3 B C ln1 +
R
2

1
f0 =
T P + Tn

TP/Tn
R 91.

93

 III-

2012-2013

. 91

2 R1

TP = R3 A + R ' C ln1 +
R
2

TP
R +R

= 3A
R3 B
Tn MAX

2 R1

Tn = R3 B + R '' C ln1 +
R
2

TP
R3 A

=
Tn MIN R3 B + R

94

 III-

2012-2013

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

.
( )


, 1. (
) LC .
( )

, , , .

f0.
,
. LC RC (
) (
)
f0.
. : f0
Hz Hz nF F, f0
MHz nF pF.
.
,
,
.

, , , .
VF LC
.

.

,

.
RP

.
.

95

 III-

2012-2013

,

.
.
.

( ).


, 90.

: ( ), ,
. ,
(
).
.
.

-
.
,
.
(20%) .

( ).

.
.
DIP - ()

.

( ).
-
.
,
X Y .
(.. ),
(TIME BASE) X (AMPLITUDE) Y ,

.
,
Y DC,

AC.

96

 III-

2012-2013

osciloskop

Power
supply
X

oscilator

sonda

out

Koaksijalen
kabel

Rp

GND

.92

(.. ) -
.
1: T = X T K X , X
. KX=50s/cm XT=4cm T = 4cm 50 s / cm = 200 s ..

1
= 5000 Hz .
T
U max = Ym KY , KY
. KY=0,1V/cm Ym=2,5cm U max = 2,5cm 0,1V / cm = 0,25V ,
f0 =

U PP = YPP KY = 0,5V .

,
:

U eff =

U max
= 0,177V
2

. 93
97

 III-

2:

T1 = X T 1 K X = 2cm 50

s
cm

2012-2013

= 100 s

T2 = X T 2 K X = 3cm 50

T = T1 + T2 = ( X T 1 + X T 2 ) K X = 250 s
U max = Ym KY = 2cm 0,1

V
= 0,2V
cm
Xt1

U max

s
cm

= 150 s

1
= 4000 Hz
T
V
= YPP KY = 2cm 0,1
= 0,2V = U max
cm
f0 =

Xt2

Ypp

Ym

1cm

.94 .

,
.
(Um Umax),
(Upp).
.
(.. )


.
,
THD .
.
THD
.

.
(..
), .

95.

RISETIME = X RT [cm] K X FALLTIME = X FT [cm] K X

Y [cm] KY
0,8 Yi KY
SLEWFACTOR = 1
=
X RT [cm] K X
X RT K X

98

 III-

Ti = X Ti [cm] K X U i = Yi [cm] KY U OVER = YOVER [cm] KY U OVER [%] =

2012-2013

U OVER
100
Ui

.95

KX [ms/cm]
[s/cm]. KY
[V/cm] [mV/cm].
KX
KY . XRT XFT
XMAGx10 .
X 10 ,
X
.
XMAG X 10
10.
.
f0
f.

.
.
.

.

.
,
.
, , (
).

.

99

 III-

2012-2013

.

.

100

 III-

2012-2013

NE 555

101

 III-

2012-2013

NE 555
NE 555
.
-
. ,
, 555 .
NE 555 96 .

. 96 NE 555

NE 555
97.

. 97 NE 555( )
UC

-
. Q 0.
C RA RB
. C 2/3 UCC
- 1. C
RB 7, .
1/3 UCC B -
.
:
102

 III-

2012-2013

Tp = 0,693( RA + RB ) C
:

Tp = 0,693( RB C )
:

T = Ti + Tp 0,693( RA + 2 RB ) C

f0 =

1
1,44
=
T ( RA + 2 RB ) C

D=

Ti
Ti
R + RB
=
= A
T Ti + Tp RA + 2 RB

: UIZpUCC1,7VUCC.
UCC +5V +15V.
UCC.
C1
10nF 100nF.
UIZ
. DC
CS f=f0
RP (.. RVL ). RP>100.
NE 555
f0 0,1Hz 100kHz.
R 0, .
97 i>p. i=P i<P
NE 555
98.

. 98 NE 555 i=TP i<TP

103

 III-

2012-2013

(
), . , C
R, RB. :

Ti 0,85 RA C

Tp 0,85 RB C

i P 0,693 0,85
. 0,85
.
Ti/TP
R 99.

Ti 0,85 R A + R ' C

Ti

TP

R +R
= A
RB
max

T p 0,85 RB + R ' C

Ti

TP

RA
=
min RB + R

. 99 NE 555
Ti/TP

NE 555
100 .
Trigger 2
1/3 UCC.
2
. C2 , -
1 . , .. 1 , C2 2/3
, - T1
, C2
. Trigger.

104

 III-

2012-2013

. 100 NE 555

B,
- . C2
UCC :

pol = R1 C1
C2
2/3 UCC.

U C 2 = U THR =
:

T = pol ln

2
U CC
3

U CC
= R1 C 2 ln 3 = 1,1 R1 C1
U CC U THR

.
,
. ,
.
,
, Reset ..
4 .

105

 III-

2012-2013

NE 555
NE 555
,
.
555 .
:

T = 1,1 R1 C1

. 101 NE 555

5 (300 )
C1=100F, R1 :

R1 =

300
T
=
= 2727272 2,72 M
1,1 C1 110 10 6

SW1 , SW2 ()
. R2 R3
TRIGGER RESET . ,
,
.
.
T1 ( 3)
,
. 1
, 555 .
D1
. LED D2
, R5 . R4 1
.
T1 , ( 3)
( 2) (1).
.
, , , , ,
, .
( 1 3),
, .
106

 III-

2012-2013

( 2 3),
, .
R1
C1.
R1
. ,

.

NE 555
.
, 555-
.
NE 555
.

. ( 5) ()
, .
. ,
, .
102,
.
, :

UH =

R3
U CC
3 R3 + 2 R

. 102 NE 555 ( )

( )

( R3),
.
,
, :

U IN

R1 + R2
U CC
R2
107

 III-

2012-2013

, , , R2

.
80%
. 555
5.

RC R1 C1 C2
IC1. 5,6V
D1.
, . , R2
.
P1 P2. C4
,
C5 C6 .
200mA, Re1
. ,
. ( 2) 2,8V,
. Re1

.
, ( 6) 5,6V.
, . (,
C) P2,
P1.

. 103
NE 555

108

 III-

2012-2013

104
. Re1
. ,
. IC1 ,
Re1 . ,
, .
( 6) ,
,
C3 C4.
Re1 P1 10
, 500 .
D1 .

. 104 - NE 555

109

 III-

2012-2013

,

.
.
.

( ).


, 90.

: ( ), ,
. ,
(
).
.
.

-
.
,
.
(20%) .

( ).

.
.
DIP - ()

.

( ).
-
.
,
X Y .
(.. ),
(TIME BASE) X (AMPLITUDE) Y ,

.
,
Y DC,

AC.

110

 III-

2012-2013

osciloskop

Power
supply
X

oscilator

sonda

out

Koaksijalen
kabel

Rp

GND

.105

(.. ) -
.
1: T = X T K X , X
. KX=50s/cm XT=4cm T = 4cm 50 s / cm = 200 s ..

f0 =

U max

1
= 5000 Hz .
T
= Ym KY , KY

KY=0,1V/cm

Ym=2,5cm

U max = 2,5cm 0,1V / cm = 0,25V ,

U PP = YPP KY = 0,5V .
,
:
U eff =

U max
= 0,177V
2

. 106
111

 III-

2:

T1 = X T 1 K X = 2cm 50

s
cm

2012-2013

= 100 s

T2 = X T 2 K X = 3cm 50

T = T1 + T2 = ( X T 1 + X T 2 ) K X = 250 s
U max = Ym KY = 2cm 0,1

V
= 0,2V
cm
Xt1

U max

s
cm

= 150 s

1
= 4000 Hz
T
V
= YPP KY = 2cm 0,1
= 0,2V = U max
cm
f0 =

Xt2

Ypp

Ym

1cm

.107 .

,
.
(Um Umax),
(Upp).
.
(.. )


.
,
THD .
.
THD
.

.
(..
), .

108.

112

 III-

2012-2013

RISETIME = X RT [cm] K X FALLTIME = X FT [cm] K X

SLEWFACTOR =

Y1 [cm] KY
0,8 Yi KY
=
X RT [cm] K X
X RT K X

Ti = X Ti [cm] K X U i = Yi [cm] KY U OVER = YOVER [cm] KY U OVER [%] =

U OVER
100
Ui

.108

KX [ms/cm]
[s/cm]. KY
[V/cm] [mV/cm].
KX
KY . XRT XFT
XMAGx10 .
X 10 ,
X
.
XMAG X 10
10.
.
f0
f.

113

 III-

2012-2013

.
.
.

.

.
,
.
, , (
).

.

.

.

114