urban development programme for the somali region

BERBERA
first steps towards strategic urban planning

1
The designation employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever
on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or its authorities, or
concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its economic system or degree of development. The analysis, conclusions
or recommendations of the report do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT),
the Governing Council of UN-HABITAT or its Member States.

Excerpts from this publication, except the satellite image, may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated.

© United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), 2008.

This publication was prepared by Ombretta Tempra and Michael Bergmann.
Substantial inputs were given by Katja Schäfer, Filiep Decorte, Marco van der Plas and Edward Miller.
All pictures by the © UN-HABITAT Somalia office.
The Berbera Satellite image is provided by DigitalGlobe © 2004 DigitalGlobe. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

HS/942/07E
ISBN: 978-92-113-1918-7

United Nations Human Settlements Programme publications can be obtained from UN-HABITAT Regional and Information Offices
or directly from:
P.O.Box 30030, GPO 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Fax: +(254-20) 762 40 60
e-mail: unhabitat@unhabitat.org

website: http://www.unhabitat.org

Printed at UNON/Publishing Services Section/Nairobi

2
 BERBERA
first steps towards strategic urban planning


INTRODUCTION
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experts, prepared the necessary database for the
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planning through a participatory strategic approach.
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SURFHVV XQGHUWDNHQ E\ WKH FLW\ RI %HUEHUD WKURXJK
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Ë YLVLon – the future: WKH VORJDQ IRU %HUEHUD¶V
development, chosen by the participants of the
city consultation.
participatory planning process.
Ë SODQQLQJ VWUDWHJLHV IRU DFWLRQ – building the
future: GXULQJWKH%HUEHUD&LW\&RQVXOWDWLRQORFDO
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actors highlighted basic services, urban governance,
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economic development, the environment, strategic
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planning, and urban poor and displaced population
WKHGHVLUHGIXWXUHRIWKHFLW\LGHQWL¿HGSULRULW\ >>> more on this on page 46
settlements as priorities to be addressed; precise
needs and related areas of strategic intervention,
operational strategies and action plans were
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plans to be implemented and on the roles of the
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>>> more on this on page 46–48.
Ë DQ XUEDQ VSDWLDO DQDO\VLV carried out by
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understanding of the city and highlights concrete
challenges and priority areas of intervention in a
proposed strategic development plan.
>>> more on this on page 44.
Ë DQDFWLRQSODQDJUHHGE\WKHORFDOVWDNHKROGHUV
during the city consultation, aimed at testing and
demonstrating the validity of the applied principles
of strategic development planning. The projects
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playground.
>>> more on this on page 50.

Ë UHFRUGLQJ WKH RXWFRPHV RI WKH ¿UVW EURDG
consensus on urban issues, priority urban
interventions, action plans, and the urban pact.
>>> see the ‘planning strategies’ section on pages 12–20
Ë LQWURGXFLQJ VSDWLDO DQDO\VLV as a tool for
strategic planning.
>>>see the ‘spatial analysis’ section on pages 22–33
Ë SURYLGLQJDFRPSUHKHQVLYHPHWKRGRORJLFDO
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Ë complementing the documentation of the process
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and didactic tips for local authorities and technical
persons involved in the urban development of the
city.
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Ë spatiDO IUDPHZRUN – putting actions in
place(s): a spatial analysis of the city, which puts
the required priority interventions into a spatial
perspective.
Ë GHVLUHGVWUXFWXUH– turning vision into reality: a
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to serve as an example and basis for discussion
in the urban planning process.
Ë WRZDUGVLPSOHPHntation: an idea of an indicative
road map for the implementation of the strategies
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Consultation.
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details on the urban spatial analysis, city
consultation, urban pact, action plans, and
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EDFNJURXQG – the present 
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basic services ..............................................................................................12
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VSDWLDODQDO\VLV– putting actions in place(s)
structuring elements ................................................................................
functional layout ..................................................................................
services and infrastructure .....................................................................
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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– the road map 
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 BACKGROUND
the present
chronology
1286
Berbera is mentioned for the first time
by Ibn Sa’id and other Arab geographers
and travellers.
around 1600
Berbera replaces Saylac as the foremost
commercial and cultural centre of
Islamic influence in the Horn of
Africa. Known as the capital of the
medieval Muslim state of Adal,
Berbera remains under the authority of
the sharifs of Mocha and the
Ottoman Turks until 1875.
1875–1884
The city is ruled as an Egyptian
protectorate. The British explorer
Richard Burton describes the city as
the ‘true key [to] the Red Sea [and]
WKHFHQWUHRI(DVW$IULFDQWUDI¿F¶
1891–1941
After the British occupation of the
north-eastern Somali region, Berbera
serves as the colonial capital and the
main seaport of British Somaliland
until 1941, when the capital is moved
to Hargeisa.
Strategically located on the Gulf of
$GHQ%HUEHUDLVWKHPDMRUSRUWRI
Somaliland, and one of the most
important entry points for goods
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Economic recovery is inhibited
by widespread destruction of the
urban and industrial infrastructure
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,QVXI¿FLHQWSURYLVLRQRIEDVLF
services is one of the main
problems for the local population.
SRSXODWLRQ
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2WKHUVRXUFHVHVWLPDWHDWRWDORI
The city has seen a decrease in population
over the past years, accentuated by seasonal
migrations to the cooler inland cities during the
hot season.
WRSRJUDSKy
Situated on the southern shores of the Gulf of
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three metres above sea level. The landscape
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FOLPDWH
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temperatures in the summer can approach
ƒ&
1945–1970 WHPSHUDWXUHFHOVLXVUDLQIDOOPP

Soviet influence leads to improved port

facilities and increases in trade.

1970–1991

Warfare destroys much of the port and

the wider infrastructure of the city.
Both the cement factory and the water
distribution system become unusable.
from 1991 onwards

With growing political stability in

Somaliland, the port of Berbera remains
a key source of income for the region.
Exports include sheep, goats, camels,
hides, ghee, frankincense, myrrh, and
gum Arabic.

 

Satellite image by © 2004 DigitalGlobe. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED


 vision
the future

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 Berbera historical area:
men in a cafeteria


planning strategies for development
building the future

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environmental degradation, and city strategic planning.

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11
 strategies for development
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problem objective strategy

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electricity. to meet the overall demands of adequate electricity supply.
the city.

Water scarcity, poor water 3URYLGHVDIHDQGFOHDQGULQNLQJ *HQHUDWHVXI¿FLHQWUHYHQXH

distribution, and poor water quality. ZDWHUIRUDOO%HUEHUDUHVLGHQWV to modernize and improve the
$PLQLPXPRISHUFHQWRI capacity of the water agency.
households to have a private 0RQLWRUWKHZDWHUTXDOLW\
water connection.

3RRUVDQLWDWLRQDQGK\JLHQH ,PSURYHWKHTXDOLW\RIKHDOWKFDUH Combine government and

services and disease prevention international agency forces to
methods, focusing in particular design better health services.
on the needs of mothers and
children.

3RRUHGXFDWLRQV\VWHP Strengthen and further develop

3URYLGHKLJKTXDOLW\HGXFDWLRQ the education system through
services. participatory mechanisms.

basic12 services basic services basic services basic services basic services bas
 basic services

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The road network in your city go to page 25
Water & electricity provision in your city go to page 28

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&UHDWHDWHFKQLFDOFRPPLWWHHRIJRYHUQPHQWRI¿FLDOVDQGSULYDWHVHFWRUUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVWRH[SORUH The location of health & education facilities go to page 28
options for the improvement of the electricity supply.
,GHQWLI\SULYDWHLQYHVWRUVZLWKDQLQWHUHVWLQLQYHVWLQJLQHOHFWULFLW\JHQHUDWLQJV\VWHPV The areas in need of drainage works go to page 28
Explore different privatization options for the public electricity plant.
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WKLVLQLWLDWLYHLH$GYHQWLVW'HYHORSPHQW5HOLHI$JHQF\
6 R P H GDWD
(VWDEOLVKUHODWLRQVZLWKLQWHUQDWLRQDODJHQFLHVDQGORFDO1*2VDFWLYHLQWKHZDWHUVHFWRU Number of properties with: piped water supply: 1,712 (24%)
Train the technical and administrative staff of the water agency. sewerage system: 4,440 (63%)
electricity: 1,882 (26%)
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proper road access: 6,358 (90%)
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'H¿QHDORFDOSROLF\RQHSLGHPLFDQGVH[XDOO\WUDQVPLWWHGGLVHDVHVDQGEXLOGFRRSHUDWLRQEHWZHHQ
the local council and religious leaders to increase awareness.

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and laboratories.
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Strengthen local education committees.

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problem objective strategy

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administrative system. departments through the evaluation of
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the local council and the
community.
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collection system.
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buildings.
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of the municipal authorities
and increase the joint efforts
of all urban development
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percent.
Enhance the attractiveness
of the city through the
refurbishment of selected
government buildings.
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infrastructure.
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planning, implementation, and
monitoring of municipal projects.
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the revenue collection system.
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 urban governance

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The location of the institutional buildings go to page 27

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recommendations made in such a study.
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Form a committee to foster the relationship between the local council and the community.
The local council to initiate frequent meetings with different segments of society.
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successful cooperative mechanisms.
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&RQGXFWDEDVHOLQHVWXG\WRDVVHVVWKHGUDZEDFNVRIWKHH[LVWLQJUHYHQXHFROOHFWLRQV\VWHPDQG
assess potential new revenue sources.
,GHQWLI\LQWHUQDWLRQDODJHQFLHVWKDWFDQDVVLVWWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\LQGHYHORSLQJPRUHHIIHFWLYHDFFRXQWLQJ
and revenue collection systems.
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5HGXFHWD[HYDVLRQWKURXJKDZDUHQHVVUDLVLQJRQWKHEHQH¿WVRIDIXQFWLRQLQJUHYHQXHFROOHFWLRQV\VWHP
'HYHORSWUDLQLQJVFKHPHVIRUUHYHQXHFROOHFWRUVDQGLPSURYHWKHFDSDFLW\RIWKHLQWHUQDODXGLWXQLW

Survey the buildings requiring rehabilitation to estimate the refurbishment cost.

Notify all concerned government institutions about the status of their buildings, and determine which
buildings should be given priority.
Form a technical committee mandated to oversee the rehabilitation process.

ernance urban governance urban governance urban governance urban governance


 strategies for development
building the future

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RI %HUEHUD¶V UHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK QDWLRQDO DQG IRUHLJQ PDUNHWV WKH HQKDQFHPHQW RI HPSOR\PHQW RSSRUWXQLWLHV DQG VNLOOV
building.

problem objective strategy

Economic stagnation. %RRVWORFDOHFRQRPLFJURZWK ,QFUHDVHHFRQRPLFDFWLYLWLHVLQWKHWRZQ

0D[LPL]HWKHXVHRIH[LVWLQJ Exploit the economic potential of the port, its

economic resources. fuel depots, and the airport facilities.

,QFUHDVHWKHSURGXFWLRQRIDQGWKH ,PSURYHWKHSURGXFWV
PDUNHWVIRUORFDOO\SURGXFHGJRRGV ,PSURYHWKHPDUNHWV
,PSURYHWKHVNLOOVDQGFDSDFLW\RIWKHORFDO
producers and traders.

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industrial infrastructure. ¿VKHU\DQGVDOWIDFWRULHV rehabilitation.

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local council and the business the local council and the business RIWKHEXVLQHVVFRPPXQLW\LQWKHGHFLVLRQ
community. community. PDNLQJSURFHVV

Create employment opportunities Conduct vocational training.

Unemployment and limited DQGLPSURYHWKHVNLOOVRIWKHORFDO 3URPRWHTXLFNLPSDFWHPSOR\PHQW
YRFDWLRQDOVNLOOV population. generating projects.

ec 
economic development economic development economic develo
 $ economic development

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'HYHORSDSROLF\DQGPRQLWRULQJPHFKDQLVPIRUWKHUHJXODWLRQRIVPDOOEXVLQHVVHV
The location of the industrial areas go to page 27
Formulate a national policy to increase the regional competitiveness of the port.
The location of the livestock holding grounds go to page 27
5HYLHZWKHH[LVWLQJWD[DWLRQUDWHVFRPSDUHWKHPWRRWKHUSRUWVLQWKHUHJLRQDQGHYHQWXDOO\ORZHUWKH
import taxes.

0RQLWRUDQGLPSURYHWKHTXDOLW\RIORFDOO\SURGXFHGJRRGV :DQWWRKDYHDQLGHDRI"
&UHDWHDWHFKQLFDOFRPPLWWHHWRVWXG\PDUNHWSRWHQWLDOLQWKHUHJLRQ
,QYROYHWKHORFDOEXVLQHVVFRPPXQLW\WKHORFDOFRXQFLODQGWKHFKDPEHURIFRPPHUFHLQSODQQLQJ The proposed location of a Free Trade Zone go to page 36
VWUDWHJLHVIRUH[SDQGLQJWKHPDUNHWIRUORFDOJRRGV
(VWDEOLVKWUDLQLQJVFKHPHVIRUWKHORFDOJRRGVSURGXFHUVDQGUHJXODWHWKHLUZRUN
The potential for economic development go to page 36

/RFDODXWKRULWLHVDQGFRQFHUQHGPLQLVWULHVWRLGHQWLI\DQGDWWUDFWORFDODQGH[WHUQDOLQYHVWRUV
The local council to develop a policy to help meet the interests of the investors.
'HVLJQTXLFNLPSDFWSURMHFWVIRFXVLQJRQWKHVDOWDQG¿VKHU\LQGXVWULHV

Establish regular meetings between the local council and the business community.
5DLVHDZDUHQHVVRQWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIFRRSHUDWLRQEHWZHHQWKHSXEOLFDQGSULYDWHVHFWRUV
Encourage the municipality to form unions among different business sectors.

,PSURYHWKHFROODERUDWLRQDPRQJWKHLQVWLWXWLRQV¶GHSRVLWDULHVRIYRFDWLRQDOVNLOOVNQRZOHGJH
Upgrade the quality of existing vocational schools and establish new courses, focusing particularly on
the involvement of disadvantaged groups, with the support of local and international organizations.
Conduct an unemployment survey at the city level.
$WWUDFWLQYHVWRUVDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDODJHQF\SURMHFWV

opment economic development economic development economic development economic


strategies for development
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management are therefore two of the highest priorities.

problem objective strategy

Environmental degradation.
Establish a clean and healthy
urban environment.
Encourage collaboration among
WKHPXQLFLSDOLW\WKH0LQLVWU\RI
Environment, the community, and local
and international agencies to protect and
upgrade the urban environment.

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%HUEHUDUHVLGHQWV waste collection and disposal system.
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environment.
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 environmental upgrading

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The solid waste collection points in your city go to page 28
'HYHORSDQHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQVHUYDWLRQSROLF\WREHLPSOHPHQWHGDQGPRQLWRUHGE\%HUEHUD&LW\
&RXQFLOZLWKWKHKHOSRIWKHORFDOFRPPXQLW\DQGSULYDWHSXEOLFSDUWQHUVKLSV The public open spaces go to page 25
Form a local committee mandated to monitor environmental conditions.
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Utilize animal dung as a fertilizer.
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Construct small dams for the dry rivers around the city. The proposed area for coastal development go to page 36
The proposed natural conservation zones go to page 36
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population.
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onment environment

 strategies for development
problem
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town.
building the future
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integrated approach towards the comprehensive resolution of
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economy, and environmental degradation.
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and the enforcement of regulations is problematic, the need
for involving all urban development actors in planning for
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and the city as a whole.
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of how to translate the most urgent needs of the city into
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objective strategy NH\DFWLRQV
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city. Create a strategic urban planning unit within the municipality.
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development plan for the city. Name the main streets and survey existing properties.
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governmental zones.
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process.

city strategic planning + urban poor & displaced population settlements city strate

 city strategic planning +
urban poor & displaced population settlements

the city, the services, and the poor

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urban models informing its growth. Creating a compact city, which physical separation = social segregation
accommodates new expansions in the vacant space of the consolidated integration = social symbiosis
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urban services and infrastructure. This reduces the cost of services for
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dispersed city
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segregation means:
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compact city
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egic planning + urban poor & displaced population settlements city strategic planni
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 Berbera: women in a courtyard

22
spatial analysis
put actions in place(s)

This section helps to develop a basic spatial understanding of the city

and its main characteristics and dynamics. Spatial analysis is one of the
most important tools for strategic planning, because it enables all urban
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to an overall development strategy, maximizing the results of their investments
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 spatial analysis
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what are structuring elements?
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recognizable urban factors around which the
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crucial for planning any urban intervention.
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and related facilities and is in need of an airport clearance zone.
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been continuously inhabited. The old town has a special character and its buildings have
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the civil war, but negligence and ownership issues have led to the collapse of buildings
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areas, etc. ±is necessary to correctly prioritize
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the port
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public buildings
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tip
how does the functional layout help?
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in the urban space. The tensions generated by
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functional layout analysis prepares the ground
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related facilities, such as warehouses and fuel depots, are
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and dysfunctional.
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main mosque
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colonial rule. Since the provision of water
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of urban fabric that were not considered during
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partnership for the operation of the water
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system and a feasibility study for the upgrading of
services and infrastructure
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upgrading and extension activities.
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into the sea with the natural draining channels
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constructed that do not permit the water to
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a breeding ground for mosquitoes, and the
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7KH'DUROHDUHD is the older part of the city, characterized by a compact

grid pattern, with a major axis branching from the centre of town and heading to
the seaside in the northern part of the city. The settlement patterns are dense,
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historical part of the town is suffering from neglect, and many houses are in a state of
ruin, in spite of the architectural value of some of the buildings.

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mainly purchase water from private vendors, at high cost. The two main settlements are
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and structures are predominantly publicly owned and accommodate
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understanding urban morphology
infrastructure continues to degenerate. This is visible in the many
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shapes, architecture, population density, and land uses.
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has on its social aspects. IRUPHU5XVVLDQFDPS±FRQVLVWVRIEXLOGLQJXQLWVDOLJQHGLQURZV
and separated by wide roads, which create a distinctly deserted
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tip
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economic and social development. Understanding
the potential and threats of the different
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a balanced and inclusive city design.
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characteristic. These housing units, most of which are public property,
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payment of rent.
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public services buildings.

example: 6KD¶DE
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has resulted in a rather unstructured zone, untidy and
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area could undergo refurbishing and maintenance.
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maintenance should be assigned to groups of citizens.

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must commit to the upgrading and rehabilitation of the area to avoid the destruction of its valuable cultural
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vicinity.

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sanitation and hygiene concerns for the expansion of the residential city.

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Berbera: women at the old market


towards implementation
the road map


CASE STUDY: REHABILITATION OF THE CEMENT FACTORY*
PROBLEM: Dilapidated and non-functional industrial infrastructure. * VHH3ODQQLQJ6WUDWHJLHVIRU'HYHORSPHQWVHFWLRQ
SDJHVDQG

OBJECTIVE: Rehabilitate the existing cement factory.

Month:
Activity: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

CONSULTATION AND
IDENTIFICATION OF POSSIBLE OPTIONS TO
REHABILITATE THE FACTORY
IDENTIFICATION OF PRIVATE INVESTORS,
THE COMMUNITY CONTRIBUTION, AND
INTERESTED HUMANITARIAN AGENCIES
EXPLORATION OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE
PARTNERSHIP OPTIONS

IDENTIFICATION OF SUSTAINABLE AND

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
PREPARATION OF A ROAD MAP FOR
IMPLEMENTATION, INDICATING THE ROLE OF
EACH STAKEHOLDER
ESTABLISHING A STEERING COMMITTEE AND
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
COLLECTING FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS
AND SETTING UP A MANAGEMENT
MECHANISM

TENDERING

REHABILITATION AND CONSTRUCTION

WORKS

MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES

MONITORING AND EVALUATION

STAKEHOLDER MOBILIZATION AND

AWARENESS RAISING

 TOWARDS IMPLEMENTATION
the road map
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The Berbera City Consultation identified the rehabilitation of the cement factory as a priority.
A new consultation can consolidate and review this outcome and focus further on the possible options for the factory rehabilitation.

A detailed investigation of the possible investors and donors (including members of the community willing to contribute to this process) should be conducted. Their commitment should be
made public and recorded in writing. The contribution of central and local authorities should be included.

A technical team of experts should investigate possible options to put in place a public-private partnership for the management and maintenance of the factory.

A technical team of experts should investigate possible options for alternative electricity sources and related investors.

After the preliminary study, a clear road map for implementation should be prepared. The role of each stakeholder should be clearly stated, together with the time frame for implementation.

The steering committee should meet regularly and include representatives of the donors and investors, members of the municipality and key ministries, representatives of the district
administration and business community, and all key implementing partners. The technical committee should meet frequently and be composed of the project manager, representatives of the
donors and investors, and representatives of the district administration. The technical committee is mainly concerned with issues directly related to project implementation.
The successful implementation of the project is directly dependent on the budget available. Define how much is being provided by the government, the municipality, and the donors. Is the
community willing to participate in the implementation? How much are the investors willing to contribute? What will be the maintenance costs, and who is going to sustain them? Are other
service providers willing to provide services at subsidized prices? Is the international community able to contribute? Etc.
If the rehabilitation of the factory entails some construction activities, the tender for the identification of the contractor should be organized and awarded. The technical committee should
oversee the tender process.

The construction activities should be supervised by the project manager in collaboration with the technical committee.

When the solution for the management of the factory is agreed upon, a clear management system should be put in place. If necessary, by-laws and agreements should be drafted
with the participation of the local authorities and other interested stakeholders.

The monitoring and evaluation of the project is based on the performance of all stakeholders and the level of satisfaction of the city’s population. If the overall evaluation is positive, the
lessons learned will be used to inform the replication of the project.

All key urban development actors have to be involved in the process, from the identification of priorities to the project implementation. Accurate identification and mobilization is needed.



 tables
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the completed projects



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 THE APPROACH

BERBERA CITY CONSULTATION

15 January ± 18 January 2005*

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the implementation of the activities. the government, traditional leaders, the private
VHFWRUORFDO1*2VZRPHQ¶VJURXSVDQG\RXWK
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strategies and priority actions agreed at the consultation and summarizing the commitments Ë WKDQNV WKH VWDNHKROGHUV ZKR FRQWULEXWHG WR WKH
made by the participants. rehabilitation of the playground.
6WHS The draft urban pact should be reviewed by a small group composed of the major
VWDNHKROGHUV 7KH H[HFXWLYH FRPPLWWHH RI WKH ORFDO FRXQFLO VKRXOG YHULI\ WKDW WKH GRFXPHQW
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SUHVVUHOHDVHVUDGLRDQG79EURDGFDVWVDQGSRVWHUVWKDWVXPPDUL]HLWVPDLQHOHPHQWV

+RZWRHQVXUHWKDWWKH8UEDQ3DFWLVLPSOHPHQWHG"
Ë 6HWXSWKHZRUNLQJJURXSVDQGRWKHUSDUWLFLSDWRU\PHFKDQLVPV
Ë 2UJDQL]HDPHHWLQJZLWKNH\VWDNHKROGHUVIRUHYDOXDWLRQDQGIROORZXS
Ë Establish the agreed monitoring arrangements.
Ë %HFRPPLWWHG



BERBERA URBAN PACT
4 - 7 April 2005*
Counterparts: APD, Amoud University, and Hargeisa University
Facilitators: Asha Mohamed Ahmed and Mohamed Mihileh Boqoreh
675$7(*,&2%-(&7,9(6
7KHORFDOFRXQFLORI%HUEHUDDJUHHVRQWKHIROORZLQJVWUDWHJLFREMHFWLYHV
Ë $FKLHYHDGHTXDWHDQGHTXLWDEOHDFFHVVWRVHUYLFHVIRUDOO%HUEHUDUHVLGHQWV
Ë 'HYHORSIUHHWUDGHIDFLOLWLHVDQGLPSURYHLQWHUQDODQGH[WHUQDOPDUNHWV
Ë *HQHUDWH QHZ MREV WKURXJK WKH LPSURYHPHQW RI ORFDO YRFDWLRQDO VNLOOV DQG
UHYLWDOL]HWKHSRWHQWLDOHFRQRPLFUHVRXUFHVRI%HUEHUD.
ACTI213/$16
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FRQVXOWDWLRQDVDQDJUHHGXSRQIUDPHZRUNIRUDFWLRQDQGDJUHHVWRHODERUDWHDQG
LPSOHPHQWWKHIROORZLQJDFWLRQSODQVLQFROODERUDWLRQZLWKDOOUHOHYDQWVWDNHKROGHUs.
6XSSO\HOHFWULFLW\WRWKHFLW\DWDUHDVRQDEOHSULFH
Ë Create technical committees composed of government and private sector
members to explore different options for rehabilitating the electricity plant.
Ë Search for private investors interested in the electricity plant.
Ë Explore different options to privatize the electricity plant.
Ë ,QYHVWLJDWH DOWHUQDWLYH HQHUJ\ VRXUFHV DQG LQYLWH DJHQFLHV WKDW FDQ VXSSRUW
these initiatives.
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Ë Cover the existing boreholes and dig new boreholes.
Ë ,QFUHDVHWKHQXPEHURIZDWHUFRQQHFWLRQV
Ë 5HSODFHWKHFORJJHGZDWHUSLSHV
Ë &UHDWHDPHWKRGWR¿OWHUWKHZDWHUDWWKHERRVWHUVWDWLRQ
Ë Establish a lab at the water agency to monitor the quality of the water.
Ë Train the technical and administrative staff of the water agency.
Ë (VWDEOLVKUHODWLRQVZLWKLQWHUQDWLRQDODJHQFLHVDQGORFDO1*2VDFWLYHLQWKHZDWHUVHFWor.
'HYHORSDQXUEDQGHYHORSPHQWSODQWRUHRUJDQL]HWKHFLW\DQGPDNHLWFOHDQ
EHDXWLIXODQGZHOORUJDQL]HG
Ë 5DLVHDZDUHQHVVRQWKHQHHGWRKDYHVRXQGWRZQSODQ
THE APPROACH
FUNDING
7KH ORFDO FRXQFLO RI %HUEHUD DJUHHV WR PRELOL]H DOO VWDNHKROGHUV VXFK DV WKH
JRYHUQPHQWWKHSULYDWHVHFWRUWKHFRPPXQLW\WKHGLDVSRUDDQGGRQRUVWR
Ë 2SHQDFFRXQWVIRUVSHFL¿FDFWLRQV
Ë Write project proposals.
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organizations.
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XUEDQGHYHORSPHQWVWDNHKROGHUV
Ë (VWDEOLVKGHYHORSPHQWFRPPLWWHHVRIVWDNHKROGHUVZKRSDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKHFLW\
consultation.
Ë Ensure that local teams report to the local council on the outcomes of the
development committees on a monthly basis.
Ë 0DNHDYDLODEOHRI¿FHIDFLOLWLHVPXQLFLSDOLW\PDFKLQHU\VHFUHWDULDOVHUYLFHVDQG
a conference hall.
Ë Conduct quarterly coordination meetings between the local council and
VWDNHKROGHUVIRUVKDULQJLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHDFKLHYHPHQWVDQGFRQVWUDLQWVRI
development projects and activities.
52/(2):20(1
/RFDO FRXQFLOORUV DFNQRZOHGJHG WKH FUXFLDO FRQWULEXWLRQ RI ZRPHQ WR ORFDO
GHYHORSPHQWDQGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRILQFOXGLQJWKHPLQWKHGHFLVLRQPDNLQJSURFHVV
Women should be empowered socially, economically, politically, and technically.
ENDORSEMENT
7KH /RFDO &RXQFLO XOWLPDWHO\ DSSURYHG WKH %HUEHUD 8UEDQ 3DFW +RZHYHU WKH
leadership of the city requires support and capacity building for planning, coordination,
and development control activities.
Ë 1DPHWKHPDLQVWUHHWVDQGUHKDELOLWDWHSXEOLFVSDFHVSDUNVVFKRROVWKHDWUHVHWF
Ë 3ODQWWUHHVDORQJWKHFRDVW

* the Berbera Urban Pact was a result of the Berbera City Consultation carried out during the UN-HABITAT Good Local Governance and Leadership Training Programme (2003–2005) 
 what is an..?

ACTION PLAN

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immediately available.

2EMHFWLYHVRIDFWLRQSODQV

Ë Using a concrete example to demonstrate to local authorities and the

community the concept of participatory planning.
Ë 7DFNOLQJ DQ LVVXH RI SULRULW\ LQ D VSHFL¿F DUHD DQG DFKLHYLQJ WDQJLEOH
results in a short period of time.
Ë 8VLQJWKHVXFFHVVIXOUHVXOWVWRVXSSRUWWKHPRELOL]DWLRQRIVWDNHKROGHUV
for participatory planning of a broader scope.
Ë 5DLVLQJFLWL]HQV¶DZDUHQHVVRQWKHEHQH¿WVRISDUWLFLSDWRU\SODQQLQJ

7KHDFWLRQSODQVWREHLPSOHPHQWHGZHUHFKRVHQDFFRUGLQJWRWKHIROORZLQJ
FULWHULD

Ë $GGUHVVWKHQHHGVRIDVSHFL¿FGLVDGYDQWDJHGFRPPXQLW\
Ë $UHFRQVLGHUHGDSULRULW\E\WKHORFDOFRXQFLONH\VWDNHKROGHUVDQGWKH
target community;
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ODQGGLVSXWHVVRLOSROOXWLRQHWF
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Satellite image by © 2004 DigitalGlobe. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED


 THE APPROACH

BERBERA ACTION PLAN

REHABILITATION OF BURSADE PLAYGROUND*

2%-(&7,9(6 A&7,9,7,(S

Ë 3URmote sports in the Sahil region, as a recreational Ë 5HKDELOLtation of the fence and provision of the gates.
activity and a potential source of employment. Ë Construction of a hall for indoor games, a library room, two
Ë (QFRXUDJH %HUEHUD \RXWK WR HQJDJH LQ VSRUW DFWLYLWLHV FODVVURRPVIRULQIRUPDOHGXFDWLRQRQHEDVNHWEDOOFRXUWWZR
DV D SHDFHEXLOGLQJ SURFHVV DQG DV DQ DOWHUQDWLYH WR RI¿FHVDQGWZRODWULQHVDOOFRQWULEXWHGE\81,&()
engaging in bad habits.
Ë 5HKDELOLWDWHDSXEOLFIDFLOLW\ZKHUHFKLOGUHQDQG\RXWKFDQ RESULTS
be trained.
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action planning.
Ë 7KH /RFDO 7HDP DQG WKe mayor prepared the action Ë ,QWURGXFWLRQRIWKHFRQFHSWRIDFRPPXQLW\FRQWULEXWLRQIRUWKH
plan and distributed the responsibilities among the implementation of strategic priorities of common interest.
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collected the community contributions.
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members of the community supervised the rehabilitation
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supervised the process.
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and one community member were accountable for the
rehabilitation and construction process. The mayor
FHUWL¿HGWKHH[SHQGLWXUHV
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of the construction materials.
Ë $3' DQG 81+$%,7$7 XQGHUWRRN PRQLWRULQJ DQG
evaluation.

* the Berbera Action Plan was implemented after the deliberations of the Berbera City Consultation under the UN-HABITAT Good Governance and Leadership Training Programme (2003–2005) 
 what is the...?

community-driven development and

community-driven recovery
7KH SURMHFW IXQGHG E\ WKH :RUOG %DQN DQG WKH 'HSDUWPHQW IRU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 'HYHORSPHQW RI WKH 8QLWHG ,Q%HUEHUD'LVWULFWWHQFRPPXQLWLHVZHUHVHOHFWHG
.LQJGRPDQGLPSOHPHQWHGE\WKH:RUOG%DQN81,&()'DQLVK5HIXJHH&RXQFLODQG81+$%,7$7IRFXVHV IRU SLORWLQJ WKH &RPPXQLW\'ULYHQ 'HYHORSPHQW
on strengthening community capacities to plan and implement village and neighbourhood projects in close DQG5HFRYHU\3URMHFW
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administrative capacities, it is equally important that in the medium term the local governance structures are 2XW RI WKHVH WHQ IRXU DUH %HUEHUD XUEDQ
DEOHWRFKDQQHOIXQGVLQDFRVWHIIHFWLYHZD\WRFRPPXQLWies. TKH&''&'5DSSURDFKKDVEHHQSLORWHGLQ FRPPXQLWLHV :DGDMLU %DUZDTR 'DUROH DQG
%HUEHUDDQG%RURPDDQGLVEHLQJUHSOLFDWHGLQRWKHU6RPDOLODQGFLWLHV %XUDR 6KHLNK DQG VL[ DUH UXUDO FRPPXQLWLHV
$EGDO 'RKR *XEDQ /DID 5XXJ 7XOR 'KLELMR
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Ë 6WUHQJWKHQ WKH FDSDFLW\ RI WKH 'LVWULFW &RXQFLOV HQVXULQJ SURSHU UHODWLRQVKLSV ZLWK WKHLU WDUJHW
communities in the city and in the surrounding villages. Each of these communities developed a
Ë 3URPRWHGLVFXVVLRQVDWWKHGLVWULFWOHYHOWKDWFODULI\WKHUROHVDQGUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVRIGLIIHUHQWVWDNHKROGHUV &RPPXQLW\ $FWLRQ 3ODQ ZLWK VKRUWWHUP 
'LVWULFW&RXQFLOQHLJKERXUKRRGDQGYLOODJHOHYHOVWUXFWXUHVWUDGLWLRQDOOHDGHUVFLYLOVRFLHW\PLQLVWULHV PRQWKV DQG ORQJWHUP  \HDUV DQG EH\RQG
HWFHVSHFLDOO\ZLWKUHJDUGWRVHUYLFHGHOLYHU\DQGEXGJHWDOORFDWLRQV development priorities.
Ë Ensure training and capacity building at the community level on local leadership and management and
the role of women in local governance.
7KHSULRULWLHVLGHQWL¿HGE\WKHXUEDQFRPPXQLWLHV
Ë 'HYHORSDSSURSULDWHOLQNDJHVEHWZHHQFRPPXQLW\DFWLRQSODQQLQJDQGGLVWULFWSODQQLQJLQFOXGLQJZKHUH
IRUWKH&RPPXQLW\$FWLRQ3ODQVDUH
SRVVLEOHDUHÀHFWLRQRIFRPPXQLW\DFWLRQSODQQLQJLQGLVWULFWEXGJHWDOORFDWLRQV
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Ë :$'$-,5 ± LQFRPH JHQHUDWLRQ YRFDWLRQDO
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training centre, water, health, electricity,
sanitation, infrastructure, and housing.
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role of women in local governance for community representatives. PDUNHW ZDWHU LQIUDVWUXFWXUH HOHFWULFLW\ DQG
Ë 3UHSDUDWLRQDQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI&RPPXQLW\$FWLRQ3ODQV. awareness.
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VDQLWDWLRQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH PDUNHW DZDUHQHVV
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and security.
2. Strategic planning, a participatory exercise that culminates in district consultations and the preparation of
VWUDWHJLFGLVWULFWSODQVLQGLFDWLQJDOLVWRISULRULW\DFWLRQVDQGWKHUROHVRIWKHGLIIHUHQWVWDNHKROGHUV Ë %85$26+(,.+±ZDWHULQFRPHJHQHUDWLRQ
'LVWULFWSDFWVEHWZHHQWKHWDUJHWFRPPXQLWLHVDQGWKHGLVWULFWDGPLQLVWUDWLRQRQDVKDUHGSURJUDPPH housing, education, sanitation, infrastructure,
RI DFWLRQ LQFOXGLQJ WKH QHFHVVDU\ EXGJHW DOORFDWLRQV 7KH GLVWULFW SDFWV IRUPDOL]H WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH and security.
strategic planning process.


 ONGOING PROJECTS

COMMUNITY-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT and RECOVERY

IN BERBERA
[Urban Stakeholders CORE TEAM/ STEERING COMMITTEE…]

Satellite Image by © 2004 DigitalGlobe. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Objective: development [plan] of Berbera Town
[physical, social, envronmental, economical]

Communities MAYOR OF BERBERA

Wadajir Others…
Local Authority
Barwaaqo EXECUTIVE OFFICER DFID

Daroole
Cordination Focal Point World Bank
Worldbank
Burao/ Sheikh
Administration DRC
Private Sector

Water Agency

Electricity
CORE Financial Department UNICEF

Social Department STIPA

Etc. TEAM Planning UN-HABITAT
Civil Society
Local NGO‘s
CDD/ R
TRAD. LEADERS

WOMEN

YOVENCO
ALHANAN
YOUTH

MASKAX
MURUQ

SAHIL
GAVO

VAYS
CCG

6KRUWWHUP SULRULWLHV RI WKHVH FRPPXQLWLHV ZHUH

costed and community contributions and the role of
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%HUEHUD'LVWULFWUHYLHZHGDQGDSSURYHGWKHSODQV
DOORZLQJ WKH FRPPXQLWLHV WR DFFHVV :RUOG %DQN
grants, as well as funding from other sources.

7KH ZKROH SURFHVV EHQH¿WHG IURP WKH FRQWLQXRXV

VXSSRUW RI 81,&() 'DQLVK 5HIXJHH &RXQFLO WKH
:RUOG%DQNDQG81+$%,7$7$WWKHWLPHRIZULWLQJ
the process was ongoing.


 what is the...?

municipal revenue generation

through property taxation
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QR H[FHSWLRQ ± LV LQDGHTXDWH ¿QDQFLDO UHVRXUFHV /RFDO DQG FHQWUDO JRYHUQPHQWV UHTXLUH PRQH\
to provide basic services, infrastructure, and education and health facilities. Normally, central
governments obtain funds through sales and income tax, and local governments through property
taxes, development fees, and central government funds. The advantage of property taxation over
RWKHUW\SHVRIWD[DWLRQLVWKDWSURSHUWLHVFDQHDVLO\EHLGHQWL¿HG7KHFKDOOHQJHLVKRZWRVHWXSDQ
HI¿FLHQWWD[FROOHFWLRQV\VWHPEDVHGRQSURSHUW\WD[DWLRQLQDFRXQWU\ZKHUHWKHODQGLQIRUPDWLRQLV
OLPLWHGWKHLQVWLWXWLRQDOFDSDFLW\RIWKHORFDODXWKRULWLHVLVZHDNDQGWKHFDSDFLW\RIWKHSURIHVVLRQDOV
needs to be built.

7RLPSOHPHQWDSURSHUW\WD[DWLRQV\VWHPXSWRGDWHLQIRUPDWLRQLVQHHGHG,GHDOO\DODQGLQIRUPDWLRQ
V\VWHP VXFK DV D FDGDVWUH QHHGV WR EH GHYHORSHG$W LWV KHDUW LV D GDWDEDVH WKDW UHFRUGV DOO WKH
SURSHUWLHVLQDFLW\UHJLVWHULQJHDFKVWUXFWXUH¶VVL]HXVDJHDQGRFFXSDQF\6XFKDGDWDEDVHDVVLVWV
local governments in equitably and comprehensively collecting property tax. Further developed, it can
DOVRDVVLVWLQJHQHUDOODQGPDQDJHPHQWUHVHWWOLQJSHRSOHDQGVROYLQJODQGGLVSXWHV,QGHYHORSHG
FRXQWULHVLQVWLWXWLRQDOVWDELOLW\KDVDOORZHGDPRGHUQFDGDVWUDOV\VWHPWRHPHUJHRYHUWLPH%XWWKH
Somali region has lost a generation of professionals and institutional memory, and land records and
property data are outdated and incomplete.

:LWK WKH JRDO RI XVLQJ SURSHUW\ WD[DWLRQ WR JHQHUDWH PXQLFLSDO UHYHQXH IRU SXEOLF ZRUNV LQ 
81+$%,7$7DQG+DUJHLVD0XQLFLSDOLW\GHFLGHGWRLPSOHPHQWDSURSHUW\VXUYH\7KHSODQWRFUHDWH
a database of all the properties in each urban centre and a methodology for classifying them and
GHYHORSLQJWD[ELOOV$IWHUFDUHIXOFRQVLGHUDWLRQLWZDVGHFLGHGWRGHYHORSDGDWDEDVHZLWKDOLPLWHG
QXPEHU RI YDULDEOHV IRU HDFK SURSHUW\ HVVHQWLDO IRU GHWHUPLQLQJ SURSHUW\ WD[ $ VDWHOOLWH LPDJH
ZDV XVHG WR FUHDWH D EDVH PDS LGHQWLI\LQJ DOO WKH EXLOGLQJV DQG WKURXJK UDSLG ¿HOG VXUYH\V WKH
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHVWUXFWXUHVZHUHFROOHFWHG$OOGDWDZHUHVWRUHGLQD*HRJUDSKLFDO,QIRUPDWLRQ
6\VWHP*,6IRUTXLFNUHWULHYDODQGPDSSLQJ

7KLV DSSURDFK KDV SURYHQ WR EH IDVW DQG UHODWLYHO\ FKHDS$W D ODWHU VWDJH WKH GDWDEDVH FRXOG EH
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DOORZLQJORFDOJRYHUQPHQWVWRUDLVHUHYHQXHWKDWFDQEHLQYHVWHGLQXUJHQWO\QHHGHGSXEOLFZRUNV
and services.


 ONGOING PROJECTS

BERBERA PROPERTY REGISTRATION

8QWLOUHFHQWO\%HUEHUD/RFDO&RXQFLOUHOLHGRQRXWGDWHGDQGLQFRPSOHWHSDSHU 3UHOLPLQDU\UHVXOWVRIWKH%HUEHUDSURSHUW\VXUYH\
based land records, and only a portion of the properties in the municipality were
in the land register and property tax roll.

81+$%,7$7 LQ FRQMXQFWLRQ ZLWK %HUEHUD /RFDO &RXQFLO KDV GHYHORSHG D

*HRJUDSKLF ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6\VWHP ZLWK WKH SULPDU\ REMHFWLYH RI SURYLGLQJ WKH
required information on property location and characteristics to improve the
SURSHUW\WD[DWLRQV\VWHPWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\¶VXUEDQSODQQLQJSURFHVVDQGVHUYLFH
GHOLYHU\ 7KH SURSHUW\ VXUYH\ IRU WKH %HUEHUD *HRJUDSKLF ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6\VWHP
SURMHFWZDVFRPSOHWHGLQ-DQXDU\

7KHSURSHUW\VXUYH\FRQVLVWHGRIWKUHHPDLQVWHSV

Ë $FTXLVLWLRQRIDJHRUHIHUHQFHGKLJKUHVROXWLRQVDWHOOLWHLPDJH4XLFNELUG
Ë 2QVFUHHQGLJLWL]LQJRIWKHLPDJHWRFUHDWHDPDSVKRZLQJDOOEXLOGLQJVDQG
other features such as main roads, rivers, the airport, etc.
Ë )LHOGYHUL¿FDWLRQRIWKHVSDWLDOGDWDEDVHDQGWKHFROOHFWLRQRIDWWULEXWHGDWD
XVLQJSUHSURJUDPPHGKDQGKHOGFRPSXWHUV

7KHFKRVHQYDULDEOHVIRUWKHSURSHUW\GDWDEDVHGHVFULEH

Ë SK\VLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHSURSHUW\GLPHQVLRQVXVHEXLOGLQJPDWHULDOV
DFFHVVWRLQIUDVWUXFWXUH
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Ë the number of residents living in the building.

The outcome of the property survey was the creation of a database that combines
JHRUHIHUHQFHGVSDWLDOGDWDDQGSURSHUW\DWWULEXWHV7KHGDWDEDVHLVK\SHUOLQNHG
to a digital ground photograph of each property. This photo helps staff verify the
database and later facilitates communication with the owners and occupants of
the properties.


 previous un-habitat projects in berbera

BERBERA TECHNICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL

ASSISTANCE PROJECT
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%8'*(7¼

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The TeFKQLFDO DQG ,QVWLWXWLRQDO $VVLVWDQFH 3URMHFW IROORZHG Ë The proMHFWVWURQJO\LQFUHDVHGWKHFDSDFLW\RIWKH%HUEHUD

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and individual urban project interventions, providing an instrument for policy dialogue and a basis for determining interventions.
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THE URBAN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME FOR THE SOMALI REGION:
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 Satellite Image by © 2004 DigitalGlobe. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Donors Contacts
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European Commission
Urban Development Programme for the Somali Region
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