Chemistry 121

Lecture 8

Outline
I. Solutions - Molarity - Stoichiometry - Dilutions

Aluminum Lab

Several concepts will be defined in the next week or two. Oxidation state = charge

In the ionic compound,NaCl Na oxidation state = +1 Cl oxidation state = -1

Molarity

Molarity (M)

A Conversion Factor between the amount of solute and the volume of solution!!!

M = Molarity = moles of solute L of solution

Molarity Problems

How many liters of 0.300M KBr solution can be prepared from 100.g of KBr? 1 L soln = L soln

100.g KBr 1 mol KBr

119.0g KBr 0.300 mols KBr

A. 5.60 B. 1.40 C. 2.80 0.300 mols KBr 1 L soln D. 0.600

Molarity in Chemical Reactions

In a chemical reaction, The volume and molarity of a solution are used to determine the moles of a reactant or product. mol solute x volume (L) = moles solute L

Molarity in Chemical Reactions

In a chemical reaction, If molarity, M (mol/L), and moles are given, the volume (L) can be determined. moles solute x 1L = moles solute volume (L) solution

1 M

Summary of Chemical Reactions

Basic gram to gram stoichiometry

Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Summary of Chemical Reactions

Stoichiometry using Molarity

Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Stoichiometric Equivalence - Titration

Acid/Base Reaction Lab REDOX Reaction Lab

Reactant 1

Reactant 2 plus indicator (changes color when exactly combined)

Using Molarity of Reactants

How many mL of 3.00 M HCl solution are needed to completely react with 4.85 g CaCO3?
2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s)
B: 3.00 mols HCl 1L soln Volume(mL)=?

CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) 0.0 g 0.0 g 0.0 g

4.85 g

Mols HCl
A:

0.0 g

0.0 g

Using Molarity of Reactants

How many mL of 3.00 M HCl solution are needed to completely react with 4.85 g CaCO3?
2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s)
1mol CaCO3

CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

2mol HCl 1L 1000mL
1L

4.85g CaCO3

100.09g CaCO3 1mol CaCO3 3.00mol HCl

= mL soln

= 32.3 mL soln
3.00 mols HCl 1 L soln

Learning Check
How many mL of a 0.150 M Na2S solution are needed to completely react 18.5 mL of 0.225 M NiCl2 solution? NiCl2(aq) + Na2S(aq) NiS(s) + 2NaCl(aq) 0.150mols BEFORE: 0.225mols 1L 1L 18.5 mL -> 0.0185L Volume(mL) = ? Mols NiCl2
AFTER:

? Mols Na2S

0.0

0.0

Learning Check

18.5 mL 1 L 1000 mL

How many mL of a 0.150 M Na2S solution are needed to completely react 18.5 mL of 0.225 M NiCl2 solution? NiCl2(aq) + Na2S(aq) NiS(s) + 2NaCl(aq) = 27.8mL Na2S 0.0185L 0.225 mols NiCl2 1molNa2S 1L 1L

= mL
1000mL 1L

1molNiCl2 .150 molsNa2S

NiCl2 solution

Na2S solution

More on Molarity

Solution preparation from a concentrated stock solution - Solution Dilution A concentrated solution (high Molarity) is converted to a dilute solution (lower Molarity) by adding solvent to it.

More on Molarity - Dilution

Concentration = amount of solute amount of solution

More on Molarity - Dilution

Solute Amount Remains the Same!

Concentration = amount of solute amount of solution

More on Molarity
A concentrated solution (high Molarity) is converted to a dilute solution (lower Molarity) by adding solvent to it.
dilute concentrated

Mdil x Vdil = Mcon x V con

Moles of Solute = Moles of Solute

More on Molarity
Mdil x Vdil = Mcon x V con
Muriatic acid, an industrial grade of concentrated HCl, is used to clean masonry and cement. Its concentration is 11.7M. How would you go about making 11.4L of 3.5M acid for routine use? Dilute
Concentrated

To Make the Solution, Take 3.4L of concentrated acid and add enough water (11.4L - 3.4L = 8.0L) to make 11.4L
(11.4L)(3.5 mols HCl) 1L
=

V con

(11.7mols HCl) 1L

V con = 3.4L

Dilution Problem

How many mL of 18.0 M H2SO4 are required to prepare 650. mL of 6.00 M H2SO4 by dilution? mmol(before dilution) = mmol(after dilution) mL 18.0 M = 650. mL 6.00 M mL = (650. mL 6.00 M) / 18.0 M = 217 mL

Dilution Problem

How many mL of H2O must be added to 375 mL of a 3.50 M NaCl doln to prepare a 1.25 M NaCl soln? mmol(before dilution) = mmol(after dilution) 375 mL 3.50 M = mL 1.25 M mL = (375 mL 3.50 M) / 1.25 M = 1050 mL H2O(added) = Vfinal Vinitial = 1050 ml - 375 mL = 675 mL

Additional Molarity Problem

Assuming additive volumes, what is the molarity of a KBr soln prepared by mixing 200. mL of a 0.053 M KBr soln with 500. mL of a 0.072 M KBr soln? mol KBr soln 1 = 0.200 L 0.53 M = 0.011 mol KBr

mol KBr soln 2 = 0.500 L 0.072 M = 0.036 mol KBr _______ _____________ 0.700 L 0.047 mol KBr
Mfinal soln = 0.047 mol KBr / 0.700 L = 0.067 M

Safety Tip When working with Acids

Generally speaking - care must be taken when adding water to an acid!!!

CHEM 121 - EXAM I REVIEW

Chapters 1, 2 & 3

EXAM I - REVIEW

Bring pencil & calculator (no cell phones) Periodic Table & Scantron form will be provided. Scantron (problem 5 - start with #1 on form) Multiple Choice 1-19 You may leave (quietly) when finished.

Chapter 1 - Matter & Measurement

Matter

Physical/Chemical Elements/Compounds (Ch2) Mixtures (Ch2) Measurement & Sig Figs Dimensional Analysis Density Percent

Math in Chemistry

Not On Exam: Energy Scientific Method Temperature

Speed as a Conversion Factor

A. 4.0 x 106

B. 3.97 x 106

C. 1.45 x 104

D. None of these

The distance from the Earth to the moon is approximately 240,000 miles. The peregrine falcon has been measured as traveling up to 350 km/hr in a dive. If this falcon could fly to the moon at this speed, how many seconds would it take? conversion: 1 mile = 1.609km)

(Useful

2 sig figs

4 sig figs

2 sig figs

exact

exact

240,000 miles 1.609km

1 hour

60 minutes 60 secs 1 hour 1 minute

= seconds

1 mile
Distance

350 km
Speed

Time

Density Learning Check

A 32.65 g sample of a solid is placed in a flask. Toluene (a liquid), in which the solid is insoluble, is added to the flask so that the total volume of solid and liquid together is 50.00mL. The solid and toluene together weigh 58.58 g. The density of toluene at the temperature of the experiment is 0.864g/mL. What is the density of the solid?

Density = Mass Volume

A. 1.17g/mL

B. 0.653g/mL

C. 1.63g/mL

D. None of these

Density Learning Check

A 32.65 g sample of a solid is placed in a flask. Toluene (a liquid), in which the solid is insoluble, is added to the flask so that the total volume of solid and liquid together is 50.00mL. The solid and toluene together weigh 58.58 g. The density of toluene at the temperature of the experiment is 0.864g/mL. What is the density of the solid?
Find mass of Toluene, so that you can find the volume of Toluene:

58.58 g (toluene + solid) - 32.65 g (solid)

= 30.0mL

25.93g (toluene)

1 mL
0.864g

= Volume Toluene

A. 1.17g/mL

B. 0.653g/mL

C. 1.63g/mL

D. None of these

Density Learning Check

A 32.65 g sample of a solid is placed in a flask. Toluene (a liquid), in which the solid is insoluble, is added to the flask so that the total volume of solid and liquid together is 50.00mL. The solid and toluene together weigh 58.58 g. The density of toluene at the temperature of the experiment is 0.864g/mL. What is the density of the solid?
Find volume of the solid, and then compute the density:

50.00mL (solid + toluene) - 30.0mL (toluene)

20.0 mL (solid)

Density (solid) = 32.65g 20.0mL

= 1.63g/mL

A. 1.17g/mL

B. 0.653g/mL

C. 1.63g/mL

D. None of these

Calculate the following:

1 sig fig

[(5.031-4.96)(2.38)] 3.91 = _____ A. 0.04 5.031 -4.96

B. 0.043
C. 0.0432 D. None of these

0.07
(0.07)x(2.38)

3.91

Chapter 2 - Matter

Matter Laws that lead to Atomic View of Matter History of Atom Atomic Symbols & Atomic Mass Periodic Table Ionic Compounds

Predicting formulas Nomenclature Polyatomic Ions Hydrates

Nomenclature

Covalent Compounds & Elements

Learning Check

Which one of the following is not a physical property of iron pentacarbonyl [Fe(CO)5] a. color b. density c. melting point d. flammability e. boiling point

Learning Check
Oxygen, O2, is an example of a. an atom b. a molecular compound c. an ionic compound d. a molecular element

Learning Check
Which species has 54 electrons? a. b. c. d.
132
54

Xe+ Te2Sn2+ Cd2+

123
52

118
50

112
49

Learning Check
Name each compound. A. N2O4 B. MnCl2
(Covalent - Greek prefixes)

Dinitrogen tetroxide Manganese (II) Chloride

(Ionic - Variable charge on metal) (Ionic - Polyatomics)

C. (NH4)3PO4 D. Cu2CO3

Ammonium Phosphate
Copper (I) Carbonate

(Ionic - variable charge on metal & polyatomic)

36

Chapter 3 - Stoichiometry

The Mole Empirical/Molecular Formulas (combustion) Chemical Equations

Writing from scratch balancing Basic Limiting Reactant & % yield

Stoichiometry

Learning Check
g C + g H + g Br

12.62 g - 3.300g C

The combustion of 12.62 grams of a compound which contains only C,H and Br yields 12.09 grams of CO2 and 4.95 grams of H2O. What is the empirical formula of the compound? a. C4H12Br2 b. C5H10Br2 c. C5H10Br5 d. C7H10Br4 e. C5H8Br2 12.09g CO2 1 mol CO2 44.01g CO2 1 mol C 1 mol CO2 12.011g C 1 mol C = 3.300g C =?gC

12.62 g - 3.300g C - 0.554g H g C + g H + g Br 8.77 g Br The combustion of 12.62 grams of a compound which contains only C,H and Br yields 12.09 grams of CO2 and 4.95 grams of H2O. What is the empirical formula of the compound? a. C4H12Br2 b. C5H10Br2 c. C5H10Br5 d. C7H10Br4 e. C5H8Br2

Learning Check

4.95g H2O 1 mol H2O 18.02g H2O

2 mol H 1 mol H2O

1.0079 g H 1 mol H

=gH

= 0.554g H

12.62 g - 3.300g C - 0.554g H g C + g H + g Br 8.77 g Br The combustion of 12.62 grams of a compound which contains only C,H and Br yields 12.09 grams of CO2 and 4.95 grams of H2O. What is the empirical formula of the compound? a. C4H12Br2 b. C5H10Br2 c. C5H10Br5 d. C7H10Br4 e. C5H8Br2 3.300g C 1 mol C = 0.2747 mol C = 2.5 C 0.110 12.011g C

Learning Check

0.554g H 1 mol H = 0.550 mol H 0.110 1.0079g H

=5H

= 0.110 mol Br = 1 Br 1 mol Br 8.77 g Br 0.110 79.90 g Br

12.62 g - 3.300g C - 0.554g H g C + g H + g Br 8.77 g Br The combustion of 12.62 grams of a compound which contains only C,H and Br yields 12.09 grams of CO2 and 4.95 grams of H2O. What is the empirical formula of the compound? a. C4H12Br2 b. C5H10Br2 c. C5H10Br5 d. C7H10Br4 e. C5H8Br2 3.300g C 1 mol C = 0.2747 mol C = 2.5 C X 2 0.110 12.011g C

Learning Check

0.554g H 1 mol H = 0.550 mol H 0.110 1.0079g H

= 0.110 mol Br 1 mol Br 8.77 g Br 0.110 79.90 g Br

=5H X2 = 1 Br X 2

Learning Check
100 g sample

Analysis of a metal chloride, XCl3, shows that it contains 67.2% Cl by mass. Calculate the atomic mass of X . 100% - 67.2%(Cl) = 32.8%(X)
67.2g Cl 1 mol Cl = 1.90 mol Cl 35.453g Cl ? mol X
32.8g X 1 mol X Molar Mass X = ? mol X = 3 Cl

= 0.633 mol X

Smallest 1:3 ratio of atoms

Molar Mass of X = 51.8g/mol

Learning Check

% Yield = Actual x 100% Theory

Magnesium metal and oxygen react to form magnesium oxide, which is a white solid. If 36.5g of Mg and 35.0g of O2 actually produce in the lab 52.3 grams of magnesium oxide Actual Yield What is the percent yield of Magnesium oxide as determined by the limiting reactant problem?

2Mg + O2 ----> 2MgO

BEFORE: AFTER:

36.5g

35.0g

0.0g
Theory Yield

Learning Check
BEFORE: AFTER:

Actual Yield = 52.3g MgO

2Mg + O2 ----> 2MgO

36.5g 0.0g 35.0g 0.0g
Theory Yield 60.5g

36.5g Mg 1 mol Mg

2 mol MgO 40.30g MgO = g MgO

24.30g Mg 2 mol Mg

1 mol MgO
= 60.5g MgO

35.0g O2 1 mol O2

2 mol MgO 40.30g MgO = g MgO 1 mol MgO = 88.2g MgO

32.00g O2 1 mol O2

Learning Check
BEFORE: AFTER:

Actual Yield = 52.3g MgO

2Mg + O2 ----> 2MgO

36.5g 0.0g 35.0g 0.0g 60.5g 2 mol MgO 40.30g MgO = g MgO

36.5g Mg 1 mol Mg

24.30g Mg 2 mol Mg

1 mol MgO
= 60.5g MgO

% Yield=

52.3g 60.5g

X 100% = 86.4%

LIMITING REAGENT PROBLRM

A 30.8 g sample of PCl5 (MW = 208.22 g / mol) was reacted with 8.50 g H2O (MW = 18.02 g / mol) according to the following rxn: PCl5 + H2O H3PO4 + HCl What is the theoretical yield of HCl? Assuming a student isolated 13.0 g HCl, what is the %-yield?

PCl5 + 4 H2O

H3PO4 + 5 HCl

mol PCl5 = 30.8 g 1 mol PCl5 / 208.22 g = 0.148 mol PCl5 0.148 mol / 1 = 0.148

Mol H2O = 8.50 g 1 mol H2O / 18.02 g = 0.472 mol H2O 0.472 mol / 4 = 0.118 LR Note: The smaller of the two values 0.148 and 0.118 is the LR. g HCl = 8.50 g H2O 1 mol H2O / 18.02 g H2O 5 mol HCl / 4 mol H2O 36.45 g HCl / mol HCl = 21.5 g %-yield = (actual yield / theortical yield) 100 = 13.0 g HCl / 21.5 g HCl (100) = 60.5 %

Mult-step Stoichiometry Problem

How many g of KClO3 would be needed to supply the proper amount of oxygen to burn 33.2 g of methane (CH4) according to the following reactions? KClO3 KCl + O2 CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O

First balance each reaction.

2 KClO3 2 KCl + 3 O2 CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O g KClO4 = 33.2 g CH4 1 mol CH4 / 1604 g CH4 2 mol O2 / mol CH4

2 mol KClO3 / 3 mol O2 122.55 g KClO3 / mol KClO3 = 338 g KClO3

Learning Check
If 22.8 mL of 0.100 M MgCl2 is needed to completely react with 15.0 mL of AgNO3 solution, what is the molarity of the AgNO3 solution? MgCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq)
BEFORE:

2AgCl(s) + Mg(NO3)2(aq)

22.8 mL 0.100 M

15.0 mL ?M

Moles MgCl2 ? Moles AgNO3

A. 0.304M

B. 1.20M

C. 0.152M

D. 0.405M

Learning Check
If 22.8 mL of 0.100 M MgCl2 is needed to completely react with 15.0 mL of AgNO3 solution, what is the molarity of the AgNO3 solution? MgCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) 2AgCl(s) + Mg(NO3)2(aq) = 0.00456 moles AgNO3

0.0228 L

0.100 mols MgCl2 1L

2 mol AgNO3 1 mol MgCl2

= moles AgNO3

MgCl2
A. 0.304M B. 1.20M C. 0.152M D. 0.405M

Learning Check
If 22.8 mL of 0.100 M MgCl2 is needed to completely react with 15.0 mL of AgNO3 solution, what is the molarity of the AgNO3 solution? MgCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) 2AgCl(s) + Mg(NO3)2(aq)

Molarity = 0.00456 moles AgNO3

0.0150 L

A. 0.304M

B. 1.20M

C. 0.152M

D. 0.405M