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yHEk Sdyfol? Threelada Limited Partnership
9/1205 Sakaengam Road
Samaedum Bangkuntian
Bangkok Thailand -10150
jzefcsDa&;? OD;aX;0if; (t,f'Dwm)
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P.O box (16) Bang Bon P.O
Bang Bon 1 Bangkok
Thailand - 10151
yHkEdyS fonfh ckESp?f 2014 ckEpS f rwfv
t}udrf? yxrt}udrf
tkyfa&? 700
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1
(Aye Chan 2005:396-420)

17
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3
Gaffar, Abdul. 1951. August 20.

Hazrat Ali
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4
Mohammad Hanif
Ba Tha. 1959, 6(9) 26 -28, Ba Tha 1960 7(5) 33-36
6
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19
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xm;onfrSvGJI anmif&rf;acwf c&pfouU&mZf 1710 wGif OD;ukvm; a&;om;
jyKpkcJhonfh r[m&mZ0ifawmf}uD; tqifhr#om&dS+yD; ordkif;wefbdk; tvGefenf;yg
onf?7 az&m.a&;om;csufudk tm&fbDprwfu ppfawGc&dkif *ZufwD;,m;wGif
&mZ0if uY ul;,laz: jyvdkufjyefav&m oabFmysufykHjyif q&mrsm; twGuf
vrf ; cif ;ay;cJh ouJ hod k h tqifa csmoGm;avawmh onf ? rpPwma*:zm;ES if h
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avonf? 4if;wdk qENm *wdjzifh rqifrjcif a&;om;csufESifh ordkif; ynm&Sifrsm;
okawoejyKa&;om;csufwdk rnfrSsuGJvGJonfudk ,ck avhvm=unfh=uygrnf?
w&kwfxefrif;quf rSwfwrf;udk udk;um;I okawoe jyKxm;&mwGif /
yg&eS /f tm&yfESifh tdEd,
N awmifyidk ;f om;wdk onf tdE,
Nd ork'N&m ukefoG,f
r_wGif t"duusygonf? ta&Sawmiftm&Sudk ausmfvGeI
f awmifw&kwf
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a&mif;0,f &ef xGufcGgoGm;avh&Sd=uonf? aemifwGif w&kwfwdk hu
olwdkoabFmxuf vSsifjrefaom 8 *sef hac: &Gufxyf oabFmrsm;udk
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h 0,f,lavh
9
&dS=uonf? at'D 8 &mpktxd a&mufvm=uaom ukefonfrsm;wGif
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rlqvifrsm;r[kwf=u? c&pf,ef/ a&0wDESifh Zd&k pdk wm bmom0ifrsm;vnf;
7
UK I,II : Phayre 1967

Junck
9
Tonan Ajia Jiten : 81
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
20
8
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awmif tm&SwGif tajccsaexdkif=ua=umif;/ wdkif;&if;olrsm;ESifh ta=umif;ygI
tpPvrf omoemudk ouf0if,=kH unf ap=ua=umif; tpPvrf vlaer_b0udk xlaxmif
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vl htzGJ htpnf; twGif;wGif a&maESmaexdkifavh r&Sda=umif; +Adwdo#ordkif;ynm&Sif
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qdkygrnf? tm&yfvlrsdK;rsm; ta&Sawmiftm&Sodk@ a&$ajymif;aexdkif=ujcif;rSm
vGecf haJ om ESpf 200 0ef;usif odk r[kwf 18 &mpk aESmif;ESifh 19 &mpkwiG f pwifygonf?
,ae ph uFmyl+rdKESif h tif'edk D;&Sm;jynf&dS tmacs;jynfe,f/ plr=wawmifyikd ;f &Sd yvef;bef;
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ta&Stv,fydkif;EG,fzmG ; &kyfoef &Sdolrsm;udk awG h&wwfygonf?
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10
Hadramawt
Op-cit
12
Champa
13
Hall 1985:121
11
21
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ta&Sawmiftm&SwGif tm&yf vlrsdK;rsm; tajccs aexdkif=uonfh ordik ;f 0if rSww
f rf;
r&dSyg?
tm&yfoabFm rmvdefrSL;qdkolwdkonf a&mufav&mwGif rlqvif
+rdK&Gmrsm; ta=umif;udk rSwfwrf;wif avh&Sd=u.? xdkrlqvifwdkh. uGJjym;aom
tusifhp&dkuf rsm;udkvnf; ay:vGifatmif a&;rSwfavh&dS=u.? tDAifrm*spfonf
rmvuUmrS rlqvif wdk. vlaer_"avhxHk;pHrsm;udk jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zef&f _wfcs+yD;
a&;rSwfoGm;cJhonf? &cdkifjynfwGif tajcpdkuf=uonfqdkaom tm&yfvlrsdK;rsm;
ta=umif;udk tm&yfrSwfwrf;wGif vdu
k &f mS =unfhrdygonf? tm&yfrmvderf LS ;wdkonf
tdEd,
N ork'N&mudjk zwfI ta&S@ awmif tm&Sokd &Gufvi$ v
fh mvSsif ppfwaumif;+rdKt
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t"rRaumufcsuw
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k nf;
a&S;a[mif; okawoe OD;pD;XmerS wl;azmf+yD;jzpf&m tpPvrfbmom xGef;um;
cJha=umif; oufaocH wpkHw&mr# rawG&a=umif; uG,fvGefol acgif;aqmif}uD;
14
Habib Abdur Rahman Az-Zahir (1833-1896): Reid 1972

37-59
15
Tibbetts 1981:381
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
22
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tdENd,ork'N&m ukefoG,fa&;wGif at'D 1511 ckESpfY ay:wl*Dwdk hrvuUmudk odrf;,l
jcif;onf tm&Sa&a=umif;ukeo
f G,fa&;. acwfwacwfukd pwif+yD; 1644 ckEpS fwGif
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16
Commercial Port(Entrepot)
23
rSww
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urBmhtjcm;a'orsm;wGif &SmIrawGrnfum; aocsm.17
ay:wl*Dwdkonf tmacs;wdkESifh &mpkESifhcDsI ppfyGJrsm;qifE$JcJh&avonf?
ta&StdEd,
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rlqvifukeo
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.?20 rif;carmif; vufxufwGif rlqvifukeo
f nfrsm; tajrmuftjrm; vma&muf
17
Pires 1515 :204

Tomes Pires 1944 I:111
19
Ibid I :95
20
Guerreiro Relacao Anual I:291
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
24
18
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rsm;avonf?21
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ae=uonfrSm tESpfwaxmifcef &dS+yD[k qdkonf? ouU&mZf 1202 rSpI
b*Fvm;udk rlqvif wdktkyfpdk;av&m ausmufpmrSmvnf; 1442 ckESpfxdk;
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21
Charney 1998:199
Aloul
23
Haq 2005:18
24
Luce 1985:78-79; Than Tun 1994: 27-28
22
25
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f Sum; tif;0odk oGm;a&muf vnfywfc[
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25
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&Sd=uayao;onf? xdka=umifhvnf; rif;carmif; (1612-1622) onf 0&"rR&mZm
[laom Ak'<bmombGJ tjyif [lqde&f Sm; [laom rlqvifbGJudk cH.? om;jzpfol
rif;[&Du oD&dok"rR&mZm [laom Ak'b
< mom bGJESifh qmvif&Sm; [laom
rlqvifbGJ udk cH=u.? [dELN ESifh Ak'<bmom0ifrif;rsm; rlqvif bGJ udk cH,l=ujcif;onf
tqef;r[kwfa=umif; tpPvrf,Ofaus;r_jyef@ygG ;yHkudk txl; avhvmvdkufpm;ol
25
(Jilani 1999: 63)

(Luce 1985:)
26
26
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
okawoD zdvpf 0g*dkemu Todk aumufcsufcs.?

OD;pGmem;vnf&rnft
h csufrmS tpPvrf"avhukv
d ufcHjcif;onf edkifiHa&;
AsL[mw&yfudk &nfn$ef;jcif; rSsomjzpfonf[la om tcsufj zpf.?
xdkAsL[mjzifh tkyfpk;d olrif;onf urBmtESH us,fjyef@pGm ,H=k unfudk;uG,f
ae=uaom tpPvrfbmom. pHrsm;ESifh tnD rdrd.wefcdk;=oZmudk
usm;uefa y;jcif ; yif jzpf. ? Tod k aom tpP vrf r_ jyKjcif ; onf
bmomt,l0g' ul;ajymif;jcif;vnf; r[kw?f ,kwfpt
G qH;k &dk;&m"avhESifh
a'ocHtpOftvmrsm;udkyif wpdk;wpdrSs xdcdkufcJhonf r[kwfacs?27
&cdik rf if;rsm; rlqvif bGJtrnfrsm; cH,l=ujcif;udkyif &cdkifjynfY rlqvif
rif;quf tkyfpdk;cJ hav[ef ajAmifvdr f ae=uaom ordkif ;vd rf q&mrsm;um;
Ttcsufudk owdjyKrdcJhav[ef rwlyg? ax&0g' Ak'<bmomudk ,Hk=unfaom
rif;wdkonf tdEd,
N edkiif H arm&d,rif;quf oD&d"rRm aomu rif; (tmaomu rif;)
udk pHxm;=ua=umif;udk acwfopf ordkif;ynm&Sifwdk axmufjycJh=u av+yD?28
ynmt&nftcsi;f &Sad om rlqvifrsm;udk &mxl;XmeE &W ay;I ajrSmufpm; aomfvnf;
+rdKjytkyfcsKyfa&;wGif vHk;0 wm0efay;jcif; r&dSa=umif;udk awG&onf? rif;zavmif;
vufxufu rD;acsmif;+rdKpm; uG,fvGefojzifh rlqvifwOD;jzpfaom rsmvD qdkolu
+rdKpm;&mxl;udk avSsmufxm;aomtcg r[mynmausmftrwf=uD;u
r&rmES if h uk v m;onf vlc sif ; wl a omf v nf ; pd wf c sif ; rwl y g?
r&rmwkdt&yfY ukvm;udk +rdKpm;xm; avaomf ukvm;wdkt,lodk
ygavatmif aoG ; aqmif j yKavv#if r&rm w&m;uG , f v S s uf
ukvm;tusifhodkygavaomf jynfolwdktm; oem;jcif;r&SdonfESifh
wlawmhrnf 29 [lI avSsmufxm;ojzifh xdkuv
k m;.av#mufxm; csuu
f kd
y,fcscJhbl;onf?
&cdkifrif;rsm;onf rdrdwdk@udk,fwdkif Ak'<bmom0if rif;rsm;jzpfa=umif;ESifh
27
(Wagoner 1996. 73)

Tambiah 1976 :
29
Kawithara: RUL Palmleaf MS (49887) 11-6-2
28
27
jynfolwdkudkvnf; Ak'<w&m;awmf twdkif; vdkufemIaexdkif=u&efvnf; xkwfjyef

a=ujimaom "avh&S.
d ? jynfolwdk vdu
k fem&rnfh usih0f wfESiyfh wfoufI rif;&mZm
}uD; (1593 -1612) vufxufwGif xkwfjyefaom trdefw&yfwGif/
jynfow
l dkvnf; aumif;aomtusifhudkom }udKufoifhonf? um,uH
oH;k yg;/ 0pDuH av;yg;/ raemuH oH;k yg;wdkonf oDvwnfaom ynm&dSwkd .
tavh rSefonf? t'dE'M gem olOpPmudk cd;k jcif;/ yg%mwdygwm ol@toufukd
owfjcif;? umarokrdpm> pm&m olr,m; olom;orD;udk zsufqD;or_
jyKjcif;/ ory`vmy0gpm oa&mfa[mh&rf; ajymqdkwwfjcif;/ tbdZm
rw&m;aomtr_udk }uHpnfjcif;/ Asmyg' olwyg; ysufpD;vSsif 0rf;ajrmuf
wwfjcif;/ rdp>m'dXd [kwfrSefaomw&m;udk rodI ,HkrSm;jcif;/ Tw&m;
q,fyg;udk a&Smif=uOfrS olawmfaumif; okp&du
k f rSefonf? toufxufq;Hk
30
olawmf"avhudk +rJ+rH=uap [lI xkwfjyef xm;av&m Ak'<bmom.
tqHk;trudk vufuidk fxm;=u&efom qk;H ryJhjyifxm;a=umif; awG&onf?
&cdkifydkifeufwGifaexdkifaom b*Fvm;e,fom; rlqvifwdk &cdkifbk&ifudk
rnfodk&_jrif=ua=umif; avhvm&aomf/
&cdkifbk&ifrnfonfrSm rdpm> 'dXdwOD;rSsomjzpfI ol.t,l0g' rSmvnf;
rlqvift,lvnf; r[kwf/ [dENLt,lvnf; r[kwfacs? xdkolwdkum;
rnfonfh rde;f rudrk qdk ,lI&.? ESrudv
k nf;,l.? trdrS vGI
J rde;f r[l orSsukd
,l.? a,mufsm; jzpfaomffvnf; rkwfqdwu
f sifpG,fvnf; rxm;31 [lI
olwdkudk tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfaeol rsm;udk rSwfwrf;wif.?
TrS wfwrf;um; r*dkordkif; q&m &SD,mtl'ifwmvpf&Sf. rSwfwrf;
jzpfay&m &cdkifrif;rsm; rlqvif r[kwf=ua=umif; rlqvifrSwfwrf;rsm;uyif
az: jyxm;onfudk jiif;qdkedkifrnf r[kwfacs?
30
MRS [gh(a) 7- gh(a) 4}

Talish 1907:417(?)
31
28
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
(*) &dk&Sef; ac: &cdkifjynffeSifh b*Fvm;

16 &mpkwGif a&;om;jyKpkaom b*F gvD uAsmq&m 'lvwfcgZD32 .
&cdkifjynfudk &nfnSGef;aom atmufaz: jyyg uAsmwGif xdktrnfudk tapmqHk;
awG&onf?
umemzlvDjrpf33rS ta&Szufod k hoGm;vSsif }uD;us,fcrf;em;aom
+rd Kawmfwck &dSownf; ? xdk +rdKum; ewfjynfeS ifhyif wlvSpGmaom
&d&k Se;f [laom34 trnf&Sdaom +rdKaywnf;? pd;k rd;k tkyfcsKyfaom rif;wdk@um;
rm*"EG,fzGm; Ak'b
< mom0ifrsm; jzpf=uukef.?35
ay:wl * D wd k @ url &cd ki f[ la omtrnf u dk yif rd rd wd k toH xG uf j zif h
tdk&mumtGef36 [lIvnf;aumif; &muef37 [lIvnf;aumif; toHvS,fI
,l=uavonf?38 uAsmq&m tmavmvfu39 ol.b0udk uAsmwyk'fjzifh Todk h
zGJqd.
k
u|efkyf.tjzpfum; Todk hwnf;? &dk&Sef;odk h u|efkyfa&mufa&mufcsif;
bk&if. jrif;onfawmftjzpf tr_xrf;&.? wnf=unfajzmifhrwfaom
ocifjzpfol/ olaumif;rsKd; apmvrif;um; trsdK;tm;jzifhvnf;jrwf.?
olwxl;. vuf&kH;&nf ESvHk;&nfudkvnf; jrifwwf.? xdkolwdkudkvnf;
t=unftom qufqH.? u|eyfk fudk &avvSsif vGefpGm 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om
&S d . ? vH ka vmuf a om t0wf t pm;ud k a y;I ajrmuf rsm;pG m aom
32
Daulat Qazi
River Kanafuli
34
Roshang
35
Huq 2005:12
36
Orrakan
37
Rakan
38
(Yule 1985: 34)
39
Aloul
33
29
vufaqmifwdk hjzifh csD;jrSifhajrSmufpm;awmf rlownf;40

ajrmufOD;acwfu &cdkifESifh ay:wl*D yifv,f"g;jyrsm; zrf;qD;ac:aqmif
vmcJhaom b*F gvD aus;u|efrsm;udk 'wfcsf ta&StdENd, ukr`%DrS ta&StdENd,
u|ef;pkwGif cdik f;ap&ef oabFmjzifh wifaqmifomG ;av &h =dS u.? ay:wl*D bkef;awmf}uD;
qmAufpwD,ef rife&pf u ajrmufOD;+rdKawmfwiG f ol&dSaepOfumv (1630-1635)
ig;ESpftwGif; ay:wl*DESifh &cdkifyifv,f"g;jywdk honf b*Fvm;e,ft wGif;odk
0if&mufwdkufcdkuf+yD; vlaygif; waomif; &Spfaxmifudk aus;u|eftjzpf zrf;qD;
vmcJh=uonf[k qdkonf?41 'wfcsf ta&StdENd, ukr`%.
D rSwf;wrf;rsm;rSm ysufpD;
aysmufq;Hk r_rsm;&Sdae&m wifydk a&mif;csonfh ta&twGufudk twdtus rod&acs?
b*Fvm;jynfe,frS r*dkbk&ifcHonf &cdkifwdkESifhqufqH&mwGif y&d,m,f
=uG,fvS.? wzufrS &cdkifwdkESifh qufqHa&; ajyvnfvdkygonf[k oHtzGJ hrsm;
apv$wf+yD; tjcm;wzufwGif ppfwaumif;e,frS tpPvrf bmom0ifrsm;tm;
ykefuefx=uG&ef aoG;xdk;ay;cJhonf? 1625 ckeSpfwGif ppfwaumif;e,fom;wdk@
ykefuefx=uG&m oD&dok"rR &mZmrif;onf jyif;jyif;xefxef eSdrfeif;ypfcJh&onf?42
ouU&mZf 1638 ckESpfwGif oD&dok"rR &mZmrif; vkyf}uHcH&onf? xdkrS aemufwGif
b*Fvm;Y &cdkifwdk h=oZm wjznf;jznf; usqif; vmcJhavonf? 1644 wGif
xD;eef;vkyJYG &_;H edro
fh jzifh r*dkrif;om; &Sm&SL*sm &cdkifjynfwGif cdkv_v
H monf? aemifwiG f
&ckdifbk&ifESifh &Sm&SL*sm qufqHa&;rajyjypfojzifh rif;om;. rdom;pkwckvHk;
uGyrf sucf &H onf? ,if;ta&;tcif;udt
k a=umif;jyKI ppfwaumif;udk r*dw
k dk hu 1666
wGif odrf;,lonf? 1785 wGif bdk;awmfbk&m; ac: A'Hrk if; odrf;ydu
k o
f nftxd &cdkijf ynf
onf evHrxlekid fawmhacs?
(C) jrefrmrif;vufatmuf &cdkifjynf
qifjzL&Sifrif;vufxuf c&pfEpS f 1767 ckeSpfwiG f t,k',
< +rdKudk odrf;,lch+J y;D
40
Aloul 1992:6 (Translated into English by Thibaut

dHubert)
41
Manrique 1928:286
42
Collis (JBRS XIII):236
30
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
aemufyidk f;Y jrefrmwdk o

h nf ta&Szufokd w
h efc;kd =oZmcsJ xGi&f ef tcGirfh om awmhacs?
xdkif;rif;qufopf jzpfaom &wemuGef qifrif;rsm;onf 1782 ckSESpfrS pI
befaumufukd aejynfawmftjzpf owfrSwfum edkifiHukd jyefvnfpnf;&H;k cJhavonf?
ta&SzufwGif e,fy,fcsJxGif&ef tvm;tvmraumif;awmhonfhtcg taemuf
zufrS tiftm; qkw,
f kwfaeaom &cdkifjynfESifh tmoH r%dy&l udk odrf;,l&ef }uHpnf
vmcJhonf? A'Hkrif;onf &cdkifjynfudkodrf;,l&ef atmufygtwdkif; trdef@ awmfudk
xkwfjyefcho
J nf?
&cdkif"n0wD+rdKonf a&S;&dk;tpOf xHk;pH&o
Sd nfhtwdkif; a&$b0g;awmfjrwf
atmuf rjywfrqufra&muf/ tcsi;f csi;f aESmif,
h Sufzsuq
f ;D wdu
k v
f =H uI
omoemawmf r+idrfr0yf rxGef;ry &Sdaoma=umifh jynfol / owW0g
omoemta&;ukd axmuf& _a wmf r lI &cd k if "n0wD wd kif ; Ekd if i Hud k
todrf;t,l/ armiftdrfa&Srif;udk AdkvfrSL; tcsKyfcef@ awmfrlonf 43
jrefrmtdrfa&SpHrif;onf c&pfouU&mZf 1785 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 2 &ufae@
wGif ajrmufOD;+rdKawmfudk odrf;,l+yD; aemuf xD;/ pnf/ rSefuif;ESifh A[dk&fpnfudk vSJcs
&kyfodr;f ap.? a&$eef;awmfESifh +rdKt*F g 7 yg;udkvnf; zsufqD;avonf? xdkodk
aqmif&Guf jcif;rSm ajrmufOD;udk &uQrv[laom &cdkifjynf. tm%mpuf/
"rRpuf.A[dk&ftjzpfrS avSsmusomG ;apjcif;yif jzpfonf? rv[lonfah 0g[m&rSm
ax&0g' Ak'b
< mom edkifiHrsm;wGif omoem. A[dk&f/ &mZXmeDudk &nfnSGef;onf?
trsdK; bmom omoem. oauFwjzpfaom r[mjrwfrek d &ky&f iS af wmf}u;D udk jrefrm
rif;aejynfawmfodk yifhaqmifoGm;.? edkifiHt0Srf;rS pmwwfaywwf vly*k ~dKvf/
&[ef;yk*dK~ vfrsm; tm;vHk;tjyif pmay/ usrf;*eff/ ,Ofaus;r_vuf&mrsm; tm;vHk;ESifh
vufr_ynmonfrsm; tm;vHk;udkvnf; ac:aqmif+yD; odrf;,loGm;cJhavonf?
bdk;awmfbk&m; &cdik fjynfuko
d drf;ydu
k &f jcif;rSm jrwfpGmbk&m;.omoem jyef hyGg;pnfyif
apvdkonfu wa=umif;[lI trdef hawmfYyg&Sdojzifh &cdkifjynf. t&n0goDeSifh
*gr0goD*%
dk f; ESpf&yfpvHk;udk jrefrm*dk%f;wckck. tpdwftydkif; taejzifhom &yfwnf
ap&onf? TwGif uH*dk%f;ESifh 'Gg&*dk%f; ESpf*dk%f;pvHk; t+ydKif 0ifa&muf ae&m,l=u
43
ROB(IV):388 (October 16, 1784)

31
av&m w&GmwGif uH*dk%f;bkef;}uD;u ausmif;xdkifI teD;tem;rS tjcm;w&Gm

wGifum; 'Gg&*dk%f;bke;f }u;D u ausmif;xdik .
f ? bke;f }u;D ESpyf g; wyg;udkwyg;u 0denf;ESihf
rnD[k pGyfpGJ=u&mrS w&GmESifhw&GmrS &Gmom;tcsif;csif; roifhjrwfjcif; cdkuf&ef
jzpfyGg;jcif;rsm; &SdvmcJhonf?44
&cdkifwdk . tpOftvmtkycf sKyfa&;pHepfudk zsufodrf;I jrefrmtkycf sKyfa&;ESihf
tpm;xdk;.? &cdkifb&k ifacwfu +rdKpm;rsm;ae&mwGif +rdK@ol}uD;[lI tpm;xdk;+y;D ,cif
+rdKpm;rsm;. tqifhtwef;ESifh wefcdk;=oZmudk av#mhcsypfcJhonf? &cdkifwjynfvHk;
tcGef aumufcHa&;ESifh pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;udk "n0wD+rdK0efu aejynfawmfrS n$ef=um;
csuftwdkif; pDrHa qmif&Guf&onf? jref rmrif;vuf atmufwG if bmoma&;
yGv
J rf;obifrsm;ESifh om;ysKd /orD;ysKd r*Fvmaqmifonftxd tcGefay;aqmif&.?45
trdef hawmfw&yfwGif
&cdik rf Sm/ +rKd 0ef/ ppfu/J t&m&S/d +rKd ol}uD;wdk h cH,lonft
h cGeu
f dk wq,fxuf
qufoGif;ap? +rdK0eft&m&Sdwdku vGwfap rSwfcsufay;I rcH& vGwfvyf
&SdeSifhonfh tcGefrsm;udkvnf; aphikukefpifatmif tcGef0ef ewfausmf
a'0olu aumuf cHI qufap46[k awG@&av&m jref rmbk&ifwd k@
aumuf&;kd aumufpOf q,fzkd w
h zdk hxuf ydkI aumufcH a=umif; awG &h onf?
&cdkipf mayusrf;*ef &d&S o
Sd rSsudk tr&yl&odk o
h ,faqmifomG ;av&m bd;k awmf
bk&m;. trdef@t& a&;om;aom wGif;oif; jrefrm&mZ0ifopfwGif tcsuaf y:wdkif;
&cdkijf ynfonf jrefrmbk&if. tcGefxrf;e,fwckrsS om jzpfa=umif;udk zwf&_&ayonf?
xdkaemufwGifum; jrefrmbk&ifonf &cdkifwdk. tpOftvm tkycf sKyfa&;pHepfudk
zsuford f;I jrefrmtkycf sKyfa&;ESihf tpm;xdk;um &cdkio
f rdik f; taxmuftxm;rsm;udk
v$JrSm;pGm t"dy`g,f zGifhqkdcJhonf? Oyrm &cdkifjynf. tus,ft0ef;udk az: jy&mwGif
"n0wDe,fum; ta&Sodk hvm;aomf &dk;r/ awmifukv
d m;aomf yifv,f/
44
BL.RSO: Akyab District 1886 -1887, IOR V (9)216313

&rRm0wD ppfwrf;/ trsK;d om;armfuGef;wkduf (1416 )
46
ROB (V) :578 (July 6, 1795)
45
32
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
taemufudk vm;aomf rmefatmifu|ef;yg yifv,f/ ajrmufudkvm;aomf

ukvm;tuUywfajrESifh a=umcdkif;47[k usOf;ajrmif;pGm azmfjy+yD;
b*Fvm; bk&ifcHcsKyfxHyg;aom o0%fv$m Yrlum; b*F g 12 +rdKonf
&cd ki fr if ; yd k if e,f rsm;jzpf c Jh a v&m/ &cdk i fj ynf onf jref rmrif ; ed k if iH
jzpfav+yD;ojzifh xdke,frsm;udk jrefrmwdkuom pDrHtkyfcsKyfI tcGef
twkwf udk vnf; jrefrmwdk h uom aumufc HcG ih f&S da =umif ; azmfj y
xm;onf?48
A'Hkrif;onf xdkif;edkifiHudk usL;ausmpf pfrsm; t}udrf}udrf qifEG$JcJhaomfvnf;
tpOft+rJ &H_;edr+hf yD; jyefvmcJ&h avonf? xdpk pfqifa&;rsm;twGuf ppfom;ESifh &duQmudk
&cdkifjynfrS pkaqmif;ydkay;&av&m &cdkifjynfonff pm;eyf&duQm rvHkavmufjcif;ESifh
&kwfw&uf vlOD;a&qkwf,kwfjcif;wdka=umifh pD;yGg;a&;usqif;vmcJhonff? jynfol
trsm;onf }uD;av;aomtcGefudk rxrf;edkif/ ppfrx
_ rf; qifhac:r_udk a&Smifwdrf;
vdk=uonfu wa=umif;wdka=umifh taemufzufodk xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smif=u.?
Zif;r,fyek fpm;I vkyf}uH&avonf? &cdkifav;+rdKrS vufeufudkifvl ajcmufaxmif
qifhac:onf? ydEMJacsmif; ydkif "g;ydkif}uD; pmi,fpGwfudk AdkvfcsKyfcef hI 1789 ckeSpw
f Gif
49
Zif;r,fodk csD&onf? &cdkif&Jrufwdk iSufzsm;rdI aoonfrsm;.? rif;uGef;
apwDa wmf } uD ; wnf& ef vl ES pf a xmif awmif ; jyef . / quf yd k &.? 50 wzef
rdwdvmuefqnf&ef vlok;H axmif ydkquf&jyef.? xdkodk t"rRqifhac: jcif;cH&aom
&cdkifjynfolrsm; wOD;rS tdrfjyefa&mufrvm=uacs? jrefrmrif; vufxuf vlwodef;
&Spfaomif;cef jrefrmjynfodk t"rR ykd@aqmifjcif; cHcJh=u&onf[k qdkygonf? 51
&cdkifjynfwGifum; jrefrmwdk.tkyfcsKyfr_udk qef husifykefuefr_rsm; ae&m
tESH ay:aygufvmcJo
h nf? 1793 ckEpS fwGif &rf;+AJ+rdK0efaygvk;H . ykefuefr_onf wpp
47
ZOK-19
ROB (7) :487
49
Eastern Frontier: 100
50
Ibid 350
51
Harvey 1967:280
48
33
us,fjyefvmcJh&m "n0wD+rdK0efu ESdrfeif;edkifpGrf;r&Sdojzifh aejynfawmfrS wyf

tiftm; waomif; ig;axmif ac:,l+yD; ESdrfeif;cJ&h onf? ta&;rvSojzifh aygvk;H onf
t*Fvdyft a&Stde,
Nd ukr%
` yD kid f b*Fvm;e,fodk wdr;f a&SmifoGm;cJo
h nf? tif;0oGm;
52
oHtzGJudk OD;aqmif&onfh ume,ftmpudkif;u &cdkifvlrsKd; usm;/ rESifhcav;
ESpfodef;cef h owfjzwf cH&I eSpfodef;cefudkvnf; jrefrmwyfrsm;u aus;u|eftjzpf
zrf;qD;um tr&yl&odk@ ac:aqmif oGm;cJha=umif;/ ykefuefr_ta&;rvSI ppfw
aumif;odk xGuaf jy;vmaom aygv;Hk . xGufqkcd sufudk ud;k um;I tpD&ifcHonf?53
ukef;abmifrif;rsm;. tkyfcsKyfa&;udk awmfvSefykefuefaom &cdkifacgif;aqmif
rsm;teuf txif&Sm;qHk;rSm csif;jyeffjzpfonf? csif;jyefonf +rdKol}uD; OD;oHaxG.
om;jzpf.? A'Hkrif;onf c&pfouU&mZf 1798 wGif xdkif;edkiif u
H kd 0ifa&mufwku
d fcu
dk &f ef
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jzpfonf? 1811 ckESpfwGif ajrmufOD;+rdrSty wjynfvHk;udk odrf;,lEdkifcJhaomfvnf;
xdyyf idk ;f wyfrSL;rsm;t=um; oabm uGJvGJjcif;a=umifh tpnf;ttkyf+yKd uGJum A'Hrk if;
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b*Fvm;odk jyefvnfqkwcf Gg cJh&avonf?
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52
Colonel Erskine
Eastern Frontier :40
54
Pearn 1960: 448
53
34
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
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55
Pearn Op-cit 445

Captain Fogo
57
Talish 1907 :417
58
B.Pierard
59
Major Rennel
56
35
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&ufvkyfjcif;rsm;jzifh toufarG;=uonf? 63
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60
Memorendum 107; Qanungo 2012: 15

Mugs
62
Rossawn,Rohhawn,Roang,Reng or Rung
63
Buchanan 1992:31
61
36
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64
Pearn 1960:449
Coxs Bazaar Subdivision
66
Roang
67
Maghs
65
37
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68
69
Roang
Risvi 1970: 115
38
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1
The Straits Settlement
Teng Yueh
Tali
BBG:535
39
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5
BBG:459;RSO (Akyab District) 1913-1917; BL/ IORV(9)418
L. Silton
Barnas Sear
40
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8
Comstock 1847:235
Hay 1892: 20
10
Ibid: 20-24
11
Ibid: 50
41
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vkyftm; wifoGif;r_tay: rSDcdkcJh&onfrSm rjiif;edkifaomtcsufjzpfygonf? 1830
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wifjy&ef&dyS gonf? od@k &mwGif 1869 wGif pl;tufw;l ajrmif;zGiv
fh pS +f yD; 1871-72 rSpI
Oa&myESifhjrefrm wdkuf&u
dk fa&a=umif; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; vrf;yGifhomG ;cJhonfrSm
t"duwGe;f tm;jzpfayonf? ppfawGrSqefudk Oa&myodk@wifydk@&+yD; ewfjrpf0Srf;rS
qefum; ppfwaumif;e,ftwGufjzpfvmcJhonf? armifawmrSqefudk ewfjrpf
wzufurf; u,kacsmif; (wufeyfzf) od@k y@dk I xdrk w
S qifh ppfwaumif;od@k ukef;vrf;jzifh
ydk@onf? rD;oabFmrsm;uvnf; armifawmqdyu
f rf;rS ppfwaumif; qdyu
f rf;odk@ wify@kd
ay;=uonf? armifawmaps;ESifhnvm;aps;onf qefudkt"duxm;I azmufum;
a&mif;0,f&m Xmersm;jzpfvm=uonf? 1901 ckEpS t
f xd 10 ESpt
f wGi;f pyg;aps;onf
tajymif;tvJ r&Sdoavmufyifjzpfonf? xdk q,fESpftwGif; pyg;wif;w&mudk
12
BL/RSO (Akyab District) 1887 -88, IOR-V (9) 2163/3
42
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
wpfq,f tEMm 13rso

S m wufcho
J nf? 14&cdkijf ynfonf pD;yGg;a&;twnf+idrq
f ;kH a'o
jzpfvmaeonf?
(c) v,f,majrwdk;csJr_E Sifh ppfwaumif;om;v,fulvDrsm; 0ifa&mufvmyHk
ume,fzu
kd cf s.
f rSwfwrf;udu
k ;kd um;Iqk&d v#if t*Fvyd w
f k@d ord ;f ,l+y;D p 1826
ckEpS f &cdkifjynf. vlOD;a&onf wodef;0ef;usifrSsom&dSrnf? 1855 ckwGif 366310 OD;
jzpfa=umif; tpD&ifcHpmrsm;t& od&onf? +AdwdoSswdk@. wnf+idrf at;csrf;aom
tkyfcsKyfa&;tajcusonfESifh weoFm&Dodk@jrefrmrif;ydkifeufrS ajymif;a&$tajccs
aexdkifolrsm; rsm;jym; vmouJhodk@ &cdkifwGifppfwaumif;e,fom;rsm; tvHk;t&if;
ESifh0ifa&mufvm=uonf? 15ppfawGc&dkif. pkpkaygi;f xGef,ufpdkufysdK;ajr{u wd;k yGg;
vmyHu
k kd vnf; atmufygZ,m;t& odEdkio
f nf? 16
pd ku fy sKd; &moD
1829-1830
1834-1835
1844-1845
1854-1855
1864-1865
1874-1875
1884-1885
1894-1895
1904-1905
1914-1915
13
pdku fy sKd ; ajr{uaygif;

45771
106606
131987
254 478
270-134
301 104
400 730
617 403
745-981
816 248
16 tEMmonf wpf&lyDESifhnDrsS onf?
14
RSO Akyab District) 1913 -1917, BL/IOR R V:(9) 4128;

RSO 1901-1902, BL/IOR V (9) 2856
15
Hay 1892: 4-5
16
Smart 1957: 86
43
wzef edkifiHjcm;odk@wifyk@d aom oD;ESHw;dk yGg;vmyHkrSm/ (wefcsdeaf ygif;)

1854-55 1855-56 1857-58 1860-61
Oa&myodk@
126 158 193 881 141 802 122722
tjcm;edkifiHrsm;okd@ 19 791
8 886
17 683 1507 &SdcJhonf? 17
vlOD ; a&vnf; ES pfq ausmfwdk ; vmcJ@ onf ? +Adwd oSs wdk @ od rf; ydkuf +yD ;
tESpfEpS fq,ftwGif; Todk@ vlO;D a&ESpfqausmf wdk;vmjcif;rSm jrefrmwdk@tkyfcsKyfr_rS
b*Fvm;e,fodk@ xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifomG ;=uonfh &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm; Zmwd&yf&Gmodk@ jyef
vm=uonfOh D;a&xuf &cdkifjynf.wdk;csJvmaompdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;wGif v,fulvD
tjzpf0ifa&mufvkyfudkif&ef 0ifa&mufvm=uaom ppfwaumif;e,fom; b*F gvD
OD;a&u tqaygif;rsm;pGmydkygonf? +AdwdoSsta&StdEdN, ukr`%DtaeESifhvnf;
rdrdwdk@. tusKd;tjrwfwckwnf;udk=unfhI &cdkifjynfudk b*Fvm;e,fEiS fh yl;aygif;
tkyfcsKyf&ef aomfvnf;aumif;/ ppfwaumif;e,fom;rsm;udk &cdkijf ynfo@dk ajymif;a&$
tajcpdkufap&efvnf;aumif; pDpOfcJh=uonf? 1877-ck =o*kwfv(4) &uf ae@pGJyg
tpD&ifcHpmw&yfwGif/
ukev
f GefcJhaom (12) vtwGif; onftcsufudk u|efkyfwk@d t}udr}f udrf
aqG;aEG;cJh=uav+yD? &cdkifjynfudk atmufjrefrmjynfrScGJxkwfvdkuf+yD;
ppfwaumif;e,fEiS hf aygi;f pnf;vdu
k jf cif;udk tav;ay;pOf;pm;oifo
h nf? ppf
waumif;. tvSsHy,f=uG,f0aom vltiftm;u ppfawGc&dkifodk@ cGJa0
ay;Edkiv
f drhfrnf? tjcm; pOf;pm;oif@onfh t=umif;w&yfrSm &cdkifjynfonf
yx0D t aetxm;t& yJ c l ; ES if h quf p yf r _ r&S d q dk a om tcsuf y if
jzpfawmhonf?18
17
18
BBG: 461
Op-Cit: 32-33
44
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
1877ckEpS w
f iG f ppfwaumif;e,f. vlaeodyo
f nf;r_onf pwk&ef;wrdik v
f siS f
(48&) a,mufjzpfI &cdkifjynfwGiu
f m; pwk&ef;wrdkifvSsif (24) a,mufom&dS.?
xdk@a=umifv
h nf; ppfwaumif;e,fom;rsm;onf vkyftm;c aps;aumif;aumif;&+yD;
tvkyftudki&f vG,faom ppfawGc&dkio
f dk@ tpkvdkut
f +yHKvdkuf ajymif;a&$ aexdik f=u
onf? ppf waumif; ta&;ykdif uvnf; tm;ay;onf ? ppf waumif ;c&d ki f.
tcGefawmfudk ppfawGc&dkifu jznfhay;aeonfudk 0rf;om tm;&}udKqdkrnfom?
b*Fvm;&Sd umvuwWm;/ ppfwaumif; paomqdyu
f rf;rsm;rS ppfawGo@d k vma&muf&ef
bmrsS rvdk? oabFmukr`%Drsm;tm;vHk;udk }udKwifta=umif;=um;xm;onf?
ukvm;tvkyf orm;rsm; tm;vHk;ukd vufrSwfrygyJ tcrJhwifaqmifay;onf?
oabFmcudk qefpyg; ul;oef;a&mif;0,faom +AdwdoSsukr`%Drsm;rS ay;acsrnf?
aemifwGif ppfawGomru jrefrmedkiif H&Sd &efuket
f ygt0if tjcm;qdyu
f rf;+rdK@rsm;odk@yg
19
wifaqmifay;onf?
udkvked DacwfwGif tdENd,vlrsK;d tajrmuftjrm; jrefrmedkiif Hodk@ 0ifa&muf
aexdik f=uaomfvnf; &cdkifjynfum; ppfwaumif;om;rsm;twGuf tqiftajyqHk;
jzpfonf? yxr t*Fvdyf jrefrm ppfyJ+G yD;qHk;uwnf;u &cdkifjynfudk b*Fvm;ESifh
aygif;pnf;xm;&m 0ifxGufoGm;vm&mwGif edkifiHul;vufrSwfuJhodk@aom pm&Guf
pmwrf;rsm; rvd/k ukef; a=umif;a&a=umif;vrf;rsm;tm;vHk; 0ifvG,fxu
G fvG,&f Sdjcif;/
tpm;taomufaygrsm;=uG,f0I aexdkifrp_ &dwf r}uD;jcif; ponfhtcsufrsm;onf
t"du qGJiiftm;rsm;yif jzpfawmhonf? tpurl ppfwaumif;om; v,fulvD
rsm;onf xGef,ufpdkufysKd;onfh&moDEiS fh &dyo
f dr;f &moDwGif ppfawGc&dik fok@d 0ifa&muf
vm+yD; vkyfief;&moDukefaomtcg aiGxkyfyku
d f+yD; ppfwaumif;odk@jyef=uonf?
aemifwGifrjyefawmhyJ w&moDESifhw&moDt=um; vkyfief;wckckwGif
0ifa &muf vkyfudki fIt+rJ aexdkifvmawmh onf? ppfawGc&dkifY ppfwaumif;
om;rsm;onf 1872 ckESpfwiG f pkpkaygif; 58225 a,mufom&SdcJh&mrS 1911 ckESpfwGif
178647 OD;txd wdk;yGg;vmcJhonf? tm;vHk;vdkvdk ppfwaumif;rS vma&muf=uol
a,musfm;rsm; jzpf=ua=umif; oef;acgifpm&if;wGif xnfhoGif; azmfjyay;xm;onf?
0ifvmonfhOD;a&udk twdtus cef@rSef;&efrvG,f? &dwford f;&moDwiG f 25000 ESifh
19
Smart 1957: 34
45
xGef,ufonfh&moDwGif 25000 &Sdrnf? rnfodk@qdkap wESpftwGif;0ifa&mufonfh

OD;a&onf 50000 atmufravSsmhedkif[k ppfawGc&dkif0efu tpD&ifcHxm;onf?20
ppfawGc&dkif jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;t&m&dS t'rfqef21 . pum;jzifhajym&vSsif
olw@dk onf rawmifrh w ra=umifrh =uae=u&onf/ usdusw
d uf rcsr;f omaomfvnf;
rqif;&J/ yifyifyef;yef; vkyfudkif&efrvdk/ oufawmifh oufom vkyfudkif&HkrSsjzif@
uHkvkaH om b0wckudk &=uav+yD? ol&if;iSm;qdkolwOD;twGuf t+rD;E_wfacgi;f E_wf
tom;wif 220 &lyDusefonf? rawmifhwra=umifh=ubJaeedkifaom b0zlvrHk _udk
&&So
d nf? 22 ppfawGc&dik fo@kd a&mufvsS if xdo
k w
l @dk onf tb,frmS ppfwaumif;od@k jyef&ef
qEN&dSawm@tHhenf;?
rdk;aumif;I ajr=oZmaumif;rGefaom ukvm;wef/ av;+rdK ar,kjrpf0Srf;
a'orS xGufaompyg;udk &dwo
f drf;&ef a'ocHawmifolwdk@.vkyftm;oufoufjzifh
rvHkavmuf&Hkru ppfwaumif;om;rsm;.vkyftm;jzifhyif rvHkavmufojzifh
awmifykid ;f ausmufjzLESifh oHwcGJ &dik rf S vltiftm;udyk g wifoGi;f vm&onf? awmifyikd ;f
rS &cdkifvkyo
f m;rsm;um; tm&uefzvkyw
f Dvmukr`%D 23oabFmrsm;jzifhvma&muf
=uonf? ppfwaumif;om;rsm;rSm tdENd,a& a=umif;oGm;vma&;ukr`%24
D rufqm
25
26
wefem ukr`%/D arm&pfqefukr`%D ESihf tm&fuefzvkyw
f Dvm ukr`%Dykid f oabFm
rsm;jzifh armifawm+rdK@ok@d a&mufonf? wcsdKrSm avSormefrsm;jzifh ppfwaumif;rS
armifawmodk@ ul;vmav@&dS=u.? armifawmodk@a&mufvSsif ppfawGc&dik ft&yf&yfod@k
20
Ibid:86
21
J. Adamson, The Officer of Settlement Operation,

Akyab District
22
The Report on the Revision of Settlement Operation in

Akyab District, 1902-03. BL/ IOR V (9)28562
23
Arakan Flotilla Company
24
India Steamer Navigation Company
25
Messers Turner
26
Maurissom Company
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
46
a&muf&dSedkif=u+yD?
t&if&mufESifh+yD;olrsm;u olwdk@udk }udKqdkvufcHae&mcsxm;ay;aom
ppfawGc&dkif taemufajrmufydkif;Y tajccs aexdkifolrsm;=u.? 27xdka=umifh ewf
jrpf0Srf;onf q,fpEk Spftenf;i,ftwGi;f vlO;D a&xlxyfaoma'otjzpf ajymif;vJ
oGm;cJhonf? wESpftwGi;f xGef,uf&moDESifh &dwfodr;f &moDESpfrsK;d vHk;wGuf yHkrSef
ac:,lcikd ;f ap&onfjzpf&m ppfwaumif;rS c%wjzKwf vma&mufvyk f udik fonfjzpfap
tenf;qHk; ajcmufvrSckepfvtxd vkyfief;cGifwGif aexdkif=u& onfom jzpfonf?
ZGev
f v,frS ESpv
f cGJ oHk;vonf xGe,
f uf&moD+yD;vSsif edk0ifbm 'DZifbm &dwo
f drf;
&moDa&mufvmonfESifh pyg;&dwfjcif; aumufvd_if;pnf;jcif;/ wvif; e,fjcif;
ponfwdk@rSmvnf; tm;vHk; ppfwaumif;om; v,fulvDwdk@ tvkyfjzpfav&m
armifawm bl;oD;awmif&Sd uGif;tm;vHk;vdkvdk Tenf;ESifESifvkyfudkif=uojzifh
ppfwaumif;om;rsm; 0ifvm rpJwoJoyJ if &Sad wmhonf? 28tdEd,
N vl0ifr_pHkprf;a&;
tpD&ifcHpm (1939) u tpD&ifcH&mwGif &dwfodrf;&moDt+yD; ae&yfodk@jyef=uonf
qdk&mwGifvnf; ppfawGc&dkifwGif t0iftxGuu
f dkppfaq;aom vl0ifr_}uD;=uyfa&;
[lIvnf; &Sdonfr[kwf/ ukef;a=umif;rSwoG,f avSorefrsm;jzifhwzHk 0ifvm
=uonfom/ rnfa&G@rnfr#[lI ppfaq;edkifonfr[kw?f &dwford f;t+yD; avSxk;d om;
tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ qef}udwfcpGJ ufrsm;wGif txrf;orm;rsm;tjzpf vnf; aumif;
0ifa&mufvkyfuidk fI usef&pfolvnf; renf;vSacs[k tpD&ifco
H nf?29 1930-31
ckESpw
f Gif vlr_a&;aq;zufqkid f&m n$ef=um;a&;0efu aq;ppfcsuf&,lojzif@ tm;udk;
avmufaomrSwfwrf;wcktjzpf usefcJh.? ,if;rSwfwrf;udk tm;udk;Iqdk&aomf
ppfawGc&kdifok@d &dwford f;csdef0ifvmol ppfwaumif;om;rsm;rSm ESpfaomif;cef@ &Sed dkif
onf? 30
vlom;t&if;tjrpfwdk;Iom vkyftm;wdk;+yD; vkyftm;wdk;Iompdkuf{u
wdk;onfrmS rjiif;Edkifyg? odk@&mwGif vlOD;wdk;yGg;r_onf a=umufcref;vdvdjzpfygonf?
27
Smart 1957: 99-100
28
BL/ RSO (Akyab District) 1913- 1917 V (9) 4128
29
The Report on Indian Immigration (1939): 49
30
Ibid: 30; BL/ RSO The Akyab District, 1913 - 17, V(9)
4128
47
ppfawGc&dkif0efu Todk@rw
S fcsufcsygonf?
ppfawGc&dkifwGif 1901 ckEpS rf pS I armifawm+rdK.vlO;D a&wdk;yGg;r_onf 21
&mcdkifESkef;jzpfojzif@ wdk;yGg;r_ tjrefqHk;jzpf+yD; vlOD;a&txlxyfqHk;vnf;
jzpfonf? vuf&t
Sd ajctaewGif aumufc&H &Sdaom oef;acgifpm&if;t&
ppfawG+rdKonf atmufjrefrmjynfwGif wwd,vlOD;a& txlxyfqHk;+rdK@
jzpf+yD; wjynfv;kH wGif &efuke/f rE aW v;ESi@f armfv+rdKi+f yD;vSsif pwkwj zpfonf?
oefacgifpm&if;aumufcHaom tcsdefonf ppfwaumif;om; v,ful
vDrsm; 0ifa&mufvmavh&dSaom umveSifh wdkufqdkifaeonfuvnf;
ta=umif; wa=umif;jzpfonf? pwk&ef; wrdkif vlae 230 &Sdaom
armifawm+rdKonf wc&dkifvHk;wGif vlae todyfonf;qHk;jzpfonf? ppf
waumif;ESifh e,ferdwfcsif; qufpyfaeojzif@ aexdkifolrsm;rSm ppf
waumif ; om; trsm;qHk ; jzpfonf? ppfa wG wc&d ki fvHk ; . pwk &ef;
wrdik faexdkiforl mS 103 a,muf om&S.
d ? E_id ;f ,SO=f unfh&ef rSm ppfawGwiG f
176 OD;&SdI &aohawmifwGif 157 OD; &Sd ygonf?31
ewfjrpf0Srf; ta&Szufurf;ajcum; iaygvkH;ykefuefr_/ csif;ysyH kefuefr_ESifh
yxr t*FvdyfjrefrmppfyJt
G +yD;wGif vlaetdraf jc uif;rJhvsu&f daS e.? TwGif &cdkifwk@d
xGufajy; wdrf;a&SmifvmcJhojzifh yvyfajrjzpfusefchaJ om xkjd rpf0Srf;vGijf yifa'owGif
ppfwaumif;om;b*F gvDwdk@ tqifoifyh if 0ifa&mufae&m ,lvdkuf=uavonf?
ajruGuf}u;D rsm;udk ckwfxGifI v,f,majrydkifqidk cf iG hu
f v
dk nf; b*F gvDw@dk u0ifa&muf
vkyfudkifjcif;jzifh b*F gvDajr&Sifrsm; ay:aygufvmonf? xdkajr&Sifwdk@u ppfwaumif;
om; b*F gvDrsm;udkyif oD;pm;csxm;&ef ac:,lwifoGif;vm=u&m ewfjrpf0Srf;onf
ppfwaumif;e,fudk wdk;csJ,lvdkufouJho@dk b*F gvDtajcpdu
k f&m udkvedk Dwcktjzpfok@d
ajymif;vJoGm;awmh onf? udkvdkeD tkyfcsKyfa&;rSwfwrf;wckwGif/
ppfwaumif;rS b*F gvrD sm;twGuf xdek ,fwiG ;f od@k wr[kwcf sif; 0ifa&muf
ae&m,l&efrSm tcsed u
f kefcH aiGukefcH&efrvd?k rnfonfhtmrcHrSsvnf; rvdk?
ajr&kdif;ukd ckwfxGifpu
kd fysKd;jcif;rS olwk@d &onfhtmrcHrSm wESpfvSsif 0ifaiG
31
Smart 1957:82 -83
48
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
(ysr;f rsS) 7488 &lyD&rnfqdkonfh tcsufrSsom jzpf.32

ewfjrpf0Srf;ESifharmifawm+rdKe,fonf ppfwaumif;om; b*F gvDwdk@.
0ifaygufjzpf&m b*F gvDvOl D;a& txlxyfqHk;a'o jzpfvmcJ@onf? vlrsKd;pktvdkuf
OD;a&ESihf vlOD;a&odyfonf;r_ukd Z,m;csIavhvm=unfhvSsif 1886-87 rSww
f rf;t&
ppfawGc&dik w
f Gif vlO;D a& pkpak ygif; (127831) OD;&do
S nfteuf ewfjrpf0rS ;f wGif (47669)
&Sdonf? ppfawGwc&dkifvHk;. vlOD;a&tm;vHk;. 373&mcdkifE_ef;onf armifawmc&dkif
cGw
J ckwnf;wGif aexdik f=ua=umif; awG@&onf? vlO;D a& odyo
f nf;qonf ewfjrpf0rS ;f
wGif pwk&ef;wrdik v
f sS if (237) a,muf&SdI ukvm;wefjrpf0Srf;wGif (142) a,mufom
&Sdonf? vlrsKd;tvdkufaz: jy&aomf atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf?33
jrefrm &cdkif
ewfjrpf0rS f;
(15266) ukvm;wefjrpf0Srf; (69797)
csif;/
b*F gvD +rKd

pkpkaygif;
(31695) (708) (47669)
(1969) (6976) (1420) (80162)
odk@jzpf&m wwd,t*FvdyfjrefrmppfyGJ+yD; ptcsdef (1886-87) txd

armifa wmqyf 'D A DZ H ( armif a wmc&d k if cG J ) wG if b*F gvD (31695) OD ; om&Sd I
usef+rKd e,ftm;vHk;wGif (6976) OD;om &Sad yonf? jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;t&m&Su
d
xdkES pf wGif yif ewfj rpf0Sr f; ES ifhukvm;wefj rpf0Sr f; [l I tcGe fxrf;e,f ajrESpfc k
cGjJ cm;owfrSwv
f u
kd fjcif; jzpfonf?34 +Aw
d o
d Sstpd;k &onf tdE,
dN jynfwiG u
f sio
hf ;kH aom
Zrdef'g 35ajr&SifpHepfukd jrefrmjynfo@dk vnf;wifoGif;vmcJhonf? TpHepfrSm ajrvGwf
ajr&dkif;rsm;udkckwfxGif&Sif;vif;+yD; pdkufysKd;ajr{utajrmuftjrm;azmfxkwf&ef
&nf&,
G fonf?
ajrvGwfajr&dki;f rsm;udk ckwfxGif&iS f;vif;I pdkufysKd;ajrtjzpf ajymif;vJoludk
ESpftenf;i,f tcGeu
f if;vGwfcGifhjyK+yD; (8) ESpfrS (64) ESpftxd vuf0,fxm;&Sdf
32
BL/IOR RSO, The Akyab District, 1887 - 88
33
Ibid
34
Smart 1957: 186
35
Zamindar
49
cGijhf yKjcif; oD;pm;csxm;cGijhf yKjcif;yif jzpfonf? yxrwef;pm;ESif@ 'kw,

d wef;pm; ajrrsm;
onf ajrcGefawmf yHkrSefaqmifjcif;/ jyKpkysKd;axmifjcif;wdk@ay:tajcjyKI vuf0,f
ydik q
f kid rf u
_ kd qufvufxdef;xm;edkifonf? 1876 ckESpf atmufjrefrmedik fqidk f&m ajr,m
Oya'wGif wwd,wef;pm;ajr[lonfudk wnfxGifI (1839) rS (1841) twGif;
yvyfajrrsm;rS pdkuyf sK;d ajrrsm;tjzpfajymif;vJvmaom v,f,mrsm;udkyg xdt
k wdik f;
36
owfrw
S jf yXmef;onf?
&cdkifjynfwiG f xdak jr,mysK;d axmifolw@dk ukd jyKpkaumif;[kac:.? armifawm
+rdKe,fwGif aiGvHk;aiG&if;jr_yfESHI v,fajropfrsm;az:xkwfol (15)OD;&SdcJh&m (3)
OD;om&cdkifvlrsK;d rsm;jzpfI (12)OD;rSmb*F gvDrsm;jzpf=uonf? b*F gvD ajr&Sifrsm;onf
ewfjrpfwzufurf;rS b*F gvDol&if;iSm;rsm;udkom ac:,lcdkif;ap=uav&m b*FgvD
vlO;D a& wr[kwf csi;f wd;k yGg;vmcJhjcif;rSm xl;qef;aomjzpf&yfr[kwyf gacs?37 (1876)
ckEpS w
f iG fjyXmef;aom atmufjrefrmedkiif H ajrcGeOf ya't& ajr&dki;f udkckwx
f iG f&iS ;f vif;I
pdkufysK;d vkyfukid +f yD; tcGeaf y;aqmifvSsif xdak jrudkvuf0,fykid q
f dkifr&_ Sd&m tdEd,
N tac:
38
&dik fa,mhx&D ac: ukvm;v,form;i,fvlwef;pm; rnfrsSw;dk yGg;vmrnfudk rSef;q
edkifygonf? ppfwaumif;wGif v,f,majrydkifqdkif&efrmS tdyfrufyifrruf0Hhaom
tajctaejzpfonf? pkpak ygi;f pdu
k yf sKd;edik af omajr (45) &mcdik Ef e_ f;om&S&d m v,form;
wtdrfaxmif ajr(072){uyif tedkifekdifxGef,ufcGifh&=uonf?40 tapmydkif;
ESpfrsm;wGif +AdwdosStpdk;&onf Zrde'f gajr&Sifrsm;ydkifuGif;rsm;Y&dSaom aus;&Gmrsm;.
tky f c sKyf a &;ud k yg Zrde f' grsm;vuf xJ wG if xnf h xm;cJ & m ppf waumif ; om;
ajr&Sifwdkonf xdkudkifpGJxm;aomtcGif@ta&;jzifh vl0ifvl xGuu
f dkyg xde;f csLyfeidk fcJh
onf? odk@aomfr=umjrifhryD if ol}uD;tkyfcsKyaf &;jzifh tpm;xdk;vmonf?41
36
BL/ RSO (Akyab District), 1913: 17-39
37
armifawm+rdKe,fjzpfpOfordkif; jyKpka&;aumfrDwD/ 1981 /armifawm+rdKe,f

jzpfpOfordkif; (vufESdypf ufr)l /pm 24-25
38
Riotari
39
Smart 1957: 175
40
Rizvi 1970:179
41
BBG: 479
50
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
tpueOD;u (1906) ckEpS w

f Gif bl;oD;awmifEiS fharmifawm+rdKe,fESpcf kudk
c&dkifcGJwcktjzpfzGJ@pnf;cJ@&m (1911) ckESpfwGif bl;oD;awmifY tdrfajc(281)tdrEf Sifh
vlOD;a&(1123)a,muf&Sd+yD; armifawmwGif tdrfajc(420) ESifh vlOD;a& (2023)
a,mufom&Scd o
Jh nf? ppfawGESib
fh l;oD;awmifuq
dk ufoG,fonfh ul;wdk@oabFmonf
(1887) ckESpfrSpIajy;qGJonf? tm&uefzvdkwDvmukr`%Donf ppfawGrSbl;oD;
awmifodk @ ul ;wdk @ oabFmyH krSe fckwfarmif;+yD; 1814wGif armifa wmrSwqif h
ppfwaumif;ESifhyHkrSefqufoG,fedkif&ef armifawm bl;oD;awmif&xm;vrf;udk
azmufvkyfcJhonf? xdka=umifh b*F gvv
D lrsK;d rsm;ajymif;a&$aexdki&f ef ydkItqifajy
42
vmonf? (1891)wGif ppfwaumif;rS tif;0odk@ uke;f a=umif;c&D;xGufcJhaom
tdyfcsfbD0gumu/
u|ef k yf wd k @ onf &cd k i fj ynf Y c&D ; xG uf a e=uonf o m qd k &onf ?
a&muf a v&mt&yf w d k i f ; wG i f rl q vif t ajccsaexd k i f o l r sm;.
&Gmrsm;udkomjzwfoef; cJ&h onf? xdkoltrsm;pkrmS ppfwaumif;om;rsm;ESihf
olwdk@.t quftEG,rf sm; jzpf=uonf? 43 [lIrSwfwrf;wif.?
bl;oD;awmif+rdKe,f ajrpm&if;OD;pD;XmerS rSwfwrf;rsm;t& bl;oD;awmif
+rdKe,fwGif (1905)ckESpfu b*F gvD&Gm(11)&Gmom&Sd.? jcif;orm;/ wyfrif;acsmif;/
vuf0J'ufjyif&Snf/ uusbuf/ eef;&mukef;/ armifESr/ vufom&Gm/ pdrfhnif;jym;/
bk&m;jyif'dk;wef;/ *lwmjyifESifh odrfawmifwdk@ jzpf=uonf? (1942)wGif (88)&Gmtxd
wdk;vmcJh&m ESpfaygif;okH;q,fausmftwGif; a=umufcref;vdvd wd;k yGg;vmonfudk
awG@jrif&onf? (1917) ckEpS fwiG f ppfawGc&dki0f ef tm&fbDprwfu atmufygtwdkif;
tpD&ifcH.?
1879-ckESpfrSpI vlOD;a&ajymif;a&$aexdkifr_onf twdkif;tqr&Sd
wd k; yG g;vmcJh onf? ausmufa wmfESifh +rdKa[mif;&Sd a&S;uvuf usef
aus;u|efrsm;rSm xdka'owGifaexdkif=u.? armifawmw+rdKe,fvkH;udk
42
Smart 1957: 145-9
43
Walker 1891 I: 15
51
0ifa&muftajccsaexdkifol ppfwaumif;om;rsm;u 0g;rsKdvdkufav+yD?

bl;oD;awmifvnf; taES;ESifhtjrefyifjzpfonf? topfa&mufvmaom
rsufESmpdrf;rsm;udk ppfawGc&dkiftESH@ awGae&av+yD? 1913 ckEpS fwGif
bl;oD;awmifY b*F gvDESif@&cdkif onf (2)tcsdK;(1)om &Sdaomfvnf;
v,f,majr ydik fqkid rf t
_ wGuf w&m;rr_u&kd ifqikd &f mwGif (6)tcsdK;(1)&S.
d ?44
od@k jzpf&m ajr,mydkifqkid fro
_ nf t"duqGJiiftm;jzpfa=umif; awG&onf?
ajr,maps;onf armifawmESifhbl;oD;awmifwGif tjrifhqHk;jzpfonf?
ppfwaumif;om;rsm;0ifa&muftajccs&ef xdkrSsvG,fuljcif;rSm &cdkifwdk@uolwdk@.
ajr,mrsm;udk tvG,w
f ul a&mif;cs=ujcif;a=umifhvnf;jzpf.? bloD;awmif+rdKe,f
uGi;f (*&rfajr) trSwf(17)wGif &cdik fw@dk u rdrdw@dk ykid fajr,mukda&mif;csI ta&Szufok@d
ajymif;a&$ tajcpdkuu
f m ydkru
kd s,jf yef@aom v,fuGurf sm; 0,f,l=ujcif;yif jzpfonf?
pm&if;tif;rsm;t& (37)ajr,mrsm;onf Todk@jzifh &cdkifwdk@vufxJrS ppfwaumif;
om;wdk@ vufxJok@d a&mufukefonf? +Adwdo#tpdk;&udk,fwdkifuvnf; ppfwaumif;
e,fom;rsm;udk udkvdkeD pHepfut
dk usK;d jyKaom v,form;rsm;tjzpf vufcx
H m;=u
onf? ppfwaumif; om;rsm;tajcpdkufr_udk vdkvdkvm;vm; vufcHvdk=uonf?
ppfwaumif;om;wdk@onf ajrcGefukrd SefrSefay;aqmifI ajr,mudkvnf; vdktyfovdk
txGufwdk;atmif jyKpyk sKd;axmif wwf=uonf[k qdkonf? udkvdkerD Swfwrf;wckwGif/
b*F gvDwdk@um; +cdK;+cHac|wm.? &cdkifwdk@xHrS zdzdpD;pD;awmif;cH&aom
tcG efud k tvG,fwul ay;aqmif. ? &cdkifwdk@ uJhodk@ avmif;upm;/
rl;,pfaq;0g; oHk;pGo
J nfh tavhtxvnf; r&d?S &ckdifw@kd onfb*FvDrsm;ESifh
,SO+f ydKijf cif;jzif@ olwdk ajr,mrsm;udk wjznf;jznf; vufv$w=f u&av+y?D 45
(1913-1917)ck tpD&ifcHpmt& tcGefray;edkifI vufv$wfvdkuf&aom
uGif; armifawm+rdKe,fwGif 15 ck&Sdonfqk&d mwGif &cdkiftrsKd ;om;ydkifajr trsm;qkH;
44
Smart 1957:145 -9
45
BL/ IOR. RSO (Akyab District) 1788- 81:21;1913-17:44
52
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
jzpfonf? 1922 ck rSwfwrf;udkudk;um;I bl;oD;awmif+rdKe,f jzpfpOfordkif;wGif

bl;oD;awmif+rdKe,fwGif &Gmaygif; (94)&Gm/ tdrfajc (64300)tdrf/ vlOD;a& (78497)
OD;&dSonhfteuf Ak'<bmom0ifu (29534)a,muf&Sdav&m &cdkifvlrsKd; 376
&mcdik fE_ef;&Sd.? 46txufuaz: jyaom rl;,pfaq;0g; oHk;pGJonfh tav@txESifh
ywfoufI &cdkiv
f lrsK;d rsm;onf a&S;u bdef;udk &SL&d_ujf cif; tavhtx vHk;0r&dScJhacs?
+Adwo
d Sswdk@tkyfcsKyfa&;pwif+yD;rS ay:ayguf vmaomtusifhjzpf.? ausmufjzLc&dkif
ae&mcsxm;a&;t&m&dS. tpD&ifcHpm t&
touf(17)rS(35)twGif; trsK;d om; xuf0ufavmufrmS bde;f pm;jcif;
bdef;&SLjcif; tav@ &dS=uonf? ol wdk@onf xdktav@ r&Sdolxuf0ufudk
rSDckpd m;aomuf& awmhrnf? touf}uD;olwdk@vnf; pm;oHk;onfudk awG&
av&m rdef;rrsm;yifoHk;pGJ ae=u+yDavm rod?
+AdwdosSwdk@vufatmufodk@usa&mufcgpu &dk;om;ajzmifhrwfI opPm
&Sdaom/ vHk@v 0d&d,&dSaom TvlrsK;d onf olwdk@taz olwdk@tzdk;wdkY r&Sdaom
tusifhudk rnfok@d &=uavoenf;? 47Tjy\emonf +AdwdosSwdk@wGif vHk;0wm0ef
&Sdonf[k ,lqygonf? a&vuf=um;a'orS t&ufcsufa&mif;olESihf bde;f cef;zGiphf m;ol
w&kwv
f lrsKd;rsm;udk +AdwdoSswdk@uyifac:,l+yD; vdkifpifcsay;cJjh cif;jzpfonf?
ppfawGc&dik t
f aemufyikd f;onf rnfo@kd rnfyHk ppfwaumif;om;wd@k tkypf ;D jcif;
udk cHvdkufonfudkwifjy+yD; onhaf emuf tjcm;vlrsK;d rsm;.vlO;D a&wd;k yGg;r_ESifh Edi_ ;f ,SOf
=unfhygrnf? (1871)rS(1911) ckESpftxd tESpf (40) twGif; aumuf,lcJhaom
oef;acgif pm&if;rsm;t& atmufygtwdkif; awG&onf?
46
bl;oD;awmif+rdK@e,f jynfol@aumifpD/ 1981/ bl;oD;awmif+rdKe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

(vufESdyfpufrl)/ pm 37-38
47
BL/ IOR (9) 2548, RSO (Kyaukpyu District): 16
53
vlr sKd ;
b*F gvD
jrefrm
&cdkif
&Srf;
awmifay:om;
pkpkaygif;
1871
58255
4632
171612
334
38577
276671
1901
154887
35751
230649
80
35489
481666
1911
178647
92185
209432
59
34020
529943
txuf y gZ,m;t& ppf a wG w c&d k i f v H k ; .vl O D ; a&onf (155)

&mcdik Ef _e;f wd;k +y;D b*F gvDu(20667)&mcdkiEf _e;f wd;k um/ &cdik fEiS afh wmifay:om;OD;a&onf
223&mcdkifESKef;omwdk;.? xdkwdk;vmaom&cdik fOD;a&wGif taemufjynfrSjyef0ifvm
olrsm;ygygonf?48 (1871) ckESpf oefacgifpm&if;rSty useo
f ef;acgifpm&if;rsm;udk
pyg;&dwfodrf;&moDjzpfaom azaz:0g&DESifh rwfvrsm;wGif aumufcHav@&Sdojzifh
&dwfodr;f &moDt+y;D jyefomG ;=uolrsm;yg pm&if;wGiyf g&adS eonf[k apm'uwufr_rsm;
&Sdaomfvnf; jyefoGm;olOD;a&rSm ajymyavmufatmif&drS nfr[kwf[k txufu
wifjyxm;aom tcsufrsm;udk axmuf&_IrSe;f qEdkifonf? &cdkifwwdik f;vH;k Y b*F gvD
OD;a&wdk;yGg;vmonfudk atmufygZ,m;wGif &_pm;Edkifygonf?
oefacgifpm&if;ESpf
1881
1891
1901
1911
1921
1931
pkpak ygif;vlOD;a&
587513
671899
7612102
839896
909246
1008535
b*F gvDOD;a&
113557
137922
173884
197990
206990
217801
wdk;yGg;onfh&mESKef;
196
205
228
235
231
216
1931 ckESpfwGif b*F gvDtrsmpkrSm ppfawGc&dkifwGifaexdkif=uonf?

48
Smart 1957:83; Bennison 1931:213
54
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
pkpak ygi;f vlOD;a& (1008538)teuf b*F gvDO;D a&rSm(217801)jzpf&m (216)&mcdik fEe_ ;f

jzpfonf? ausmufjzLc&dkifu 'kwd,vdkuf+yD; oHwJGc&kdifrSm rajym yavmufay?
jrefrmjynfwGif arG;zGg;olESifh jrefrmjynfjyifywGifarG;zGm;olukd pm&if;aumuf,l&m/49
a,mufsm;
rdef;r
pkpkaygif;
jrefrmjynfzGm;
36000
81000
117000
jynfywGifarG;zGm;ol
33000
6000
39000 [lIjzpfonf?
a,musfm;ESifhred f;r 3 tcsKd;1 om&dSojzifh rnfuJhodk@aomvlr_a&; tusK;d

qufrsm; jzpfvmrnfudk rSef;q=unfeh dkifygonf? &cdkijf ynfwGif rawG@&aomfvnf;
jrefrmjynfwiG f jrefrmtrsKd ;orD;rsm; tdE,
Nd om;rsm;ESifh vufxyfr_rsm;&Sdvm&m uef@
uGufqef@usif=uonfh=um;rSyif edkifiHjcm;om;ESifhvufqufjcif;udk ckcHacsyol
jrefrmtrsKd;orD;rsm; ay:aygufcJhbl;.? q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;. tpm;
wvkyt
f wGuf/ ukvm;w&kwf uawmfjzpfae=uolawG qdkaompum;udk jrefrm
trsK;d orD;wOD;u ukvm;cspfrS &xm;opfpD;&r,f/ w&kwfcspfrStkwfwdkufopfe@J
ae&r,f[k acsycJhzl;onf? onfae&mrSm igwdk@&cdkiftrsKd;orD;awG rsKd ;cspfpdwf
&Sdygayonf[k rk'dwmyGg;rdyg.? 1930-31onf urBm@pD; yGg;a&;ysufuyfqu
dk faom
ESpfjzpf&m pyg;aps;onf wif;w&mvSsif 225 usyfaps;rS 55 usyfaps;odk xd;k qif;
oGm;cJ&h m jrefrmjynftES@H v,form;rsm; rdrdwk@d b;dk bGm;ydkifv,fomudk edkifijH cm;om;
ajr&Sirf sm;xH xdk;tyf=u&avonf? &cdik fjynfwiG f OD;&Jausmfolb%fuho
J @dk aom &cdkif
trsdK;om;aiGa=u;acs;iSm;onfh Xmersm;u twdk;E_e;f oufompGm acs;iSm;jcif;jzifh
&cdkifv,form;rsm; oufom&m&=uygonf? 0Ja=umifa=umifpum;ESifhajym&vSsif
xdkpOfu &cdkifvl tzGJtpnf;wGif "e&Sifvlwef;pm;p&dkujf zifh qdk;oGrf;olrsm;vnf;
&dSaumif;&Sdrnfjzpf&m ajzmifhajzmifh ESvHk;oGif;oifh=uygayonf?
(91)XmetkyfcsKyfa&;pwifonfESifh b*F gvDvlrsKd ;rsm; TuJhodk@ uef@owf
csKyfcs,f r_uif;rJhp Gm 0ifa &muf aejcif; udk &cdkifedkifiHa&;orm;rsm;u ta&;,l
aqmif&Gufay;&ef wifjyvm=uonf? &cdkiOf ya'jyK trwf(8)OD;u jrefrmedkifiHudk
49
Tin Tut and Desai 1939:27-29

55
tdENd,rScGJxkwf+yD;jzpf&m Tvl0ifr_jy\emudk tvSsiftjref udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&ef

awmif;qdkvm=uonf? &cdkifwGif topf0ifvmaom ppfwaumif;om;rsm;udk
&cdik fvlrsK;d rsm;omru &SdEiS fh+yD; ppfwaumif;om;rsm;uvnf; rESpfouf=ua=umif;?
vlrsKd;a&;ydyuQwckjzpf&ef tajcwnfae+yDjzpfa=umif; wifjyaqG;aEG;=uonf?
txl;ojzif@ OD;bazacgif;aqmifaom (21) OD;ygwu
D tdE,
Nd vlrsK;d rsm; jrefrmedkiif o
H k@d
pnf;r&Sdurf;r&Sd 0ifa&mufvm=ujcif;udk jyif;xefpGm uef@uGufvmcJ@onf? xdkyk*dK~ vf
wdk@uyif jrefrmjynftm; tdENd,rScGJxkwf&efudk tqdkjyKcJh=ujcif; jzpfonf? 1939
ckESpfwGif cGaJ &;orm;rsm;. Oya'=urf;ESpfcu
k dk v$wfawmfwGif tqdkjyKvm=uonf?
yifv,fa&a=umif; c&D;onfrsm;tay: tcGefaumufa&;Oya'ESifh jypfrSKusL;vGefol
edkifiHjcm;om;rsm;tm; jynfESif'%fay;a&;Oya'wdk@ jzpfonf? yxrOya'rSm
tde,
dN zufrS jrefrmodk@a&mufvmonfh tvkyo
f rm;rsm;tm; qdyfurf;a&mufonfEiS hf
wOD; vSsif ig;usyt
f cGefaumuf&efjzpfonf? tdE,
Nd om;rsm; 0dki;f 0ef;uef@uu
G =f uojzifh
xdkOya'vnf; txrajrmuf cJhacs?
1939 wGif OD;apmeef;&if;0ef jzpfvmaomtcg Tjy\emudk OD;pGm
udkifwG,fawmh.? TudpPudkaqG;aEG;&ef tdENd,tpdk;&u qm&Sefumbmhcsfydkif
acgif;aqmifaom tzGJudk jrefrmedkifiHodk@apv$wfvdkufonf? jrefrmtzGJudk eef;
&if;0efjzpfol *VKeOf ;D apm uyif OD;aqmif.? tjyeftvSeaf qG;aEG;=u+yD;aemuf tdEd,
N rS
pnf;urf;rJh tvkyform;rsm; 0ifa&mufru
_ &dk yfwef&ef oabmwl=uonf? OD;apm.
wifjycsufrSm &Sif;.? jrefrmjynf&dS vkyfief;rsm;tm;vHk;twGuf jrefrmtvkyform;
tvHktavmuf&do
S nf? xdka=umif@ rnfonfhtdENd,tvkyform;udkrS ac:&efrvdk?
aemufxyf 0ifvm&efvnf; rvdkawmh[k wif;rmpGmqH;k jzwfonf? xdkpOf +AdwdoSs
qef a &mif; 0,fa &; uk r` % Drsm;ta&;udk axmuf&_ yHk &aom t&m&dSwcsKd u
&cdkifjynfwGif pyg;&dyo
f drf;csed fY ppf waumif;om; ESpfaomif; ESpfpOfvdktyfa=umif;
wifjy=u&m OD;apmu vl0ifr_udk jcGif;csufjzifhvufcH&ef oabmwlvdkufavonf? 50
OD; apmbmcsf yd k if oabmwl n Dc suf w G if atmufy gtcsuf rsm;onf
tvGefta&;ygonf?
50
armifaomf/ 1966/ tdEdN,jrefrmqufqHa&;/ pmayAdrmef/ &efukef? pm 163-164
56
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
yk'rf (4) tdENd,tpdk&xHrS edkiif u

H l;vufrw
S frygvSsif jreffrmjynfodk@ rnfolrSs
rvm&? yk'fr(5) tdENd, tpdk;&xHrS edkifiHul;vufrw
S &f apumrl jrefrm
tpdk;&xHrS jynf0ifcGifhtrdef@/ odk@r[kwf jrefrmjynfwGif aexdkifcGifh trdef@
udk jrefrmtpd;k &xHrS r&vSsif/ rnfolrsS jrefrmjynfok@d vmcGihrf &Sd? aexdkif
cGif@r&? yk'fr(14) jrefrm jynfwGifaexdkifonft
h wGif; jrefrmwdkif;&if;ol
trsKd;orD;wa,mufESifh vufxyf xdrf;jrm;vSsifaomfvnf;aumif;
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jrefrmtpdk;&u xkwfay;xm;aom aexdkifcGifhvufrSwfudk zsufodrf;ypf
vdrrhf nf? xdv
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hf +yKd ief uf jrefrmjynfwiG f qufvuf
aexdik fcGifhr&awmhacs? yk'fr(24) jrefrmjynftpdk;&u vl0ifa&;t}uHay;
tzGJ@wck zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifr+yD;rcsif;/ xdk@tjyif xdktzGJ@u jrefrmjynf
tusKd; twGuf ulvDtvkyform;rsm; rnfrSs vmapoifhy gonf[k
ay;xm;aomt}uHOm%frsm;udk jrefrmjynftpdk;&u qHk;jzwfr+yD;rcsif;/
1941 ckESpf Zlvdkif v21 &uf (1303 ckESpf0gqdkvqkwf 14 &uf) ae@rSpI
tdENd,jynfrS tvkyf=urf;orm;[lI wpHkw a,mufrsS jrefrmjynfodk@
rvm&? 51
OD;apmbmcsfydkifoabmwlpmcsKyfonf &cdkifjynfudk rsm;pGm*,uf&dkuf
awmh.? aemifwGif 0if&cufawmhrnfukd odaom ppfwaumif;om;b*F gvDrsm;onf
ol@xufigO;D atmif &cdkifjynfo@dk vrSd @f I0if=uawm@onf? pmcsKyfrSmvnf; oH;k ESpf=umrS
touf0ifrnfjzpf&m xdkumvtwGif; a&$ajymif;aexdkif&ef vlOD;a& 'Dvd_if;ozG,f
OD;wnfa&G vSsm;vmawmhonf? ppfawGc&dkif zqyv OuUXa[mif; OD;pHxGef;atmif
a&;om;onfh udk,fawG@ar,kajrpmwrf;udk bl;oD;awmif+rdKe,fjzpfpOfordkif;wGif
atmufygtwdik f;ud;k um;xm;onf?
51
Saw-Bajpayee Agreement (1939). Government Press,

Rangoon: pp 13-14
57
cGJxGufa&;udpk wifaqG;aEG;vdkufonfESiw
fh +yKd ief uf ppfwaumif;c&dik +f ydKI
ajy;vmonft
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tqHk;tp[lI r&Sdawmhacs? vrf;ab;/ oabFmqdyf/ +rdKwGif; armifawm/
bl;oD;awmifvrf; wavSsmufvHk;wGif ppfwaumifom;rsm;jzif@ jynfh=uyf
aeawmhonf? ,cifu pyg;&dwf+yD; jyefavh&Sd=uolrsm;yif jyefvmI
r&rnfudk pdk;&drfI rjyef=uawmh? xdkoHk;ESpfoHk;rdk;twGif; wcgrSs +rdK&Gm
[lIr&SdcJhaom awmpyf awmifpG,frsm;wGifyg aus;&Gmrsm; tvSsdKtvSsdK
ay:vm=uukef.? &Sd&if; &Gmrsm;vnf; ESpq
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tdEd,
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h wef;edrf@usol/
54
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tawG@t}uHK wckudk ajymygrnf? u|efawmfonf xdkppfwaumif; a'opum;udk
tawmftwef ajymwwfygonf? ta0;ajy; bwfpu
f m;jzifh aumufbZm;rS'gumod@k
rdwfaqGwOD;ESifh twlc&D;xGufcJh&m [m&Aif;wGif xrif;pm;=uonf? u|efawmf
pm;csifaom[if;wrsKd; &dSovm;[k pm;yGJxdk;udkppfwaumif;pum;ESi fhar;rd&m
aqmif@aqmifhatmifhatmifhjzifh wHk;wdwdyif r&Sd[k jyefajymygonf? usGefawmf.
rdwfaqGu 'gum+rdK@em;eD;av 'Dpum;udkrajymwmaumif;avyJAsm[k tjzpfudk
&,f&,f armarm&Sif;jyygonf? a'ocsif;xdpyfaeaom EdktmcgvDESifhaumfrDvm
wGifyif xdkbmompum; ajymoludk ESdrhcf squfqw
H wf=uonf? xd@k a=umifh 0ifvmol
ppfwaumif;om; tenf;tusOf;om jynfrzufodk@ ul;=uonf? jynfrwGif plvwD/
aZ&Ag'DESifh r*dkuJho@dk aom rlqvifrsm;u olwdk@ukd ESdr=f uonf? xdk@a=umifh &cdkijf ynf
wGifyif ukyu
f yfIae=uawmhonf?
52
bl;oD;awmif+rdKe,fjzpfpOfordkif;/pm 42
53
Chataganiya Buli
54
Rizvi II 1970:341
58
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
1831 aemufydkif;wGif bl;oD;awmifeSifharmifawm+rdKe,frsm;. vlOD;a&

pm&if;udkav@vm&ef pm&if;rSwf wrf;[lI r&Sdoavmufenf;yg;ygonf? (1941)
oef;acgifpm&if;t& bl;oD;awmif+rdKe,fwGif &Gmaygi;f (94)&Gm/ tdrfa+c(64300)tdrf/
vlOD; a& (78947) OD; &Sd onf? ,if; wdk @teuf Ak'<b mom (29549) OD ; &S d+ yD;
b*F gvDrlqvif bmom0if (42854) OD;&Sda=umif;55 az: jyygonf? odk@&mwGif
&dwfodrf;&moDjzpfojzifh b*F gvDta&twGuf axmifESifh csDI ydkaeedkifygonf?
'kwd,urBmppf}udKumvwGif bl;oD;awmif+rdKe,fyY b*F gvD (53) &mcdkifE_ef;ausmf
rSsom&SdcJha=umif;awG@&ygonf? bl;oD;awmifonf armifawm+yD;vSsif ppfwaumif;
om;OD;a& trsm;qHk;aexdik faom a'ojzpfonf? yx0Dtaetxm;t& armifawm
+rKd e,fEiS hf qufpyfwnf;wnf&ad S eonft
h jyif ar,kjrpf0rS ;f onf ajr =oZmaumif;rGeI
f
pdkufysKd; vk yfudkif&ef ajr,maygrsm;jcif;ESifh vla etdrf ajc}uJyg;jcif ;wdk@ a=umifh
ppfwaumif;om;rsm; 0ifa&mufaexdik &f ef tqifajyaponf? b*F gvDw@kd onf +rdKe,f
twGi;f tajccsaexdkif+yD;aemuf tpPvrfbmom &yfwnfjyef@yGg;a&;twGuf }udK;yrf;
cJ@=uonf? AvD0yfausmif; tajrmuftrsm; wnfaqmuf=uonfhtjyif tma&AD
pmoifwdkuf}uD; (22)wdkufESifh pmoifausmif;i,f (179)ausmif; &dSvmonf?
pmoifwdkuf}uD;qdkonfrSm txuf wef;ausmif; tqifhjzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif
tm&ADbmomudk (12) ESpfxd avhvmqnf;yl;I armfvAD (AvDq&m) jzpf
oif wef; txd yd k@ csedkif aom wuUodk vft qifh oif ausmif; (3)ausmif; txd
zGifhvpS fekid fcJhonf?56
(*) ppf} ud K acwf &cdki f t rsdK ;om;a&;v_y f& Sm ;r_
&cdkifjynfwGif q&mawmfOD;OwWr+yD;aemuf trsdK;om;a&;Edk;=um;r_twGuf
}uKd ;yrf;vmaom&[ef;yk*Kd~ vrf mS q&mawmfO;D pdE mW jzpfonf? q&mawmfonf (1931)
ckEpS w
f Gif v,form;rsm;.nDvmcHw&yfudk ajryH+k rKd e,f =umtif;awmifurf;eD&GmwGif
OD;pD;Iusi;f ycJo
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f ku
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pdwf"gwfudkuidk fpJI
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bl;oD;awmif+rdKe,fjzpfpOfordkif;/ 28?
55
56
xdkpm/ 31
59
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f Gif &cdkiw
f idk ;f &if;
om; tpnf;t&k;H }uD;[lI jyifqifzJG pnf;cJh=uonf? xdk toif;u q&mawmfO;D pdE Wm/
q&mawmfOD;ynmoD[ESifh q&mawmfO;D em&'wdk udk =o0g'p&d,q&mawmfrsm;tjzpf
wifajrSmufxm;cJh=uonf? xdkESpfwGifyif &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&mvli,frsm; tzGJ@ESifh
yl;aygi;f +yD; &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdki&f m wdik ;f &if;om;tpnf;t&H;k tjzpf zGJpnf;vdu
k =f uonf?
&cdkifjynfonf vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; rvG,fulojzif@ a'o tvdkuf tzGJtpnf;
i,frsm; zGJ pnf;I v_yf&mS ;aecJ=h uaomfvnf; 1939 ck arv 2&ufEiS hf 3&ufae@rsm;wGif
rif;jym;+rKd Y &cdik jf ynfv;kH u|wf nDvmcH}uD;udu
k si;f yum wpdww
f 0rf;wnf;jzpfa=umif;
jyocJh=uonf? xdknv
D mcH odk@ &cdik fjynf +rdKe,ftoD;oD;rS ud,
k fpm;vS,frsm;tjyif
ta&Sb*Fvm;e,frS &cdkiu
f ,
dk pf m;vS,rf sm;eSifh &cdik fjynf wGifaexdik =f uaom +rKd / crG;D ESihf
csif;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;yg wufa&mufcJh=u&m &cdkifjynfolwdk@. pnf;&Hk;nDnGwfr_ tif
tm;udkjyoEdkifcJhaomvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ jzpfcJhonf? vlxkvlwef;pm;aygif;pHkESifh oHCm
awmfrsm; tygt0if tiftm; waomif;ausmfpk&k;H cJhaom tcrf;tem;jzpfcJhonf?57
xdknDvmcH. =o0g'p&d, q&mawmfrsm;jzpf=uaom q&mawmf OD;pdE WmESifh
q&mawmf OD ; ynmoD [ wdk @. }ud K;yrf ;rS Ka=umifh vnf; aumif ; / ausmif ; om;
acgif;aqmif udkbZH/ bHkabmuf omausmfeSifh wdki;f vH;k qdkif&mtzGJ@csKyfrS acgif;aqmif
rsm; jzpf=uaom OD;omZHvS/ OD;atmifxGef;OD;/ OD;pHxGe;f atmif/ wdk@vuf&Hk;ocifpHa&$/
eENrmvmOD;xGef;pdefwk@d . nSEd _id ;f }udK;yrf;r_rsm;a=umifhvnf;aumif; &cdkifwkid f;vH;k qdkif&m
wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t&H;k udkzGJ pnf;&ef 1939 ck 'DZifbmvtwGi;f wGif oabmwl=u
onf? Ttpnf;t&Hk;onf jrefrm jynfr&Sd wdk@Armtpnf;t&Hk;/ ArmhxGuf&yf*k%
d f;/
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vGwfvyfa&;&onfhwkid f rjywfqufoG,fvy_ f&Sm;cJah vonf? edkiif Ha&;&nfrSe;f csufrSm
jrefrmjynfrESihf wef;wlvGwfvyfa&; &&Sd&eff jzpfonf?58
1940 ck arvwGif aygufawmnDvmcHudkusif;yaomtcg wdk@Arm
tpnf;t&Hk;rS udk,fpm;vS,fESpfOD; wufa&mufonf? ocifpdk;u &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;
tpnf;t&Hk;tvHuv
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d m tcrf;tem;udk zGiv
fh Spfc@J onf?
57
&cdkifjynfe,f jynfol@aumifpD/ &cdik fjynfe,fjzpfpOfordkif; ('k)/ 27? armifuHxl;

rSwfp/k pm15
58
OD;bpH/ 1985/ 27
60
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
&cdkifwdkif;&if;om;tzGJtpnf;udk zGJpnf;a=umif;w&m;0ifa=ujimI tr_aqmif

tzGJwGif OuUXtjzpf OD;omZHvS/ 'kwd,OuUXtjzpf OD;atmifxeG f;OD;/ twGif;a&;rSL;
tjzpf OD ;awmvl / tr_aqmifvl }uD ; rsm;tjzpf OD; ausmf xG ef; OD;/ OD; armifeD/
OD;atmifomOD;/ OD;bpH/ OD;a&SGZOH D; /OD;bd;k cdkif/ OD;,mqif/ OD;pHxGe;f atmif/ OD;atmifZHa0/
OD;xGe;f 0if;/ OD;pdefa&$O;D / OD;xGef;pdef (eENrmvm)/ OD;bd;k vS/ OD;bd;k pH/ OD;armifyed /f OD;a&$eef;OD;/
OD;pHomatmifEiS fh OD;armifaumif;wdk@udk a&G;cs,f=uonf? nDvmcHucsrSwfonfh
tajccH oabmw&m;rsm;rSm wdk@Armtpnf;t&k;H . rl0g'vrf;pOfrsm;ESihf wxyfwnf;
vdkvkd jzpfaea=umif;awG&onf? OD;pHxGef;atmifuwifoGif;I OD;atmifxGe;f OD;u
axmufcHaom ajr&SifpeH pfzsuford ;f a&;tqdkESifh qufpyfaomajr,mjy\emrsm;udk
us,fjyef@pGm aqG;aEG;=uonf? tpnf;t&Hk;onfrlt& tcsufESpfcsufudk qkyu
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xm;a=umif; awG&onf? OD;bdk;cdkiEf Sifh OD;,mqifwdk@uJho@dk xif&Sm;aom rlqvifrsm;
yg0ifvmjcif;jzihf &cdkirf q
l vifydyuQ ay:aygufvmonfw
h kid f ajyvnfr_udk &&Sed kid rf nf?
ajr&SifpHepfudkqef@usifjcif;jzifh awmifolv,form;udk tajccHvlwef;pm; tjzpf
pnf;&Hk;Edkifrnf [laomtcsufrsm; jzpfayonf? TwGif wdkif;&if;om; ajr&Sif "e&Sif
vlwef;pm;ESifh uif;uGmoGm;cJh&ayonf? jrefrmjynfrESifh uGJjym;onfhtcsufrSm
&cdkijf ynf&Sd ajr&Sif}uD;rsm;jzpf=uaom OD;&Jausmfolukr`%D/ roE WmjzLukr`%Dwdkonf
a'ocH wdkif;&if;om; ajr&Sif}uD;rsm; jzpfae=ujcif;yifjzpfonf? rlqvifrsm;ESifh
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59
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61
62
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
tcef ; (3)
ppftwGif;umv &cdik jf ynf

1939 wGif Oa&myY ppf&dyfppfaiG@rsm; oef;vmcJh+yD? ta&S@rS*syefonf
w&kwjf ynfwiG f usL;ausmfppfudk qifEJa$ eonf? w&kwf *syefppfyJw
G iG f w&kwu
f rl ifwef
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ypPnf;rsm; axmufyhaH eonf? jrefrmedik if o
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tcuf Armtcsuf rlt& &cdkifjynfwGifvnf; &cdkifwidk f;vH;k qdki&f m tpnf;t&H;k onf
+rdKe,fpnf;&Hk; a&;rSL;rsm;tm; e,fcsJqef@usifa&;wdkufyJt
G wGuf wyfvSe@f xm;ap&ef
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tpdk;&uzrf;qD;xm;+yDjzpf&m 4if;.aetdrfY ol.ZeD; a':cifrrarmf/ AE<KvOD;pdef/
OD;vSrif; / OD;b0if;wd@k ESifh ESpf}udrfwkid fwdkif aqG;aEG;cJ@=uonf? &cdkifwidk f;vHk;qdkif&m
tpnf;t&Hk;taejzifh ajray:tzGJ tpnf;tjzpf &yfwnf+yD; q&mawmfO;D ynmoD[ESihf
vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;u ajratmuf tzGJ@tpnf;wck zGJpnf;I v_yf&mS ;&ef pDpOf
=uonf? ta=umif;rSm t*Fvdyfwdk@taejzifh tdENd,udkajcukyf,I
l &cdkijf ynfraS e+yD;
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f SOf;qJjcif;trsKd ;rsdK;udk cH&zG,f&do
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1
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ajr a0jcrf;a&;/ EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm; 0ifa&mufjcif;udkwm;qD;ay;a&; ponfwdk@udk
awmif;qdck @J onf? +AdwdoSstpd;k &onf ausmufawmfnv
D mcH +y;D onfEiS hf &cdik w
f kid f;vHk;
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a&SmifcJh&onf? ppfawGrS OD;owdk;vS/ OD;omZHvS/ ausmufawmfrS OD;cwD;atmif/
&aohawmifrS rsK;d cspaf usmfOD;/ OD;jrwfvSarmif/ bl;oD;awmifrS OD;pHxGef;awmif/ OD;ndk/
OD;vSarmifom/ OD;armifped fOD; ponfwdk@udkzrf;qD;+yD; ppfawGaxmifrSwqifh 'gum
axmifodk@ ydk@vdkuf&m ppf+yD;onftxd tdENd,jynfwGif txdef;odrf;cHaecJ@=u&av
onf? 2
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1
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oef;oef;OD; 1992/ 36-37

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63
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Ekid fio
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xdk;ppfqifvSsif &cdkifjynfudkajcukyf,lrnfjzpf&m/ rdrdwdk@onf &cdkifESihAf rmwdk@uJhodk@
*syefESif@yl;aygif;vdkolrsm; r[kwf&um; +AdwdoSswdk@. tumtuG,fudk&vdrf@rnf?
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tdENd, trsKd;om;wdk @.tultnD udk vdkt yfonfjzpf&m ppfO D;bD vl;qdkovdk
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3
armifaomf 1966/ 189-190

armifawm+rdKe,fjzpfpOfordkif;/ 143
64
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
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8
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5
xdkpm/ 200
bpH/ OD; 1966/ 77
7
armifAodef;rSwfpk/ 80
6
J.S Furnivall
Plural Society
65
xufydkI pif+ydKif&yfwnf&aom tajctae&Sdaom edkifiHrsm;udkaz:n$ef;onf?10

TuJo
h k@d aom Edik fiHrsm;wGif vlrsKd;a&;t"du&k%f;rsm; jzpfygG ;avh&do
S nf? &cdkijf ynfwiG f
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pD;yGg;a&;onfom wckwnf;aomta=umif;&if; jzpfacsonf? ppfwaumif;om;
b*F gvDrsm;Y &d;k wGif;jcifqDtxd pGI
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w&yf&Sd.? xdkoif=um;csufrSm tma&AsusGef;qG,fwGif (18) &mpkaESmif;ydkif;Y
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ulnyD yhH ;dk ay;&rnf[al om oif=um;csujf zpf.? xdt
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13
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ppfwaumif;e,frS b*F gvDrlq vifrsm;udk aomif;eSicfh sDIac:,l+yD; rdrdwk@d yidk f ajr,m
rsm;wGif oD;pm;csxm;ay;=uonf? aus;&Gmrsm;udk xlaxmifay;=u+yD; xdk&Gmrsm;wGif
AvD0yfausmif;rsm;ygaqmufvkyfay;cJ@=uonf? AvD}u;D rsm;ESiw
fh zGJ ufI tma& ADESifh
tpP vrfb mompmoifa usmif;rsm;yg aqmufvkyf ay;cJh=uonf ? od k @&mwGi f
tqdkyg&Gmrsm;rSm a&S;,cif &cdkif&Gma[mif;rsm;jzpf=u&m &Gmtrnfrsm;udk ,cif
&cdk if&Gmtrnfrsm;twdkif;om rSwfyHkwif=u&onf? 1924 ckESpf aus;&GmjyKpk
ysKd;axmifa&; tufOya't& xdkaus;&Gmrsm;wGif aus;&GmaumifpDrsm; zGJpnf;cGif@
&=uav&m armfv0Dq&m=uD;rsm;u tzGJ0ifvl}uD;rsm;jzpfvm=u+yD; rlqvif
Oya'jzifh tkyfcsLyfI rlqvif &S&D,mOya'twdkif; pD&iftkyfcsKyfcGifhyg &&Sd=u
avonf?15
10
Furnivall 1957:
Wahhabi Movement
12
Ikhawan
13
Fara-i-di
14
Rahman 1979:200-204
15
Charter 1938: 34-38
11
66
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
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wdik ;f rif;}u;D tjzpf wm0ef,lcaJh om armifxif(OD;xifzwf) a&;om; wifjyyHkrSm tvGef
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&cdik jf ynfuk d tkypf ;kd onfrpS I ukvm;yefZif;(ar,k) jrpf0rS ;f a'oY twlwuG
aexdkifvm=ujcif;+zpfonf? &cdkifwdk@onftdrf&Sifjzpf.? ppfwaumif;om;
wdk@um; {nfhonfwnf;? {nfhonfvlrsKd;wdk@u a&=unf&mjrufek&mY
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dS m=uolrsm;jzpfI ydkuq
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f rsu
S kd
atmufusaemufusjzpfonf[k r,lq=uacs? xdka=umifh {nfhonfwdk@
aexdik f&m ukvm;yefZif;jrpf0rS f;. taemufzufurf;ajcwGif v,f,m/
O,sO/f oD;ESHvkyfcif;/ EGm;+cH/ qdwf+cHwdk@onf ya'omuJho@dk ajrrS aygufI
vm=u.? &cd ki fwd kif ; &if ;om;wdk @ ydk if qd k if a om ta&S zuf urf ; ajc
wavSsmufYum; pD;yGg;a&;onf }uHKvSDvmavonf?16
odk@&mwGif udkvdkeaD cwfynma&;wGif ppfwaumif;om;b*F gvDrsm;onf
&cdik w
f @kd xuf aemufususef&pfco
Jh nf ? 1901 ckEpS f oef;acgipf m&if;t& &cdik f vlO;D a&.
pmwwfajrmufolOD;a&onf255 &mcdkifESKef;&Sv
d suf ppfwaumif;om; pmwwfolrSm
45 &mcdkifE_ef;om &Sda=umif; awG@&onf? ynma&;udk *&krpdkuf=uaoma=umifh
txl;ojzifh bl;oD;awmifESifharmifawm +rdK@e,frsm;wGif pmrwwfol ppfwaumif;
om;OD;a& rsm;jym;vSa=umif; ppfawGc&dik f0ef tm&fbDprwfu tpD&ifccH @J onf? 1902
ckESpfwGif rlqvifynma&;twGuf ynma&;rSL; wOD;udkcef@xm;aqmif&GufapcJh&m
ausmif;aygif;(72) ausmif;txd wdk;wufvmcJhonf? xdka=umifhvnf; udkvdkeD
tkyfcsKyf a&;,E W&m;wG if &cdkifESifh[dEN Lbmom0ifrsm;om 0ifa&muft r_xrf;
olrsm;tjzpf trsm;qH;k awG@&onf?17 od@k &mwGif (20)&mpk tv,fcef@wGif Edkiif aH &;t&
wuf=uGvSKyf&Sm;vmrnfh ppfwaumif;om; ynmwwfvli,frsm;u acgif;aqmifr_
ae&mudk 0if,lvm=uonf? olwdk@onf ta&S@b*Fvm;rS rlqvifvli,frsm;ESifh
16
armifxif 1960/ 58
17
Smart 1957: 207 - 209

67
vnf;aumif; tdE,
dN rlqvifv(d *f)18 ESiv
fh nf;aumif; qufo,
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19
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udv
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0Homek/ *spD DbDat/ wdk@Arm tpnf;t&Hk; ponfwdk@ESifhqufoG,fvSKyf&Sm;cJh=u+yD;
ppfwaumif;om;b*F gvrD sm;rSm tdE,
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ol}uD;ESif@ tpm;xdk;av&m xdkol}uD;onf a&G;aumufcH aus;&Gmaumifpt
D ay: Y
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acwfopf jrefrmedkifiHordkif;udk okawoejyLvkyfaom ygarmuQa*stuf(zf)au'D.
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uGm[r_wck jzpfay:vmawmhonf? pifppfrSm jrefrmaus;vufjynfolwdk@tay:
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21
rwlacs?
TuJh od k@ aomtajctaersm;onf wd kif;&if;om;&cdki fvlrsdK ;rsm;ESifh
wzufekid if HrS tajccs aexdik fvm=uaom ppfwaumif;om; b*F gvDrsm;t=um;wGif
rodrom wif;rmr_rsm; ay:aygufvmapcJah vonf? tpPa&;okawoD rdka&Sa,*gu
+Adwdo#wdk@ tdENd,odk@qkwfcGgxGufajy;&aomtcsdefwGif &ck difjynfawmif ydkif;Y
&cdkifv&l rf;um;wcsdKu rlqvif&Gmrsm;udw
k dkucf dkuo
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xGufajy;+yD; &cdkifvlenf;pktay: vufwkef@jyefjcif;rS t"du&k%f; pwifonf[k
18
Muslim League
Jami-a-tul Ulema-e Islam
20
Khin Gyi Pyaw 1960: 99
21
Cady 1958: 172 -273
19
68
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
a&;om;az: jyonf?22 &cdkifjynfe,fjynfol@aumifpD. jynfe,fjzpfpOf ordki;f wGif

ajryHk+rdKe,f &ufacsmif;&GmrS &cdkifvlrsKd;aus;&Gmol}uD;udk ukvm;vlrsKd;rsm;u
owfjzwfvdkuf=u&m &cdkiv
f li,fESpOf D;jzpfaom odef;ausmfatmifEiS fhausmf,wdk@u
ukvm;&Gmrsm;udk pwifwdkufcku
d f&mrS pwifonf[k rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf?f 23
ukvm;&cdkift"du&k%f;onf &cdkifjynftv,fydki;f ajryHk+rdKe,fwGifpwif
jzpfyGg;cJhaomfvnf; aoG;acsmif;pD;avmufatmif jyif;xefpGmaygufuGJcJhonfrSm
ar,k jrpf0Srf ; bl;oD;awmif+rdKe,fy ifjzpfonf? ukvm;&cdkif t"du&k%f ;onf
ajryHk+rdK@e,frS wqifh rif;jym;/ ajrmufOD;ESifh ausmufawmf+rdK@e,frsm;odk@ jyef@eS@H
vmonf? T+rdK@e,frsm;rS xGufajy;vGwfajrmufvm=uaom ukvm;rsm;onf
bl;oD;awmif/ armifawmodk@a&muf&Sdvm=u+yD; a'ocHukvm;rsm;ESifhyl;aygif;um
&cdik rf sm;udk wdu
k cf u
dk =f uojzif@ armifawm+rKd e,f ewfjrpfta&Szufurf; bl;oD;awmif
+rdKe,fEiS hf &ao@awmif+rKd e,f ar,kjrpf taemufzufurf;&Sd &Gmrsm; rD;&d_zsuq
f ;D jcif;
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&Gmrsm;wGif &cdkifvlrsK;d wdk@ ,ae@wdkif jyefvnftajccsaexdkifcGif hr&awmhacs?
*syefavwyfonf 1942 ck rwfv(23)wGif ppfawG+rdKudk t=uD;tus,f
AH;k }uw
J u
kd cf ku
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av+yD? yef;awmif; / awmifukwfvrf;rS vSdrfhIqif;vmaom tdE,
Nd ppfajy; wkd@.
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cJhav+y?D ppfawGc&dkiu
f kd ppftyk cf sKyfa&; a=unm+yD; ppfawGc&dik t
f a&;ydik f OD;ausmfckid fudk
AdkvfrSL;tqifh ppfzufwm0efygay;tyfI tajctaeudk xdef;odrf;aponf?24
armifxif (OD;xifzwf)u rSwfwrf;wif&mwGif/
+AdwdosSwdk@onf rdrdwdk@.atmifjrifpGmqkwfcGgedkifa&; r[mAsL[mt&
a'ocHvlrsKd;ESpfrsKd;udk &efwdkufay;cJ@avonf? e,fcsJ@orm;wdk@twGuf
22
Yegar 1972:67
&cdkifjynfe,f jynfol@aumifpD 1986/ 36
24
Owen 1946: 26
23
69
Tenf;udktoHk;jyKjcif;rSm rxl;qef;vSacs? jrefrmr[kwfaom +AdwdoSs

zufawmfom;rsm;tm; rdrw
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olwdk@o,faqmif roGm;Edkifaomvufeufrsm;udk wyfqifay;cJjcif;yif
jzpfonf? wdkvufeufwdk@onf aumif;aumif;+*dK[far$cJ@=uonf? &cdkif
jynfwGif tdENd,odk@qkwfcGgcJh=uaom+AdwdoSswdk@onf vufeuftrsm;
tjym;udk &cdkif trsK;d om; r[kwfolwdk@xH tyfESHcJh=uavonf?25
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wifaqmif xm;aom trf* sDb DppfoabFmjzifh oG m;vmtkyfcsKyfvSsuf&S donf?
bHak bmufomausm.
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us,fjyef@atmifvkyfaeolrsm;[k oH[,0ifI ypfowf&ef trdef@ay;cJ@jcif; jzpfav
onf? &cdkifvlrsKd;OD;ausmfcdkiftkyfcsKyfaom wyfwGifyif &cdkifr[kwfolrsm;udkom
vufeufwyfqifxm;cJah =umif; awG&onf? OD;ausmcf kid fonf ppfawG+rdKudk*syefwk@d u
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rdrdudk,fwdkif ppfa&,mOfudk OD;pD;I ppfawGc&dkifudk vSnfhvnftkyfcsKyfcJhonf? t"du
&k%f;ud+k idrf;owf&ef edkiif Ha&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf aqG;aEG;onf? bl;oD;awmif+rdKe,f/
*lwmjyif&GmYcdv
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uaomif;ueif; jzpfvmavonf? vufeufwyfqifjcif; cH&olrsm;wGif &mZyk'f
ukvm;ppfom;rsm;u tqd;k qH;k jzpfonf? olw@dk onfa'ocHukvm;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;+yD;
ppfawG+rdKay:wGifyif &cdkiv
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25
armifxif 1960/ 53-54

armifxif 1960/ 55-57
26
70
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
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ab;&efuif;pGm oGm;vmcGifhay;&rnf? rnfolrsS owfjzwfjcif;/ vk,ufjcif;rjyKvky&f /
Towday;csufukd rvdkuef mygu jyif;xefpGmta&;,ljcif;cH&rnf[k a=unmonf?
ta&;ydkifOD;ausmfcidk rf usqk;H rDuyif ppfwaumif;om;OD;a&rsm;aom bl;oD;awmifESifh
armifawm+rdK@e,frsm;rS &cdkif aus;&Gmrsm;rsm;rSm wdkufcdkufzsufq;D jcif;cHae=u&ay+yD?
ar,kjrpf0Srf;&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;rS &cdkiftrsKd;om; tajrmuftjrm;vnf; ta&;ydkif&Hk;
pdkuf&m bl;oD;awmif+rdK@odk@ ppfajy;tjzpf cdkvH_vm=uonf? bl;oD;awmif+rdKay:wGif
+Adwo
d #qkwfcGm&mwGif ygvmaom bm;rm;aA:vHw,
D mwyfrS u&ifwyfom;rsm;/
&JwyfzJG 0ifrsm;ESihf +rKd @ay:rS vli,frsm;onf ppfwaumif;om;rsm; vma&muf wdu
k cf u
dk f
29
onfud k ckc HumuG,fcJ h=uavonf ? armifa wm+rd Ke,fwG if rlqvifwdk @.
owfjzwfr_a=umif@ ewfjrpfurf;ajcr Saus;&Gmrsm;jzpf=uaom ig;cl&/ +cHjyif/ &Gun
f SdK;
awmif/ o&uftkyfpaomaus;&Gmrsm;onf avSorefrsm;jzif h Oya' pdk;rdk;&m
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a0;aomaus;&Gmtm;vH;k &GmvHk;u|wftowfcH=u&avonf? vGwfajrmufolwcsKd@
rSmvnf; r,lawmifujdk zwfausm+f yD; ar,kjrpf0Srf;udk jzwfausmfum ausmufawmfESifh
ajrmufOD;+rdK@e,frsm;odk@ vufvGwfxGufajy;cJh=u&avonf? armifawm+rdKe,f
awmifydkif;wGif touf&iS f vGwfajrmufvmolOD;a& tvGefenf;onf? xyfw;dk jyif
aus;&GmwGif cav;/ vl}u;D rde;f rESihf ouf}u;D &G,ftrdk sm;ygrusef &Gmom;tm;vH;k onf
ukvm;rsm; 0dkif;&Hvmaomtcg &Gmv,fbke;f }uD;ausmif;odk@ ajy;0ifcdkvH_=uonf?
27
&cdkifjynfe,fjynfol@aumifpD 1986/ 65-67

armifuHxl;rSwfpk/ 84
29
&cdkifjynfe,fjynfol@aumifpD ('k) 1986/ 40
28
71
ukvm;rsm;u ausmif;udkyg rD; &SKd@vdk ufojzifh &Gm om;pkpka ygif ; ig;&mausmfr#

aoqH;k cJh=u& avonf?30
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odrf;+yD;aemuf bDtdkifat. aoemywdcsKyfjzpfaom ume,fqlZluD;u tdENd,
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csDwufvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? 1942 ck {+yv
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vm+yD;aemuf Adkvf&efatmifonf q&mawmf OD;pdE WmESifh &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m
tpnff;t&kH; acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf=uaom OD;omZHvS/ OD;atmifxGef;OD;/ OD;armifeD/
OD;csD;wdk;ESifh qufoG,f+yD; ppfawGc&dkif tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@ OD;atmifxGef;u OuUX
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32
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30
armifawm+rdKe,f jzpfpOfordkif;/ 54
oef;oef;OD; 1992/ 51- 52
32
&cdkifjynfe,fjynfol@aumifpD 1986/ 53
31
72
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
xdkta=umif;udk =um;&vSsif=um;&csif; Adkvf&efatmifonf tajcaeudk

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dk fwdkifyif
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D m ukr`
33
bl;oD;awmif+rdKe,fjzpfpOfordkif;/ 150
OD;=umvSatmifESifhawG@qHkar;jref;jcif; (armifAodef;rSwfpk) (4-6-1984)
34
35
Ba Maw 1958: 204-205

73
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toif;}uD;udk wdk@ Armqif;&Jom;tpnf;t&kH;tjzpf toGifa jymif;xm;vdk uf
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36
bl;oD;awmif+rdK@e,fjzpfpOfordkif;/ 150
oef;oef;OD; 1992/ 58
38
Ba Maw 1958: 205
37
39
Op-Cit : 63
74
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
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tenf;i,f aexdkifaumif;vmonfESifh q&mawmfonf aowefcGqHk &Gmodk@pkeq
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40
armifAodef; rSwfpk-64
Burma Intelligence Bureau 1944: 170
41
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42
armifAodef; rSwfpk-64
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aus;&Gmrsm;udk &GmvHk;u|wf rD;&d_jcif;rsm;udkom t"duxm;I jyKvkyfcJh=uonf?
*lwmjyif&GmwGif ta&;ydkif OD;ausmfcdkifukv
d kyf}uHowfjzwf+yD;aemuf &cdkif&mG rsm;udk
tqufrjywf wdkufcdkufcaJh vonf? ppfajy;tpdk;&bk&ifcH.twGif;0efu 1943ckESpf
azaz:0g&Dv(4)&ufae@ ae@pJjG zifh rSwfwrf; wifxm;aom tpD&ifcHpmwapmifwGif/
u|efkyfonf &aohawmif+rdK@e,frS &cdkifaus;&Gmrsm; cHpm;ae=u&aom
wkefv_yaf jcmufjcm;bG,f&m owif;pum;rsm;udk=um;cJh&aygif;rsm;av+yD?
ar,kj rpft aemuf zuf urf; rS aus;&G m aygif ; ajrmuf j rm;pGm onf
ppfwaumif;om; taysmfwrf;wyfzGJrsm;. rD;&d_zsufqD;jcif;udk cHvdkuf
&av+yD &efolwyfrsm;onf xkdaus;&Gmrsm;odk@vma&mufavhr&Sdyg?
uHraumif;onfhtcsufrSm xdk&Gmrsm;onf u|efkyfwdk@ a&Sajy;wyfrsm;
ppf xdk ; onfh vrf ;a=umif ;wG if usa&muf aejcif ; yif jzpf a wmh onf ?
&Gmom;aygif; &mESifhcsDI awmif}udKawmif=um;rsm;wGif ykef;atmif;
ae=u&avonf? Ttajctaeum; xdo
k lwk@d udk [ef@wm; jcif;rjyKeidk fvsS if
&cdik v
f rl sK;d wd@k udk rdrdw@dk .bdk;bGm;ydkife,fajru armif;xkwfjcif;cH&rnfhab;rS
u,fwifedkif&ef arsSmv
f ifhIr&edkifawmh+yD?45
ppfwaumif;om;rsm;twGuf TydyuQonf bmoma&;ppfyJq
G ifEjJ$ cif;yif
jzpfonf? &nfrSef;csufrmS rdrw
d dk@0ifa&muftajccs=uae=uaom Ta'orsm;udk
tm&yfbmomjzifh 'g&l;tpPvrf46 [lIac:aom tpPvrf omoemxGe;f um;&m
44
Irwin 1946: 7-8, 16

BL. IOR R/8/9GS. 4243
46
Dar Ul-Islam
45
77
a'otjzpf ajymif;vJ&efyifjzpfonf? rdrdwdk@p;dk rdk;&mTa'oukd ppfwaumif;e,fEiS fh

aygif;pnf;vdkufjcif;jzifh tdrfeD;csif; nDDtpfudk,fawmfrsm;ESifh wpnf;wvHk;wnf;
trsK;d om; tdrf&mxlaxmifeikd =f urnf? T&nfreS ;f csuu
f t
kd aumiftxnfazmf&efrmS
ajrmufzufrS &cdkfifrsm;udk &cdkiftrsm;pk&Sd&mawmifydkif;odk@ armif;xkwfjcif;rSvGJI
tjcm;enf;r&Sad cs? xdk a=umifhvnf; ,Hk=unfr_ aoGznfaeolrsm; (tm&yfbmomwGif
umz,f[kac:onfh) vlrsKd;jcm; (&cdkif)rsm;ESifha&m,Sufaexdkif&aom TA[kk
vlaer_0ef;usiu
f kd ajymif;vJypf&ef pdwt
f m;xufoefae=uavonf? t*Fvyd w
f ;kd vdu
k f
*syefqkwv
f dkufwvSnfhpDjzpfaeaom Ta'oudk tifaomfeDtm&f0if;u ydkifpdk;ol
r&Sdaomajr[k orkwcf Jh.?47 xdkol. wzufowf bufvdkufa&;om;r_rsm; a=umifh
ol@rw
S fwrf;rSwcsdKtcsut
f vufrsm;udk udk;um;&ol okawoDrSm Ttcsufum;
[kwfwef&monf[k tcdkiftrm,Hk=unfrSom xkwfE_wfudk;um;&ayawmhonf?
tm&f0if;onf &cdkifjynfudk ukvm;ESi&fh cdik w
f k@d ESpfyidk ;f cGJ+y;D ,lxm;=uonf[k atmufyg
twdki;f rqifrjcifa&;om;cJah vonf?
u|ef kyf wd k@od rf; ydkuf xm;&S daome,f a jronf rlq vref wd k if ; jynf
jzpfcJh+yD?Ta'orSyif u|efyk fwdk@t wGufvdktyfaom uif;axmufrsm;/
u|eykf fwdk@udk,fpm;aqmif&Gufay;rnf@ vl,Hkrsm;udkqGJxkwf+yD; oHk;&onf?
,cifu &cdkifjynfweHwvsm;wGif rlqvreffESifharmuf(cf)rsm; aexdkif
cJh=uonf? 1941 ckwGif tkyfpkESpfck pwifwdkufcdkuf=uonf? &v'frSm
wdkif;jynfawmifykid f;udk &cdkifw@dk pk;d rdk;I ajrmufyidk ;f udk rlqvrefw@dk pk;d rdk;onf?
Todk@jzpfysuf&mwGif aoG;xGufoH,krd _jzifh umvwckudk jzwfoef;cJh&.?
u|eykf .
f wyfom; rlqvrefvil ,fonf bl;oD;awmif+rKd teD;wGiaf exdik cf +hJ y;D
wae@wnf;wGif armuf (cf) vlrsKd;aygif; ESpf&mudkowfjzwfcJha=umif;
ajymqdkonf?48
tm&f0if;.rSwfwrf;wGif b*F gvDwdk@udk rlqvref49 [kvnf;aumif;
47
No Mans Land (Irwin 1946: 27)

Irwin 1946: 21
49
Mussulman
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
78
48
&cdik fwdk@udk b*F gvDwdk@ac:a0:onfhtwdkif; armuf(cf)50 [kvnf;aumif; ac:a0:oH;k pGJ

xm;onfudk owdjyK&monf? tm&f0if;.rSwfwrf;udkzwf=unfh&kHESifh olonf
&cdkifjynfwGif bl;oD;awmifESiafh rmifawme,frsm;rSty ppfawGc&dkifta&Sydkif;udkyif
a&mufvnf;ra&mufzl; avhvmpl;prf;r_vnf;vkyfc[
Jh efyifrwlacs? olonf ewfjrpf
taemufzufurf;wGifom taersm;cJh+yD; b*F gvDwdk@.E_wfxGufpum;rsm;udkom
rSwfwrf; wifoGm;cJhonf? ta&S@awmiftm&S udkvdkeDacwfordkif;udk txl;jyK
avhvmaom uvdku(f Af)a*sc&pPw.
D a&;om;csuftwdik ;f azmfjy&vSsif +Adwo
d Sswk@d
tkyfpdk;r_atmuf&Sd xdka'o/ twdtusajym&vSsif armifawm+rdK ywf0ef;usifY
vlrsK;d wke;f oef@pifro
_ nf *syefwyfrsm; ewfjrpfta&Szufurf;udk odr;f ,lEidk o
f nf txd
qufvuf jzpfyGg;aecJhavonf?51
armifawmESifhbl;oD;awmif+rdKe,frsm;wGifjzpfyGg;cJ@aom tjzpftysuf
rsm;wGifum; tm&f0if;.rSww
f rf;rsm;onf tjzpfreS fESiefh ;D pyfa=umif;udak wG@&ygonf?
t+idrf;pm;ynma&;rSL; q&m}uD;OD;Aode;f onf ppfwGif;umv udk,af wG@}uHKcJhaom
yk*~dKvfrsm;udk awG@qHkar;jref;+yD; rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJh.? q&m}uD;.rSwfwrf;ESifh
tm&f0if;. a&;om;csufrsm;wGif +rdKe,fESpfckrS &cdkif&Gmrsm;wdkufcdkufcH&onfh
tcsurf sm;rSm wlnDa=umif;awG@&ygonf? udk,af wG}uKHcJ@&olrsm; ajymjycsuft&/
&cdki&f Gmrsm;tm;vH;k rD;&d_cH=u&+yD; &Gmom;rsm;towfcH&um tcsKdom
t0wfwxnfudk,fwckjzifh xGufajy;vGwfajrmufcJh=uonf? xGufajy;
vGwfajrmufvm=uol &cdkifwdk@teuf armifawm+rdKe,f ajrmufydkif;
ewfjrpfurf;em;&Sdaus;&Gmwdk@onf/ t*Fvyd ftkycf sKyrf w
_ nf+idrfvsuf&Sdaom
jrpftaemufzufurf;&Sd &cdkifaus;&Gmrsm;odk@ avSorefrsm;jzifhul;ajy;I
vnf;aumif;/ tpd;k &oabFm}uKH jzifh vdkufy@dk ay;Ivnf;aumif; touf&iS f
vGwfajrmufcJ@=uonf? xdk&cdkif'kuo
Q nfwdk@udk +Adwdost
S pdk;&u 'EMmpyl
'kuQonfpcef;od@k ydk@aqmifay;cJhonf? ar,kawmifwef;ESifheD;aom &cdkif
aus;&G mom;rsm;rSm towfc H = u&onf ursm;.? bl ;oD ; awmif rS
&cdkiftcsKdrSm pdkif;'ifawmifwef;udkausmfI ausmufawmf+rdKe,fodk@
50
Maugh
Christie 1996: 165
51
79
xGuaf jy;vGwfajrmufoGm;cJh=uavonf?52
armif a wm+rd Kywf 0ef ; usifr S &cd k if 'k uQ onf rsm;ud k +Ad wdoS s tpdk; &
t&m&Srd sm;jzpf=uaom OD;ausmfrif; (bma&; twGi;f 0ef)/ OD;ausmfcdkiEf Sihf OD;atmif
omausmf (puf&iS fw&m;ol}uD;)wdk@u armifawm+rdKrSwqifh ewfjrpf wzufurf;odk@
ydk@ay;cJh=uonf? xdk'kuQonfrsm;tm;vH;k udk tdE,
Nd edik fiH 'dik ef mpyl&'f u
k Qonfpcef;wGif
ae&mcs xm;ay;cJah vonf? armifawm+rdKywfvnfwGif wkw/f "g;/ vufeufu,
kd fpED Sihf
b*F gvDukvm;rsm; 0dkif;&Hxm;=uonf? cef@rSe;f ajc vlESpfaomif;ausmfcef@&Sdrnf[k
xif&onf? +rdK@0ifayguf xGufayguftm;vkH;udk ydwfxm;onf? aus;&Gmrsm;rS
&cdkifrsm;rSm 0dkif;Ixdk;ckwfcH&ojzifh ao=uonfvnf;&Sd.? '%f&m&I +rdK@ay:odk@
wufajy;vm=uonfvnf; renf;vSacs? rdk;vif;onfESif h +rdK@ay:wGif txkyt
f ydk;
ud,
k pf jD zifh a=umuf&HG @jcif;a=umifh [ko
d nfajy;v$m; ae=uolrsm;udv
k nf; jrif&.? ,ck
+rdK rausmif;ae&mwGif vlig;axmifc ef @ pk& Hk;a&muf&Sdvm=uonf? OD ;atmif
omausmfESifh t*FvdyfppfAdkvf awvmqdkolwdk@u a*:&cg;ppfom;rsm; tapmifh
ta&Smufjzifh armifawmoabFmqdyfodk@ ydk@onf? ewfjrpfwzufurf; u,kacsmif;
(wuUeyf) odk@ tm&uefzvdw
k Dvm oabFmjzifh tacgufacguftcgcgydk@aomfvnf;
&cdkiftm;vHk; wzufurf;od@k ae@csif;ra&mufekid fjzpfae&m/ &&m avSorefrsm;jzifh yd@k ay;
&onf? u,kacsmif; (wuUeyf)53 odk@a&mufIrdk;csKyfonfESifh armifawm+rdK@rS
rD;awmufrD;vSsHrsm;ESifh rD;cdk;vHk;rsm;wufvmonfudk jrif=u&onf[k udk,fawG
ajymjycsufrsm;udk armifawm+rdK@e,fjzpf pOfordkif;wGif rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf?54
pyfqdkoludk rod&awmhaomfvnf; avS+ydKifyGJoHcsyfwckwGif ppftwGif;
bl;oD;awmif armifawme,fY jzpfysufcJ@onfuko
d &kyaf z:xm;ojzifh ordkif;rSww
f rf;
wcktjzpf atmufwiG faz: jytyfygonf?
ESpfopfwufvdk@wvukef/ vuqkefwGifolykefx/ zHkndKvdyfupjyefvm/
&cdik f&GmrSmjymtwd/ anmifacsmif;txd rD;}uD;avmif/ bl;oD;awmife,f&Gm
trsm;/ &cdkif&Gmum; tm;vHk;pif/ *lwmjyifu tpxm;/ ukvm;&Gmrsm;
52
armifAodef;rSwpf k-65
53
Tak Naaf
54
armifawm+rdKe,f+zpfpOfordik f;/62-63
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
80
=uGi;f usefum/ armifawme,frSm wjynfvHk;/ vlygjyKef;vd@k rD;}uD;avmif/

&ao@awmifrSm csKd w0uf/ ukvm;zsufaom &Gmausmif;awG/ rD;cd;k a0a0
xGufvdk@rqHk;/ tm;vHk;jyKef;vdk@ zGJjymjrif/ &[ef; vl&SiftvGefa=umuf/
tnma&mufvdk@ wcsdKao/ ukvm;awGudkjyefAsmcs/ 0go0uOD;pD;aqmif/
r,l awmifudk ausmfAsmvm;/ yifv,fem;rSm ukvm;jrif/ t=uGif;rxif
tm;vHk;aysmuf----55
bl;oD;awmifuk*d syefwyfrsm;odrf;+yD;aemuf q&mawmfO;D ynmoD[onf
bl;oD;awmifwiG f pcef;csxm;aom *syefppftkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sd AdkvfrLS ;}uD; [wfwdk&D/
*syefbkef;awmf}uD; rm&k,mrwdk@zGJpnf;ay;aom ppfajrjyif axmufvrS f;a&;ESihf 0g'
jzef@csaD &; XmewGif oD[kVd jf yefq&mawm Of D;auo&ESifh twlyg0ifaqmif&u
G faecJo
h nf?
xdt
k a=umif;udk txufygocH syYf yif qufvufIpyfqkx
d m;onfrSm/
*syefwufvk@d =um;uzsKid /f tm;rEdik fvk@d onf;cH&/ &efa'gou r+idr;f a,mif/
Adkvf&efatmifyg ocifjr/ rm&k,mr [wfwdk&D/ ppfarx&D aumifx&dk;/
tkyfysmpdk;vdk@ wefcdk;axmif/ bl;oD;awmifrSm oabFmepf/ oHk;&mig;usdyf
vlrsm;oD/ Armppfonf xGufysmajy;/ wef;wifawmifxJ jzwfIausmf/
+rdKausmufawmfudk wcsLda&muf/ tayguf0rSm tcsKdae/ r,lurf;ajc
vltrsm;/ aomuyGg;vdk@ 'kuQc/H udk*syefu +idrf;atmifxdef;/ olyek frD;u
+idrf;aomcg/ aygufawm&GmrSm wwyfcs/ ynmoD[ =umvSatmif/
wrdk;ukefatmif cHwyfcs56
q&mawmfOD;ynmoD[onf *syefwyftultnDjzifh bl;oD; awmifESifh
armifawm+rdKe,f aus;&Gmrsm;rS ukvm; rsm;zrf;qD;ac:aqmifomG ;aom &cdkiftrsKd;
orD;rsm;udkvnf; u,fxkwfedkifcJhonf? *syefwdk@rSm t"du&k%f; +idrfoufoGm;
atmifom =um;rSjzefajzay;cJh=uonf? TonfrSmvnf; *syefppfOD;pD;tzGJ.
55
Ibid: p 25
armifawm+rdKe,f jzpfpOfordki;f / 25
56
81
n$ef=um;csufa=umifh jzpfrnf[k cef@rSef;&onf?

armifa wm+rd K e,f wckv H k; wG if &cd k if wa,muf r S srusef a omtcg
armifawm+rKd rS rlqvifrsm;onf +idrf;csrf;a&;aumfrDwD [lI zGJ pnf;vdu
k =f uonf?57
xdkaumfrw
D DwiG f atmufygyk*~dKvfrsm;yg0ifonf?
tHkarmfrsm (bDat/bDt,fvf)
OuUX
[mbDbv
l m
twGif;a&;rSL;
armfeDcef(ausmif;q&m)
tzGJ0if
rl[mrwfaemfqdrf; (uefw&du
k fwm)
?
El&marmuf (aygif;pm;&Gm)
?
tmZDa&mfref
?
ac:vDa&mfref (ukefonf)
?
tblabmfaumf (pmwdkufAkv
d f)
?
aqGa,mh&rm7kwf (armfv0D)
?
El&marmuf (tv,foHausmf&mG )
?
abmfa&Sm(bDat)
?
TaumfrDwDonf armifawm+rdKe,fajrmufykid f;udkwm0ef,I
l tkyfcsKycf Jh
onf? armifawm+rdK@e,fawmifydki;f a*:'lom&acsmif;rS tilarmftxdudkum; tD'D
tuf(pf) rm&uef acgif;aqmifaomtzGJu tkyfcsKyfonf? vlwaxmifausmf
yg0ifaom vufeufudkifwyfzGJudkzGJ pnf;xm;+yD; xGufajy;oGm;=uaom &cdkifvrl sK;d
rsm;ydkif v,f,m/ u|EJ mG ;/ qefpyg;ESifh ypPn;f OpPmrsm;udk odrf;,l+yD;aemuf vdktyfovdk
pDrHcef@cGJcJh=uonf? 1942ck atmufwdkbmv tv,favmufwGif *syefwyfrsm;
armifawm+rdKudkodrf;,l+yD;aemufwGif xdktzGJudkzsufodrf;vdkuf=u+yD; *srDat
wtlavtlavrm[laom bmoma&;toif;tjzpf toGifajymif;xm; vdkuf=u
onf?58 rdak &Sa,*gu bl;oD;awmifESifh armifawm+rdKe,fESpfckvHk;wGif +idrf;csrf;a&;
tzGJrsm; zGJpnf;cJha=umif;a&;om;cJhaomfvnf; bl;oD;awmifwGifzGJ@pnf;a=umif;
57
Peace Committee
armifawm+rdKe,f jzpfpOfordkif;/ 65-66
58
82
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
wpHk w&mrSs taxmuft xm;rsm;rawG @&yg?59 rnf odk@ qd ka p bl;oD; awmif/

armifawmESifh &aohawmif+rdK@e,ftaemufjcrf;rS &cdkifvlrsKd;rsm;rSm urBmysuo
f nfh
tawG t}uHK udk aumif;pGm cHpm;cJh=u&avonf?
59
Yegar 1971: 39
83
84
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
tcef; (4)
rl*sm[pf aomif;usef;r_
(u) ppf + yD; acwf edki fiH a &;tajctae
1944 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif r[mrdwfwyfrsm;onf armifawm+rdKudk
v#yfwjyuf wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkuf+yD;/ abmfvDbmZmESifh jrif;vGwfOa'gif;rS ar,k
awmif&dk;udk *ky`Dausmfvrf;rSjzwfausmfum bl;oD;awmifwGif tvHk;t&if;eSifh
cHaeaom *syefwdk@udkxdk;ppfqifonf? bl;oD;awmif armifawm &xm;vrf;ay:&dS
Orif(awmifacgif;}uD;)udk odrf;,lonf? ,if;odk@xdk;ppfqif&mwGif rSeaf wmifwdkufyGJ/
iusOaf wmufwdkufyJEG Sifh *ky`Dwu
dk fyGJrsm;onf tvGefjyif;xefaom wdkuyf GJrsm; jzpf=u
onf? rSefawmifwdkufyGJwGif *syefppfom;ESpfaxmifcef@ESifh r[mrdwfwyfom;ig;
k f=umvSatmifw@kd onf zGJ pnf;
ax mi cf ef@
u sq k;H
a=u mi ;f o &
d. ?1 OD;ynmoD[ESihf Adv
xm;or# wyfrsm;udk ajymufusm;wyf toGio
f @kd &kww
f &uf ajymif;vJvu
kd af vonf?
r[mrdwfxdk;ppf pwif0ifa&mufvmchJ+yDjzpfojzifh &cdk ifajymufusm;rsm;onf
zufqpfawmfvSeaf &;udk owfrw
S fxm;aom&ufxuf apmIqifEJc$ &Jh onf? TuJho@dk
&cdkifajymufusm;rsm; *syefwdk@udk pwifawmfvSefvdkufjcif;onf *syefwyfrsm;udk
tvGet
f rif; txdemapcJ+h yD; r[mrdww
f k@d . xd;k ppfurdk sm;pGm taxmuf tuljyKch.
J ?
Ttcsufudk tdE,
dN wGif +AdwdosSwdk@EiS fhyl;aygif;aqmif&u
G faeaom OD;odef;azjrifhu/
&cdik fom;wd@k qifEJv
$ u
dk faom zufqpfawmfvSefa&;onf r[mrdwpf pfwyf
atmifjrifpGm csDwufa&;twGuf rsm;pGmwefb;dk &Sday&m/ r[mrdwfppfzuf
tm%mydkifwdk@onf u|efawmfw@dk ESifhyl;aygif;a&;udk ydkI vdkvm;tm;ay;
vmonf? ArmjynfxJodk@0ifaomtcgYvnf; Todk@yl;aygif;a&;rsKd;udk
jzpfajrmufatmif}udK;pm;=uygp@kd[k qdv
k m=uonf2 [lIa&;om;cJyh gonf?
Buthidaung Myonay Thamaing Phyitsin: 150-151
Thein Pe Myint. Wartime Traveler p.342

85
+AdwdoSsppfajy;tpdk;&onf *syefvufatmufodk@rusa&mufyJ usefae

cJhaom csif;awmifwef;a'oESifh ucsifawmifwef;a'orsm;udkyif xda&mufpGm
rtkyfcsKyfedkifcJhacs? xdk@a=umifh ,if;a'orsm;. tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf jrefrmjynf
+rdK@jytkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ3 udk 1943ck azaz:0g&Dv (15) &ufae@wGif zGJ pnf;um tdENd,
ydnOfcH0efxrf;jzpfol yD;,m;(pf)udk AdkvfcsKyf&mxl;cef@tyf+yD; wm0efay;cJhonf?
uufpfbDrSmtrnftm;jzifhom +rdK@jytkyfcsKyfa&;jzpfaomfvnf; trSefpifppfrSm
ppftyk fcsKyfa&;tzGJ jzpfonf?
+Adwo
d Sswdk@. wyfr(65)onf ppfawG+rdKudk 1944 ck 'DZifbmv (12)&uf
ae@wGif odr;f ,lc@J onf? jrefrmedkifiH udk +Adwo
d Sswk@d jyefvnfxk;d ppfqif&mwGif odrf;ydu
k f
+yD;aome,fajrrsm;udk tkyfcsKyf&eftwGuf uufpbDac: +rdK@jytkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJudk
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3
CAS (B) :Civil Affairs Service (Burma)
Report of Brigadier G. Chettle, CAS(B) dated March 3, 1945 ( London,

British Library. PRO:WO 203/5263 2 A)
86
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5
Myanmar Ahlin Daily (September 25, 1945)

Kyaw Mra 1946:15
7
British Library, London, IOR:M/2500
6
87
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8
British Library, London. PRO:WO 203/5262

British Library, London, IOR M/4 2503
10
Kyaw Mra 1946: 98
9
88
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11
First Union Parliament: Second Session Vol. V, No. VI:

240
12
Op-Cit Vol. II-13
13
Irwin 1946: 86
89
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Khin Gyi Pyaw 1959:60

Dar Ul-Islam, Jihad (Holy War)
16
Khin Gyi Pyaw 1960:99; The Nation Daily 1953: April
16
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17
Yegar 1972:25
armifxif 1960/58
18
91
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xGufc sifwdk if ;xGuf tajctaejzpf onf? ol }uD; axmufc HpmrSt y
19
armifaomf 1966/224-225
92
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
tjcm;rnf o nf h t axmuf t xm;r# xk w f r ay;ed k i f a omumv

jzpfayonf?20
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vm=uonf? olwk@d 0ifvmaomvrf;a=umif;um; ukvm;yefzif;jrpf0rS f;rS
tpjyKavonf? ppfwaumif;tEG,fw@dk onf ukvm;yef;Zif;jrpf0rS f;odk@
0if vmaomtcg edk@pm;qd wfrwaumifudkom ,laqmifcJ h=uonf?
olwdk@ESifhtwl a&S;u jrefrm+ynfwGifraexdkifcJhbl;aom taqGtrsKd;
wd k @ vnf ; ygvm=uao;onf ? rsm;r=umrD ukvm;yef Z if ; jrpf 0S r f ;
taemufbuf Y v,fajr/ O,sOf/ qdwf+cHponfwdk@onf pnfum;
odkuf+rdKufvmavonf? ta&S@zuf&d&S cdkifwdkif;&if;om;wdk@um; ppfab;
ppf'%fa=umifh c&kqu
H |wfjzpfae=u&onf?21
bl;oD;awmifESifharmifawme,frsm;Y vlOD;a&tompD;&vmonfESifh
ppf waumif ; om;wdk @ onf ol wd k@. rlq vifjynfe,fxl axmifa &;udk pwif
taumiftxnfazmf=uawmhonf? rlqvifwdk@tm; TtcGifhta&;udkay; rnf[k
+Ad wdoS swd k@uwd u0wf jyKcJ honfq d konfrS m tm&f 0if ;.a&;om;csuf rS vGJI
rSwfwrf;rSwf&m [lIr&dSacs? E_wx
f GufrSwfwrf;tjzpf ygvDreftrwf tblvfcu
dk f.
OD;pHxGef;atmifok@d ajymjycsufum;&Sd.? tpPa&;okawoD rdka&Sa,;*g;onf rnfonfh
rSww
f rf;udu
k k;d um;a=umif; az: jyrxm;ojzifh ya[VdobG,f jzpfaeayonf? rnfo@dk
yifqdkap vGwfvyfa&;r&rDuyif rl*sm[pfqdkolwdk@onf ygupPwefESifhyl;aygif;a&;
odk@r[kwf rlqvifjynfe,f xlaxmifa&;twGuf qlyal omif;usef;=uav+yD? 1946
ckESpf rwfvwGif bl;oD;awmif+rdKe,f *ky`D&mG Y ta&S @ygupP wef (,ckb*Fvm;a'h&Sf)
20
OD;pHxGef;atmif/ ud,
k fawGar,kajr (vufESdypf ufr)l pm-65
armifxif 1960 / 61
21
93
tlu;D ,m;+rKd e,f &mbm;&Gmom; Zmazgum0gvq

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dk Ol ;D aqmif+y;D rlqvif trsK;d om;
vGwfajrmufa&; tpnf;t&Hk;udk pwifwnfaxmifonf? aemifwiG f Zmazgum0gvf
tm;yif rl*sm[pfygwD OuUXESifhAdkvfcsKyf tjzpf a&G;aumufwifajrSmufcJh=uonf?
Zmazgum0gvfrSm b*F gvDbmomjzifh uAsm/ vuFm oDuHk;zGJEGJ&mwGif xl; c|efonf?
tqdkawmfwOD;vnf;jzpfI jrefrmwjynfvHk;udkvSnhv
f nfvmoljzpfonf? aqG}uD;
rsK;d }u;D xJrS arG;zGm;vmoljzpf&m =oZmwduUrvnf;&Sdonf? olonf OD;pHxeG f;atmif.
tqdkt& bl;oD;awmif+rdKe,f uusbuf&Gmom; jzpfonf[kqdkonf? t"du&k%f;
jzpfpOfu b*F gvrD sm;towfcH&yHk/ ypPnf;OpPmrsm;qHk;&H;_ cJh&yHkrsm;udk csJ um;um zG@J EGJ
oDuk;H +yD; bl;oD;awmifarmifawme,fpOfav#mufI oDqakd zsmaf jzcJ&h m rsm;pGmtm;ay;
csD;ajrSmufcHc&Jh onf[kqko
d nf? aemifwGif bl;oD;awmif+rdKe,fajrmufyidk ;f rS rl*sm[pf
wyfrsm; bl;oD;awmif+rdK@uw
kd u
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kd &f ef csDwufvm=upOf Zmazgum0gvEf iS fh Adkv&f LS ul
wdk@tm; aus;&Gmwdkif;rS yef;ukef;rsm;pGyf }udKqdk*k%fjyK=u&m ygupPwe*sdENmbwf
[ lao ma=u G
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1948 ckarvwGif armifawm+rdKe,fajrmufydkif; *g&mjyif ac:avmif;

awmif&GmESifh vrGef;udkif;ac:&eyd&Gmwdk@wGif tpnf;ta0;rsm;usif;y+yD; rlqvif
trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&;tpnf;t&H;k udk rl*sm[pfygw[
D I
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hJ nf?
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k pnf;ta0;rSyif *g&mjyif&mG ol}uD; rmrGw/f cargif;qdyf&mG om; qmav/ tA'lcg
vDESifh tA'lvd a&mf&Sdwfw@dk tm; acgif;aqmiftjzpfwifajrSmuf=u+yD; rlqvif vli,f
rsm;udk pnf;&Hk;aponf? ppftwGif;u t*FvdyfESifh *syefwyfrsm;rS usefcJ@aom
vufeufrsm;udk zgu&D mbZm;ESihf &Sbb
D Zm;&Gm&Sd rlqvifAvDrsm;wGi0f Sux
f m;onfukd
&Gmom;rsm;u rl*sm[pfacgi;f aqmifrsm;tm; ay;tyfc=Jh uonf? ajray:wGif w&m;0if
&yfwnfaeaom *srDatwl tlavrmtoif;onf xdkv_yf&Sm;rSKudk vSLd0Suftm;ay;
cJha=umif;awG@&onf?23 Ttoif;rSm t"du&k%f;a=umifh armifawm+rdKe,frS
&cdkifvlrsK;d rsm; wa,mufrusef xGufajy;oGm;=uaomtcg armifawm+rdKe,fudk
tkyfcsKyf&ef +idr;f csrf;a&;aumfrDwDudk zGJ@pnf;cJh=ua=umif; wifjy+yD;jzpf&m *syefwdk@
0ifa&mufvmcsed rf SpI bmoma&; tzGJ@tpnf;trnfjzifh toGifajymif;vdkujf cif;
22
bl;oD;awmif+rdKe,fjzpfpOfordkif;/ 153? armifAodef;rSwfp/k 144
23
Burma Rifle Fifth Regiment Annual Magazine No. 6 (Defense Service

Archives, Department, Yangon: DR 491): 65-66
94
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
rSsomjzpfonf? rdka&Sa,*gurlum; 1936 ckESpfuyifpwifzGJ pnf;cJah om tzGJ tpnf;

[k qdkonf?24
*srDatwltlavrmtoif;onf enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh &efyHkaiGrsm;pkaqmif;+yD;
vufeufcJ,rf; rD;ausmufrsm; 0,f,lI rl*sm[pfrsm;tm;axmufyHhcJhonf? &efyHkaiG
&Sm&mwGif vl=um;aumif;&Hk pmoifausmif;rsm; aqmufvkyf&ef[k ta=umif;jycJh
onf ? xd kausmif; rsm;udk tm&AD pmoifausmif;rsm;[kac:qdk=uonf? vlj rif
aumif;atmifvnf; pmoifausmif; (13)ausmif;aqmufvkyfcJhonf? pmoif
ausmif;rsm; wnf&Sd&m&Gmtm;vHk;rSm armifawm+rdKe,f (,ck b*F vm;a'h&Sfe,fpyf)
wGifwnf&Sdaom vusfmacsmif;/ carmif;qdyf/ i&Hhacsmif;/ opfwk;H em;cGqk/H ig;pm;=uL;/
abmfvD =uufusdef;/ ZD;yifacsmif;/ r*Fvm}uD;/ jyifjzLacsmif;/ +rdKol}uD; /El&mvm/
tv,foHausmf/ tif;'ifwdk@jzpf=uonf? taemufygupPwefjynf ywf&S0g+rdKrS
tpPvrfbmom*dk%f;csKyf armfvmem rl[mrwf rlZm[mcfcefESifh armfvmem tDjAm
[if;wdk@udk yifhaqmifI ausmif;zGifhyGJrsm;usif;y+yD; tpnf;ta0;w&yfjyKvkyfum
ausmif;rsm;Y jrefrmbmomtpm; tm&ADESifhtl& 'lbmomudkom oif= um;
cGihjf yKa&;udk awmif;qdk&ef qHk;jzwfcJh=uonf?25
rl*sm[pfolykefxr_Y *srDatwltlavrmtoif;.yg0ifywfoufr_udk
ppfa wGc &d k if zqyv OuU X tjzpf aqmif &G ufoG m;aom OD; pH xG e f; atmif
(bl;oD;awmif) u Todk@rSwfwrf;wifonf?
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jzpfaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;YOD;aqmifaeaom tzGJjzpfI trwfavmif;rsm;
a&G;cs,fjcif;/ a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf 0ifa&mufI0g'jzef@csDjcif;/ rJqG,f
pnf;&H;k jcif;/ ta&;}uD;aom Edkiif Ha&; qHk;jzwfcsurf sm; csrw
S fjcif;wd@k udk jyKvkyf
cJo
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J aemifwiG f ygvrD ef trwf
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24
armifawm+rdKe,fjzpfpOf ordkif;/ 77 : Yegar 1972:102

Khin Gyi Pyaw 1959:23-24; 78: armifawm+rdK@e,fjzpfpOf ordkif;/
78
25
95
jrefrmedik fiHodk@jyef0ifvmpOfu rlqvifwdk@. tultnDudkvko

d jzifh jrefrm
EdkifiHudkjyefvnfodr;f ydkuf+yD;aemuf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&aom rlqvif
jynfe,fxlaxmifay;rnf[kajymhcJhbl;a=umif;/ xdktpGJtvef;a=umifh
rl*sm[pf aomif;usef;r_ay:aygufI *srDatwltlavrm tzGJESifh rouf
qdkif[k qdkonfrSm ,kwWdrwefaompum;om jzpfayvdrhrf nf[.
l ?26
od@k jzpf&m *sraD twltal vrmtoif;onf rl*sm[pfolyek .
f a&aomufjrpf
jzpfayonf? olyek x
f &ef rlqvifvlxkukv
d H_ aqmf pnf;&kH;jcif;/ vufeuf pkaqmif;jcif;
wyfom;rsm;pkaqmif;jcif;ponfwdk@udk tqifq
h ifh aqmif&GufcJhavonf?
rl*sm[pfolykefpwifyHkrSm 1947 ck arvyxrywfwGif abmif;bDtusF D
teuf qifwl0wfxm;aom b*F gvDvli,fwpkonf bl;oD;awmif+rdKe,f cGqHk
&Juif;a&SY pDwef;avSsmufum ygupPwfeZdENmbwf [laom a=uG;a=umfojH zifh
qENjy=uonf? xdq
k ENjyyGJudk rl*sm[pfumqifwyfrS vufaxmufAkv
d f rlpwmbD/
cGqHk&Gmom; trD&f[if;Zm;.om; tblvf[laqmif;ESifh rlbm&uftmvD.om;
umvm wd@k uOD;aqmif=uonf? &Jpcef;rSL;OD;a&$jzLu wm;jrpfcaJh omfvnf; *&krpdkufyJ
qufvuf csw
D ufqENjycJh=uonf? xdkvy_ &f Sm;r_onf apwDawmifESihzf kn
H Kd vdyf aus;&Gm
27
rsm;odk@yg jyefESH@oGm;cJhavonf? rl*sm[pfolykefxonfhta&;ESifh ywfoufI
okawoD rdka&Sa,*g. a&;om;csufudk atmufygtwdkif;bmomjyefqdkEkdifonf?
1945ckESpfqef;wGif +Adwdo#wdk@onf jrefrmwEdkiif HvHk;udk jyefvnford f;,l
EdkifcJhonf? jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmaom +Adwdo#tpdk;&onf t&yfom;
tkycf sKyaf &;udk xlaxmifay;.? +idr;f csr;f a&;aumfrw
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axmifay;cJhonf? xdk+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJrsm;onf 1948ck Zefe0g&DvwGif
jrefrmedkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&onftxd rdrdwdk@.vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&Guf
aecJh=uavonf? uufpfbDacwfwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sd tajrmuf
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26
OD;pHxGe;f atmif/udk,af wGar,kajr (vufEdyS fpufrl) pm-10

bl;oD;awmif+rdKe,fjzpfpOf ordkif;/ 153
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
96
27
tpm;xdk; vmcJhonf? &cdkif t&m&Sdrsm;onf ppftwGif;u &cdkifvlrsKd;wdk@

pGe@f ypfI xGuf;ajy;cJh&aom aus;&Gmrsm;Y rl&if;&cdkifvlrsKd;rsm;udk jyefvnf
ae&m csxm;ay;&ef pwif a qmif & G u f o nf ? rl q vif w d k @ onf
rdrdwdk@Zmwd&yf&GmwGif jyefvnftajccsaexdik f&ef a&mufvmaom &cdkif
vlrsKd;rsm;udk [ef@xm;aESmifh,Sufvm=uonf? aomufoHk;a&ESifh pm;eyf
&duQmrsm;jywfvyfatmif vkyfaqmifvm=uonf? xdk&cdkifvlrsKd;rsm;
awmifydkif;odk jyefvnfxGufajy;atmiftxd Edkifvdkrif;xuf jyKusifh=u
avonf? armfv0Dq&mwk@du &cdkifwdk@tay: bmoma&;ppfyGJqifE$J&ef
txd vH_aqmfcJh=uonf?28
Adkvcf sKyfatmifqef;ESifh q&mawmfO;D pdE Wm oabmxm;uGJvrGJ _ESifh jynfol@
&Jabmfw@dk .ykeu
f efjcm;em;r_rsm;onf &cdik jf ynf. Edik fiaH &;udk ydkr&dk _yaf xG;vmapcJo
h nf?
&cdkifrSjynfol@&Jabmfwdk@onfvnf; zqyvudk tmcHvmcJh=uonf? 1947 ckESpf
arv(3) &ufae@wiG f &cdik w
f kid ;f zqyvnDvmcHukd &aohawmif+rdKwGif usi;f y=uonf?
q&mawmfOD;pdE WmudkaxmufcHaom bl;oD;awmif+rdKe,f jynfol@&JabmfwyfzGJ@rS
Adv
k fzk;d vSonf zGJpnf;yHt
k & &cdik w
f idk f; jynfol@&Jabmfppfa&;wm0efcH OD;pHxeG ;f atmif.
vufatmufwGif&d.
S ? jynfol@&JabmftzGJrS E_wfxGufjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; wyfwGif;
ykefuefr_qefqefjyKvkyfvmonf? xdknDvmcHudk OD;pHxGef;atmifwufa&muf&ef
xGucf GgomG ;aomtcg Adv
k fz;dk vSonf rdrdtyk cf sKyaf omwyfukq
d x
GJ kwfI bl;oD;awmif
+rdKrS xGufcGgoGm;cJhonf? xdkaemuf &aohawmif+rdKe,fajrmufydkif;rS udk,fpm;
vS,frsm; nDvmcHodk@ rwufa&muf=u&efESifh tu,fIwufa&mufygu tjyefwGif
iylwif;pmau|;ypfrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufcJhonf? Adkvfzdk;vSonf rl*sm[pfrsm;ESifh
yl;aygif;&ef t}uH&Sdonf[v
k nf; owif;&xm;onf? OD;pHxGef;atmifonf bl;oD;
awmif+rKd @e,f zqyvOuUXjzpfonfomru &cdik w
f kid f; jynfol@&Jabmf ppfa&; wm0ef
cHvnf;jzpf.? nDvmcHt+yD;wGif OD;pHxGef;atmifonff bl;oD;awmifodk@rjyefyJ
cGqHk&Gmodk@oGm;um Adkvfzdk;vSESifhaqG;aEG;cJhonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.trde@f t&
jynfol@&JabmfwyfzGJudkzsufodrf;I tpdk;&xHtyfESH&ef pDpOfonf? OD;pHxGef;atmif.
tpDtpOft& 1947 ckpufwifbmv(1)&ufae hwGif cGqHkaus;&GmY Adkvfzdk;vS
28
Yegar 1972:96-97; Yegar 2002: 202

97
tygt0if jynfol@&Jabmf rsm;tm;vH;k vufeufcstvif;0if =uonf?29 Adkvzf ;kd vSrmS

opPm azgufonf ht qifhod k@ ra&mufc J@ acs? odk@ &mwG if &cd ki ft rsKd;om;a&;udk
twdtvif;opPmazgufcJholwOD;ay:cJh.? xdkolum; zufvdyf xGef;atmifjzLqdkol
jzpfonf?
1947 ckESpfukefydkif;avmufwGif zufvdyf&Gmom;xGef;atmifjzLonf
*syefacwfu&&Sdxm;aom vufeufrsm;ESifh &cdkiftrsKd;om;rsm;udk umuG,f&ef
[kqdkum pH*dk;axmif/ uGef'dkif/ pyg;xm;ESifh atmifaZ,spaomaus;&Gmrsm;wGif
umuG,af &;wyfzGJ rsm;udk zGJ@pnf;avonf? rl*sm[pfrsm;u zufvyd x
f Gef;atmifjzLudk
zdwfac:um 'jyKacsmif; aus;&GmY vlxktpnf;ta0;w&yfudk usif;yum rl*sm[pf
ygwD. em,utjzpf zufvyd fxeG f;atmifjzLudkyif wifajrSmufch=J uonf? aemifwiG f
zufvyd fxGef;atmifjzLudk rl*sm[pfAdkvfcsKyftjzpf a&G;cs,fwifajrSmuf=uonf? aiG
tm;/vltiftm;/vufeuftiftm;jzifhykefuefI ta&S hygupPwefESifh yl;aygif;&ef
jzpfonf? rl*sm[pfwdk@onf &cdkifvlrsKd;rsm;uOD;aqmifaom ykefuefr_wcktjzpf
urBmodk@0g'jzef@csD&ef zufvdyfxGef;atmifjzLudk toHk;cscJh=ujcif;om jzpfonf?
rl*sm[pfygwo
D nff bl;oD;awmife,ftESH@pnf;&Hk;&m vlux
Hk H om;orD; trsm;tjym;
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*sraD twl tlavrm toif;acgi;f aqmif 'l'rl smonfvnf; aemufvu
dk f vufeufuidk f
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awmifESifh armifawm+rdKe,frsm;udk +cdrf;ajcmufonf@tqifhodk@ a&mufvmcJhonf?
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d f
30
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29
bl;oD;awmif+rdK@e,fjzpfpOf ordki;f /154
30
bl;oD;awmif+rdK@e,fjzpfpOf ordkif;/ 155
98
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
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43
The Report of the Commissioners Office of Arakan, April

18, 1947 (The National Archives, London, Foreign Office
Records) FO-643/74
44
The Monthly Report of the Commissioner of Arakan for
August 1947, dated 13th September, 1947 (National Archives, London, Foreign Office Record) FO-643/79
105
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45
Letter from British Embassy, Rangoon, to the Foreign Office in

London, dated 12th February, 1949, The National Archives, London: 2SEA 60/611:DO 196/133
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107
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47
Jaffar Meah
Omra Meah
49
Balukhali
50
The Report of the Deputy Commissioner of Chittagong
Hill Tracts, dated 7th February 1949 (The National
Archives, London) 2-SEA 60/611:DO 196/133
51
National Archives, London, 2-SEA 60/611:DO 196/133
48
108
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ygupPwef edkifiHom;tjzpfudk a&G;cs,fydkifcGifh&Sdonf? jrefrmEdkifiHudkom a&G;cs,f
52
The Report of the Deputy Commissioner of Chittagong

Hill Tracts, dated 7th February 1949 (The National
Archives, London) 2-SEA 60/611:DO 196/133
53
Hindustan Standard
54
The National Archives, London: 2-SEA 60/611: DO 196/
133
109
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55
The Letter from Common Wealth Relations Office,

London to the High Commissioner of the United
Kingdom in Karachi, Pakistan, dated 19th May 1949
(The National Archives, London: NA/ 2-SEA 60/611:DO
196/133)
110
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
taejzifh &&Sdxm;avonf?56
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56
A Telegram from the British Embassy, Rangoon to the

Foreign Office in London (April 3, 1949): The National
Archives, London: 2-SEA 60/611:DO:196/133
57
Telegram No. 602 from the British Embassy in

Rangoon to the Foreign Office in London, Dated 17th
June, 1949 (The National Archives, London), 2-SEA 60/
611:DO 196/333
Weekly Report No.21, From the Period ending 28th
May, 1949 from the Deputy High Commissioner for the
United Kingdom in Pakistan, Dacca to the Foreign Office,
58
London (National Archives, London), NA/2-SEA 60/611:DO 196/

333
111
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wdk@onf vufeufpGef@v$wf+yD; jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;udk jrefrmtpdk;&ESifh aqG;aEG;
oifha=umif;udkvnf; xkwfjyefa=unmcJhonf?60
1949 ckESpfv,favmufwGif Armhwyfrawmfonf rl*sm[pfwdk@udk xdk;ppf
qifch&J m rl*sm[pfwyfrsm;onf olwk@d wyfpGJxm;&maus;&Gmrsm;rS qkwfcGgxGufajy;
The Newspaper was attached to the Report of the

Deputy Commissioner of Chittagong Hill Tracts, dated
7th February 1949 (The National Archives, London) 2SEA 60/611:DO 196/133
60
Op-Cit
59
112
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61
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61
Sadar Aurengzib Khan

Op-Cit
62
113
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63
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
114
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64
The Record of the Talk between Pakistan Foreign Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Burmese Foreign Minister U
Thi Han on the Ali Bhuttos visit on Burma from January
18 to 21, 1964. (The Confidential Letter of the British High
Commissioner in Rawalpindi, Pakistan to The Common
Wealth Relations Office, London, The National Archives,
London, 2-SEA 60/6/1)
65
The Common Wealth Relations Office, London, The

National Archives, London, 2-SEA 60/6/1)
115
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66
T. J. OBrien
K.N. Kaiser
68
The National Archives, London : FCO 15/2041 -384097
67
116
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117
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1
Dar ul-Islam
Dar al-Harb
3
Arakani Muslims (xdt
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4
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The Village Amended Act of 1924
6
Shariah
5
Charter 1938: 34-38
Fara-i-idi Movement
Wahhabis
10
Ikhwan
120
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11
12
13
Jihad
Rahman 1979: 200-204
Grantham and Lat 1956: 41-43, 48-51
121
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rJqENe,fEpS fck owfrSwfay;cJh&avonf?
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qENuk&d ,l&m OD;vSxGef;jzL wifoGif;aom tqdo
k nf ta&;edrfhcJhavonf?15
1958 wGif zqyv ESpfjcrf;uGJonf? OD;EkO;D aqmifaom oef@&Sif; zqyvu
jynfaxmifpkygwD [laom trnfjzifh a&G;aumufyJ0G ifonf? OD;Ek. a&G;aumufyGJ
uwdwiG f &cdkiEf SifhrGefudk jynfe,ftjzpf xlaxmifay;rnf [laomtcsuf ygonf?
1960 a&G;aumufyw
GJ Gif OD;Ek. jynfaxmifpyk gwDu rJtjywftowfESifh tEdkif&&Sd&m
14
cdkifrsKd;apmifh/2010-44
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122
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f &yfukd zGJ pnf;I tajctae
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vnf;aumif;/ ygvDrefjyifywGif owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrsm; jyKvkyfIvnf;aumif;
qefusif vm=uonf? rpPwm a*:zm;a&;om;cJah om oabFmysuf yHjk yifukd txufu
tcef; (1) wGif az: jyay;cJhaom Zmwfvrf;xuf }uD;us,fcrf;em;atmif olwdk@
qif;ouf vmonfhrsKd;&dk;udk wrefawmf rl[mrufESifhyif trsKd;pyfI aq;a&mif
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tvGef=unfah umif;rnfhf Zmwfv
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wdkufcdkuf ESdrfeif;+yD; vufxyf,lum +rdK&Gmrsm;xlaxmifI toufxufqHk;
aeoGm;onf [laom vkyfZmwfonf rnfonfh ordik ;f rSwfwrf;rSmr# ryg? xdka'owGif
(15) &mpkxufapmI rlqvifwdk@vma&mufaexdkifcJhbl;aom taxmuftxm;
[lIvnf; wpdk;wpdrSs rawG@&ygvSsuf onfr#t&Sufw&m;uif;rJhpGm a&;0Hhaom
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obG,jf zpfaea=umif; bom &dyfpm;rdcJh[efrwl? olwdk@.bdk;bGm;rsm; ppfwaumif;
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16
&mcdkifEe_ ;f jzpfonf? TtajcaerS q,fpkESpf ESpfckt=um 1956 ckepf a&G;aumufyGJ
16
Smart II 1917: 230

123
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rl*sm[pfrsm;ESifh vuf0g;&dkuf+yD; ppf}udKacwf &cdkifaus;&Gmrsm;udk jyefvnftajccs
aexdik fI r&atmif aESmif,
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om;rsm;udk tajccsapcJjh yD; vltm;jzifh &cdkifwdk@udk wGef;xkwfI &cdkifjynf taemuf
ajrmufydkif;udk olwdk@ydkifeuffe,fajr tpPvrfbmom xGef;um;&m 'g&l; tpPvrf
tjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJypf&efom jzpfonf? t,l0g't& vnf;aumif;/ vlrsK;d a&;t&
vnf;aumif; e,fy,fcsJxGifonfh AsL[majrmufaomvkyf&yf jzpfonf?
vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;puyif Edik if aH wmftpdk;&onf rl*sm[pfrsm;ESihf +ird ;f csrf;a&;
twGuf aphpyfnESd d_if;&ef t}udrf}udrf}udK;yrf;cJhaomfvnf; ratmifjrifcJhacs? 1960
rSpwifaom 'kwd, umuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfrSL;csKyf atmif}uD; udk,fwdkifuGyfuJ
aom rkwo
f ek fppfqifa&;a=umifh rl*sm[pfolyek rf sm;onf tpdypf dyt
f r$mr$m uGjJ ym;um
1961 ckESpf Zlvdkiv
f (4) &ufae@wGif rl*sm[p (f 290) a,mufudk armifawm+rdK e,f
awmifydkif;Y vuf&zrf;qD;rdcJhonf? acgif;aqmiftrsm;tjym;usqHk;+yD; XmecsKyfukyd g
odrf;ydkufedkifcJhavonf? 1961 ck Edk0ifbmv (16) &ufae@wGif armifawm+rdKY
rl*sm[pf wdk@onf Adv
k frSL;csKyf atmif}uD;xHvufeufcsjcif;jzifh rl*sm[pfolykefwkd@
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b*F gvDwdk@t=um; vlrsKd;a&; rkef;wD;r_udk qufvufjzpfwnfusef&pfapcJhonf?17
vufeufcsyGJtcrf;tem;wGif AdkvfrSL;csKyf atmif}uD;ajym=um;aom rde@fcGef;udk
taotcsm zwf&_=unhfvSsif &dk[if*smqdkolrsm;onf ta&S@ygupPwef (,ck
b*Fvm;a'h&Sf) jynfolrsm;ESifh vlrsKd;a&;t& qufEG,faea=umif;udk oG,f0dkufI
xkwaf zmfoGm;a=umif; xif&Sm;ygonf? aumufE_waf z: jy&vSsif/
jrefrmedkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;wJhtcsdefup+yD; 'Dae@txd armifawm
a'ow0dkurf mS awmfveS f a&;qdk+yD; tpd;k &udk vufeufukid fwku
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ajymvdkw,f? yxrqHk;ajymvdkwJhtcsufuawmh ar,kc&dkifu e,fol
17
Yegar 1972: 101
124
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vd@k ac:+yD;awmh ta&S@zufrmS &SdwhJ vlawGukd jrefrmjynfrSmuawmh &d[
k if*sm
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vif;vif; ajymcsiyf gw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd e,fpyfuvlawG[m [dzk ufe@J 'Dzuf
aqGrsK;d awG &Sdw,f? aqGrsKd;ayrJhvdk@ [dkzufrSm&SdwJhvlawGu ygupPwef
om;awGyJ jzpf&r,f? 'DzufrSm&SdwJhvlawGuvnf; jrefrmjynfaxmifpk
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om;orD;awG &SdcsifvJ&rSd ,f? tJ'Dawmh aqGrsKd;awmfwm awmfwmyJ/ 'garrJh
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csifygw,f?18
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wdku&f u
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oHk;I ajymqdkoGm;jcif; jzpfayonf?
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18
ckdifjr0g-2003 (203-205)
125
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om; rSwf yHkwifvufrSwf odk@r[kwf tjcm;EdkifiHwckck. EdkifiHul;vuf rSwfudk
udkifaqmifxm;olrsm;rSty vuf& Sd &cd kifjynfe,f wGifa exdki fvsuf&dS=uaom
rlqvifrsm; tm;vHk;udk jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;[k owfrSwfay;&rnf?19
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armifawm rJqENe,frsm;rS v$wfawmftrwfrsm;. acgi;faqmifjzpfaom rpPwm
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av;pm;jcif;udk tcH&qH;k acgif;aqmif jzpfygonf? olwifoiG f;aomtqdkukd zqyv
trwf (,cif w&m;a&;0ef}uD;vkyfcJho)l OD;cifarmifvwf (rpPwmt'lvwpfzf) u
axmufcH cJhonf? OD;cifarmifvwfonf bl;oD;awmif/ armifawmrS b*F gvDrsm;udk
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'g&l;tpPvrf e,fajr tjzpf ajymif;vJypf&ef t}uHtpnfomjzpfa=umif; ,HkrSm;
oHo,jzpfbG,f r&Sdacs?
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aoewforH sm;qdw+f idrfoGm;av+y?D topfzGJ pnf;vdu
k af om ar,ke,fjcm;
c&dkifudk b*F gvDwdk@u 0rf;yef;wom=udKqdk=u.? tb,fa=umifhqadk omf tv,f
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&cdkifjynfe,fudk zGJpnf;ay;rnfqdkvSsifyif Ta'oudk jcGif;csefxm;cJhrnf[k ,Hk=unf
xm;=u.? ar,ke,fjcm;c&dkifonf txl;tkyfcsKyfa&;a'otjzpf &efukef+rd&Sd
19
a=u;rHkae@pOfowif;pm/ Edk0ifbm(17)
The Guardian Daily, October 27, 1960
20
126
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
A[dk tpdk;&udk wdkuf&dkufwm0efcH+yD; wyfr awmft&m&Sdrsm;u tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh

w&m;pD&ifa&; tm%mrsm;udk csKyfukid x
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e,fpyfjzwfausmf 0ifa&mufr_rsm;udk xda&mufpGmudkifwG,fvm.? odk@&mwGif
r=umjrifhaom tcsdefwGiyf if 1962 ck rwfv (2) &ufae@Y wyfrawmfu 'Dru
dk a&pD
enf;jzifh a&G;aumuf wifajrSmufxm;aom OD;Ek.tpdk&vufxJrS tm%modr;f +yD;
Adk vfcsKyf} uD;ae0if ; OD;aqmifaom awmfvSe fa&; aumifpD udk zGJ pnf; cJhonf?
ar,ke,fjcm;c&dkiu
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tpDtpOfrSm wcrf;&yfjyZmwftjzpf Zmwfodrf;cJh&avonf? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD
tpdk;&onf qdk&S,fvpf pD;yGg;a&;pHepfudk xlaxmif&ef[laomta=umif;jycsujf zifh
pD;yGg;a&; vkyfief;rsm;tm;vHk;udk jynfolykid ftjzpfodrf;,lc&Jh m tdENd,/ ygupPwefESifh
w&kwfvlrsKd; vkyfief;&Sirf sm; trsm;qH;k txdem=uonf? odk@jzifh EdkifiHjcm;om; pD;yGg;a&;
orm;rsm; txl;ojzifh tdENd,ESifh ygupPwefvlrsKd;rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifirH S ajymif;a&$
xGufcGgoGm;=uavonf? 1963 ckESpfEiS fh 1964 ckESpfrsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifirH S tdENd,ESifh
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f rl sKd;wpfodef;cef@ ajymif;a&$xGucf mG oGm;cJh=u
21
onf[k pm&if;rSwfwrf;&Sd.? od@k &mwGif bl;oD;awmifESifharmifawm+rdKe,frsm;rS
b*F gvw
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f l;oef;r_ukd
wif;=uyfpGm udik fwG,fxm;aomfvnf; t&yfzuft&m&Sdrsm;. tusifhysufjcpm;r_
rsm;a=umifh xda&mufr_ r&Sv
d Sacs?
rkwfokepf pfqifa&;jzifh rl*sm[pfoyl kefaysmufuG,foGm;aomfvnf; olykef
rD; udk vH k;0+id rf;owf edkifcJhonfawmh r[kwfacs? rl qviftajccH0g'Drsm;onf
ajratmuf toif;tzGJrsm;udk pwifzJG pnf;+yD; v_y&f Sm;vm=uonf? xdkodk@v_yf&Sm;
ae=uaom toif;tzJG rsm;. trnfEiS ahf cgif;aqmifrsm;udrk u
l m; wdwdyy rod&acs?
&efuek f wuUokv
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v_yf&mS ;=uonfrSm r=umao;acs? 1962 ck Zlvdkiv
f (7) &uf ta&;tcif;t+yD;wGif
ausmif;om;or*~ acgif;aqmifrsm; awmcdkoGm;=uaomtcg bl;oD;awmifESifh
21
Chakravarti 1971: 185-186
127
armifawme,frS b*F gvaD usmif;om;tcdsKonf vufeufuikd w

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&yf&mG rsm;wGifpnf;&kH;a&;qif;vm=uonf? &&Sdaomowif;rsm;t& acgif;aqmif.
trn (f 3) rsK;d udak wG&onf? rl[mrwfaZmfazm[kvnf;aumif;/ aZmfazm[mbpf[k
vnf;aumif;/ rl[mrwfa*:zm;[k vnf;aumif;awG@&av&m acgif;aqmifoHk;OD;
jzpfavoavm/ od@k wnf;r[kwf wOD;wnf;utrnfoHk;rsKd;jzifh v_yf&Sm;aejcif;avm
rod&acs? wOD;rSm &efuek fwuUodkvf &dk[if*sm ausmif;om;rsm;toif;OuUXtjzpf
aqmif&GufcJhojl zpfa=umif;ESifh 1963 ckESpw
f Gif awmcdkvma=umif; azmfjy=uonf?
tzGJ.trnfudk aemifwGif &dk[if*smvGwfajrmufa&; tiftm;pk[k odvm&onf?
wjcm;owif;w&yft& 1963 tapmydik ;f uyif ewfjrpftxufyikd f;wGif aZmfazmqmeD
qdkolu &cdkifrlqvif vG wfajrmuf a&;ygwDudkzGJpnf;+yD; ajymufusm;wyfzGJ
wcktaejzifh pwifv_yf&Sm;vmonf? xdktzGJtpnf;ESpfck tquftoG,f&Sdr&Sdudk
rod&aomfvnf; rl[mrwfaZmfazgqo
dk lonf ta&S @tv,fyidk ;f rS tm&yfEidk if rH sm;od@k
oGm;a&mufI &d[
k if*sm ajymufusm;rsm;twGuf vufeufESifh aiGa=u;tultnDrsm;
awmif;cHcaJh vonf?22
aqmf'Dtma&AsEkid firH S taxmuftyHhrsm; ay;ydk@chaJ =umif; owif;w&yfu
azmfjyaomfvnf; ygupPwef tpdk;&onfvnf;aumif;/ aemifwGif b*Fvm;a'h&Sf
tpdk;&onfvnf;aumif; jrefrmEdkiif EH iS fh qufqHa&; rajyrvnfjzpfrnfukd pd;k &dro
f jzifh
ajymuf usm;rsm;tm; tul tnDay;a&;ud pP wGif vufa &S mifaecJh= ua=umif;
od&ygonf? tjcm;owif;w&yfrSm 1971 ckESpf b*Fvm;a'h&Sf vGwfajrmufa&;ppfyGJ
t+yD;wGif vGwaf jrmufa&; wdkufy0GJ if rlcwDb[DeD wyfom;rsm; udkifaqmifcJhaom
vufeufrsm;udk xd&k dk[if*smtrnfcH b*F gvaD jymufusm;rsm;u enf;rsKd;pHjk zifh vufcH
&&Sd cJh=uonf[k az: jyonf? 1969 ckESpfwGif ArmhwyfrawmfrS ar,kawmif&dk; wGif
vSsdK@0Sufodrf;qnf;xm;aom vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; tajrmuftjrm;udk
odrf;qnf;&rdojzifh xdkowif;rsm; rSefuefa=umif; od&onf? 1975 ckESpfwGijf yef@}uJ
aeaom tzGJrsm;udkpkpnf;I &dk[if*sm rsKd;cspfwyfOD;23 [lI zGJpnf;cJhaomfvnf;
vufeufudkif tiftm; rnfIrnfrsS&Sda=umif; rod&acs? ewfjrpf txufydkif;
b*Fvm;a'h&Sfe,fpyfwGif }udK;=um;}udK;=um;om v_yf&mS ;Edkifaom tqifhom&Sdav
onf? 1983 ckEpS fwGif aZmfazmqmeDonf tjcm;acgif;aqmif oHk;OD;vdkufygvSsuf
22
Yegar 2002: 53
Rohingya Patriotic Front (PRF)
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
128
23
ruUm +rdKod k@bk&m;zl;oGm;a&mufc Jhonf? aqmf'D acgif;aqmifydk if;ESi fh awG qHkI

tultnD awmif;cHcahJ omfvnf; atmifjrifchyJ krH &acs? wcsed w
f nf;wGif urBmh rlqvif
uGefz&ifhY avhvmoltjzpf wufa&mufcGifh&&Sd&ef}udK;pm;csufrmS vnf; atmifjrifr_
r&&SdcJhacs?24
b*Fvm;a'h&Sf vGwfajrmufa&;ppfyJo
G nfvnf; &cdkifa'oudk }uD;rm;aom
*,uf&u
kd cf wfcahJ vonf? bl;oD;awmifEiS hf armifawm+rKd e,frsm;rS ppfwaumif;om;
b*F gvDrsm;onf ygupPwefudkvdkvm;a=umif; txufwGifazmfjycJhav+yD? ta&S
ygupPwefbufwiG v
f nf; b*Fvm;a'h&fS vGwaf jrmufa&; v_y&f mS ;r_ukd qef@usi=f uaom
ygupPwefvd kvm;ol ppf waumif; om;rsm;&S d = uonf ? b*Fvm;a'h &S f vG wf
ajrmufa&;ppf yGJwGif xdkolwdk@onf ygupPwefbufrS 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufjcif;/
rlqvifr[kwfol vlenf;pkrsm;udk owfjzwfjcif;/ bk&m;ausmif;uefrsm;udk zsuq
f ;D jcif;
paomjypfr_rsm;udk usL;vGefc=Jh u&m ppfy+GJ yD;qH;k aomtcg xdpk pfwaumif;om; b*F gvD
wdk@onf ta&;,lcH&rnfudkpdk;&drfI e,fpyfudkjzwfausmfum jrefrmEdkifiHbufodk@
aomif;ESihcf sDI 0ifa&mufcdkvcH_ Jh=uonf? bl;oD;awmifEiS fh armifawm+rdK@e,frsm;rS
ppfwaumif; om;rsm;uvnf; aEG;axG;pGm }uKd qkcd =hJ uonf? w&m;0if b*Fvm;a'h&o
Sf @kd
jyefol (17000) OD; &So
d nf[k xkwjf yefa=unmaomfvnf; jrefrmbufwiG f rnfIrnfr#
useaf e=umif; rod&acs?25
(*) e*g;rif; pD rHcsufE Sifh Edki fi Hom;Oya'
1974ckESpf tajccHOya't& &cdkifwdki;f udk &cdkifjynfe,ftjzpf zGJpnf;ay;
cJhonf? 1974ckEpS w
f iG fyif jrefrmEdik if aH wmf orRw OD;ae0if;onf b*Fvm; a'h&fS Edkiif o
H kd
csp=f unfa&;c&D;oGm;a&mufch&J m ESpef ikd fieH ,fpyfjy\emrsm;udk aqG;aEG; cJ[
h efwo
l nf?
1975 ckESpfwGif b*Fvm;a'h&Sf vGwfvyfa&; ydokum &Sdwfr*l spb
f &l mref usq;Hk cJ&h aom
tm%modrf;yGJt+yD;wGif jrefrmtpdk;&onf topfwufvmaom tpdk;&udk csufcsif;
todtrSwjf yKco
hJ nf? 1977 ckEpS f Zlvkid v
f wGif b*Fvm;a'h&fES kid if H orw ZD,m&mrmef
jrefrmEdik fiHok@d csp=f unfa&;c&D;tjzpf tvnftywfa&muf&Sd vm&m ESpEf idk fit
H =um;
24
Smith 1991: 219;Bertil Lintner 1984: 33-35; Yegar

2002: 54
25
Anand 1978: 129
129
ukefoG,fa&;pmcsKyfw&yf csKyfqdkEdkifcJhaomfvnf; e,fpyfjzwfausmf 0ifa&muf

vmolrsm;ta&;ESif h ywf ouf Irl oabmwlnD csuf r&cJ ha cs? xd k ES pf xJ wGi f
b*Fvm;a'h&SfrS cdk;0ifvmol 150 OD;udk ppfawG+rdKESifh &efuke+f rdKwdk@wGif zrf;qD;&rd
xm;onfhudpPudk aqG;aEG;&mwGifvnf; atmifjrifr_ wpHkw&mr&&SdcaJh cs?26
jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&onf e,fpyfjzwfausmf0ifa&mufr_udk wm;qD;Edkif&eff
pDpOfjyefonf? jrefrmtpdk;&. a=unmcsufwGif az: jyxm;onfrmS udv
k ekd aD cwfuyif
w&m;r0if 0ifa&mufaexdkifol odef;ESifhcsDI&Sd+yD; vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemuf ta&S
ygupPwefrS cdk;0ifvmolrsm;tjyif b*Fvm;a'h&fS vGwfajrmufa&; ppfyGJt+yD; qif;&J
rGJawr_a=umifh e,fpyfjzwfausmf 0ifa&mufvmolrsm;vnf;&Sdaea=umif;/ xdkb*F gvD
rsm;onf vufeufudkif tiftm;pkrsm;toGifjzifh zGJ@pnf;v_yf&Sm;vm=ua=umif;/
tquftoG,fjywfonfh a'ocH vlrsKd;pkwdk@. aus;&Gmrsm;udkvnf; wdkufcdkuf
vk,ufjcif;/ rD;&d_ zsufqD;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfvm=uaoma=umifh e*g;rif;pDrHcsufjzifh
w&m;r0if aexdkio
f El iS hf Edkiif o
H m;jzpf+y;D olrsm;udk cGjJ cm;+y;D pHepfwus pm&if;aumufcH
&ef jzpfa=umif;[k qdk.? TpDrHcsufrSm &cdkifjynfe,fwGifomru csif;jynfe,f/
ucsifjynfe,fEiS fh &efukef+rdKwdk@wGifyg aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpf+yD; &cdkijf ynfe,f ppfawG
c&dik fwGif 1978 ckazaz:0g&Dv (11) &ufae@wiG f pwifonf? ,Hk=unf&aom owif;
Xmersm;.tqdkt& b*Fvm;a'h&Sf tpdk;&onf +AdwdosStpdk;&u jyXmef;xm;cJhaom
Ak'b
< mom0if vlrsKd ;pkrsm;aexdik f=uaom ppfwaumif;awmifwef;a'o Oya'27 udk
zsufodrf;I ajrjyef@rS b*F gvDvlrsKd;rsm;udk awmifwef;a'orsm;Y ae&mcsxm;
ay;cJhonf? ppfwaumif;awmifwef;a'oonf jrefrmEdkifiH/ tdENd,EdkifiHwdk@ESifh
e,f erdwf c sif ;quf pyf a e&m jrefr mbuf odk @ vnf ;aumif ; / td EN d ,buf odk@
vnf;aumif; tajrmuftjrm; 0ifa&muf aexdkifvm=ua=umif; od&onf?28 pDrH
udef;pwifonfEiS fh b*F gvDvlrsK;d 35 590 OD;onf tdk;tdrrf sm;udkpGef@cGgI xGufajy;
=uonf[k jrefrmtpdk;&u xkwfjyefaomowif;rsm;u qdkonf? awmawmifrsm;
xJwGif ykef;atmif;aeolrsm;vnf; &Sdonf[k qdkonf? twnfjyKcsufr&aom
owif;rsm;t& xGuaf jy;ol wpfoed ;f ausmo
f nf[laom owif;rsm; vnf; xGufvm
26
Yegar 2002: 54
The Chittagong Hills Tract Manual (1899)
28
Daud Majalis 1978: 9 - 11; Tun 1978: 30
27
130
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
avonf?29
xdkpOfu Edkiif jH cm;owif;Xmersm;onf b*Fvm;a'h&SfrS &&Sdaomowif;rsm;
twdkif; &dk[if*sm[laomtrnfudk roHk;yJ jrefrmEdkifiHom; rlqvifrsm;[lIom
azmfjy=ua=umif; awG&onf? b*Fvm;a'h&Sf EdkifiHxkwf owif;pmrsm;wGif jrefrm
tpdk;&. nSO;f yef;ESyd pf ufrr_ sm;a=umifh xGufajy;vmolonf apmapm ydik ;f wGif (70000)
OD; &Sd+yD; aemufa&mufvmol (50000) OD;&Sd=ua=umif; olwdk@tmvH;k ; b*Fvm;a'h&Sf
EdkifiHwGif cdkvH_cGifh awmif;cH=uonf[k azmfjy=uonf? b*Fvm;a'h&Sf tpdk;&onf
'kuo
Q nf pcef; (6) ck aqmufvyk af y;cJo
h nf?30 'kuo
Q nfrsm; tm;vH;k vdkvku
d jrefrm
tpdk;&onf jrefrmjynfrS rlqvifrsm; tm;vHk;udk ESifxw
k f&ef tpDtpOf&Sda=umif;
olw@dk udk EdkifiHjcm;om; vlrsK;d wcktjzpfom oabmxm;a=umif; xkwfazmfajymqdk
=uonf? b*Fvm;a'h&t
fS pd;k &url xdo
k w
l @kd udk rnfonfhta=umif;jycsufESirfh S rdrw
d k@d .
Edik fio
H m;rsm;tjzpf todtrSwf rjyKEdkifa=umif; a=unmonf? xdkEpS f ZGefvtv,f
wGif ewfjrpfujdk zwfI b*Fvm;a'h&ESf dkifiHo@dk 0ifa&mufvm=uaom &cdkifjynfe,frS
rlqvif ESpo
f def;cef@&Sdae+yDjzpfa=umif;/ ae@pOf vloHk;axmifcef@ 0ifa&mufvsuf
&Sd=ua=umif; azmfjy=uonf?31
1978 ck azaz:0g&Dv (11) &ufae@wGif &efukef+rdKrS vl0ifr_}uD;=uyfa&;
t&m&Sd (200) a&muf&Sdvm+yD; ppfawG+rdK&Sd &yfuGuftm;vH;k eD;yg;udk ydkupf dyfwdkuf
&SmazG+yD; w&m;r0if 0ifa&mufaexdkif=uaom EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;ukd zrf;qD;onf?
nwnwnf;wGif rlqvifrsm;aexdik &f m &yfuGurf sm;rS w&m;r0if 0ifa&muf aexdik o
f l
(1734) OD;udk zrf;qD;&rdonf? wcsK@d rSm rSwfyHkwifu'fjym; twkrsm;udk udkiaf qmif
xm;=ua=umif; awG&onf? trsKd;om;rSwfyHkwifu'fjym; udkifaqmifxm;jcif;
r&Sdolrsm; &mESifhcsDI xGufajy;=ua=umif;ESihf zrf;qD;&rdol (6000) cef@ tusOf;cs
xm;jcif; cH&a=umif; cdkiv
f Hkaomowif;rsm;u qdo
k nf?32 1978 ck {+yDv (15)
&ufae@wGif ruUm+rdK&Sd urBmhrlqviftzGJ@csKyf33 rS &cdkifjynfe,frS rlqvifrsm; cHpm;
ae&aom t=uyftwnf; tcuftcJrsm;twGuf pdk;&drfaomua&mufae&a=umif;
29
Yegar 2002: 55
30
Daud Majalis 1978: 36; Anand 1978: 127-128
31
Majalis 1978:24
32
Ibid: 36;
33
World Muslim League
131
xkwfaz: a=ujimonf?34
ESpef ikd if Htpd;k &t=um; t}udrt
f }udraf qG;aEG;=u+yD;aemuf 1979 ck Zlvikd v
f
(9) &ufae@wGif oabmwlnDcsufw&yf &&SdcJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHom; rSwfyHkwif
udkifaqmifxm;olrsm; tm;vHk;udk jyefvnf vufcHay;ygrnf[k jrefrmEdkifiHu
oabmwlonf? jyefvnfvufcHrnfhtpDtpOfudk =o*kwfvwGif pwif&ef jzpfonf?
rSwyf kw
H ifu'fjym; udkifaqmifxm;jcif; r&Sdolurdk lum; jrefrmEdkifiHwGiaf exdkifchaJ =umif;
oufaocHtaxmuftxm; wckcktay: tajccHI pOf;pm;rnfjzpfonf? jrefrm
tpd;k &onf jrefrmEdkiif YH &mZ0wfr_ usL;vGe+f y;D wdr;f a&Smifaeolrsm;tm; b*Fvm;a'&S@f
wGif cdv
k aH_ exdkicf iG hf rjyK&efudk jrefrmwdk@bufrS awmif;qdkonf? xdt
k csufukd b*Fvm;
a'h&fS bufrS oabmwlco
Jh nf? b*Fvm;a'h&ESf kid if q
H kid f&m aqmf'Dtma&As oHtrwfu
&if=um;ap@a&;udk =um;0ifaqmif&Gufay;cJhonfudk vufccH Jhaomfvnf; jrefrmtpdk;
&onf EdkifiHwumowif;Xmersm;u xkwfjyefa=unmouJhodk@ &cdkifjynfe,frS
rlqvifrsm;udk zdESdyaf eygonfqdkaom tcsufukrd l jywfjywfom;om; jiif;qdck Jhav
onf? xdktcsufukd oufaojy&ef EdkifiHwumowif;axmuf (28) OD;udk zdwfac:I
jrefrmb*Fvm;a'h&Sf e,fpyfwavSsmuf tajctaeudk =unfh&a_ vhvmapcJhonf?
jrefrmtpdk;&u rD;&d_ cHcJh&aomaetdrfrsm;rSm ppfwaumif;e,fom;rsm;u rdrdwdk@
tdk;tdrfrsm;udk pGef @cG gxG ufa jy;jcif;rjyKrD rdrdwdk@ aetdrf rsm;ud k rdrd wdk @bmom
rD;&dSK@oGm;=ujcif;omjzpfa=umif; ajymqdo
k nf?35
jrefrmtpdk;&ujyefvnfvufcHygrnf[k oabmwlaomfvnf; 'kuQonf
tm;vHk;. xuf0ufcef@rSsom jrefrmEdkifio
H @dk jyefvdka=umif; oabmxm;ay;=uonf?
jrefrmtpdk;&u t=unftom jyefvnfvufcrH nfqdkaomtcsuf tay:wGifum;
oHo,pdwf&Sdae=uonf[k ajymqdk=uolrsm;vnf;&Sd.? b*Fvm; a'h&Sftpdk;&u
'kuQonf wpfodef;cef@udk jyefy@dk &efrSm jy\emr&SdEdkif? xd'k kuQonfrsm; tm;vHk;rSm
Edkif iHjcm;om; rSwfyHkwifvufrSwf odk@r[kwf trsKd;om;rSwfyHkwif vufrSwfudk
udkiaf qmifxm;=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf[k qdo
k nf? jrefrmtpd;k & tm%mydkirf sm;url
xdv
k ufrSwftawmfrsm;rsm;rSm twkjyKvyk x
f m;jcif;om jzpfa=umif; xkwfaz:ajymqdk
34
35
Yegar 2002: 57
Ibid: 36-37
132
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
onf? tjcm;tcsuw
f ckrSm xGufajy;wdr;f a&Smifvmaom b*F gvrD sm;u aemifwGif
rdrdwdk@b0vHk+cHKrSKtwGuf vHkavmufaom tmrcHcsufay;&ef udv
k nf; awmif;qdk
=uonf? yxrwokwu
f kd pufwbFmvtwGi;f jyefvnf vufc&H efppD Ofxm;aomfvnf;
aESmifhaES;}uHh=umr_rsm; &Sdaeonf? xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smifvmol b*F gvDrsm;onf
vufawGwGif jrefrmEdkifio
H @dk jyef&ef wHk@qdkif;ae=u+yD; b*Fvm; a'h&fS tm%mydkirf sm;.
azsmif;zsajymqdkr_rsm;rSmvnf; xda&mufr_r&SdvSacs? &dk[if*sm rsKd;cspfwyfOD;36 u
e*g;rif;ppfqifa&;.&nf&G,cf sufrSm rlqvifrsm;udk &cdkifjynfe,frS t+yD;ydkifarmif;
xkwf&efomjzpfa=umif; 0g'jzef@xm;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? T tcsufum;
xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smifol b*F gvDrsm;tm; ta=umufw&m;udk wdk;yGg;vmapcJhonf?
jyefoGm;vdk=ua=umif; qENjyKxm;olrsm;yifvsSif oabmxm;ajymif;ukef =u+yD;
b*Fvm;a'h &Sf Yyif quf vufaexd kifoG m;vdk=ua=umif; ajymqd kvm=uonf?
pufwbFmv (15) &ufae@rS pwifaom jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;pDrHudef;onf
atmifjrifr_ r&Sv
d aS cs? xdkvukeo
f nftxd pkpak ygi;f (250) OD;udkom vufcEH ikd cf o
Jh nf?
xdktawmtwGif; jrefrmtpdk;&onf ukvor*~ 'kuQonfrsm;qdkif&m r[m
rif;}uD;&Hk;. arwWm&yfcHcsuft& jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&; qdkif&m pnf;urf;
owfrw
S fcsufrsm;udk av#mah yghay;cJo
h nf? r[mrif;=uD;&H;k .udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkyif
jyefvnf0ifa&mufvm=uaom 'kuQonfrsm;. oufaocHrw
S fwrf;rsm;udk ppfaq;
cGifhjyKcJ+h yD; oufaocH taxmuftxm; rjyEdik faomolrsm;tm; xdkolwdk@aexdik fch&J m
&yfuu
G f odk@r[kwf aus;&GmaumifpD vl}uD;rsm;.axmufcHcsuf/ aemufqHk;tqifh
tjzpf xdk&yfuu
G /f aus;&GmY aexdkicf h=J uolrsm;. oufaocH xGuq
f krd j_ zifhyif jyefvnf
ae&m csxm;ay;cJhavonf? Todk@jzihf jyefvnf0ifa&mufol wygwfvSsif (5000) rS
(6000) txd wdk;vm+yD; 1979 ckrwfvwGif (80055) OD;udk jyefvnfae&mcsxm;
ay;cJhonf?37
aocsmaomtcsufwckrmS 'kuQonfpcef;rsm;Y cdv
k _0H ifa&mufvm=uonf
qdkaom ta&twGufudk ,Hk=unf&ef cufcJvS.? pm;eyf&duQm/ t0wftxnfESifh
aq;0g;rsm; ydkrdk&&Sd&efESihf jzwfpm;vSsyfpm;r_rsm; jyKvkyfEkid &f ef b*Fvm;a'h&t
Sf m%mydik f
rsm;onf pcef;wckwGifaexdkifaom 'kuQonfta&twGufudk ydkI jyxm;=uonfh
taxmuftxm;rsm;awG&onf? pcef;twGi;f odk@ owif;axmufrsm;udk 0ifa&muf
36
National Patriotic Front of Rohingya

Op-cit: 58
37
133
owif;,lcGifhjyKaomfvnf; wm0ef&o
dS lrsm;.yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufrr_ Sm tm;&auseyf
bG,fr&SdvSacs? b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiHqdkif&m jrefrmoHtrwf}uD;u atmufwdkbmv
tukefwGif xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smifol b*F gvD (151 000) OD;udk ae&mcsxm;ay;+yD;
jzpf a=umif; a=unmonf? jrefrmtpdk;&onf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;twGuf
v,f,moHk;ypPnf;rsm;ESifh ig;zrf;ydu
k frsm; axmufyHhulncD Jhaomfvnf; pcef;rsm;wGif
useaf ecJh=uolrsm;rSm jrefrmEdkiif Hodk rjyefvdk/ wwd,Edkiif Hwckckjzpfaom ygupPwef
odk@r[kwf aqmf'Dtma&As odk@r[kwf yifv,fauGEdkifiHwckckwGif EdkifiHa&;cdkv_HcGifhudk
arsSmfvifhapmifhpm;vsuf&Sd=uavonf?
jzpf&yfrSefwckrmS b*F gvDvlrsKd;trsm;pkrmS pmrwwfolrsm;jzpf=uav&m
jrefrmEdkifiHwGifaexdkifcJhonfh rSwfwrf;rSwf&m wpHkw&mudkrsS udkifaqmifxm;jcif;
r&d=S uacs? b*Fvm;a'h&ft
S pd;k &u aqmufvkyfay;xm;aom 'kuo
Q nfpcef;wckcw
k iG f
rSwfyHkwifxm;jcif;r&Sdol/ pcrf;wckrSwckodk@ a&$ajymif;=uolrsm;vnf; &Sd=uonf?
jrefrmtpd;k &taeESiv
fh nf; odef;ESihcf saD omEdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;udk 0ifa&mufciG hjf yK&aom
udpPrSm tcuftcJrsm;pGm &Sdonf? xdk@a=umihf jyefvnf0ifa&mufvm=uolrsm;udk
,m,DoufaocHu'fjym;rsm;om xkwfay;EdkifcJhavonf?38
TuJhodk@aomtajctaewGifyif &dk[if*smrsKd;cspfwyfOD;onf xda&muf
aom v_yf&Sm;r_wpHkw&mrsS jyKvkyfonfudk rawG@&acs? xdktcsdefwGif tcsif;csif;
oabmxm; rwdkuq
f dkifra_ =umifh tpdwfpdwf tr$mr$m tuGJuGJtjym;jym; jzpfvSsuf
&Sd=uonf? T'kuQonfta&;ESifhywfoufI jrefrmEdkifiHawmftwGif;&Sd edkifiHa&;
tiftm;pkrsm;teuf Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD wckuom oabmxm;udk xkwfjyef
a=ujimcJhonf? Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD &cdik fjynfe,faumfrDwD. a=unmcsufwGif
&cdkifvlrsKd;rsm;taeESihf tpdk;&bufrS &yfwnfI rlqvifrsm;udkwu
dk fcdkufrnfhtpm;
pnf;vH;k nDnw
G rf u
_ w
kd nfaqmufI ppftpd;k &udo
k mawmfveS f =u&ef wdkuw
f eG ;f Ed_;aqmf
39
xm;avonf? 1980 ckESpf {+yDvwGif Oa&myrlqvifrsm;a&;&maumifpDrS u
ruux jyKvkyfI vef'ef+rdKYusif;yaom EdkifiHwum rlqvif vlenf;pkrsm;qdki&f m
nDvmcH40 wGif &d[
k if*sm rsK;d cspw
f yfOD;rS &cdkifjynfe,frS rlqvifvel nf;pkjy\emudk
38
Ibid: 58-59
Yegar 2002: 59
40
International Conference on Muslim Minorities
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
134
39
wifjycJh=u.? 1962 ckESpfrSpI jrefrmtpdk;&onf rlqvifpmoifausmif;rsm;udk

zGifhvSpfjcif; rjyKjcif;/ AvD0wfausmif;ydkifypPnf;rsm;udk odrf;,ljcif;/ rlqvifwdk@.
tcg}uD;&uf}uD; jzpfaomae@&ufwGif om;aumifrsm; owfjzwfjcif;udk ydwfyifjcif;/
om;owf vdik fpifrygyJ owfcGihrf &Sdjcif;/ [m*sf ac: ruUm+rKd od@k c&D;oGm;cGihu
f ykd w
d fyifjcif;/
bmoma&; qdkif&m a&;om;xkwfa0r_rsm;udk ydwfyifxm;jcif; ponfjzifh wifjy=u.?
uGezf &ifhu rlqvifvlenf;pkrsm;tay: pmemaxmufxm;a=umif;udk jrefrmESifh
xdkif;EdkifiH&Sd rlqvifrsm;ta&;udkt"duxm;+yD; a0zefajymqdk=uonf? EdkifiHrsm;
taeESifh xdkrlqvif vlenf;pkrsm;tm; wwfEidk o
f rsSun
l =D u&efEiS fh tu,fI rlqvif
vlenf;pkrsm; teW&,fusa&mufEkid fonfh tajctaewGif rlqvifurBmu Edik if aH &;ESifh
pD;yGg;a&;tiftm;udk oH;k I ulnD&efaqmf=oa=umif;udv
k nf; a=unmonf?41 jrefrm
tpdk;&onf jrefrmEdik fiHtwGif;Y w&m;r0if 0ifa&mufaexdik folrsm;.tcGifhta&;ukd
uef@owf&efEiS hf aemufxyf 0ifa&mufr_rsm;udk wm;qD;&ef 1982 ckESpf atmufwb
dk m
v (15) &ufae@wGif jrefrmEdkifiHom;Oya'udk jyXmef;vdkufavonf? xdkOya'wGif
Edkiif Hom;jzpfjcif;ukd atmufygtwdik f; t"dyg` ,fzGifhqko
d nf?
jrefrmEdkifiHwGifyg0ifaom e,fajrwckckY jrefrmouU&mZf (1185) ckESpf/
c&pfouU&mZf (1823) ckES pf rwdkifrDumvrSpI yif&if;Edki fiHtjzpf
t+rJaexdkifcaJh om ucsif/ u,m;/ u&if/ csif;/ Arm/ rGef/ &cdkif/ &Srf; ponfh
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm; jzpfonf?
rnfonfh rsKd;EG,fpkonf wdkif;&if;om;jzpfonfrjzpfonfudk EdkifiHawmf
aumifpDu qHk;jzwfEdki fonf? wdkif; &if;om;wdkif ;onfvnf;aumif;/
wdkif;&if;om;rdbESpf yg;rS arG;zGg;ol wdkif;onfvnf;aumif; arG; &myg
Edkiif Hom;jzpfonf?42
odk@jzpf&m ppfwaumif;om;rsm;tbd@k rdrw
d @kd u,
kd frrd dw@kd b*F gv[
D yk ifac:ac:
&d[
k if*sm[kyif ac:ac: wdkif;&if;om;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKcHxku
d forl sm; r[kwfawmh
41
Yegar 2002: 59
jrefrmEdkifio
H m;Oya'/tcef;(2)/tydk'f(3)(4)(5)/ pm 60?
42
135
acs? jrefrmEdkifiH &cdkifESihw

f eoFm&Da'orsm;onf c&pfESpf (1824) ckESpw
f iG fjzpfygG ;aom
yxr t*FvdyfjrefrmppfyGJt+yD;wGif +Ado#wdk@odrf;ydkujf cif;udkccH Jh&av&m &cdkifwdkif;udk
b*Fvm;e,fESihf yl;wGJtkycf sKyfcho
J jzifh ppfwaumif;om;rsm; tvH;k t&if;ESihf 0ifa&muf
aexdik fcJh=uonfudk txufu +AdwdosSwdk@aumuf,lcJhaom oef;acgif pm&if;rsm;/
tkyfcsKyfa&;rSwfwrf;rsm;udk udk;um;I &Sif;vif;cJh+yD; jzpfonf? jrefrmEdik fiH wdki;f &if;
om;vlrsK;d (135) rsKd ;rsm;wGif rnfonfhyk*~dKvf/ rnfonfhtzGJtpnf;urSs uef@uGuf
onf[k ,ae@wdkirf =um;&acs? wdkif;&if;om;jzpfxdkufolrsm; trSefyif jzpfcGifh&=u
aoma=umifh jzpfonf?
wdki;f &if;om;r[kwfolrsm;twGuf xdOk ya'tcef; (3) wGif {nfhEdkiif Hom;
jzpfcGifhudk vrf;zGifhxm;onfjzpf&m {nfhEdkifiHom;tjzpf cH,lvdkucH,lEdkif.? wzef
xdkOya'tcef; (4) wGif EdkifiHom;jyKcGifhudk atmufygtwdkif; cGifhjyKxm;jyef.?
1948 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (4)&ufae@ rwdkirf DumvwGif Edik fiaH wmftwGif;Y
a&muf&daS exdkio
f El iS hf xdo
k lw@kd rS Edkiif HawmftwGi;f arG;zGg;onfo
h m;orD;onf
1948 ckESpf/ jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik fio
H m;jzpfr_ Oya't& avSsmufxm;&ef
usef&Sdaea=umif; cdkifvHkaom taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh A[dktzGJ@odk@
Edkiif Hom; jyKcGifh&&ef av#mufxm;Edkifonf?43
Todk@qdkvSsif 1982 ck EdkifiHom;Oya'onf acwfESifhrqDavSsmfa=umif;/
vl@tcGifhta&;pHrsm;ESihf rudkufnaD =umif;/ jyifqifa&;qGJoifah =umif; axmufjya0zef
ae=uaom taemufedkifiH tpdk;&rsm;/ urBmhukvor*~ tygt0if vl@tcGiht
f a&;
v_yf&mS ;olrsm;onf jrefrmEdkiif H. tcsKyftcsmtm%mudk xdyg;ajymqdkae=u jcif;yif
jzpfonf? Oya'jyKa&; tm%monf EdkifiHawmftm%mw&yf jzpff.? +AdwdoSsESifh
tjcm; e,fcsJEdkifiH}uD;rsm;onf (19) &mpktwGif;u w&kwf/ *syef/ udk;&D;,m;ESifh
xdki;f EdkifiH wdk@wGif e,fvGefw&m;pD&ifcGifh44 udk twif;t=uyf pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;ESifh
wkyfaESmifI &,lcJh=ujcif;udk urBmrS acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm; em;vnf=uygonf?
1983 ckESpf oef;acgifpm&if;aumuf,l&mwGif &cdkif+ynfe,f. rlqvif
43
jrefrmEdkifiHom;Oya'/ tcef;(4)/ tydk'f(42)/ pm 71

Extra Territorial Rights
44
136
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
vlOD;a&onf 243 &mcdkif E_ef;&Sd+yD; urefvlrsKd;rSty jynfe,f.ajrmufydkif;wGif

aexdik f=uaom rlqvifrsm;udk b*Fvm;a'h&Sf EdkifiHom;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwo
f nf?45
ppfwaumif;om;rsm;onf ,ck armifawmc&dkifudk rdpm> 'dXdrsm;ESipfh pfyGJ jzpfyGg;aeaom
a'o ('g&l;tmvf[Af) tjzpf t+rJ pGJ,lxm;=uavonf? vufeufudkiftiftm;
rnfa&G rnfrSs&Sdonfurdk od&aomfvnf; &d[
k if*sm aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&; tzGJ@46 ESifh
tm&uef &dk[if*smtrsKd ;om; tzGJ47 wdk@onf b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiH aum(pf)bZm;
c&dkifwGif tajcpdkuf+yD; v_yf&Sm;ae=uavonf? wzufEdkifiHrSaeI ajratmuf
vSKyf&Sm;r_rsm;udk uGyfuJaecJh=uonf? ,if;v_yf&Sm;rSKrsm;teuf 1988 ck arv (13)
&ufae@u armifawm+rdKudpk D;eif;&ef}uHpnfr_rSm Ak'b
< mom &cdkifvlrsK;d wdk@twGuf
omru jynfaxmifpk}uD; wckvHk; tE W&,fusa&mufEkid fonfh vkyf}uHr_tcktjzpf
rSwfwrf; wif&ygrnf? ,if;tjzpftysufudk armifawm+rdKe,f oHCem,utzGJ
OuUX/ armifawm+rdKrq&mawmfu A[do
k C
H em,u tzGJod@k pma&;Iav#mufxm;
tpD&ifcHcJhavonf? q&mawmf. tpD&ifcHpmrS aumufE_wfazmfjy&vsiS f/
&cdkif&Gma[mif;*smtzGJ[k trnfcHxm;aom ukvm;qdk;wpkonf
b*Fvm;a'h&fo
S dk@ cdkv_Hum &Gma[mif;*sm[laom pmapmifukx
d kwfa0+yD;
urBmodk@jzef@csD xkwv
f $ifhae=uqJ jzpfygonf? olw@dk tqdkt& (1979) ckEpS f
[oFmpDrHcsut
f & jrefrmjynfrjS yefvnfvufcHco
Jh nfh ukvm; (186996)
OD;tjyif b*Fvm;a'h&SfESifh tjcm;rlqvifEdkifiHrsm;Y ig;odef;cGJcef@&Sdae
ao;onfjzpf&m ,if;wd@k ukv
d nf; jyefvnfvufc&H rnf[k awmif;qdkae=u
ygonf? Tawmif;qdkcsufukd taumiftxnfazmfonfhtaejzifh (135- 88) aom=umae@ n (9) em&DausmfwiG f ukvm;ig;aomif;cef@onf
armifawm+rdKudk awmifbuf ta&S@buf ESifh ajrmufbufw@dk rS0dkif;&H+yD;
&cdkif Ak'b
< mom0ifw@dk udk owfjzwf&ef }uKd ;pm;cJyh gonf? ,if;ae@u trSwf
(4) &yfuGuf&Sd +rdKopfbek f;}uD;ausmif;udk vufwifzsufq;D cJh=u+yD; A[dk
ausmif;wdu
k u
f kd 0dik ;f &Hxm;cJ=h uygonf? jynfo@l &w
J yfzJG ESihf trSwf (2) vHx
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wyf&if;wdk@. tcsdefrDwm;qD;Edkirf _a=umifh &cdkifrsm; uGyfrsufcH&rnfah b;rS
45
Immigration and Man Power Department 1987: I-14

RSO (Rohingya Solidarity Organization)
47
Arakan Rohingya National Organization
137
46
vGwfajrmufcJh&ygonf? 4if;wdk@. vkyf&yfomatmifjrifcJhygu b*Fvm;

a'&Sf@EdkifiHrS vlESpfodef;cGJudk csufcsif;oGif;,l+yD; rlqvife,fajrtjzpf
odrf;ydkufum b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiH. tpdwftydkif;tjzpf oGwfoGif;&ef
}uD;rm;,kwfrmaom }uHpnfr_}uD; jzpfygonf?48
&Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyw
Hk Gif b*F gvDwdk@onf &dk[if*sm[laom tvHudk
v$ifhxlI ajray:v_yf&Sm;r_udk pwif=ujyef.? e0wtpdk;& wufvm+yD;aemuf
EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;udk rSwfyHkwifcGifhjyKaomtcg &dk[if*sm[laomtrnfjzifh rSwfyHk
wifciG fhr&ojzifh trsKd ;om; 'Dru
kd a&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&; ygwDtrnfjzifh rSwfyHkwif
=uonf?
okawoD rdka&Sa,*gu wzufEdkifiHrSowif;rsm;udkudk;um;I xdkta&;
tcif; t+yD ; wGif rl q vif wuf = uG v_ yf &S m;ol rsm;udk e0wtpdk ; &u zrf; qD;
ta&;,lcJha=umif;/ jrefrmppfwyfonf rlqvifaus;&Gmrsm;udk 0ifa&mufvk,ufjcif;/
rk'drf;usifhjcif;/ ta=umif;rJhowfjzwfjcif;/ AvDrsm;udkrD;&d_zsufqD;jcif;/ t"rR
tvkyaf pcdkif;rsm; jyKvkyv
f mojzifh b*Fvm;a'h&Sfodk (1991) ck {+yDvrSpI e,fpyfrS
rlqvifrsm; cdkvH_vm=ua=umif; a&;om;xm;.? 'kuQonfOD;a&rSm twdtus
rod&[kqo
dk nf? ukvor*~ 'kuo
Q nfqdkif&m r[mrif;}u;D u pcef;aygif; (17) ckwiG f
aexdkifae=uol 'kkuQonf 228000 OD;&Sda=umif; 1993ckESpfwGif a=unmonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&onf (1991) ckESpf ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHwiG f jyif;xefpGm
a0zefjcif;udk cH&avonf? jrefrmEdik fiHtaeESifh xdpk GyfpJcG sufrsm; vHk;0rrSefuefa=umif;
jiif;qdkonf? (1994) ckESpfrS (1996)ckESpftxd b*F gvDvlrsK;d ESpfodef;udk jyefvnf
ae&mcsxm;jyefavonf?49 urBmhukvor*~EiS fh EdkifiHwum owif;Xmetm;vHk;
vdv
k dkwGif pdr0fh ifxdk;azgufEdkipf Gr;f &Sad om jynfajy; ppfwaumif;om;rsm;.pGr;f tm;udk
avSsmhwGufIr&? tm&yfurBmrSaxmufyHhr_jzifh aiGa=u;vnf; wwfEdkif=uonf?
olw@dk twGuf avmfbDvkyfay;rnfholr&Sm;?2012 ckESpfjzpfpOfudkyif ajymif;jyefvSefI
vkyfZmwf cif;=uonf? u|efawmftm; (10)ESpfcef@ AsL;cJh=uaom toHv$ifhXme
48
cdkijf r0g/ 2003/ 196

Yegar 2002: 63-66
49
138
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
rsm;onf u|eaf wmhudk vHk;0 rqufoG,f=uawmh? u|efawmfum; trSefw&m;udk

wdk;wdk;rajym? us,favmifpGm ajymwwfaoma=umifh jzpf.? e,l;a,muf+rdK
ajratmufblwm&Hk wckwGif aq;eDjzifh wa,mufa,mufu a&;oGm;aompmudk
zwfI &,fcsifvmonf? tar&duef iwkH;awG rif;wd@k trd fxJ t=urfzuform;awG
a&mufae=u+yD/ aomuf&l;xrae=ueJ@[lownf;?
139
140
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
tcef ; (6)
jzef =h uufvmaom EdkifiwH umuGe,f uf

(u) Edkifi Hwumajratmuf v_y f&S m;r_ES ifhq uf pyfvmjcif;
2001 ck 'DZifbmvwGif tmz*efepPwef cef'g[m+rdK&Sd wmvDbef
ppfXmecsKyfudk tar&duefEiS fh r[mrdwf wyfrsm;odrf;,l+yD; &ufowWywf tenf;i,f
t=um nwnwGif trf ADruUm1 trnf&Sd oabFm wpD; onf ppfwaumif;
qdyu
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tm;vHk;udk bwf(pf)um; rsm;/ avmf&Dum;rsm;wGifwifaqmifI b*Fvm;a'&Sf @Ekid fiH
ta&S@awmifydkif;odk@ armif;ESifxGufcGgoGm;cJavonf? r=umjrifhrDyif tif*sDtdk
tcsdKxHrS owif;ayguf=um;oGm;cJ@+yD; 2002 ck pufwifbmvtwGif;wGif +rdKawmf
'gum&Sd EdkifiHjcm;om; (&) OD;udkzrf;qD; ta&;,lvdkufavonf? ppfqifa&;wck
pwifrnfh vuQ%m &Sdonf[k,lq&onf?2 xdo
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tvkyfvkyfay;aeolrsm;jzpf=u+yD; vpfAsm;/ t,f*sD;&D;,m;/ ql'efESifh ,DrifEkdifiH
om;rsm;jzpf=uonf? 1992 ckESpfuyif b*Fvm;a'&Sf@ jrefrme,fpyf&Sd 'kuQonf
pcef;rsm;wGif aAmfvefwD,mrsm;tjzpf vkyfudkifae=ujcif;jzpfonf? aemifwGif
Ttif*sDtk.
d vkyif ef;onf wEdkifiHvk;H odk@ wdk;csJ vmcJh+yD; rdbrJhcav;ausmif;(3)ckESifh
r'&yfqm pmoifausmif; (60) ausmif;txd wd;k csJ vmcJhonf?4 b*Fvm;a'&SfEkid fiHrS
tpGe;f a&muf tpPvrftzG@J wckjzpfaom tpPvrfrcD sm=wm&SDb&D f (ICS)5 tzGJ onf
&dk[if*sm ppfaoG;=uGtzGJ jzpfaom tm&f tufpt
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wdkuf&dkuf tultnDrsm; &atmifqufoG,faqmif&Gufay;cJhonf? cef'g[m&Sd
t,fcikd f'g XmecsKyrf S odr;f qnf;&rdaomrSww
f rf;rsm; t&vnf; &d[
k if*smtm;avhusihf
1
M V Mecca
Bertil Lintner. 2005. Extremist Islamist Consolidation:
53
3
Al Haramain Islamic Institute (AHII)
4
Op-Cit: 54
5
Islami Chaatra Shirbir
2
141
oifwef;ay;aeaom AD'D,dkrw
S fwrf;rsm;udk tar&duefpDtiftif owif;Xme &kyfjrif
oH=um; tpDtpOfwGif jyocJo
h nf?6
Towif;ESifhqufpyfI pOf;pm;p&mjzpffvmonfh tjzpftysufw&yfrSm
1995 ck ZGev
f twGi;f u &d[
k if*sm[kuQonfpcef;rsm;rS vlwaomif;ausmf aysmufq;Hk
aejcif;jzpfonf? jrefrmtpdk;&uvnf; jyefvnfvufcHaom 'kuQonfrsm;wGif
b*Fvm;a'&Sf Edik if o
H m;rsm;yg0ifaeonfukd axmufjyvmonf? qif[mG owif;Xme.
azmfjycsuft& 1995 ck 'DZifbmvtxd jrefrmEdkifiHrS xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smifol
250 000 OD;teuf 195 000 OD;rSmjrefrmEdik if w
H Gif jyefvnfae&mcsxm;+yD;jzpfa=umif;
7
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ppfoifwef;rsm; wufap+yD; cef'g[musqHk;aomtcg b*Fvm;a'&Sf @od@k jyefydk@cjJh cif;
jzpfrnf[k ,lq=uonf? wmvDbef oifwef;q&mrsm;vnf; ygvm=urnfrmS oHo,
jzpfbG,fr&Sdacs? b*Fvm;a'&Sf tm%mydkifrsm;xHrS rnfonfhtwnfjyKcsufrsS r&&Sd
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twnfjyK=uonf? b*Fvm;a'&Sf@ Edkiif HtaeESihf tdrfeD;csif;jrefrmEdkifiHtay: pdk;&drfr_
rjzpfap&ef wrsK;d wzHk ajz&Sif;cJh[efwo
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vm=uaom ppfaoG;=uG (282) OD;wd@k .trnfukd xdo
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axmufvSrf;a&; at*sifpDudkudk;um;I azmfjyonf? 'gum+rdK@rStrsm;qHk;jzpf+yD;
ppfwaumif;/ bm&dkqmvf/ clvfem/ qDvf[uf/ aumuf(pf)bZm;/ bef'g&fbif
(Adkvfrif;axmif)/ udkrDvm ponfha'orsm;rSyg0ifonf? xl;jcm;csufw&yfrSm
Asia TimesDecember 21, 2002

UPI 06/26/95; Asiaweek 07/21/95; Xinhua News Agency
12/13/95
8
Bertil Lintner. 2005. Extremist Islamist Consolidation:56
7
142
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
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9
Haji Kasem
Abdul Ahad
11
Maulana Abdul Kuddus
12
Maulana Ibrahim
13
The Daily Star (Wednesday, August 24, 2005)
14
Christ Lewa. 2009: 13; Hnin Yee Myint. 2011: 48
15
BNP (Bangladesh National Party)
16
HuJi (Harkat ul-Jihad-al-Islami)
10
143
[dENLbmom0ifrsm;rSm 10 &mcdik fEe_ f;rSsom usefayawmhonf?17[dENLbk&m; ausmif;

rsm; zsufqD;jcif;cH&+yD;/ aus;&Gmrsm;vnf; tajrmuftrsm;zsufqD;jcif; cH&um
trsd K;orD; rsm; rk'drf;usifhcH&onf? oabmxm;rjyif;xefaom rlqvifrsm;/
[dENLbmom0ifrsm;u uef@uu
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tzGJtpnf;wcktjzpf a=unmonf?18 a&G;aumufyGJwGiftEdkif&&Sda&;twGuf
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19
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&dk[if*smtzGJawGvnf;ygw,f? olwdk@[m b*F gvDbmom/ tma&AD
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EdkifiHu olwdk@udkaxmufcH tm;ay;w,f? olwdk@&nffrSef;csufu &cdkif
17
Nasrin 1993: 10-11

Lintner. Op-Cit: 9
19
vl@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;ol &Sm&D,mubD;&fESiafh wGqHkar;jrefcsuf ('gum/ rwf14/
2008)
20
Shariah Kabir
21
Jamat Islami
22
Najibullah
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
144
18
jynfe,fudk tpPvrfEdkifiHwcktjzpf ajymif;vJypfbdk@ygyJ?23

jrefrmEdkifiHe,fpyfESifh eD;uyfpGmwnf&Sdaom tluD,m24 +rdKuav;wGifyif
'kuQonfpcef;wckY vufeufuidk w
f yfom; &mESihcf sI
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k nf; tajrmuftrsm;
awG&a=umif;/ wcsKd rSm tm&Stv,fykid f;rSjzpf+yD; wcdsKrSm taemuftm&SrSjzpf=u
a=umif ; tar&d uef axmuf vS rf ; a&;owif; rsm;uqd k onf ? 25 wmvD b ef
ppfom;wOD;jzpfol tar&duefvlrsK;d *|ef0gumvif;26 udk pDtiftifowif;XmerS
ar;jref;&mwGif wmvDbefwyfzGJrsm;udk olwdk@ajymqdkaombmompum;tvdkuf
wyfzGJrsm; cGJxm;a=umif; b*F gvDpum;ajymolrsm;u wzGJ/ tl&'lpum;ajymol
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tzGJ tif'ekd ;D &Sm;rS *srm;tDqvrfrD;,m;/ xdik f;EdkifiHrS *srwfqmzD;,m;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHrS
attm&ftiftEdk Sifh tm&ftuf(pf)tdktzGJ@0ifrsm; yg0ifonf[kqo
dk nf?27 attm&f
tiftdkacgif;aqmifrmS El&ftDpvrf28 jzpfI tzGJ.&nf&G,fcsufrSm &dk[if*smudk,fydkif
tkyfcsKyfcGifh& e,fajr xlaxmifa&;jzpfojzifh tm&ftuf(pf)tdkxuf oabmxm;
aysmhaysmif;onf[k qdk=uonf? tm&ftuf(pf)tdkrSm b*Fvm;a'h&SfrS *srwftD;
tpPvrfrDygwDESifh eD;pyfojzifh tDpPvrf tajccH0g'Drsm;[k,lq&onf? rnfodk@qdkap
ESpfzGJpvHk;rSm t,fcidk f'gESifh qufpyfaea=umif; rjiif;Edkifacs?
1996ck azaz:0g&Dv(19)&ufae@wGif [l*sDtzGJudkvdkvm;ol(41)OD;udk
jrefrme,fpyfteD;&Sd tlu;D ,m;+rdK awmpyfwae&mY ppfa&;avhusifr_ jyKvkyfaepOf
rpPwm &S&D,mumbD;&fudk pma&;olw,
dk fwdkif/2008 ck rwfv(14)&ufae@wGif
'gum+rdKY/ bDbDpDowif;axmuf cdkifjrwfausmfESifhtwl awGqHkar;jref;cJhonf?
24
Ukia
25
Lintner. Op-Cit 14
26
John Walker Lindh
27
Op-Cit:39
28
Nurul Islam
145
23
zrf;qD;&rdcJhonf? Tae&monf (1978) ckESpf e*g;rif; ppfqifa&;umvtwGif;

aqmf'Dtma&AsEkid firH S oef;=uG,folaX; &mbDwwft,fvftmvrf29 . taxmuf
tyHhjzifh aqmufvkycf aJh om ukodkvfjzpfaq;&HkEiS fh r'&mqmtDqvrf pmoifausmif;
wnf&aSd omae&mjzpfonf?30 Tod@k jzifh &dk[if*smjy\emonf ta&S @tv,fykid f;rS
rlqvif ppfaoG;=ut
G zGJrsm;. jzef@=uufvmaom uGe,
f ufrsm;twGi;f odk 0ifa&muf
vmcJah vonf?
*srwftzGJ@. tpdwt
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D &D 31
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yifv,f "g;jyrsm;/ vlrsK;d pkolykerf sm; xGu0f ifusufpm;&m a'owck jzpfaecJhonf?
vufeufi,f tajrmuftjrm;udk aumuf(pf)bZm; ig;zrf;oabFmqdyfryS if wifoiG ;f cJh
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ywfoufaecJha=umif; owif;&&Sdonf? tdENd,tpdk;&onf b*Fvm;a'h&SfrS rlqvif
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tdE,
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twGif; AHk;aygufurGJ _rsm;onf [l*st
D zGJ@.vufcsujf zpfa=umif; pGyfpGJajymqdkcJhonf?33
ppfa&;ESifhEdkifiHa&; avhusihaf &;pcef;wck zGifhvpS fI avhusifha&;pcef;rsm;wGif tmz*ef
jyef rsm;u &dk[if*smqdkolr sm;udkomru ppf waumif; wuUodk vfrS rlqvif
tpGef;a&muf ausmif;om;rsm;udkvnf; EdkifiHa&;ESifhppfa&;t& avhusifhoifwef;
ay;onf? &v'frSm wuUodkvf y&0k%ftwGif; wdkufyGJrsm;ay:aygufvm=ujcif;
jzpfonf? b*Fvm;a'h&Sf owif;Xmersm;u wuUokv
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29
Rabitat al Alam
The Daily Star (Wednesday, August 24, 2005)
31
Islami Chatra Shibir
32
Bangladesh Rifle (BDR)
33
Lintner. Op-Cit:22-24
30
146
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
0g'Dausmif;om;rsm;ESifh bDtifyDESifh[l*sDudk axmufcHol rlqviftpGef;a&muf

rsm;t=um; jyif;xefaom wdkucf u
kd rf r_ sm;wGif aoG;xGuo
f ,
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f
34
(15) &ufae@wGif aemufxyf (21) OD; vkyf}uHcH&onf?
t,fvf*smZD;&m;&kyfoHrS ({+yD/2/2007)wGifxkwfjyefaomowif;t&
[l*sED Sifhr[mrdwftjzpf v_yf&mS ;aeaom a*strfb35
D onf aemifwGif w&m;r0if
tzGJtpnf;tjzpf a=unmjcif;cH&aomfvnf; bDtifyDnGefaygif; tpdk;&tzGJwGif
0ef=uD; ESpfae&m &&Sdxm;cJhonf? a*strfbDtzGJacgif;aqmif &SdwftA'l&mrefonf
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onf[o
k d&onf?36
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usqHk;aom ajymufusm;tcsdK. cE<mudk,fwGif jrefrm[lI tm&yfbmomjzifh
a&;xm;onfudk awG&onf?37
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tpDtpOfrmS wpHw
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cJah =umif; taxmuftxm;[lI wpHw
k &mrsS rjyEdkif=u? 1992 ckEpS f {+yDvwGif 1991
34
Ibid: 49
JMB (Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh)
36
(http://archive.thedailystar.net)
37
Ibid: 30-32
35
147
ckESpf yifv,fauG@ppfyGJwGif ppfOD;pD;csKyftjzpf wm0ef,lcJhaom aqmf'Dtma&AsrS

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jzef husufxm;onf[k azmfjyajymqdkonf?39
ppfa&;oifwef;rsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiH&cdkifjynfe,ftwGif;wGif aqmif&Guf
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41
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38
Khaled Sultan Abdul Aziz

Op-Cit: 34-35
40
ArRahmah
41
Muhammad Jibril
39
148
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
vnf;aumif; ulnD=uygukef[lI vH_aqmfcJhavonf?42

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44
Lashker-e-Taiba (LeT)
45
The Times of India (July 07, 2013)
46
Jama-A-tul Mujahideen Bangladesh
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Praful Kumar Vokta,Rohingya Refugees
Camps:Outpost of Terrorism, Daily Bangala News.
43
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Maulana Muhhamad Yunus

Maulana Shabir Ali Ahmed
50
www.phantomreport.com/indian-intelligence
51
Jemaah Islamia
52
http://www.arrahmah.com
53
Rick Heizman (www.scribd.com/rheizman);(http://
democracyforburma.worldpress.com/2013/07/13)
49
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(http://www.reuters.com/2013/07/17)
Reuters/2013/07/17 (www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/17)
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www.myanmathadin.com/newsregional/578 (7:9:2009)
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Abhisit Vejjajiva
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72
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165
166
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
twdrk w
S pf m&if;
BBG British Burma Gazetteer (Two Volumes). 1880.
Government Press, Rangoon.
BL
British Library
IOR
India Office Record
RSO
Report of Settlement Officer
Tonan Ajia Jiten

Tonan Ajia Jiten (In Japanese). The
Center for Southeast Asian Studies. 2000. Kyoto
University.
UK
ODukvm;/ r[m&mZ0ifawmf}uD;/(y/'k/w)/ &efuke/f [Hom0wDyHkEydS fwu
dk f/
1960?
167
usrf; udk;pm&if;
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jrefr mtaxmuft xm;rsm;

1? ckdijf r0g2003 (203-205)?
2? pHxGef;atmif/ OD;? udk,fawG@ar,kajr (vufESdypf ufrl)?
3? azarmifwif/ OD; ESi/fh zgeDAJvf/ a*stuf(pf)? 1960? ZrL'DyOD;aqmif;usrf;
jrefrmEdkifiH okawoe toif;? &efukef?
4? (OD;) Aode;f rSwfpk (vufESdyfpufrl)?
5? bpH/ OD;/ 1996/ &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh jrefrmedkifiH.vGwfvyfa&;}udK;yrf;r_/
&efukef/ ydk;rif;pmay?
6? armifawmom;/ 1996/ taemufwHcg;rS 0ifa&mufvmolrsm; &cdkifo[m,
toif; pmapmif/ trSwf (2)?
7? armifxif/ 1960/ &cdkifjynfe,ftpD&ifcHpm/ jr0wDr*~Zif;/ wGJ(8)/ tsrSwf (6)?
8? armifaomf/ 1966? tdENd,jrefrm qufqHa&; ? pmayAdrmef/ &efuke?f
9? rif;&mZm}uD;pmwrf; (ayrl)? trsKd;om;pm=unfhwdku?f wdkufyidk ftrSwf/ 1632/
&efukef?
10? +rdK@e,faumifpD/ bl;oD;awmif+rdK/ bl;oD;atmif+rde,f jzpfpOfordkif;
(vufEdyS fpufrl)?
11? +rdKe,faumifpD/ armifawm+rdK/ armifawm+rdK@e,fjzpfpOfordkif;
(vufEdyS fpufrl)?
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ordki;f Xme/ &efukefwuUodkvf?
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177
14? &rRm0wDppfwrf; / trsKd;om;pm=unfhwkduf/ &efukef 1416 ?

15? oef;oef;OD;/ 1992/ &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdk@. e,fcsJ @awmfvSeaf &;/ (r[m0dZm
bGJ,l usrf;)/ ordki;f Xme/ &efukefwuUodkvf?
16? atmifZHa0/ OD;? armifuHxl;rSwfpk (vufESdyfpufrl)?
178
a'guf w mat;csrf ;

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&d k[ if * smqd ko lr sm;.vky fZ mwf E S i f h ork di f; jzpf& yf r sm;

(Aye Chan 2005:396-420)

wrsK;d udk &nfn$ef;onfrSmtrSefyifjzpfaomfvnf; xdktrnfEiS fh ,ae harmifawm

Gaffar, Abdul. 1951. August 20.

rwf[medzf 4 onf acgif;aqmifr_twGuf ,SOf+ydKif&mwGif &_H;edrho

UK I,II : Phayre 1967

tajrmuftjrm; yg0if=uonf? olwdkZmwdajr rSmvnf; ,Drif/ tdkrifESifh

&d k[ if * smqd ko lr sm;.vky fZ mwf E S i f h ork di f; jzpf& yf r sm;

Habib Abdur Rahman Az-Zahir (1833-1896): Reid 1972

tA'la*:zm; odcGifh&roGm;&Smay? ol.aemufvdkufrsm;um; odaomfvnf; rod

Pires 1515 :204

a&mif;0,f=u&m yg&Sef/ tm&yf/ rmqlvD ywefeiS fh *dkvfuGef;'g;rS vma&mufolu

&d k[ if * smqd ko lr sm;.vky fZ mwf E S i f h ork di f; jzpf& yf r sm;

(Jilani 1999: 63)

okawoD zdvpf 0g*dkemu Todk aumufcsufcs.?

(Wagoner 1996. 73)

jynfolwdkudkvnf; Ak'<w&m;awmf twdkif; vdkufemIaexdkif=u&efvnf; xkwfjyef

MRS [gh(a) 7- gh(a) 4}

(*) &dk&Sef; ac: &cdkifjynffeSifh b*Fvm;

vufaqmifwdk hjzifh csD;jrSifhajrSmufpm;awmf rlownf;40

Aloul 1992:6 (Translated into English by Thibaut

aemufyidk f;Y jrefrmwdk o

ROB(IV):388 (October 16, 1784)

av&m w&GmwGif uH*dk%f;bkef;}uD;u ausmif;xdkifI teD;tem;rS tjcm;w&Gm

BL.RSO: Akyab District 1886 -1887, IOR V (9)216313

taemufudk vm;aomf rmefatmifu|ef;yg yifv,f/ ajrmufudkvm;aomf

&d k[ if * smqd ko lr sm;.vky fZ mwf E S i f h ork di f; jzpf& yf r sm;

us,fjyefvmcJh&m "n0wD+rdK0efu ESdrfeif;edkifpGrf;r&Sdojzifh aejynfawmfrS wyf

pGefhcGgI b*Fvm;odk ajy;0ifcdkvH_=uonf[k qdkonf?55 Todk toufab;rS

Pearn Op-cit 445

&d k[ if * smqd ko lr sm;.vky fZ mwf E S i f h ork di f; jzpf& yf r sm;

Memorendum 107; Qanungo 2012: 15

a'oeS ifhywf ouf I tusOf; &Sif;jyoifh onf [k xifygonf? [m&Aif;onf

&d k[ if * smqd ko lr sm;.vky fZ mwf E S i f h ork di f; jzpf& yf r sm;

trnf &d kt ef;68 [lonf &cd k if[ la om trnfrS toH a jymif;

The Straits Settlement

BBG:459;RSO (Akyab District) 1913-1917; BL/ IORV(9)418

&xm;vrf;udk azmufvkyrf nfqdkv#if Ta'oudk jzwfoef;oGm;jcif;jzifh

BL/RSO (Akyab District) 1887 -88, IOR-V (9) 2163/3

wpfq,f tEMm 13rso

pdku fy sKd ; ajr{uaygif;

16 tEMmonf wpf&lyDESifhnDrsS onf?

RSO Akyab District) 1913 -1917, BL/IOR R V:(9) 4128;

Hay 1892: 4-5

wzef edkifiHjcm;odk@wifyk@d aom oD;ESHw;dk yGg;vmyHkrSm/ (wefcsdeaf ygif;)

xGef,ufonfh&moDwGif 25000 &Sdrnf? rnfodk@qdkap wESpftwGif;0ifa&mufonfh

J. Adamson, The Officer of Settlement Operation,

The Report on the Revision of Settlement Operation in

Arakan Flotilla Company

India Steamer Navigation Company

Smart 1957: 99-100

BL/ RSO (Akyab District) 1913- 1917 V (9) 4128

() &dk&Sef; ac: &cdkifjynffeSifh bFvm;