"

()
" "

' '

1122


/ / , / .

, ,
.

,' ' ,
.
' , , , ,,
, .
' , , , ,
.

,
, " NCJW .
.

,
.

, , ,
, , , , , .

, , .
, .

II

.2

.1.1 :

.1.1.1 "" .

.1.3.1

10

16

.1.1.1 .

11

11

13

.1.1

16

.1

19

.1.1 : -

19

.1.1

31

31

.1.1 .

31

.1.1

31

.1.6

31

.1.2 .

10

11

11

11

11

16

.1.1

.1.1.1

.1.1.3 -
.1.3

.1.3.1 ""
.1.1
.1.1.1

.
.

.1.1.3

.1.3 .

.1.1
.3

.3.1 :

.3.1.1 ?
.3.1.1 ? ?
III

10

.3.1 :

11

.3.3 : - .

19

19

61

66

.3.3.1

69

.3.1 : .

21

.3.1 : " " .

22

22

21

.3.6

13

.4 .

11

.1.1

11

.1.1

90

.1.3

91

96

.1.1

92

.1.6 : .

91

100

101

111

111

.2.1

112

.2.3 .

111

.2.1

119

.2.1

119

.2.6 - .

139

.3.1.1 .

.3.3.1
.3.3.1
.3.3.3 .

.3.1.1

.3.1.1 ?

.1.1 .

.5 :
.6
.7

.2.1

IV


.
, "" .
, .
- - .
- ,
. " " ,
, , ,
.
19 12-11 .
, ,
. ,-
( ) 1010 :
. ,
- , ,
, ( , ,) .
(.)Zilber, Tuval-Mashiach & Lieblich, 2008
.
.
. , . ,
. . ,
. ,
,
- .
- , , , . ,
.
,
V

 ,
. , .
. , ,
. ,

. .
- ( .)Butler,1990
, - .
, . , " ".
, "
" , . " "
. """ ," ""
, / ,
.

VI

.







.

" " .)1913( . .

VII

 .2
.2.2 :
.
( ) , "" .
. ,
, , , , , , , , , .
, , ,
- . , .
. ,
. ,
, . , ,
. , , .
, .
, .
.
""" ," ,"" ,
. , . .
.
. -.

. - .
, , .
, .
. "" "" ,
, . ,
, . ,

 . ' -
- . .

.2.1
, .
(
, , ) , (
-) , (
) ( " ?") .
.
, , (
) - , , .
? ?
? ? -
? . , , .

.2.1.2 ""
"" . .
, .
, , .
, , ,
. .
( )Fatherhood ( )Fathering
' ( )1001 ( )Motherhood
(.)Mothering

 "" ,
. ( ,)Dowd, 2000
, ,Biological father ,Household father ,
, ,Social father- .
- , . , ,
.
, : , .
, ( .)Pater .
, "" .
. , , , ,
(.)Burgess, 1997
. ,
, , ,,
. -
. , , , , , ,
(.)Spelman, 1988

.2.1.1
, .
. ( ,)Lamb, 1987
: ( ,)Moral teacher
( ,)Breadwinner ( )Sex role model ( The nurturing
.) father , . ,
.
.

 : ,
.
. - ,1113-
, Be really to set aside the whole course :
and order of nature and disturb the very foundation of family life (Collier, 1995, p. 187,
) .in Lewis, 2002, p. 126 ,- ,
"" .
: .19-
. ,
,
. , ( Maurer
.)& Pleck, 2006

: ,
.
. ,
"".
:
, , - , ,
, (.)Halrynjo, 2009
" " " " (" .)The new father "
. , ,
,
(.)Coltrane, 1996; Lupton & Barclay, 1997

1
. , (.)Morgan, 1992

" "
. ,
, , .
. , ,
- .

,
( .)Halrynjo, 2009; Marsiglio, 1995
, ,
.
. ,
Engagement Accessibility , ,-
Responsibility ( .)Lamb et al., 1987
( ,)Feeling ( )Thinking ()Taking action
( .)Leslie, Anderson & Branson, 1991 ,
, (.)Day & Lamb, 2004
, ,
.
(.)Forste, Bartkowski & Jackson, 2009
.
.
-
.
. , - ,
10% .

 . 11 . ,
(.)Dowd, 2000; Hobson & Morgan, 2002
, ( ,)1001 11 ,
- .
( Cash- ) ( Care
) . , , ,
.Cash-
.
, , .
, .
,
. " " .
/ - ( Bergman
.)& Hobson, 2002; Hobson & Morgan, 2002; Orloff & Monson, 2002

.2.1.3 -
, ,
.
- , - ,
. ,
, , .
, .
( ) Freud, 1949 .
- . .
"" ,
. , .-
6

 ( ,) . ,
- - .
. ,
- , (" ;1009 ,.)1003 ,
,
- .
. , " "
. , ,
. : " , " ,"Le nom du pere" ,
" ," Le non du pere "" "" . , ,,
""
. ,
"" "" ( .)1003 ,
,
. , .
, , (.)Parsons & Bales, 1955
" " ,
" " "
" . " " .
,
" ".
, ,
. " "
( ,)Deadbeat father ( )Absent father (.)Errant father
( .)1001 , ,
" " (.)Perl-Littunen, 2007


. " "
( ,)Attachment theories
.
, (.)Coltrane, 1996 ;1002 ,
( )Learning theories
.
,
.
" " ( .)Lamb, 1997 -
(.)Palkovitz & Palm, 2009
, , ,
. , : ,
, , . ,
" " , . ,
, . " "
( )Cash (.)Care
, .
. ,
.
.
, ,
, . ,
, . ,
. .

 .2.3
? ? ?
, , , , ,
. ""
, .
, .
, , .
.
( "Self"- ,) ( "Identity"-) . , -
.
, ,Ego identity, Self perception, Self concept :
.

.2.3.2 ""
- , ( )Personal identity
( ,)Social identity (.)Adams & Marshall, 1996
, ,
. ,
, , , , , -
" . ( )Adams & Marshall, 1996
.

. , ,
. ,
. (
) ( ).

 , , ,
, - - .
,
.
( )Brewer & Gardner, 1996
:- . - -
: - , , .
.
- , . - (
) ( -).
?
( )Sameness ( )Distinctiveness
( .)Jacobson-Widding, 1983
( ) Ct & Levine, 2002
. ,
; , . , ,
,
. , , ,
.
. ,
, . ,
( .)Ct & Levine, 2002 , .

.2.3.1
, ,
( .)Dunkel & Sefcek, 2009 ( ,)Erikson, 1963

10

 .
- .
.
. ( )Virtue
( .)Erikson, 1963 - /
.1

.1-

0-1

.1-

1-3

.3-

3-6

.1

6-11

.1

11-19

.6

10-11

.2

16-61

.1

+61

" "

:1 -

( )Theory of ego identity formation ()Erikson, 1968

.
, ,
. ,
.
.
, . ,
" " , " " ( ,)Social moratorium

11

 .
, .

( .)Erikson, 1963, 1968; Kroger, 2007
, .
, , -
. ,
:
() : .
() :
.
() : .
, .
() : .
, ( Erikson, 1963,
.)1968
, . ,
" "Bodily self , , , .
"Personal identity"- , , ,
"" "Social identity" .
. , , ' .
.
, , .
, .
, ( Kroger,
.) 2007 ,
12

 , ( & Hjelle
.)Ziegler, 1992 . ,
, - .
(-- ,
.)1001 ,
( ,)Marcia, 1966; Marcia et al., 1993
. ( )Identity status
: ( )Commitment
( .)Exploration : ( ,)Identity diffusion
( ,)Foreclosure ( )Moratorium (( .)Identity achievement/
.)1

:1

.
,
/ . ,
, .
.
.

13

 .
, . ,
( ) . , ,
.
, .
, .
. .

. , .
, , .
,
,
. , -
.
( )Schwartz, 2001 .
-- , ( )1001
,
. ( ,Kelman, 1998 -- , )1001 ,
.
.
, , , , . (,)Compliance
( , ) .
, .
, , . ,
( ,)Identification ,
- . , .

14

 . /
. ( )Internalization ,
, , .
.
. ,
.
( )Kurtines et al., 1995
,
. , ,
.
, (
) (
).

, , , . ,
,
( , , , ) .
" "The seasons of a man's life ( )Levinson, 1978
- . ,"The seasons of a woman's life" ,
,
( .)Levinson, 1996 , , ,
. , ,
.
( ,
) ,
( ,- )

15

 ( & Branch, Tayal

.)Triplett, 2000

, ( ) . -
,
. ()Gergen, 1991
' . - -
.

. , ,
, (.)Hollinger, 1994; Rattansi & Phoenix, 2005
, ' .
, - . ,
. .
, ,
. , , ,
,
. , . ,
.

.2.4
,
. . ,
: ( )Core gender identity
( .)Gender role identity
. .
16

 , .

, , ,
. (.)Meissner, 2005; Person & Ovesey, 1983
" ."
, , . ""
,
(.)Lippa, 2005
"" "" , ,
.
.
( )Ross & Nisbett, 1991
.
, .
" " .

, .
( .)Ross, 1977
( .)Blass, 1991 ,
, .
, .
, ,
. - (,)1006
, ,
.
,

17

 ,
.

.2.4.2
.
, , ,
. ,,
, , , ,
.
, ,
, .
,
. ( ,)Wilson, 1975

.
( .)Buss, 2008; Buss & Shackelford, 1997
-
. - . ,
.
.
.
,
( .)Ruble, Martin & Berenbaum, 2006 " " ,
-
( .)1001 , ,
. , .

18

 , ,
. ,
, . -
,
.
(.)Moore & Fine, 1990
. ,
( )Tyson, 1982, 1989 , ,,
.
. ( )Identification- ( )Disidentification
( , ) .
. , ,
. , .

' (.)Chodorow, 1978
.'
,
.
. /
. (" ") ,
. / , : ,
, .
. /
. , " :
" . ()
.' - ,

19

 . ,
. , - "" .
, ,
"" "".
'
- .'
.
, , ,
. ,
. ,
-.
,
. ,
. (
, , ') ( .)Gough, 1998
, ,
. ( ,Lippa, 2005 , -
) ,
.
- ,
.
. ( )Bussey & Bandura, 1999
( )Bandura, 1986 -
. ,
( , ,) , ,
. , ( ,)Modeling ( ,)Enactive experience

20

 , ( )Direct learning
.
.
.
, ( )Kohlberg, 1966 1-2
: ( ,)Gender labeling / / /
; ( ,)Gender stability
; ( ,)Gender consistency / /
, .
,
, . (/) ,
.
(/) , . ,
.
, , , -.

.2.4.1
, ( .)1009
"" (" )"Masculinities
, ,
, .
:
()
.
.

21

()
/ . ,
. ,
, .
() , ,
. .
, " " , ,
"".
()
. , "-" . ,
, .
,
. ,
, , ,,
, . "" ,
19- .
. ,
. , " " ,

" -
. , .

, (
) "( . ,' .)92

. , , ,,
, , , , ,

22

 , , . ,
, .
,
, .
, .
. , - , ,
, ,
. , ,
(.)Hanke, 1998 ;1009 ,
, , .
, ,
(.)1009 ,
, .
.
. ( ,)
( .)Weiss, 2002 ( ,-
)1006 , , . ( )1009
, .

.2.4.3
, ,
.
( )Bem, 1974, 1975 ,
. .
( :)
, ( .) , ( .)

23

 , ( .) , .

, . ,
( )Traits .
,
(.)Bem, 1981
"
" (" )"Gender trouble ' ( .)Butler, 1990 , -
, ,' ,
- , --
. , ,1991
. , , (.)1001
,
. , .
( ) (
-) , , ,
, . ,
.
. , .
() ,
() . , ,
( .)1001 ,
( )Fiction .
. , , .
,Performance-
, , . ( ,

24

 ,) . -
.
. , , .
- .
. .
, . ,
. , . ( )1001 ,
-

"
. ,
.
"( . ,' .)192
. ,
. , .
-- ( .)Butler, 1993 ,
" " . " "
.
.
.
,
. .
( .)1001 , " Bodies
) Butler, 1993( "that matter , , .
, , - , ,
.
, .,
, , ?
25

 , , ,,
, ( .)1001 , ,
(.)1001 ,
.
, . ,
, ( .)1001 ,
. " " , ,
, , .

.2.5
, , ,
. , , ,
, , , , .

, , . ,
, .
( )
( ) . -
. :
; ; ( ,
) ;
;
; - ' -
, .
, -
. "" .
. ,
26

 , , .
,
.' ,
, . ,
.
, , ,
- . ,
, .
, , "
- (
" . ,
) , - ( ),
( ) . -

.
,12-11 .
, , .
- , .11
. , 11 .

. ,
.
. ,
. ,
( .)1006 ,
,
. ( 12-11 )
( Flavell,
.)Miller & Miller, 2002 ( -,
27

 ) ,
, .

.

28

 .1
.1.2 : -
. -
. , ,
.
.
, ( ) ,
, , .
, ,
(.)Hesse-Biber, Leavy & Yaiser, 2004; Lather, 1991
(
) . ,
. ,
, ( ;Hesse-Biber, 2007
.)Hesse-Biber, Leavy & Yaiser, 2004 ( )Fonow & Cook, 2005
( :)
, ( .) .
() ( .) ( .)
. . ,
. ,
, "".
.
/ , / , .
. , .
, .
.

29

 .
. .
, ( ,McAdams, 1996 .)Kroger, 2007
' ( )Bruner, 1990 Homo narrans
. ( )Knowing
( .) Telling , , , ,
. - ( ,)Krumer-Nevo, 2009
"" , "" . /
/
/ , / / .
- (/
,/ ) - ( , ).
,
, . .
,
.
. , ,
.
, ( )Squire, Andrews & Tamboukou, 2008
.
. ,
, , .
( , ,) .
( )Squire, 2008
.
( )Events ( .)Experience
30

 .
, . ,

, . ,
,
. .
( ),
.
.
( )
, ( ,Georgakopolou, 2006a .)Phoenix, 2008
,

. ( ,
) .
,
.
( ) (.)Squire, Andrews & Tamboukou, 2008
- , ,
.
. 12 30
,10 .

. " " ,
- . .
.

31

 - .
.

.1.1
, ,
. , ' ' (-.)1010 ,
( )Song & Parker, 1995 /
.
.
, :
?
,
( , , , , , ,- , ,,
, ) , - ,
, , , , ".
,
.
, . :
? " "
? , ?
?
,
- ,
. , ( ,,
) , . ,
, , . ,

32

 " " ,
.
( ) ,
. ,
. , .
- .
; ; ,
.
, .
, .
.

. , . ,
. ,
"" , " ,"The F-word ,
.
, ""
.
. ,
( )Arendell, 1997 ,
, .
- .
. , .
.
, . , ,
, , ""
. ,
33

 .
.
.
. , /.

. ,
.
, , ,
, - , , .
. ,
. ,
. ,
.
. , , .

.
, ;
, ;
, ;
. ,
, .

.1.3
- . 12
. 16 , 11
. .
. .
34

 . , ,
. ,
, , . ,
, , ("") .
, - ,
" , .
, .
, , .
, ,
- . . ,
, .
, , , .

.1.4
/
. , " " .
: .
, - .
11 .
. ,
(/ )1
(/ .)1 11- ,
.

.1.5
, .
.
35


.
(-.)1010 ,
( ,Rosenthal, 1993 -,
,) 1010 " : "
," " ,
.
.
.
, ,
. ,
( ) 1003 " " .
. " " ,
() .
.
,
.
," : "" ,
"" "? " " . ,
" " (/ .)3

( .)Arskey & Knight, 1999 ,
.
.
. . ,
. .

36

 , .
.
( )Arksey & Knight, 1999 .
, . ,

. .,
,
. , 11 .
1 , , . ,
. .
, .
, ( )Arksey & Knight, 1999
, , ,
. . ,
, :
.
, , (/ .)1
, , (/ .)1
, , , " .
( ) . ,
"" , ,
. ,
.
. ,
.
. .

37

 . , ,
- . , .
.

.1.6
.
.
- .
,- ( )1010
:
.

. ( , ) ,
( , ) .
.
,Atlas-ti 6.2 . ,
.
,
. 11 .
.
. . ,

.
.
, . 110,
1-- . 6 - .
.
38

 .
. : ; ;
, ;
; ( , ).
( ,Rosenthal, 1993 - .)1010 ,
,
(.)Harding, 1991
.
"" . ,
.
.
.
, . ,
. ( :)
, .
, , , .,
, ( .)
( .)
-
. ,- ( & Zilber, Tuval-Mashiach
,)Lieblich, 2008 ,
, , .
, .
.
.
, ,

39

 .
.
- ( )1010 . ,
. ,
. .
, .
.

. .
, , .
- . ,
.

.1.7
.
- . .
( ) ,
" " .
, ,
. ( ,)1009
, ,
, - ,
.
. ,
. , , .,
.,
. ,
40

 . ,
/ (,
;1009 ;1002 ,.)1002 ,
" "
. ,
. ,
. ,
.
( )Patton, 2002
( .)Critical change ,
.
. "-" .
,
.
,
.
. ( )Angen, 2000
. ,
.
, .,
, .,
, :
Doing effective interpretive research requires that we do something meaningful that
furthers our understanding and stimulates us to more informed and, hopefully, more
humane thought and action. (Ibid., p. 392).

41

 .1.2
.
, . ,
, .
-.

(/ .)1 ,
,
, .
,11-
(/ .)1 ,
, . ,
.
,
. . ,
, . ,
. , .
- , ,
.
, , :
; ;
;
; .
.

.
. , ,
42

 .
. ,
.
.
( ) ,
. ,
. .

43

 .3
, ,
. " ,
" , : ?
? ? ,
. " " :; ; ; ,
; ; ; . " -"
. ,
( ' , , , , ) ,
.
- , .
, .
' . " ",
.

.3.2 :
.3.2.2 ?
.
. , ,
; , "" ,
, , , . ,
,
. .
, .
" " " ".

44

 : , . . ,
. . , .
.
. .
[ ]... ,
()
. . ,
,? ?
( ) . . .
! , ,
]...[ . .
. , ,
. , , ,
, , .
]...[ . .,
, , ]...[ . ,,
. .

- . ,
, . ,
, , ( ) .
:

: ? .
, .

45

 : . ()
, , , ,
, , ,
.

,
. , .
, , ,
, , .
.
, .
.

.3.2.1 ? ?
. ,
. .
. , :

: - ,
. . , ,
!

. , ,19
, .
.
. .

46

 : . . .
, .
.
. , , ,
, , , -
, - . .
. .
, . ? ()
( .) . . .

, ,11 " " ,

.
. .

: ?
:( . ) . , ! ( ) . .
, . , . ! .
, . ! !
! ! . .
. , . . .
, . , ! ,
, . , ,
, . .
( .) ]...[ . . ' ,
. ! , .
, .
. - , . , .

47

 , , ! ? ,
. , ,
-- ]...[ . ,
, , , ,
- - , . .

.
,
. ( ,) -
, .
: - , , , .
-

" ,
" () . " " "
" () .
, " " ()

" ,
() , , " () . ,
,

" , ,
. " () .

" " ()" .

" () . "
" ().

. , ,
-; ; " "

48

 .
( .)1001 ,
.
- .

:
.
,
(-' .)1999 , ,
, .

: , ? ?
: . .
.
:? ().
: . , , , . .
).( .
, .
.
: . .
: . .
: . ?
: . . .
. . .

2 ,/ (" )1011
: ".

49

 , .
, , .
(" ") , ( , ,
) , ( , ,

-) (" . .
" ). -
. ( ,)1011 "" (
) ,
. .
"" , , .

.3.1 :
"" . ,
. , ,
, .
, , ,
.
, , () , ().
, .
,
. , ,
. ,
. .
, , ,
. ,
.

50

 : ?
: , , ( . ) . ( )..... . .
, . , ,
, , . , ( .).
, , , ( )... ( . ( ).
11 ). ? ( ). )...( .
. )...( .? ( )... , )....( .
: ? .
: ( . 10 ). , , ).( .
. ).....( . ( )... )..( .
: , ? (
).
: , , , ,
, ( ). . . ( . 6 ).
. .
: , ,.
: . , . , , .
, . , (
) )..( . . . ( .) ]...[ . ,
, . , ,
( . :
, ).
)....( : , . ,
?
: , ! ,
).( . , , . .
( ). , , , ! .

51

 . ,
, . , ,
. , ,
. , , "" ""
. "" .

, " " "

" , " " . :

: ( ). )...( . , . ,
. , , ( )
, , , ,
, . () . () ,
( ).. . ,
. ( . ).

- ( .)Hamington, 2004 ,
. . (,
, ,) .
. , , .
""
. ,
.
. , , , .
, , .
, , . ,
" . "
52

 ( )1911 , .
.
, :
, , , .
,
. , ,
.
"" ( )Distance ,
" . , , ,
" : " . ,
, .
, , , , ,
. , ,
, . , ,
" " , -
. , ( ).
.
.
, ,
.

: ?
: . ).( . ( .
). , , , ,
. (
) (
. ). .
53

 : . ?
: , ,
.
, ( ). , ( ).
]...[ .
: ?
: . '
. ).( . ,
, ,.

.3.1.2
,
, .
.
: .
. , .
, , , ,
, , .

: ? ( 6 ). .
, , .
( 1 ).
. . , .

: ,
. " " ,
, , ( ) .
54

 , .
, - .
.

: . .
. . .
. . , ,
. . .
. . .
, . ( .
).

: , .
. , .

. ,
. . ,
, , () ,
( ) , .
. , , , .
, .
. .
. . ,
. .
--- . .
.

55

 : , ,
. """ ," "" .
.
.

: ,
. , ]...[ .
,
. . , ,
. .
- . . , ,
, .

, : , .
. , ,

" : . () , . !"
"" 11 .
.
. . ,
.

: , ?
: . () , ( ).. , ,
, , , .
. ,
.

56

 . () ,
( . 6).
: ?
( : 1 ). ! . .
. . !
, . , ,
. . ,
.( )... ,
. () . , , ( ).
( ) , . ,
, . () ).( .
( . 11).

: , ,
. , , .
, , , , , .
, , ,
. , , ,
, , .
: .
. ,
" " . , , , ,
. .
, "".

: .
! - . . ! ,

57

 , .
, , , ,
. .
, ' ]...[ .
() .
, , ,
. , .

: ,
. ,
.
.

: . ,
.
. .

, ,
. .
.

: , , !
- . , ,
, . ,
() , . ,
, , .
. ' , , ,

58

() , .
. , , .
. .

.3.3 : -
- . ,
, . , ,
, .
.
, . ,
, , .
,
' , , , , .
.
, ,
. ,
.

.3.3.2
.
; ; ;
, ; ; ; ; ,
, . ,
" ?" .
, , , ,
. : ,
, , -.
59

 : .
.
, " " . ,
. ,
. ,
" ".
. .
, , .
:
. "" "" . , ""
"" . " " .
. ,
. , .
.

(" !") ("

") . ,
, .

: ?
: ? , . ..
: ?
: , , . ! . .
() . , . .
. .
. () ! !
, .
. ( .).

60

 ,
. . ,
"" , , . ,
( ) , (
) . .
: , ,
. ,
. .
, .
"" , .
, ,
. , .
- . "" .
, .
. ,

" ".

: . ,
, . , , ,
. .
.

,
. , .
, . , ,
.

61

 : ,
. ,
, .
, ,11 - .
, , ,
. , , .
.
, .
, . , .
, .
" " .
.

: ?
: .
. .! ( )..
, , , '
.( )... , , ( )..
, .
( 2]...[ ).
: , ?
: . , . , ()
. ? ' , ?
)...( : ?
)..( : ! ( ).
.

62

 .
. , ,
.
" : " . ( ) .
. ,
, . ,
. ,
.
- :
.
. , .
, ("
").
. , ,
, , .
. ,
.
- , ;
, , .

: ?
)...( :! , ,
, . ! () .
! !
: ?
: , .
]...[ . ,

63

 . .
. ( .) )...( . ( )... . .
() . , .
]...[ . .
. ,
, .

.3.3.1
, , , ,
, (" ") .
.
, ,
. , , ,
.
. "" " " .
. :

: . ( . 10 ).
! ! ( )..( ).
( ) ]...[ . .
. ( . 1 ). .
. .
.( )... . ,
. ( 1 ).-- ( ).
. .
( . . ). .( )...
, ( . 11 ).()..
64

 . )...( .( )..
( ) , , . !
( 10 . ). ( ).
,- . ,
.( ).. .

, .

. " :
. . .
, ".
, , , .
, , ,

. . " ".
' . ,
.
. , ,
- . , :

" () ".
,
, . ,
, , .

: ! ! , ,
. () , ()
, , .

65

 .3.3.3
, .
, / .

( ) .
. .
, " . , ,
, . .
, . ,
( ) , ,

. " :
" . .
.

: -? ?
: ).( . . . ,
() , ! ! !
. . () ,
! ! !
() ! ? ? !
! ,
( . 6).
: ?
)....( : , .
, ( , )
! ( ) ( ) ?
? ! ! [ ]... ,
66

 . . ,
! !
, ( ) , ,
, ( 10') 3 ,
. ! . ?
, !
]...[ .
() .
. ]...[ . ,
( 1 ). .
( ). . , ,
. ( .
9 ). , ( ).
. .

, ,
, .
.
. ,
. , .
, , .
, 13 , ,
. , .
.
. ,

" : ".
3 ./ .1

67

 : ?
( : 11 ). . , ,
( . 6 ). ,
. . . ,
. ,
. ,
. .-.
: .
: , , . ,
, . .
, , . ,
. , , .
. , ,
, - . ]...[ .
. . .
, , ,
( .) .
. , ,
, .

, , .
, - ,
. ,
( , , , )

( , ) . " ,
" , . ,

" ".
68

 .3.3.4
.
, .
. , -.
, , ,
. , :

: [ ] , ,
. , , ,
. . .
? () ,
, , , .

,
, . " "
, ,
. , . ,
, , .
. ,
, . :

: . [] , ,
- , , .
.

. .
. ,
69

 . , ,
, .
, ,
, . ,
.
.

: . ,
, , ,
( . 6 ). , .
. .

.
, .
, :

: , []
]...[ .
, ,
.
( ). ( ). ,
. .
. , .
.
( ).. .

70

 , .
" " , .

: .
() , !
, ( ). .
( )... [ ]...
. ! . ,
. !
, . ,
. ,
, , . () ,.
)..( .
, ,
. )...( , , .

, (
) ( ) ,
.
.

.3.4 :
,
.
, , , .
.
. ,
71

 , .
, ,
. .
, .

"
" () . .
" " " " () .
. , " " .
, , , , , , , , .
,
.
, . ,
, - .
, .

: ?
: . )..( . , , .
- , .
: . .
: ( ). , .
( ) . () , ).( . -
. - , ).( .
. , , .
, .
]...[ . -
. .
[ ] .

72

 .
,
. , " " ,
.
.

: . . ,
, .
, . . ,
, , , .
.

. , ,
, .
, .
. , ,
.
. ,
.

: . - ,
? . .
. .
. ().
, , ,
. ,
. . .

73

 : . ?
: , .
, , .
( ). () . . .
. ,
, .
? ,
. . ,
]...[ .
).( .
: ?
: , . ,
, , . .
- . ,
,
. , ,
, .
. .
, !
. . ' .
, ' . .

. ,
.
. ,

74

 , ( ) .
.
.
. .
. " " " " .

.

: , () ,
( ) . ,
() , .
. . , , .
. , .- .
. () . -
. . ,
, . .
. . , .
[]...
: . .
. ,? .
() .
, . .
. . .
, ,
. .
.! , ! , .' !
( ) , , !

75

 . . () , ,
.

. ,

" :
, !"
. , ,
, , . ,
, , .
?
. , , .

: ? , .
: , . , , ,
, , .
, ! , , ,
. . ,
. . ()
. . . ,
. , ,
? , . , ,
. . ( . ).

.
. .
.
.

76

 .3.5 : " "

.3.5.2
, '
" " ( .)Butler, 1990 " ,"Gender performance
, " ."Parenting performance ,
- , .
, "" , , "" .
, "" .
"" "" , "" "" . -
( , ) , ,
, .
""
. " " (" ,)"Gender trouble
" " (" .)"Parenting trouble ,
. " " , " " ,
.
.
" " .
,
, . " " ,
" "Crossing . Crossing-
. ,
. , ' (,)Nentwich, 2008
:- ( ,)Female father- ( ,)Male mother ( Motherly
)fathers (.)Fatherly mothers

77

 , ,
. ,
. , ""
"" . , - ,
. . , ,
. ,
- . "" "" .
" ".

.3.5.1 ?
" " .
.
" " . : ?
-? -? ?
:1 :
. .
.
. ,
.
, -
- . , , .

. , " :
" . , "
" () . .
.
, , .
, . , .
78

 , . , .
.
.

: () , -- .
. , . , ()
. . .
! . . ! , ,
, . . . .
.

.
.
. . ,
. , .
.
, , .
, .
, .
. , ,
, .

: [] ! [ ]... .
, - .
! . . . ,
, . .
, . ]...[ .

79

 , . , ,
. . () ,
, . . ,
,- , ,!
[]...
: , , , .
. () ]...[ . ,
() , . () .
, ( ) , . ()
() , , . ,
. , , .
() .
[]...
: . . ! . ,!
!

. ,
. , , .
, . , ,
, .
:1 " " : ,
. .
, ,
. , - . :

: [] . -
. , ! , !
80

 . - - .
[ ]... - . -
.

, .
,
- . " " .
. ,

. " :
".

: []
. , ,
. .
.
, , .
, . .
]...[ .
: ?
: . ? . ,
. .

.
. , .
, , . ,
. .

81

 . , , ,
.
. , , ,
. .
,
. ,
" ".
. " "
. .
. . ,
. " : "
, "" , "" ,
. ,
"" "" . , .,
, .
, , ,

, " ,
!" " " .
"" "" . ,
, " ,"Crossing , .
,Crossing- , .
. ,
, .

(/ ,/) .
.

82

 .3.6
( , ,)
.
.
, .
, ,
- .
, , " " ,
, , .

- , , , . ,
.
, ,
,
-.
, .
. ,
, .
, .
.
, , ,
. ,

. .
- . "
" ,
. " " ,
83

 .
, .

84

 .4
.
: , .
, , ,
, .

.4.2
, , , , .
.
:
- .
, ,
.
: ( )1009
"" , "" .
.
. , ( Lamb,
,)1987 , ,
,
.
( )Orloff & Monson, 2002
.
.
, . ,
, .
, .

85

 ( )Lamb, 1987 .
, , ,
, , , ,
.
. ( )1006 - ,
. , .
( )Lamb, 1987 ,
.
. - ,
: , , , .
. " " ,
, . ,
, , "" .
.
,
- .
, " " .
. " "
" " . - . ,
, .
, . ,
. , - ,
.
: ,
. ,
. , . ,
.
86

 , .
. ,
, , , , , , . ,
. ( , ) ,
.
, , ,
, ? ,
?
( )Doucet, 2007
. "? "Do men mother ,
?
.
, .
"" .

.
" .)Ruddick, 1995, in Doucet, 2007( "Maternal thinking ""
. , , ,
.
. ,
, ,
. .
, , ,
, .
( )Doucet, 2007 ,
.

87

 .
( ) (
) . ( :)
, '( .) ,
( .) ,
" " .,
,
. ,
- ( )
( ) Caregiver
.
, ,
, .

. , .
, .
- :
.
("
") (" ") .
: , , ,
-.
, . , ,
( ) Freud, 1949 .
, ( , .)1002 , ,

( .)Day & Lamb, 2004
88

 .
, .
, .
. ,
' , , , , ,
. ,
"" .
, - ( )Dowd, 2000 ( Ruddick, 1995,
.)in Doucet, 2007 .
, ,
.
( )Cash ( .)Bergman & Hobson, 2002( )Care
, ,
.
.
. ,
. ,
. ,
. ,
, , , , , ,
.
.

.
.

. , ,
89

 . , ,
, . ,
. , - , ,
, .
, :
- .
, ,
.
, .
,
, .

.4.1

. ( )Adams & Marshall, 1996 .
, , .
( , ,)
( - -) . ()Brewer & Gardner, 1996
. - , -
, , .
.
, ,
( ) (
) . , - , ,
-.
. ,
. ,

90

 ( )Adams & Marshall, 1996 .

( , ) ,

. , " : [ ] .
" . -
.
( )Erikson, 1963, 1968
. ,
. -
. .
11-19 . , : ?
? ? ,
. .
. , ,19
,
(.)Lerner & Steinberg, 2004
, ,
. , , ,
, .
,
, , ,
- , .
,
. , ,
.
.
. .
91

 ,
.
,
, .
' , ,
. ,
, : ?
? , , , ,
. ,
. ,
. ,
. ,
( ) .
, " " ,
( -) .
.
. , . ,
" " .
.
, .
, " ,"Identity formation .
"" . .
, , , , , , ,,
. - ' - (.)Gergen, 1991
-
, ( .)Rattansi & Phoenix, 2005 ,

92

 : ,
, , .
- , .
. ,
. ,
. .
. ,
"" " " .
, "" .
,
. , . :
" - . ". ,
.
,
. , , ,
, , .
. , ,
, .
,
.
-
.
, . ,
? , ,
, .

93

 .4.3
' ( ,)Chodorow, 1978
/ .
, .
"" "" .
.
.
( .)Risman, 2004
( .)Hochschild, 2003
, ,

. " : .
. . ". .
.
. ( )1009
. ,
.
.
. ,
. ,
. , , . ,
- , "" .
"" "" "" ""
.
( ,)Butler, 1990
. ,
.

94

 , ,
, "" "" .
" " (" )"Gender trouble , ,
" " ("" .)"Parenting trouble "
. ,
, , .
" "
, . " ".
, " " .
,
, .
( ) .
?
. , , ,
. -
, . , ,
. ,
( .)Bianchi et al., 2000 ,-' ( )1999
, 66%-100%- . " Care
" deficit , ,
( .)Hochschild, 1995 -
(.)Mikelson, 2008 ,
,
- . , " "
- -
, , , , .
95

 .
. , ,
.
, (') ( .)1011 ,,
, , , .
, ,
, , .
. - ,
, .

.4.4
, ""
" " ,
. ,
.
. " " -
.
( )Butler, 1990, 1993 " .
"
. , .
( ,)Doucet, 2007
, , , , .
, .
" "

. , ;
; ; .
96

 , ,
, "" "" ,
" ".
, ,
. " "
. , , ,
- " " - " " .
.
, / / . -
" " - " "
, . "" "" , -
, " " . " "
, .
( , ,) ( , ,).

.4.5
. , ,
, .
.
. , ,
. , .
.
. .
,
( .)1009 , ,
.

97

 . ,
, ( ,,
) . .
. ,
;
," . , ,
, , , - ,
. .12-11
.
,
,
. - .
.
/
, ,
. , .
, .
, " "
(" )"Parenting performance" " (" .)"Parenting trouble
, .

.4.6 :
-
.
, . ,
, .

98

 ( ) ,
"" . .
, . , .
( , ,) , .
, - , .
,
- .
- .

- . , (
) , , .
, .
' , " ,"Gender trouble
. , -
. , .
. , . ,
, " " . "" (
) "" ( )
. , ,

. ,
" " , .
" " .
,
, "" "" . "",
"" "" , / ,
.
99

 .5 :
, ,
, , - .
? ? ? ,
- , .
.

. ,
.
.
. ,

.
. , ,
.
, , ,,
-
( , .)1006 ,
"" ""
( .)Bucholtz, 1999 , -,
"" "" .
, ,
.
, ,
. . ,
( )Levit, 1996 .
, . ,
100

 . ,
, , .
, , , ,
. ,
- , ' . ,
, .
, .
- , . ,
. , ,
, .
, , ,
. , , , .

101

 .6

, .)1003( . : . :
, , .10-19 ,11-16 ,
, .) 1001( . : . ,
() , , , (' .)162-106:
; : .
, .)1911( . : . : - .
: .
, .)1006( . : . :.
- , .)1006( . . : . :.
, .)1011( . : . : ,
.
, .)1001( . : .
: , .

,'; ,'; , .)1001( . :

11 . : - .
:.

, .)1001( . , : ' . :
,'.191-101 ,
," .)01.01.1011( . '" . " :
" . , ,
" " , -.

-- ,; ,; , .)1001( .
: . :
, , .
" , .)1009( . . ,
.
102

 ,; , .)1009( . : . : ,
.
,' .)1006( . . : , , .
:.
, .)1009( . : . , ,
- , -' () , : , ('
.)9-11 : - , ;
.
,; - ,; , .)1010( . , .
- () , (' .)11-11 :
.
, .) 1006( . ( ) . , ,
- , ' , , , , -'
() , : (' .)62-102 :
; , .
, .)1001( . : ' .
, .

, .)1003( . : .
,.21-110 ,
, .)1002( . : .:
" " , ; : .
- , .)1010( . . -
() , (' .)63-96 : - .
-' , .)1999( . : - . ,
, - , , , , -'
() , (' .)102-166 : .

103

 , .)1001( . . , , ,
, () , (' .)12-92 : . :
.
, .)1009( . , , . .122-111 ,11 ,
, .)1009( . . : . :.
,; - , .)1010( . . -
() , (' .)1-16 : - .
, .)1001( . :' .
' , (' .)2-11 :.
' , .)1001( . . : . : .

,; , .)1002( . :
. :".
, .)1003( . : .
, .
, .)1002( . : . : ,
.
- , .)1006( . : . , :
" " , ; .
Adams, Gerald, R., & Marshall, Sheila, K. (1996). A developmental social psychology of
identity: Understanding the person-in-context. Journal of Adolescence, 19, 429-442.
Angen, Maureen, Jane. (2000). Evaluating interpretive inquiry: Reviewing the validity debate
and opening the dialogue. Qualitative Health Research, 10, 378-395.
Arendell, Terry. (1997). Reflections on the researcher-researched relationship: A woman
interviewing men. Qualitative Sociology, 20, 341-368.
Arksey, Hilary, & Knight, Peter. (1999). Interviewing for social scientists. London; Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
104

Bandura, Albert. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bem, Sandra, L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting
and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155-162.
Bem, Sandra, L. (1975). Sex role adaptability: One consequence of psychological androgyny.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 634-643.
Bem, Sandra. L. (1981). Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing.
Psychological Review, 88, 354-364.
Bergman, Helena, & Hobson, Barbara. (2002). Compulsory fatherhood: The coding of
fatherhood in the Swedish welfare state. In Barbara Hobson (Ed.), Making men into
fathers: Men, masculinities and the social politics of fatherhood (pp. 92-124).
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bianchi, Suzanne, M.; Milkie, Melissa, A.; Sayer, Liana, C. & Robinson, John, P. (2000). Is
anyone doing the housework? Trends in the gender division of household labor. Social
Forces, 79, 191-228.
Blass, Thomas. (1991). Understanding behavior in the Milgram obedience experiment: The
role of personality, situations, and their interactions. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 60, 398-413.
Branch, Curtis, W.; Tayal, Priti; & Triplett, Caria. (2000). The relationship of ethnic identity
and ego identity status among adolescents and young adults. International Journal of
Intercultural Relations, 23, 777-790.

105

Brewer, Marilynn, B., & Gardner, Wendi. (1996). Who is this we? Levels of collective
identity and self representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 8393.
Bruner, Jerome, Seymour. (1990). Acts of meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press.
Bucholtz, Mary. (1999). Bad examples Transgression and progress in language and gender
studies. In Mary Bucholtz, A. C. Liang, & Laurel A. Sutton (Eds.), Reinventing
identities The gendered self in discourse in language and gender (pp. 3-24). New
York: Oxford University Press.
Burgess, Adrienne. (1997) Fatherhood reclaimed: The making of the modern father. London:
Vermilion.
Buss, David, M. (2008). Evolutionary psychology: The new science of the mind. Boston: Allyn
& Bacon.
Buss, David, M., & Shackelford, Tod, K. (1997). From vigilance to violence: Mate retention
tactics in married couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 346-361.
Bussey, Kay, & Bandura, Albert. (1999). Social cognitive theory of gender development.
Psychological Review, 106, 676-713.
Butler, Judith. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York:
Routledge.
Butler, Judith. (1993). Bodies that matter: On discursive limits of sex. New York: Routledge.
Chodorow, Nancy, J. (1978). The reproduction of mothering: Psychoanalysis and the
sociology of gender. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

106

Coltrane, Scott. (1996). Family man: Fatherhood, housework, and gender equity. New York:
Oxford University Press.
Ct, James, E., & Levine, Charles, G. (2002). Identity formation, agency, and culture: A
social psychological synthesis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Day, Randal, D., & Lamb, Michael, E. (2004). Conceptualizing and measuring father
involvement: Pathways, problems, and progress. In Randal D. Day & Michael E. Lamb
(Eds.), Conceptualizing and measuring father involvement (pp. 1-15). Mahwah, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Doucet, Andrea. (2007). Do men mother? Fathering, care, and domestic responsibility.
Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Dowd, Nancy, E. (2000). Redefining fatherhood. New York: New York University Press.
Dunkel, Curtis, S., & Sefcek, Jon, A. (2009). Eriksonian lifespan theory and life history
theory: An integration using the example of identity formation. Review of General
Psychology, 13, 13-23.
Erikson, Erik, Homburger. (1963). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
Erikson, Erik, Homburger. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
Flavell, John, H.; Miller, Patricia, H., & Miller, Scott, A. (2002). Cognitive development.
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Fonow, Mary, Margaret, & Cook, Judith, A. (2005). Feminist methodology: New applications
in the academy and public policy. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 30,
2211-2236.
Forste, Renata; Bartkowski, John, P., & Jackson, Rebecca, Allen. (2009). Just be there for
them: Perceptions of fathering among single, low-income men. Fathering, 7, 49-69.

107

Freud, Sigmund. (1949). An outline of psychoanalysis. New York: W. W. Norton.

Gergen, Kenneth, J. (1991). The saturated self: Dilemmas of identity in contemporary life.
New York: Basic Books.
Gough, Brendan. (1998). Roles and discourse. In Karen Trew, & John Kremer (Eds.), Gender
and psychology (pp. 15-26). London: Arnold.
Halrynjo, Sigtona. (2009). Mens work-life conflict: Career, care and self-realization: Patterns
of privileges and dilemmas. Gender, Work and Organization, 16, 98-125.
Hamington, Maurice. (2004). Embodied care: Jane Addams, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and
feminist ethics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Hanke, Robert. (1998). Theorizing masculinity with / in the media. Communication Theory, 8,
183-203.
Harding, Sandra. (1991). Whose science? Whose knowledge? Thinking from womens lives.
New York: Cornell University Press.
Hesse-Biber, Sharlene, Nagy. (2007). Feminist research: Exploring the interconnections of
epistemology, methodology and method. In Sharlene Nagy Hesse-Biber (Ed.),
Handbook of feminist research: Theory and praxis (pp. 1-26). CA: Sage.
Hesse-Biber, Sharlene, Nagy; Leavy, Patricia, & Yaiser, Michelle, L. (2004). Feminist
approaches to research as a process, reconceptualizing epistemology, methodology and
method. In Sharlene Nagy Hesse-Biber, & Michelle L. Yaiser (Eds.), Feminist
perspectives on social research (pp. 3-26). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hjelle, Larry, A., & Ziegler, Daniel, J. (1992). Personality theories: Basic assumptions,
research, and applications. New York: McGraw-Hill.

108

Hobson, Barbara, & Morgan, David. (2002). Introduction: Making men into fathers. In
Barbara Hobson (Ed.), Making men into fathers: Men, masculinities and the social
politics of fatherhood (pp. 1-21). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hochschild, Arlie, Russell. (1995). The culture of politics: Traditional, postmodern, cold
modern, and warm-modern ideals of care. Social Politics: International Studies of
Gender, State, and Society, 2, 331-346.
Hochschild, Arlie, Russell. (2003). The second shift. New York: Penguin.
Hollinger, Robert. (1994). Postmodernism and the social sciences: A thematic approach.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Jacobson-Widding, Anita. (1983). Identity: Personal and socio-cultural. Atlantic Highlands,
NJ: Humanities Press.
Kohlberg, Lawrence. (1966). A cognitive-developmental analysis of children's sex-role
concepts and attitudes. In Eleanor E. Maccoby (Ed.), The development of sex
differences (pp. 82-173). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Kroger, Jane. (2007). Identity development: Adolescence through adulthood. Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.
Krumer-Nevo, Michal. (2009). From voice to knowledge: Participatory action research,
inclusive debate and feminism. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in
Education, 22, 279-295.
Kurtines, William, M.; Berman, Steven, L.; Ittel, Angela, & Williamson, Susan. (1995). Moral
development: A co-constructivist perspective. In William M. Kurtines & Jacob L.
Gewirtz (Eds.), Moral development: An introduction (pp. 337-376). New York: Wiley.

109

Lamb, Michael, E. (1987). Introduction: The emergent American father. In Michael E. Lamb
(Ed.), The father role: A cross-cultural perspective (pp. 126). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Lamb, Michael, E. (1997). Father and child development: An introductory overview and
guide. In Michael E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (pp. 118). New York: Wiley.
Lamb, Michael, E.; Pleck, Joseph, H.; Charnov, Eric, L., & Levine, James, A. (1987). A
biosocial perspective on parental behavior and involvement. In Jane Beckman
Lancaster, Jeanne Altman, Alice S. Rossi, & Lonnie R. Sherrod (Eds.), Parenting
across the life span: Biosocial dimensions (pp. 111-142). New York: Aldine de
Gruyter.
Lather, Patti. (1991). Getting smart: Feminist research and pedagogy with/in the postmodern
New York: Routledge.
Lerner, Richard, M., & Steinberg, Laurence. (Eds.). (2004). Handbook of adolescent
psychology (Second edition). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Leslie, Leigh, A.; Anderson, Elaine, A., & Branson, Meredith, P. (1991). Responsibility for
children: The role of gender and employment. Journal of Family Issues, 12, 197-210.
Levinson, Daniel, J. (1978). The seasons of a mans life. New York: Alfred Knopf.
Levinson, Daniel, J. (1996). The seasons of a womans life. New York: Alfred Knopf.
Levit, Nancy. (1996). Feminism for men: Legal ideology and the construction of maleness.
UCLA Law Review, 43, 1037-1116.

110

Lewis, Jane. (2002). The problem of fathers: Policy and behavior in Britain. In Barbara
Hobson (Ed.), Making men into fathers: Men, masculinities and the social politics of
fatherhood (pp. 125-149). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lippa, Richard, A. (2005). Gender, nature, nurture. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates.
Lupton, Deborah, & Barclay, Lesley. (1997). Constructing fatherhood: Discourses and
experiences. London: Sage.
Marcia, James, E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 551-558.
Marcia, James, E.; Waterman, Alan, S.; Matteson, David, R.; Archer, Sally, L., & Orlofsky,
Jacob, L. (Eds.). (1993). Ego identity: A handbook for psychosocial research. New
York: Springer-Verlag.
Marsiglio, William. (1995). Fathers diverse life course patterns and roles. In William
Marsoglio (Ed.), Fatherhood: Contemporary theory, research, and social policy (pp.
78-101). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Maurer, Trent, W., & Pleck, Joseph, H. (2006). Fathers caregiving and breadwinning: A
gender congruence analysis. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 7, 101-112.
Meissner, William, W. (2005). Gender identity and the self: Gender formation in general and
in masculinity. Psychoanalytic Review, 92, 1-27.
Mikelson, Kelly, S. (2008). He said, she said: Comparing mother and father reports of father
involvement. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70, 613624.
Moore, Burness, E., & Fine, Bernard, D. (1990). Psychoanalytic terms and concepts. New
Haven, Conn: American Psychoanalytic Association.

111

Morgan, David, Hopcraft, John. (1992). Discovering men. London: Routledge.

Nentwich, Julia, C. (2008). New fathers as gender troublemakers? Exploring discursive
constructions of heterosexual parenthood and their subversive potential. Feminism &
Psychology, 18, 207-230.
Orloff, Ann, Shola, & Monson, Renee. (2002). Citizens, workers or fathers? Men in the history
of US social policy. In Barbara Hobson (Ed.), Making men into fathers: Men,
masculinities and the social politics of fatherhood (pp. 61-91). Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Palkovitz, Rob, & Palm, Glen. (2009). Transitions within fathering. Fathering, 7, 3-22.
Parsons, Talcott, & Bales, Robert, F. (1955). Family: Socialization and interaction process.
Glencoe: Free Press.
Patton, Michael, Quinn. (2002). Two decades of developments in qualitative inquiry: A
personal, experiential perspective. Qualitative Social Work, 1, 261-283.
Perl-Littunen, Satu. (2007). Gender equality or primacy of the mother? Ambivalent
descriptions of good parents. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69, 341351.
Person, Ethel, S., & Ovesey, Lionel. (1983). Psychoanalytic theories of gender identity.
Journal of American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 11, 203-226.
Phoenix, Ann. (2008). Analysing narrative contexts. In Molly Andrews, Corinne Squire, &
Maria Tamboukou (Eds.), Doing narrative research (pp. 64-77). Los Angeles; London:
Sage.
Rattansi, Ali, & Phoenix, Ann. (2005). Rethinking youth identities: Modernist and
postmodernist frameworks. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research,
5, 97-123.

112

Risman. Barbara, J. (2004). Gender as a social structure: Theory wrestling with activism.
Gender & Society, 18, 429-450.
Ross, Lee. (1977). The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the
attribution process. In Leonard Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social
psychology, Vol. 10 (pp. 174-221). New York: Academic Press.
Ross, Lee, & Nisbett, Richard, E. (1991). The person and the situation: Perspectives of social
psychology. New York: McGraw Hill.
Ruble, Diana, N.; Martin, Carol, Lynn, & Berenbaum, Sheri, A. (2006). Gender development.
In Nancy Eisenberg, William Damon, & Richard M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child
psychology: Social, emotional and personality development (Vol. 6) (pp. 858-932).
Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Schwartz, Seth, J. (2001). The evolution of Eriksonian and neo-Eriksonian identity theory and
research: A review and integration. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and
Research, 1, 7-58.
Song, Miri, & Parker, David. (1995). Commonality, difference and the dynamics of disclosure
in in-depth interviewing. Sociology, 29, 241-256.
Spelman, Elizabeth, V. (1988). The inessential woman: Problems of exclusion in feminist
thought. Boston: Beacon Press.
Squire, Corinne. (2008). Experience-centred and culturally-oriented approaches to narrative. In
Molly Andrews, Corinne Squire, & Maria Tamboukou (Eds.), Doing narrative
research (pp. 41-63). Los Angeles; London: Sage.

113

Squire, Corinne; Andrews, Molly, & Tamboukou, Maria. (2008). Introduction: What is
narrative research? In Molly Andrews, Corinne Squire, & Maria Tamboukou (Eds.),
Doing narrative research (pp. 1-21). Los Angeles; London: Sage.
Tyson, Phyllis. (1982). A developmental line of gender identity, gender role, and choice of
love object. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 30, 61-86.
Tyson, Phyllis. (1989). Infantile sexuality, gender identity, and obstacles to oedipal
progression. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 37, 1051-1069.
Weiss, Meira. (2002). The chosen body: The politics of the body in Israeli society. Stanford:
Stanford University Press.
Wilson, Edward, Osborne. (1975). Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press.
Zilber, Tammar, B.; Tuval-Mashiach, Rivka, & Lieblich, Amia. (2008). The embedded
narrative: Navigating through multiple contexts. Qualitative Inquiry, 14, 1047-1069.

114

 .7
.7.2

,
, .
' '
. , , .
.
, . ,
. .
, .
, .
. .
. , .
() . ,
. ,
.
, , .
. ,
. .
,11 ,
. ___________ ( )
___________ . , , ___________.

.
:

115

 .
:

116

 .7.1

,
, .
' '
. , , .

. , .
___________ .
/ , ,
. .
.
___________ , /
/ . ___________ ,
. ,

. / , .
/ / ___________ ( )
___________ . , , ___________.

/ / ___________ .
:

.
:

117

 .7.3
:
. , .
. ?
. . ?
. "" ?
. .

.
.

"" /
.
""
.

.

.

.


.

.
.

/.

?

.

.

.

.

.

118

 .7.4

1'

1'

119

 3'

1'

120

 1'

6'

121

 2'

1'

122

 9'

10'

123

 11'

11'
124

 13'

11'

125

 11'

16'

126

 12'

11'

127

 19'

10'

128

 .7.5

1'

1'

129

 3'

1'

130

 1'

6'
131

 2'

1'
132

 9'

10'
133

 11'

11'
134

 13'

11'
135

 11'

16'
136

 12'

11'
137

 19'

10'
138

 .7.6 -
.2

, ,


?

, ,

.1






139

.3

, ,

'

140

 .4

'

.5







, ,

141

.6 , ,

.7

142

--

.2

?










143

Tel Aviv University

The Gershon H. Gordon Faculty of Social Sciences
The Department of Psychology

The Making of Paternal Identity among Adolescent Boys

Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Master Degree

By
Yaara Levine Fraiman

This work was carried out under the supervision of

Prof. Einat Peled & Prof. Ariella Friedman

August 2011

Abstract
The aim of this research is to trace the making of paternal identity prior to fatherhood. Paternal
identity refers to an individual's sense of self with regards to his being a father and his
reference to his "self" (his sense of identity) with regards to paternity. The primary hypothesis
of this research is that paternal identity is linked to gender roles and gender perceptions.
The current research is a feminist-narrative derived of an interpretative post-modern
approach. Post-modern theories deny the definition of identity as a monolithic structure and
claim that identity is a dynamic, complex and diversified being and that there are numerous
identities which continually coexist in a person's psyche. The new father model, enjoying a
rather central positioning in the current era, blurs the boundaries of roles, behaviors and
identities which were traditionally comprised as masculine or feminine.
The collection of data was conducted using narrative interviews with 19 adolescent
boys at the ages of 17-18, from varied backgrounds. The data analysis, conducted in six stages,
takes on an interpretative perspective that considers the personal narratives as an integral part
of a social order which outlines gendered power relations. The analysis was based on the
Zilber, Tuval-Mashiach and Lieblich model (2010) which distinguishes four approaches to
textual analysis moving on two axes: holistic vs. categorical analysis and content vs. formal
analysis. The data analysis included a categorical analysis of the data, which allowed the
identification and classification of themes and master-themes, a holistic content anchored
analysis for the personal narratives and an integrative interpretative analysis of the data which
referred to multiple levels of context (immediate, social, cultural). The contextual analysis
induces a better understanding of identity development dynamics (Zilber, Tuval-Mashiach &

ii

Lieblich, 2008). The diversified analysis approach enabled an examination and interpretation
of the narratives from numerous perspectives.
The findings show that adolescents do have a paternal identity. This identity was
anchored in varied temporal dimensions and diversified contexts. For some of the adolescent
boys who participated in the research, paternal identity is in its buds. For others, it is a growing
tree. It was found that adolescent boys discuss and think of their future fatherhood. Apart from
one boy, all boys have expressed a desire to become fathers in the future. Some expressed a
clear desire to become fathers in the near future, and they picture and think of their upcoming
paternity, while others feel that fatherhood is distant from them for now, and does not take up
any part of their day-to-day lives. The adolescent boys who participated in the research tend to
describe their future paternalism in terms which were traditionally referred to the femininematernal world care, safekeeping, connection, open communication and sharing. Yet,
traditional paternal roles were not absent filling material needs and caring for education. In
several interviews, rather traditional perceptions of paternalism and maternalism were
manifested, yet it seems that many of the interviewees have legitimized interlacing components
regarded as feminine and ones regarded as masculine. During their lives, the adolescent boys
in this research were exposed to male figures which form their role models. This research
suggests that paternal identity is also related to the mother figure. In light of male and female
role models, adolescent boys develop their paternal identity, at times, in positive terms, and at
others, in negative terms. Parents form parental role models for the boys, while general society
and wide social perceptions regarding masculinity and gender also bear influence on the
making of paternal identity. Paternal identity is formed by internalizing social expectations and
identifying with them.

iii

Findings were interpreted using Butler's feminist-queer theory (Butler, 1990).

According to Butler, gender identity is a performance, performed daily via language and social
codes. From this approach, this research claims that parenthood is a performative act. Much
like gender performance, there are fatherhood performances. This research concludes that
there is an option to blur the categories of sex, gender and parenthood and to make
parenthood trouble, meaning, to undermine the binary distinctions and create plural parental
identities. Making parenthood trouble induces the dismantling of familial patriarchal
structure. The attempt to define parenthood, paternalism and maternalism in a flexible
manner that suits the identities of men and women is part of a social and conceptual change in
the making of parental roles and gender roles.

iv