Marcet Boiler

1. Abstract
This experiment was carried out to determine the relationship between the pressure and
the temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium. Besides that this experiment was also
done to demonstrate the vapor pressure curve. The market Boiler was used for this
experiment. When the pressure increases, the temperature also increases. Therefore, the
relationship of pressure and temperature is directly proportional. The derived formulae
and the data were used to calculate the slope. The dT/d measured was compared with
the data in the steam table. Theoretically, the values measured should be almost the same
with the predicted values. !owever, at certain points, the values are not the same. This
may because of the errors made in the experiment.
2. Introduction
Thermodynamics study about the interchan"e of heat and work between a system and the
surroundin"s which occurs when the system under"oes a process. Thermodynamic also
concerned about the chan"es in the properties of fluid. Most thermodynamics substances
such as "ases and vapours are often referred as #$#T substances.
%n ideal "as obeys the equation of state that relates the pressure, specific volume or
density, and absolute temperature with mass of molecule and the "as constant, &.
!owever, real "as does not absolutely obey the equation of state. % few modifications on
the ideal "as equation of state allow its application in the properties of real "as. When
ener"y is added within water, the increasin" of activities amon" the molecules caused the
increase in the number of molecule escape from the surface until an equilibrium state is
reached. The state of equilibrium depends on the pressure between the water surface and
steam. The lower the pressure, the easier the molecules leavin" the water surface and thus
less ener"y is required to achieve the state of equilibrium 'boilin" point(. The temperature
where equilibrium occurs at a "iven pressure level is called saturated temperature. The
pressure where equilibrium occurs at a "iven temperature is called saturated pressure.
Marcet Boiler is used to investi"ate the relationship between the pressure and temperature
of saturated steam in equilibrium with water at all temperature levels between the
atmospheric pressure and )* bars. The measured value of the slope of the "raph 'dT/d(
obtained from the experiment results can be compared to the theoretical value determined
throu"h calculation from the steam table.
+lausius#+lapeyron states,
fg
fg
SAT
h
Tv
dP
dT
=

g f
f g
SAT
h h
v v T
dP
dT

( '
h
f"
- h
"
# h
f
fg
g
fg
g f
SAT
h
Tv
h
v v T
dP
dT
=

) (

3. Experiment Methods and Materials
The apparatus used was a unit of Marcet Boiler and water. The unit of Marcet Boiler
consists of a stainless steel pressure vessel fitted with hi"h pressure immersion electrical
heater, control panel, a safety relief valve, water inlet port . valve, Bourdon tube
pressure "au"e, temperature and pressure measurin" devices.
Before startin" the experiment a quick inspection was performed to ensure the unit is in
proper operatin" condition. The unit of Marcet Boiler was later connected to the nearest
power supply. $alve at the feed port and the level si"ht tube were opened. %fter that, the
boiler was filled with distilled water throu"h the feed port and the water level was made
sure to be at about half of the boiler/s hei"ht. Then, the valves at the level si"ht tube were
closed and the power supply is turned on.
The temperature controller was set at )01.* 2+ which is sli"htly above the expected
boilin" point of the water at )*.* bar'abs(. The valve at feed port was opened and the
heater was turned on. The valve at the level si"ht tube are made sure to be closed before
turnin" on the heater as the si"ht tube is not desi"ned to withstand hi"h pressure and
temperature. The rise of steam temperature was observed as the water boils. The steam
from the valve was allowed to come out for 3* seconds before the valve was closed. This
step is important to remove air from the boiler as the accuracy of the experimental results
will be si"nificantly affected if air is present. The steam temperature, "au"e pressure at
).** bar 'abs( and time taken for the steam to reach ).** bar 'abs( were recorded. This
step was repeated by increase the interval of pressure with *.1 bar 'abs( until the steam
pressure reaches )*.* bar 'abs(. %fter that, the heater was allowed to cool down to room
temperature. %ll the results were recorded and tabulated under the table below. 4raph of
temperature a"ainst absolute pressure was plotted. +alculation of the slope of the "raph
was made. 4raph of
SAT
dP
dT

versus and
fg
fg
h
Tv
versus was also plotted.
4. Data Analysis
The specific result from this experiment allows us to determine the relationship between
the pressure and temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium.
Experimental Results
Pressure P !bar" #emperature # #ime t !$" Measure $lope
d#%dP
&alculated
$lope #'(%h)( *au(e Absolute
+
& ,
*.** ).** 55.6 378.11 * *.*37 *.8753
*.1* ).1* ))).3 306.61 371 *.830 *.)555
).** 8.** )8*.3 353.61 957 *.)0* *.)10*
).1* 8.1* )87.1 6**.91 575 *.)66 *.)3)0
8.** 3.** )33.7 6*9.01 )880 *.)86 *.))37
8.1* 3.1* )35.* 6)8.)1 )667 *.)*9 *.)**6
3.** 6.** )63.0 6)9.51 )961 *.*59 *.*5*)
3.1* 6.1* )60.8 68).31 )0*3 *.*00 *.*08*
6.** 1.** )18.3 681.61 8*)1 *.*08 *.*716
1.** 9.** )11.5 685.*1 8)03 *.*39 *.*967
1.1* 9.1* )15.8 638.31 8337 *.*99 *.*9*7
9.** 7.** )98.6 631.11 860) *.*96 *.*173
9.1* 7.1* )91.3 630.61 898* *.*10 *.*163
9.5* 7.5* )90.* 66).)1 87*7 *.*90 *.*1)5
7.1* 0.1* )7*.9 663.71 807) *.*63 *.*658
0.** 5.** )73.8 669.31 8557 *.*18 *.*67*
0.1* 5.1* )71.1 660.91 3))3 *.*69 *.*61*
5.** )*.** )77.0 61*.51 3885 *.*69 *.*633
5.1* )*.1* )75.5 613.*1 3330 *.*68 *.*6)9
)*.** )).** )0).5 611.*1 3636 *.*6* *.*6*)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
56
6.5
7
7.57.98.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
11
Temperature (K)
Pressure (abs bar)
Graph of Temperature versus Pressure
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
56
6.5
7
7.57.98.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
Slope
Pressure (abs bar)
Graph of dT/dP versus P and Tv
fg
/h
fg
versus P
dT/dP
Tvfg/hfg
-. Discussion
:t is necessary to remove air form the boiler as this could affect the accuracy of the
experimental results. Based on the "raphs, the relationship between pressure and
temperature is directly proportional while there is a small deviation between the
experimental slope and the theoretical slope. The percenta"e of error ran"ed form *.3;
to 66;. <ources of errors are measurements or readin" accuracy, room temperature and
pressure, the stability of materials and calculations. When the liquid absorbed enou"h
heat ener"y, it will chan"e to vapour form. %s the steam is not allowed to exit, it will
cause an increase in pressure and thus causin" the temperature to increase. %pplications
of Marcet Boiler include water boiler, "asifier, power plant and cookin" utilities.
.. &onclusion
:n this experiment, the relationship between pressure and temperature is found to be
directly proportional. When compared to the theoretical slope, the experimental slope
shows a small deviation between them because of certain errors. The percenta"e of error
ran"ed form *.3; to 66; which can validate this experiment.