1

EELE101 Introduction to
Electrical Engineering
Lecture 7: Sinusoidal Signals
Dr. Todd J. Kaiser
tjkaiser@ece.montana.edu
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Montana State University- Bozeman
DC Circuit
2 EELE101Lecture7: Sinusoidal Signals
AC Circuit
3 EELE101Lecture7: Sinusoidal Signals
( )
( )mA t
k
V t
I
R
V
I IR V
=
O

=
= =
100 2 sin 2
5
100 2 sin 10
t
t
Consider a rotating crank
Rotation rate e
Sinusoids
( )
0
u e u + = t t
4 EELE101Lecture7: Sinusoidal Signals
The projection is an up and
down motion
Plot the up and down
motion as a function of time
( ) ( )
0
sin u e + = t A t y
Form of a Sinusoid
A
y(t)
e
t 2
= T
f
T
1
=
f t e 2 =
5 EELE101Lecture7: Sinusoidal Signals
A: Amplitude
T: Period
e: Angular Frequency
( ) ( )
0
sin u e + = t A t y
u
0
t
Voltage and Frequency
( ) ( )
V V
V mV V
divsion mV divisions V
pp
pp
2
2 2000
/ 500 4
= =
=
6 EELE101Lecture7: Sinusoidal Signals
V V
pp
2 =
( ) ( )
kHz
s T
f
s
divsion s divisions T
43 . 5
184
1 1
184
/ 40 6 . 4
= = =
=
=

2
Which signal is
larger?
Write an equation
that represents Ch1
Write an equation
that represents Ch2
AC Signals on Scopes
7 EELE101Lecture7: Sinusoidal Signals
relative to channel 1
Find peak to peak
voltage =2A
Find period =T
Find frequency
f=1/T
Equation of Channel 1
( ) ( ) divsion V divisions V
pp
/ 1 4 . 1 =
8 EELE101Lecture7: Sinusoidal Signals
V
pp
4 . 1 =
( ) ( )
kHz
s T
f
s
divsion s divisions T
85 . 1
540
1 1
540
/ 100 4 . 5
= = =
=
=

( ) ( ) ( ) t t A t V 1850 2 sin 7 . 0 sin
1
= = t e
Equation of Channel 2
Find period =T
Find the time offset:
At
Fraction of a period
( ) ( ) divsion s divisions T / 100 4 . 5 =
9 EELE101Lecture7: Sinusoidal Signals
kHz
s T
f
s
85 . 1
540
1 1
540
= = =
=

( ) ( )
s
divsion s divisions t

80
/ 100 8 . 0
=
= A
148 . 0
540
80
= =
A
s
s
T
t

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) t t u e 2 148 . 0 1850 2 sin 36 . 0 sin

0 2
= = t t A t V
Find Amplitude
A=21 Volts
Find Period
T =0.44 seconds/2cycles
T =0.22 seconds
Find Frequency
Equation Construction
0
10
20
30
( ) ( ) u t u e + = + = t t A V 5 . 4 2 sin 21 sin
10 EELE101Lecture7: Sinusoidal Signals
f =1/T=4.5 Hz
Find Phase
Method 1:
V=0, t=0.08seconds
Method 2
t=0, V=-16.2V
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Seconds
0
-10
-20
-30
V
Find Phase
Method 1:
V=0, t=0.08seconds
Method2
Equation Construction 2
0
10
20
30
( ) ( ) u t u t + = + = t t V 9 sin 21 5 . 4 2 sin 21
( )

6 . 129 26 . 2
0 08 . 0 9
08 . 0 9 sin 21 0
= =
= +
+ =
R u
u t
u t
11 EELE101Lecture7: Sinusoidal Signals
Method 2
t=0, V=-16.2V
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Seconds
0
-10
-20
-30
V
( )

6 . 129 26 . 2
sin
21
2 . 16
0 9 sin 21 2 . 16
= =
=

+ =
R u
u
u t
Careful: Blindlytakingtheinversesinewill
giveyoutheincorrect answer
Phasing Correctly
0
10
20
30
( ) ( ) u t u t + = + = t t V 9 sin 21 5 . 4 2 sin 21
Whichtouse?
90
0 180
90
-180 180
12 EELE101Lecture7: Sinusoidal Signals
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Seconds
0
-10
-20
-30
V
0 180
-90
-90
-50.4
-129.6
Look at waveformandaddknowphases
Correct answer must bebetween-90& -180
Thethirdquadrant
3
What is the amplitude?
What is the angular
frequency?
What is the frequency?
What is the period?
Waveform from Equation
( )( ) V t V 4 / 120 sin 120 t t + =
( ) V A 120 =
( ) s R/ 120t e =
H f
f
60
2 =
e
t e
13 EELE101Lecture7: Sinusoidal Signals
What is the phase shift?
Sketch
Find origin
Hz f 60
2
= =
t
( ) ms T
f
T
7 . 16
60
1
1
= =
=
4
t
u =
85
( ) 85
4
sin 120 0 = |
.
|

\
|
= =
t
t V
120
16.7ms
0s