THHS Chemistry 5 Pure substance one type of matter; uniform and definite in composition can be chemically combined Mixture

ure two or more types of matter physically combined heterogeneous (e.g.: chicken noodle soup) homogenous (e.g.: salt water) Solution homogenous mixture, but all compounds are in the same physical state e.g.: an alloy (all in solid state) solute substance being dissolved solvent substance doing the dissolving (usually water) Solutions (aqueous) Homogenous Transmits light (*can be colorful) Cannot be filtered Does not settle on standing Suspension Heterogeneous Does not transmit light Can be filtered Settles on standing Colloid Heterogeneous

Russell Katz 3/14/13

Does not transmit light Cannot be filtered Does not settle on standing

Solubility how much solute will dissolve in a given solvent high solubility soluble low solubility insoluble (*Insoluble means very low solubility) Increase in temperature = Increase in solubility of salt Increase in temperature = Decrease in solubility of gas Nature of the solute Like dissolves like polar solutes dissolves in polar solvent nonpolar solute dissolves in nonpolar solvent unsaturated can hold more saturated holds how much it should supersaturated holds more than it should supersaturated solutions are very rare (*only under extreme conditions) Molarity = moles of solute / liters of solution 1M NaCl more concentrated 0.5M NaCl CONCENTRATION/DILUTE Molality = moles of solute / kilograms of solvent PARTICLE RELATIONSHIP

% mass = (mass of part / mass of whole) * 100 1mL of water = 1g of water % volume = (vol. of part / vol. of whole) * 100 1L of water = 1kg of water parts per million (ppm) = (mass of solute / mass of solution) * 1,000,000 Pure Water Freezing Point = molality (m) * #of moles of dissolved particles * 1.86oC Boiling Point = molality (m) * #of moles of dissolved particles * 0.52oC If a substance is ionic, you must count every mole. e.g.: CaCl2 3 (1+2) If a substance is covalent, you must use the given amount of moles. If no amount is given, it's usually one. Kinetics branch of chemistry concerned with the rate of chemical reaction Collision Theory reactions occur when particles collide with the right amount of energy and with the right orientation Surface Area Temperature Concentration increased surface area increased temperature increased concentration = = = increased rate of reaction increased rate of reaction increased rate of reaction

Catalyst increases rate of reaction, but does not participate in the reaction