Kombinatorika

26.03.
2013
o
.
o :

...
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26.03.2013
o :

...
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o :

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26.03.2013
,
n-,
,
m- ,
mxn- .
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o .
4 3
. ?
: : 4x3=12
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26.03.2013
o (a-z)
100.
o ?
:
o 26 ,
100- ,
26100=2600
.
o e a 2600
.
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k , i-
ni-, ,

n1 n2 nk
.
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26.03.2013

?
o ,
SK, 001 999,
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U,
V, Z .
o 4
:
.
SK
001
999
22
22
o 1 x 999 x 22 x 22 = 483 516.

483 516.
9
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o .

|AB|=|A||B|.
o k .

|A1 x A2 x x Ak| = |A1 | x |A2| x x |Ak|
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10
26.03.2013

: 2
.
m-
n-a
, m+n
.

.
11
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12
200

450 .

?
: 200+450=650
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26.03.2013
13
:
k
. ni-
i- .
n1 + n2 + + nk
.
13
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14
.
23, 15 19 , .
.
?
:
,
.
,
23+15+19=57 .
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26.03.2013
15
.

|A B|=|A|+|B|.
k , AiAj=
ij
|A1 A2 Ak| = |A1 | + |A2| + + |Ak|
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16
o ( )
7?
o :
1 0,
.
27=128
( ) 7.
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26.03.2013
o ,
6 , 3
(a-z), 3 ?
o :
o 26 10 .
26 . , 26
, . 3
10 , 10
.
263 103=17 576 000 .
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18
17
o m
n ?
o :
o n
. m ,
nm
m n
.
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26.03.2013
19
o
S?
:
o

|S|,
S={a1, a2, , an}.
S n 1 i-
ai 0, ai .
S ,
.
o ,
S 2|S| .
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20
o
.
o ,
( ) .
:

.
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10
26.03.2013
21
13 .
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22
o

.
o
, ,
, ,
..
.
o
(. ,
, , , , ..).
o
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11
26.03.2013
23
o ,
.
,

.
.
, ..
.
o 5
, c.
?
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24
5
, c.
?

.
5 26
4 :
5 x 26 x 26 x 26 x 26 = 5 x 264.
, 2 ,
cacaa
,
.
, .
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12
26.03.2013
25
5
, c.
?

o c ,
c,
:
5 x 25 x 25 x 25 x 25 = 5 x 254.
, ,
,
.
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26
o
5 , c.
?

265,
c
255,
c :
265 - 255 = 2 115 751
o .
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13
26.03.2013
27

6 8 ,
. .
?
:
P
P6, P7 P8 6, 7
8, .
P=P6+P7+P8
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28
o
o
o
o
o
P6 = 366 -266= 1 876 866 560

P7 = 367 -267= 70 332 353 920
P8 = 368 -268= 2 612 282 842 880
, :
P=P6+P7+P8 = 2 684 483 063 360
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14
26.03.2013
29
- IP a
(Internet Protocol ver. 4)
o

3 :
A: 7- netid 17 24- hostid
B: 14- netid 16- hostid
C: 21- netid 8- hostid.
hostid 1- 0-.
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30
- IP
(Internet Protocol ver. 4)
o ?
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15
26.03.2013
31
- IP :
o (# ) = (# . . A) + (# . . B) + (# . . C)
( )
o # A = (# netid)(# hostid)
( )
o :
o (# netid A) = 27 1 = 127.
o (# hostid A) = 224 2 = 16 777 214.
o
IP :
3 737 091 842 (3.7 )
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32
o 2
, m- n a ,
.
k .

mnk.
o :
o A B ,
|AB|=|A||B||AB|.
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16
26.03.2013
33
o 8
1 00?
o :
o ,
1,
00,
1 00 .
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34
o 1,
27 = 128.
o 00,
26 = 64.
o 1 00 25 = 32.
o 8
1 00,

128+64-32=160.
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17
26.03.2013
k+1 k ,
2 (2)
.
o : ( )
o k-
. k,
k+1 .
:
f:AB |A||B|+1, B
2 ,
., f .
35
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36

( )
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18
26.03.2013
37
o

, 0
100 ?
o :
o 101
. ,
102
.
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38
o Nk+1 k ,
N/k .
o : N=280 . k=52
.
,
280/52= 5.38=6 .
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19
26.03.2013
39
. < N/k ,
N/k1.

N N
N
k 1 k 1 1 k N

k
k k
o , N ,
N !
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40
o 280 .
,
n, n
?
o :
280/12 = 23.3 = 24
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20
26.03.2013
41
o

6 ,
6, 7, 8, 9 10?
o :
o
6
N N/5=6.
o N =55+1=26.
o 26.
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42
o

,

.
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21
26.03.2013
43
o . 2 10 .
2 1.
22<3.
9 2/3.
9
2 2
,
9 ,
1.
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44
6 : 3
3 .
3 .
i 3
,
,
3 .

3
.
5 !
, ,
3 ()
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22
26.03.2013
45
S

S,
.
o : S={1, 2, 3}.
1 2 3, 2 1 3, 3 1 2 S.
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46
r-
r
S r-.
o r- S
n=|S|
P(n,r) = n(n1)(nr+1) = n!/(nr)!
o :
P(n,0)=1, P(n, n)=n!
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23
26.03.2013
47
o ,
100 ?
o :
o ,
3-
o P(100,3)=100 99 98=970 200.
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48
o
.
3 . 10 .
.
o ?
P(10,3) = 1098 = 720,

1 720!
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24
26.03.2013
49
o ABCDEFGH
ABC?
o :
o ABC ,

6 :
ABC D, E, F, G H.
o , ABCDEFGH
ABC 6!=720.
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50
o m
n ?
:
o n-
.
o
, (n-1) .
.
.
.
o m -
(m-1) , n-(m-1)
o
n(n-1)(n-m+1)=n!/(n-m)!
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25
26.03.2013
51
r S
( ). (
r n
)
o : S={1, 2, 3}.
1 2 , 1 3, 2 3 S.
r- C(n,r) n=|S|

n
n!
C (n, r )
r r !(n r )!
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52
P(n, r ) C (n, r ) P(r, r )

n P(n, r ) n! /( n r )!
n!
C (n, r )
r!
r!(n r )!
r P(r , r )
C(n,r) = C(n, nr)
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26
26.03.2013
53
o 7
52 ?
.
o :
C(52,7) = P(52,7)/P(7,7)
= 52515049484746 / 7654321
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54

,
3
4 .
9 ,
11 ?
:
o :
o C(9,3) C(11,4)=27 720.
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27
26.03.2013
55
12 ,
5 .
?
12
) 60
) 125
) 12!/7!
) 512
)
10
12!/7!
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59
11
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28
26.03.2013
60
n

r
.
?
:
(a + b)4 = (a + b)(a + b)(a + b)(a + b)
4
=0a4 +1 a3b +2a2b2 +3ab3 +4 b4
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61
K
(a + b) n rbn-r n

r
(a + b)n = (a + b)(a + b)...(a + b)(a + b)
o ,
.
n rbk, r+k=n, .. rbn-r
o rbn-r?
r , b.
n
.
r
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29
26.03.2013
62
: x y
n .
n n j j
(x y ) x
y
j 0 j
n
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63

n
(x y ) x n j y j
j
j 0
n
o a8b9 (3a +2b)17?
n?
17
j?
x?
3a
y?
2b
17
17 8 9 8 9
8
9
(3a) (2b) 3 2 a b
9
9
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30

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26.03.

o 1 x 999 x 22 x 22 = 483 516.

P6 = 366 -266= 1 876 866 560

P(n, r ) C (n, r ) P(r, r )

=0a4 +1 a3b +2a2b2 +3ab3 +4 b4

o a8b9 (3a +2b)17?

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