B CNG THNG

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP THNH PH H CH MINH

VIN CNG NGH SINH HC V THC PHM

TI:

SN XUT NH MY TINH BT

DANH SCH NHM:

O BCH DUYN

12150341

DNG C LONG

12128351

NG TH NHUNG

12089271

NGUYN TRN NGC PHC 12139351

V TH MINH TH
GVHD: V TH HOAN

Tp.HCM, thng 11 nm 2014

12126341

MC LC
M U....................................................................................................................... 1
PHN 1 : TNH HNH SN XUT TINH BT KHOAI M..................................1
1.

TNH HNH SN XUT TINH BT SN TRN TH GII V VIT

NAM............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1.

TNH HNH SN XUT TINH BT SN TRN TH GII V KHU

VC CHU .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2.

TNH HNH SN XUT TINH BT SN VIT NAM...........................3

PHN 2: LP LUN KINH T-K THUT...........................................................5

2.

LP LUN K THUT.....................................................................................5

2.1.

LA CHN NGUYN LIU SN XUT TINH BT.........................5

2.2.

LA CHN NNG SUT THIT K CHO PHN XNG NH MY5

PHN 3 : NGUYN LIU..........................................................................................7

3.

NGUYN LIU SN PHM..........................................................................7

3.1.

C IM CY SN.....................................................................................7

3.2.

TNH HNH TRNG SN.............................................................................7

3.3.

PHN LOI, CU TO, THNH PHN HA HC CA C SN........9

3.3.1. PHN LOI.....................................................................................................9

3.3.2. CU TO.........................................................................................................9
3.3.3. THNH PHN HA HC CA C SN..................................................10
3.4.

NH GI CHT LNG CA C SN................................................14

3.4.1. PHNG PHP CM QUAN.....................................................................14

3.4.2. PHNG PHP THC NGHIM XC NH HM LNG TINH
BT C TRONG C................................................................................................15
3.5.

VN V BO QUN C SN..............................................................15

3.6.

TIU CHUN CHT LNG TINH BT SN.......................................16

3.6.1. TIU CHUN CHUNG................................................................................16

3.6.2. TIU CHUN C TH................................................................................16
3.7.

NG DNG CA TINH BT SN.............................................................17

3.7.1. NG DNG CA TINH BT SN TRONG NGNH SN XUT THC

PHM......................................................................................................................... 17

3.7.2. NG DNG TINH BT SN TRONG MT S NGNH CNG

NGHIP KHC.........................................................................................................18
3.8.

LA CHN A IM XY DNG..........................................................19

PHN 4 : QUY TRNH SN XUT TINH BT KHOAI M...............................27

4.

QUY TRNH CNG NGH.............................................................................27

4.1.

S QUY TRNH CNG NGH............................................................27

4.2.

THUYT MINH QUY TRNH CNG NGH............................................28

4.2.1. NGM............................................................................................................. 28
4.2.1.1.

MC CH................................................................................................28

4.2.1.2.

THNG S K THUT..........................................................................28

4.2.2. RA V BC V..........................................................................................28
4.2.2.1.

MC CH................................................................................................28

4.2.2.2.

CC BIN I TRONG QU TRNH RA V BC V..................28

4.2.2.3.

PHNG PHP RA V BC V........................................................28

4.2.2.4.

THIT B....................................................................................................30

4.2.3. CT KHC....................................................................................................31
4.2.3.1.

MC CH................................................................................................31

4.2.3.2.

CC BIN I TRONG QU TRNH CT KHC.............................31

4.2.3.3.

THIT B CT KHC..............................................................................31

4.2.4. NGHIN.........................................................................................................32
4.2.4.1.

MC CH................................................................................................32

4.2.4.2.

CC BIN I TRONG QU TRNH NGHIN..................................32

4.2.4.3.

CC YU T NH HNG N QU TRNH NGHIN................33

4.2.4.3.

THNG S K THUT..........................................................................33

4.2.4.4.

PHNG PHP NGHIN.......................................................................33

4.2.5. TCH B.......................................................................................................36

4.2.5.1.

MC CH................................................................................................36

4.2.5.2.

CCH TIN HNH..................................................................................36

4.2.5.3.

CC BIN I TRONG QU TRNH TCH B................................37

4.2.5.4.

THNG S K THUT..........................................................................37

4.2.5.5.

HA CHT S DNG.............................................................................37

4.2.6. TCH DCH BO.........................................................................................38

4.2.6.1.

MC CH................................................................................................38

4.2.6.2.

CC BIN I TRONG QU TRNH TCH DCH BO..................38

4.2.6.3.

CCH TIN HNH..................................................................................39

4.2.7. RA TINH BT............................................................................................39

4.2.7.1.

MC CH................................................................................................39

4.2.7.2.

CCH TIN HNH..................................................................................39

4.2.8. TCH TINH BT.........................................................................................40

4.2.8.1.

MC CH................................................................................................40

4.2.8.2.

CC BIN I TRONG QU TRNH TCH TINH BT..................40

4.2.8.3.

CCH TIN HNH..................................................................................40

4.2.8.4.

THNG S K THUT..........................................................................40

4.2.9. SY TINH BT.............................................................................................41

4.2.9.1.

MC CH................................................................................................41

4.2.9.2.

CC BIN I TRONG QU TRNH SY TINH BT......................41

4.2.9.3.

CC YU T NH HNG N QU TRNH SY TINH BT.....42

4.2.9.4.

PHNG PHP SY TINH BT...........................................................42

4.2.10.

BAO GI....................................................................................................44

4.2.10.1. MC CH................................................................................................44
PHN 5 : X L NC THI...............................................................................46
5.1 CC DNG CHT THI...................................................................................46
5.1.1. KH THI........................................................................................................46
5.1.2 NC THI.....................................................................................................47
5.1.2.1. NGUN PHT SINH V C TRNG CA NC THI SN XUT
TINH BT SN.........................................................................................................47
5.1.2.2. PHN LOI NC THI NH MY......................................................48
5.1.3. CHT THI RN...........................................................................................48
5.2. CC BIN PHP GIM THIU NHIM...................................................48
5.2.1. GIM THIU NHIM MI TRNG DO BI...................................48
5.2.1.1.

I VI NHIM BI TI CNG ON NG BAO THNH

PHM 48
5.2.1.2..... I VI NHIM BI DO HOT NG GIAO THNG V KHU
VC THU MUA NGUYN VT LIU...................................................................49

5.2.2. GIM THIU NHIM KH THI............................................................49

5.2.3. GIM THIU NHIM MI T BI CHA CHT THI RN V
NC THI..............................................................................................................49
5.3. BIN PHP GIM THIU CHT THI RN V B THI......................49
5.3.1. CC BIN PHP P DNG X L NC THI CH BIN TINH BT
SN............................................................................................................................. 50
5.3.1.1. PHN LUNG DNG THI......................................................................50
5.3.1.2. CC BIN PHP P DNG X L NC THI...........................50
PH LC................................................................................................................... 56

M U
Tinh bt c trong t nhin trong cc qu, c nh: ng cc. Cc loi lng thc c
coi l nguyn liu ch yu sn xut ra tinh bt. Tinh bt cng vi protein v cht
bo l mt thnh phn quan trng bc nht trong ch dinh dng ca loi ngi
cng nh nhiu loi ng vt khc. Ngoi s dng lm thc phm ra, tinh bt cn
c dng trong cng nghip sn xut giy, ru, bng b xng. Tinh bt c tch
ra t ht nh ng v la m, t r v c nh sn, khoai ty, dong l nhng loi tinh bt
chnh dng trong cng nghip. Trong s cc loi tinh bt th tinh bt khoai m c nhiu
u im hn cc loi tinh bt khc.
Gi c ca tinh bt sn th thp hn so vi tinh bt go v tinh bt la m. Hin ti v
trong tng lai gi c ca tinh bt go s khng gim so vi tinh bt sn do cng ngh
sn xut tinh bt go phc tp hn cng nh chnh sch ca chnh ph khng khuyn
khch s dng tinh bt go trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc.
Tinh bt la m khng cnh tranh li tinh bt khoai m v loi tinh bt ny hin nay ch
yu c nhp khu nn s lng khng nhiu v gi c li cao.
Hng pht trin ca cy sn ch yu p ng nhu cu ca th trng trong v
ngoi nc l thm canh tng nng sut t gi tr tng sn lng ngy cng tng.
Bn cnh , vic u t cho khu ch bin tng gi tr sn phm cng l cng vic
rt cn phi gii quyt. thc s l nhng kh khn m cc nh my sn xut tinh
bt khoai m phi i mt. Chnh v th, nhm chng em chn ti ny cng nhau
tm hiu v a ra nhng phng n kh thi nht c th duy tr hot ng cho mt
nh my sn xut tinh bt khoai m.
PHN 1 : TNH HNH SN XUT TINH BT KHOAI M
1. TNH HNH SN XUT TINH BT SN TRN TH GII V VIT NAM
1.1. Tnh hnh sn xut tinh bt sn trn Th gii v khu vc Chu
Sn l loi cy lng thc quan trng nhiu nc trn th gii. Sn c xut x
t Trung Nam M. Sau pht trin sang Chu Phi, Chu , Cng vi s pht trin
ca nhiu ngnh cng nghip cy sn ngy cng tr nn c gi tr kinh t cao.
Nm 2011, ton th gii c 100 nc trng sn vi tng din tch t 19,64
triu ha, nng sut c ti bnh qun 12,83 tn/ ha, sn lng 252,20 triu tn (FAO,
2013).
-1-

Sn l cy lng thc (Food) c sn lng 252,20 triu tn) ng hng th nm

sau ng (883,46 triu tn), la go (722,76 triu tn), la m (704,08 triu tn) khoai
ty (374,38 triu tn). Sn c trng 66 % chu Phi, 20 % chu , 14 % chu
M Latinh.Sn l thc n ca hn mt t ngi trn th gii, c bit l chu Phi ni
sn lm lng thc thc phm chnh. Sn l cy thc n gia sc (Feed), cy ch bin
tinh bt (Flour) lm bt ngt, m n lin, bnh ko, siro, nc gii kht, bao b, vn p,
ph gia dc phm, mng ph sinh hc, cht gi m cho t v hin nay sn l cy
nguyn liu chnh ch bin nhin liu sinh hc (Fuel) c li th cnh tranh cao
Sn xut sn trn th gii. Chu Phi l khu vc dn u sn lng sn ton cu
n nm 2011 t 140,97 triu tn, chim 55,90 % sn lng sn th gii 252,20 triu
tn. Trong , ng u chu lc ny l Nigeria vi sn lng t 52,40 triu tn nm
2011. Chu chim 30 % sn lng sn th gii vi din tch 3,91 triu ha, nng sut
bnh qun 19,60 tn/ha v sn lng t 76,68 triu tn. Cy sn gi vai tr quan trng
trong nn kinh t ca cc nc Thi Lan, Indonesia, Trung Quc, Philippin. Chu M
l khu vc sn xut sn ln th ba trn th gii. Din tch trng sn chu M tng t
2,54 triu ha nm 2000 ln 2,85 triu ha nm 2005 v sau gim xung cn 2,67
triu ha vo nm 2011. Nng sut sn chu M bnh qun t 12,88 tn/ha, sn lng
sn t khong 34,36 triu tn nm 2011. Brazil l nc trng nhiu sn nht ca chu
lc ny vi 1,74 triu ha nm 2011, chim khong 65 % din tch sn trng chu M
(FAOSTAT, 2013)
Mi nc c sn lng sn hng u th gii nm 2011 bao gm Nigeria 52,4
triu tn. Brazil 25,44 triu tn, Indonesia 24,00 triu tn, Thi Lan (21,91 triu tn).
Cng ha Cng g (15,56 triu tn) Angola (14,33 triu tn), Ghana (14,24 triu tn),
Vit Nam (9,87 triu tn), n (8,00 triu tn), v Mozambic (6,26 triu tn).
Kh nng thu li cao t vic xut khu tinh bt sn khin cc nc xut khu ch
yu, s thay i cc ging sn truyn thng bng cc ging sn mi cho nng sut cao,
hm lng tinh bt ln thch hp vi ch bin cng nghip. C nh vy mi p ng
c nhu cu trong nc cng nh ngoi nc ang gia tng.

-2-

1.2. Tnh hnh sn xut tinh bt sn Vit Nam

Vit Nam, sn l cy lng thc quan trng c sn lng ng th ba sau la
v ng. Nm 2011, din tch sn c nc t 560 ngn ha, nng sut bnh qun 17,63
tn/ha, sn lng 9,87 triu tn (Tng cc Thng k, 2013).
Vit Nam hin ang sn xut hng nm hn 2 triu tn sn c ti, ng th 11
trn th gii v sn lng sn, nhng li l nc xut khu tinh bt sn ng th ba
trn th gii sau Thi Lan v Indonesia. Trong chin lc ton cu cy sn ang c
xem l mt loi cy lng thc d trng, thch hp vi nhng vng t cn ci, y
cng l cy cng nghip trin vng c kh nng cnh tranh vi nhiu loi cy trng
khc.
+ Vng Bc Trung B v Duyn hi min Trung c din tch sn nm 2011 c t
168.600 ha (chim 30,10 % din tch sn c nc), nng sut t 17,66 tn/ha v sn
lng t 2.977.900 tn c ti (chim 30,15 % sn lng sn c nc). Din tch sn
nhiu nht l cc tnh Bnh Thun, Ngh An, Qung Ngi, Ph Yn.
+ Vng Ty Nguyn c din tch sn nm 2011 t 154.600 ha (chim 27,60 % din
tch sn c nc), nng sut 16,70 tn/ha, sn lng 2.582.200 tn c ti (chim
26,15 % sn lng sn ton quc). Sn trng nhiu cc tnh Gia Lai, Kon Tum, k
Lk v k Nng.
+ Vng trung du min ni pha Bc din tch sn nm 2011 t 117.200 ha (chim
20,92 % din tch sn ton quc), nng sut t 12,36 tn/ha, sn lng 1.448.900 tn
c ti (chim 14,67 % sn lng sn ton quc). Sn trng nhiu nht cc tnh Sn
La, Yn Bi v Ha Bnh.
+ Vng ng Nam B din tch sn nm 2011 t 99.000 ha (chim 17,68 % din tch
trng sn ton quc), nng sut sn 25,34 tn/ha cao nht nc, sn lng c t
2.536.500 tn c ti (chim 25,68 % sn lng sn ton quc). Sn trng nhiu Ty
Ninh, Bnh Phc, ng Nai, B Ra Vng Tu v Bnh Dng.
nc ta, cy sn ang chuyn i nhanh chng ng vai tr l cy cng
nghip. S hi nhp ang m rng th trng sn, to nn nhng c hi ch bin tinh
bt, tinh bt bin tnh bng ho cht v Enzim, sn xut sn lt, sn vin xut khu
v s dng trong cng nghip thc phm, trong sn xut thc n gia sc v lm
nguyn liu cho nhiu ngnh cng nghip khc, gp phn vo s pht trin kinh t ca
t nc.

-3-

Tinh bt sn Vit Nam tr thnh mt trong by mt hng xut khu mi c

trin vng c chnh ph v cc a phng quan tm. Hin nay c nc c 53 nh
my ch bin tinh bt sn i vo hot ng v 7 nh my ang c xy dng.
Din tch, nng sut v sn lng sn Vit Nam c th hin di bng sau.

-4-

PHN 2: LP LUN KINH T-K THUT

2. LP LUN K THUT
2.1. La chn nguyn liu sn xut tinh bt
Ta chn cy sn sn xut tinh bt do cc nguyn nhn sau:
iu kin trng trt
So vi cy la th cy sn khng i hi kht khe v iu kin canh tc c bit
l ngun nc. Cy sn c th trng trn cc loi t bc mu, cn ci ngoi ra ngi
trng sn khng cn phi tn nhiu cng chm sc nh khi canh tc i vi cy la.
Nhu cu tinh bt dng cho tiu th ni a v xut khu hin nay rt ln i hi
phi sn xut thm nhiu hn na tinh bt p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca th
trng do cy sn tr thnh mt cy trng quan trng sn xut tinh bt. Ngoi
vic m rng din tch trng sn th cc c s sn xut tinh bt mi cng phi c
xy dng thm nhm p ng nhu cu ny.
2.2.

La chn nng sut thit k cho phn xng nh my

Th trng sn trong nhng nm gn y ang c chiu hng pht trin i ln

do:
-

Chnh sch i mi ca nh nc v s tng trng cao n nh ca kinh t

Vit Nam.

Thng tin kinh t th trng tt hn. H thng giao thng khng ngng c
m rng.

Sn phm sn Vit Nam c kh nng cnh tranh hn trn th trng quc t.

p dng ging sn mi nng sut cao vo trng, k thut canh tc tin b.

Theo ti liu cho bit nhiu nh my sn xut tinh bt sn gn y c hnh

thnh ti cc huyn Long Thnh (ng Nai), Tn Bin (Ty Ninh), c cng sut ch
bin trung bnh t 100 400 tn c ti/ngy. Cng vi nhng thun li v th trng
tiu th sn (khng ngng c m rng) nn vi nng sut thit k cho nh my d
kin 50 tn tinh bt thnh phm/ngy l iu khng qu kh c th thc hin.
Nh my sn xut tinh bt sn ra i ph hp vi chnh sch pht trin kinh t
ca chnh ph ni chung v cc ngnh cng nghip ch bin ni ring. Hn na cc
nh my ch bin tinh bt sn ngoi vic gip gii quyt cng n vic lm cho ngi
dn cn gp phn y mnh xut khu cc sn phm c gi tr kinh t cao ra th trng
th gii.

-5-

Sn lng sn Vit Nam (triu tn) phn theo vng t nm 1995-2011

Vng sinh thi
ng bng sng Hng
Trung du min ni pha Bc
Bc trung b v duyn hi min trung
Ty Nguyn
ng Nam B

1995
79,0
606,3
602,1
283,7
560,8

2000
9,9
82,1
83,8
38,0
16,1

2005
8,5
89,4
133,0
89,4
98,8

2010
7,3
104,6
155,0
133,2
90,1

2011
17,1
117,2
168,6
154,6
99,0

Din tch trng sn Vit Nam (1000ha) phn theo vng t nm 1995-2011
Vng sinh thi
ng bng sng Hng
Trung du min ni pha Bc
Bc trung b v duyn hi min trung
Ty Nguyn
ng Nam B
ng bng Sng Cu Long
Tng cng

1995
10,9
80,4
94,0
32,6
49,3
10,2
277,4

-6-

2000
9,9
82,1
83,8
38,0
16,1
7,7
237,6

2005
8,5
89,4
133,0
89,4
98,8
6,4
425,5

2010
7,3
104,6
155,0
133,2
90,1
6,0
496,2

2011
17,1
117,2
168,6
154,6
99,0
3,6
560,1

PHN 3 : NGUYN LIU

3. NGUYN LIU SN PHM

Hnh 2: Cy sn (khoai m)
3.1. c im cy sn
Cy sn hay cn gi l cy khoai m l cy lng thc a m nn c trng nhiu
nhng nc c kh hu nhit i, c tn khoa hc l Manihot esculenta Crantza. cy
lng thc n c hng nm, c th sng lu nm, thuc h thu du Euphorbiaceae. L
kha thnh nhiu thy, c th dng lm thc n chn nui gia sc. R ngang pht
trin thnh c v tch lu tinh bt. C sn di khi luc chn c mu trng c, hm
lng tinh bt cao. Sn luc chn c v do, thm c trng. Sn c thi gian sinh
trng thay i t 6 n 12 thng, c ni ti 18 thng, ty thuc ging, v trng, a
bn trng v mc ch s dng.
3.2. Tnh hnh trng sn
Trn th gii, sn c trng bi nhng h nng dn sn xut nh lm lng thcthc phm, thc n gia sc v bn. Sn ch yu trng trn t ngho v dng k
thut canh tc truyn thng.
Cy sn c trng trn 92 nc ca vng nhit i v cn nhit i v l ngun
lng thc ca khong 500 triu ngi.
Vit Nam, sn cng vi khoai l cy lng thc quan trng th ba sau la v ng.

-7-

Cy sn l ngun thu nhp quan trng ca cc h nng dn ngho, do sn d trng, t

kn t, t vn u t, ph hp sinh thi v iu kin kinh t nng h. Sn c trng
rng ri t Bc ch Nam.
+ Vng Bc trung b v duyn hi Min Trung : Din tch sn nhiu nht l cc tnh
Bnh Thun, Ngh An, Qung Ngi, Ph Yn.
+ Vng Ty Nguyn: Sn trng nhiu cc tnh Gia Lai, Kon Tum, k Lk v k
Nng.
+Vng trung du min ni pha Bc c Sn trng nhiu nht cc tnh Sn La, Yn Bi
v Ho Bnh.
+ Vng ng Nam B c Din tch sn nhiu nht l cc tnh Ty Ninh, Bnh Phc,
ng nai ,Bnh thun, B Ra Vng Tu v Bnh Dng.
Vng ng Nam B l a bn trng im sn xut sn hng ha vi u th vn c v
kh hu, t ai, giao thng vn ti, c s h tng, s d n u t vo ch bin v tiu
th sn ca nc ngoi.
Din tch trng sn ca Vit Nam trong nhng nm ti d kin s khng tng nhiu.
Tuy nhin, s gia tng nng sut v sn lng do vic p dng trng cc ging sn mi
c nng sut c ti v nng sut bt cao, ng thi vi vic y mnh cc bin php
thm canh nh bn phn cn i, trng xen canh, c h thng canh tc thch hp trn
t dc v ri v thu hoch v thch hp vng sinh thi.
Li ch ca ngh trng sn: Sn d trng, hp nhiu loi t, cho nng sut cao v n
nh, chi ph u t thp v s dng t nhn cng, thi gian thu hoch ko di nn
thun ri v. Ngh trng sn thch hp vi nhng h nng dn ngho, t vn.
Nhc im ca ngh sn Trng sn lm kit t; C sn ngho m v vitamin, c
c t HCN trong sn c ti; Ch bin sn gy nhim mi trng.
Bng 5: c im mt s ging sn
Ging
KM94 KM60 HL20
HL23
Nng sut c ti (tn/ha)
38,6
27,2
20,2
19,8
Hm lng cht kh (%)
39,0
38,0
36,5
37,0
Hm lng tinh bt (%)
28,6
27,2
24,5
26,5
Thi gian thu hoch (thng) 7 12
6 9
7 12
6 9
3.3. Phn loi, cu to, thnh phn ha hc ca c sn
c im

3.3.1. Phn loi

-8-

HL24
20
36,7
25,8
6 9

Sn c nhiu loi khc nhau v mu sc, thn cy, l, v c, tht c. Tuy nhin,
trong cng nghip sn xut tinh bt ngi ta phn sn thnh hai loi sn ng v sn
ngt.
-

Sn ng: cho nng sut cao, c to, hm lng tinh bt trong c cao, c nhiu
nha c, hm lng cyanhydric cao, n ti b ng c.

Sn ngt: gm tt c cc loi sn c hm lng cyanhydric thp, loi sn ny c

hm lng tinh bt thp, n ti khng b ng c.
Hin nay, loi sn m nng dn tnh Ty Ninh ang trng ch yu l loi sn

ng v cc ging sn ny cho nng sut v hm lng tinh bt tng i cao.

3.3.2. Cu to
C sn thng thun di hai u, ty theo tnh cht t v iu kin trng m
kch thc ca c dao ng trong khong:
-

Chiu di t 0,1 0,5m.

ng knh c t 2 8cm.
C thng c 4 phn chnh gm: v g, v c, tht c v li.

Hnh 3: Cu to mt ct ngang ca c sn.

a. V g (V la)
-

Gi vai tr bo v c. C thnh phn ch yu l cellulose v hemicellulose.

Khng c cha tinh bt, chim 0,5% 2% trng lng c.

-9-

b. V c (V tht)
-

Dy hn v g, c cu to t cc lp t bo thnh dy, thnh t bo c cu to

ch yu l cellulose, bn trong l ht tinh bt, cht cha Nit v dch bo
(nha) c nh hng ti mu ca tinh bt khi ch bin.

Trong dch bo c tanin, sc t, c t, cc enzyme.

V c c cha t 5% 8% hm lng tinh bt khi ch bin.

c. Tht c

L thnh phn ch yu ca c.

Gm cc t bo nh m: v t bo l cellulose, pentozan; bn trong l ht tinh

bt, nguyn sinh cht, cc glucid ha tan v nhiu cht vi lng khc.

Phn b hm lng tinh bt trong tht c gim dn t phn tht c st v n

li.

Ngoi cc lp t bo nh m cn c cc t bo thnh cng khng cha tinh bt

(cu to t cellulose) cng nh g gi l x. Loi t bo ny thng thy u
cung ca c sn lu nin v nhng c bin dng trong qu trnh pht trin.
d. Li sn

Thng tm dc sut t cung ti ui c, cung to nht ri nh dn ti

ui c.

Chim 0,3% 1% trng lng ton c, c thnh phn ch yu l cellulose v

hemicellulose.

Sn c li ln v nhiu x s nh hng n hiu sut v nng sut nghin khi

ch bin.
Ngoi cc thnh phn trn, c sn cn cung v r ui. Cc thnh phn ny c

cu to ch yu l l cellulose nn gy kh khn trong ch bin.

3.3.3. Thnh phn ha hc ca c sn
Thnh phn ha hc ca c sn dao ng trong khong kh rng ty thuc vo:
ging, tnh cht t, iu kin pht trin ca cy, thi gian thu hoch (y l yu t
quan trng nh hng n hm lng tinh bt c trong c).

- 10 -

Bng: T l % (theo khi lng) ca cc thnh phn c trong c sn

STT
Thnh phn
1
Nc
2
Tinh bt
3
Protid
4
Cht bo
5
Cellulose
6
ng
7
Tro
Cc thnh phn dinh dng trong c sn

T l %
70,25
21,45
1,12
0,4
1,11
5,13
0,54

a. Tinh bt
Tinh bt l thnh phn quan trng ca c khoai m, bao gm hai thnh phn:
-

Amylo: 15 25%.

Amylopectin: 75 85%.

Hm lng tinh bt trong c khoai m ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: iu kin

kh hu, ging, thi gian thu hoch, bo qun nhng quan trng nht l thi gian thu
hoch. Chng hn nh: sn 6 thng th thu hoch khong t thng 10 11 l tt nht
(thi gian thu hoch ph thuc vo ging sn) s cho nng sut v hm lng tinh bt
cao nht. Cn nu thu hoch sm th nng sut c thp, lng tinh bt t, lng cht
ha tan cao. Cn thu hoch tr qu th hm lng tinh bt s gim, thnh phn x tng,
mt phn tinh bt b thy phn thnh ng nui mm non.
Tinh bt trong khoai m tn ti di dng cc ht tinh bt c kch thc 3 34m.
Tinh bt khoai m c mt s tnh cht c trng rt c li khi s dng chng lm
nguyn liu trong ch bin thc phm nh:
-

Tinh bt khoai m khng c mi nn rt thun tin khi s dng chng cng vi

cc thnh phn c mi trong thc phm

Tinh bt khoai m trong nc sau khi c gia nhit s to thnh sn phm c

dng st trong sut nn rt thun tin trong vic s dng chng cng vi cc tc
nhn to mu khc.

T l amylopectin : amylose trong tinh bt khoai m cao (80:20) nn gel tinh bt

c nht, kt dnh cao v kh nng gel b thoi ha rt thp.

- 11 -

Hnh 4: Ht tinh bt khoai m qua knh hin vi in t qut

b. ng
-

ng trong c ch yu l glucose v mt t maltose, saccharose.

Trong qu trnh ch bin cc ng ny s ha tan trong nc v theo nc

dch ra ngoi.
c. Protid

Protid l thnh phn cha c nghin cu k, tuy nhin v hm lng thp nn

t nh hng ti quy trnh cng ngh.

Trong c sn, hm lng acid amine khng c cn i: tha arginine nhng

li thiu cc acid amine cha lu hunh.
Bng : Thnh phn mt s acid amine c trong c sn
Acid amine
Lysine
Methionine
Tryptophan
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Arginine
Histidine

Hm lng (mg/100g protid)

30
13
3
33
23
21
30
20
40
13

- 12 -

d. Vitamin v khong
-

C sn c cha nhiu Vitamin C v Canxi.

Ngoi ra trong c sn cn c Vitamin B v nhiu loi khong khc.

Cc hp cht khc
Ngoi nhng cht dinh dng trn, trong c sn cn c cha c t, tanin, sc t v
cc h enzyme phc tp. y l nhng cht gy nh hng xu n cht lng tinh bt
sau ny (ch yu v mu sc).
a. c t
Trong c khoai m, HCN tn ti di dng cyanogenic glucoside gm 2 loi
linamarin v lotaustralin.
-

Linamarin c cng thc phn t C10H17O6N

c t ny c pht hin ln u bi Peckolt v c gi l manihotoxin.

Di tc dng ca dch v c cha HCl hoc men tiu ha, cht ny b phn hy
v gii phng ra acid cyanhydric l cht c i vi ngi.

C10H17O6N

H2O

(Linamarin)

C6H12O6

(Glucose)

(CH3)2O

(Aceton)

Acid Hydrocyanic

HCN

Lotaustralin c cng thc phn t l C11H119O6N

Ty theo ging sn, iu kin t ai, ch canh tc v thi gian thu hoch m
hm lng HCN c khc nhau.
S phn b cht c trong c sn khng u: cung c cha nhiu cht c hn
gia c, lp v tht cha nhiu HCN hn c k n l li sn, phn tht sn c cha
cht c t hn.
Cc glucoside ny ha tan tt trong nc nn trong qu trnh sn xut tinh bt, c
t s theo nc dch thi ra ngoi. V vy mc d sn ng c hm lng c t cao
nhng sn phm tinh bt t sn vn c th s dng lm thc phm.
Do cc glucoside ny tp trung nhiu v c do khi ch bin nn tch dch bo
nhanh khng nh hng n mu sc ca tinh bt sau ny v HCN s tc dng vi
Fe cho ra mui cyanate st c mu xm lm en bt.

- 13 -

b. Enzyme
Cc enzyme trong sn ti nay cha c nghin cu k. Ngi ta cho rng trong
s cc enzyme c trong c sn th h enzyme polyphenoloxydase l enzym c nh
hng ln n cht lng sn trong qu trnh bo qun v ch bin.
Khi cha o ln, cc enzyme ny trong c s hot ng yu v n nh nhng khi
o c ln th cc enzyme ny c iu kin hot ng mnh, khi enzyme
polyphenoloxydase s xc tc qu trnh oxy ha polyphenol to octorinon sau tng
hp cc cht khng c bn cht phenol (cc acid amine) to ra cc sn phm c mu.
Trong nhm enzyme polyphenoloxydase c nhng enzyme oxy ha cc
monophenol m in hnh l tyrosinase xc tc s oxy ha acid amin tyrosine to ra
quinon tng ng. Cc quinon sau mt lot chuyn ha sinh ra sc t mu xm en gi
l melanin. y l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm cho tht sn c mu en (dn
gian gi l chy nha).
Ngoi tyrosinase, cc enzyme oxy ha kh khc cng gp phn lm tn tht cht kh.
c. Tanin
-

Hm lng tanin trong sn t nhng sn phm oxy ha ca tanin l cht

flobafen c mu en kh ty.

Ngoi ra phn ng gia tanin vi st to tanat st c mu en cng kh ty.

3.4.

nh gi cht lng ca c sn

C hai phng php nh gi cht lng ca c sn

3.4.1. Phng php cm quan
Xc nh c tt xu (c chy nha hay khng) v xc nh tng i hm lng
tinh bt c trong c.
a. Dng phng php cm quan xc nh c mi v c
-

B i c sn, nhn vo b mt ct ngang: nu c trng ti th tt c th li

sn xut sau.

Nu c b qung en, xm hay xanh en tc l c chy ch nn a vo sn

xut ngay.
b. Dng phng php cm quan xc nh ng tui sn thu hoch

Chn c sn trung bnh trong khm sn ri b lm i, nu ta ch dng mt lc

va phi b gy v thy tht sn chc v kh, mu tht c trng c th c th
coi nh l thu hoch sn ng tui, t l tinh bt s t mc cao.

- 14 -

Nu ta b c cng d dng nhng thy tht c sn c mu vng nht tuy chc

tht nhng phn gia c t v trong th l sn cn non v lng tinh bt thu
c s t.

Nu dng nhiu sc mi b gy c c hoc c b m khng gy i tc l c

thu hoch lc qu tui, lc c c x nhiu v lng tinh bt cng gim.
c. Dng phng php cm quan thng k trong thu mua sn nguyn liu

C nh v ngn (chiu di khong 10cm, ng knh c ch ln nht di

1,5cm) khng qu 4%.

C dp nt v gy vn khng qu 3%.

Lng t v tp cht ti a t 1,5% 2%.

Khng c c thi.

C c du vt chy nha nh hn 5%.

3.4.2. Phng php thc nghim xc nh hm lng tinh bt c
trong c

Dng loi cn thc nghim do Thi Lan thit k.

Cn ny hot ng da trn s khc nhau v t trng gia tinh bt v nc.

Qua nhiu ln kho st v t cc s liu thu c hm lng tinh bt tng ng

vi mi ln l 5kg c.
3.5.

Vn v bo qun c sn

Trong qu trnh bo qun, sn ti thng nhim bnh thi kh v thi t do nm

v vi khun gy nn nht l i vi nhng c b trc v v dp nt.
Mt s phng php bo qun khoai m ti:
-

Bo qun trong hm kn: mc ch ca vic bo qun trong hm kn l hn ch

s hot ng ca cc enzyme oxy ha, mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm h
hng c. Yu cu hm phi kn hon ton, phi c mi che trnh nc chy
vo.

Bo qun bng cch ph ct kh: chn c c kch thc u, khng b dp nt

xp thnh lung cao 0,5 0,6m, rng 1,2 1,5m, chiu di khong 4m. Sau
ph u ct ln, chiu dy lp ct t nht l 20cm.

Bo qun bng cch nhng hoc phun dung dch nc vi 0,5%, sau dng
tru hoc ct ph kn ng khoai m, bo qun theo phng php ny c th bo
qun trong 15 25 ngy.

- 15 -

Theo ti liu sn mua v khng nn qu 48 gi sau thu hoch nn ta phi chn

ch thu mua thch hp c th ch bin trong vng 24 gi nhm trnh trng hp
h hng v gim cht lng tinh bt ca c.
3.6.

Tiu chun cht lng tinh bt sn

(Theo tiu chun ca FAO: TC 176 -1989 (c chnh sa vo thng 1 -1995)).

3.6.1. Tiu chun chung
Tinh bt khoai m n c phi:
-

An ton v ph hp cho ngi s dng.

Khng c mi v khc thng v cn trng gy hi.

Khng b nhim bn.

3.6.2. Tiu chun c th
a. Ch tiu vt l
Kch thc ht: i vi bt mn th hn 90% qua l ry 0,6mm, vi bt th hn

90% qua l ry 1,2mm.

b. Ch tiu ha l
-

Hm lng m: 13%.

Hm lng acid HCN 10mg/kg.

Hm lng kim loi nng: khng c.

Hm lng x 2%.

Hm lng tro 3%.

c. Ch tiu vi sinh

Vi sinh vt gy bnh: khng c.

Cn trng gy hi: khng c.

d. Ch tiu cm quan

Bt mu trng kh v mn.

Khng c mi v khc thng.

Khng b nhim bn.

- 16 -

3.7.

ng dng ca tinh bt sn

Tinh bt ni chung v tinh bt sn ni ring c rt nhiu ng dng trong cc ngnh

kinh t khc nhau. im ng ch , tinh bt sn c dng rt ph bin v thng
dng trong nhiu loi bnh ko, ph gia thc phm, m n lin vi cc cng thc phi
trn phong ph v a dng.
3.7.1. ng dng ca tinh bt sn trong ngnh sn xut thc phm
a. Cc loi bnh
-

Tinh bt c s dng l mt trong nhng ngun nguyn liu chnh sn xut

cc loi bnh. Ngoi vic gim gi thnh sn xut, tinh bt cn c chc nng
lm y, lm lng v gp phn to nn mt s tnh cht cng ngh cho cc sn
phm bnh.

Mt s sn phm tiu biu: cc sn phm bnh snack, bnh quy, bnh rn

Bn, min, m ng, m si, bnh trng l nhng sn phm thc phm rt thng
dng quy m lng x c ch bin t tinh bt sn.

b. Tinh bt bin tnh

-

c trng ch yu ca tinh bt bin tnh chnh l n c nht cao gp phn

to st, c trong mt s sn phm nh nc st, nc chm, sp

Ngoi ra tinh bt bin tnh cn to ra m c cho mt s sn phm nh nc

st.

c. Sn xut cc sn phm thy phn t tinh bt

-

Bng con ng thy phn, tinh bt l nguyn liu chnh sn xut ra cc loi
sn phm nh: mch nha, glucose, sorbitol, maltodextrin,

T glucose bng con ng ln men ngi ta c th sn xut ru, cn, m

chnh

Sorbitol l ph gia to cu trc rt thng dng trong cc sn phm thc phm.

d. Sn xut ng glucose
-

Nguyn liu: bt hoc tinh bt cc loi c cng nh cc loi ha tho. cc

nc khc ch yu dng tinh bt ng, tinh bt khoai ty; nc ta dng tinh
bt sn sn xut ng glucose.

Cht lng tinh bt nh hng n cht lng sn phm v hiu sut thu hi.
Cht lng tinh bt thp qu trnh ng ha ko di, phn ng khng trit ,
sn phm c mu xu kh khn cho qu trnh x l, hiu sut thu hi thp.

- 17 -

Qu trnh sn xut gm 3 giai on ch yu: ng ha dch bt thnh dch, x

l dch ng ha, kt tinh tinh th t mt v ch bin thnh sn phm.

e. Sn xut m chnh
-

M chnh l mui mononatri ca acid glutamic (C5H8NO4Na). C 2 dng: bt v

tinh th, l cht iu v c gi tr trong cng nghip thc phm, trong nu nng
thc n hng ngy.

Tinh bt c dng trong sn sut m chnh bng phng php ln men s dng
nhng chng vi sinh vt c kh nng tng hp cc acid amin t cc ngun
glucid v m v c sau tch ly acid glutamic sn xut m chnh.
Phng php ny c nhiu u im: khng cn s dng nguyn liu protid,
khng cn s dng nhiu ha cht v thit b chu n mn, hiu sut cao gi
thnh h.
3.7.2. ng dng tinh bt sn trong mt s ngnh cng nghip khc

a. Keo dn hoc cht kt dnh

-

Do tinh bt c th to nn dung dch c nht rt cao sau khi h ha, do n

c ng dng trong sn xut cc loi h, keo dn.

b. Thc n gia sc
-

Thng thng thc n gia sc c sn xut t nguyn liu c c cha nhiu

tinh bt nh bp, khoai, sn.

Ngoi ra tinh bt cn thng c s dng nh cht n b sung trong qu

trnh sn xut thc n gia sc.

c. Dc phm
-

Tinh bt c s dng trong ngnh dc phm ch yu l lm t dc (cht

n), cht kt dnh, hoc c s dng lm mng bc vin thuc.

d. Dt nhum
-

Tinh bt l cht l tng b sung vo trong qu trnh dt. l l do ti sao

tinh bt c ng dng rng ri trong sn xut si, ch, vi cotton, v si
polyester. Tinh bt gi vai tr quan trng trong ba giai on dt, l: h vi,
in v hon thin.

Giai on in: tinh bt c s dng nhm ngn cn cc tc nhn gy nhim

trong khi in.

- 18 -

Giai on hon thin: tinh bt thng s dng l tinh bt sn, c cung cp

vi nhng t l khc nhau vi bng v bn, v d vi cotton l 12%, vi tng
hp l 18%, t nhn to l 8%...

e. Sn xut giy
-

Tinh bt c dng trong sn xut giy lm kh b mt v bao ph b mt

ca giy.
3.8.

La chn a im xy dng

Theo bng s liu thng k Din tch sn v sn lng sn phn theo a

phng ba khu vc Ty Nguyn, ng Nam B v ng bng sng Cu Long ca
Tng cc Thng k nm 2012 ta nhn thy:
Din tch, nng sut, sn lng sn Vit Nam nm 2012 phn theo vng kinh t

TT Vng sinh thi

1
2
3
4
5
6

ng bng sng Hng

Trung du v min ni pha Bc
Bc Trung b v Duyn hi min
Trung
Ty Nguyn
ng Nam B
ng bng sng Cu Long
C nc

Din tch

Nng sut

Sn lng

(1000 ha)
6,7
118,0

(tn/ha)
15,7
12,0

(1000 tn)
105,1
1.494,5

175,0

16,6

3.027,5

149,5
96,5
6,5
550,6

17,0
25,8
15,3
16,8

2.542,0
2.485,1
99,3
9.745,5

Ngun: Tng hp t nin gim thng k

-

Cy sn c trng ch yu khu vc min ng Nam B v Ty Nguyn.

Xt c hai vng ny v phn b din tch trng sn v sn lng sn thu
hoch ta thy min ng Nam B chim u th hn so vi Ty Nguyn.

Trong cc tnh thuc khu vc min ng Nam B th hai tnh Ty Ninh v

ng Nai c din tch trng v sn lng sn nhiu hn c. ng Nai do mt
phn khng nh din tch t phc v cho nhu cu pht trin cc ngnh cng
nghip, trng cc cy cng nghip lu nm (cao su, iu) nn vic tng din
tch t trng sn l kh thc hin. Trong khi , Ty Ninh do tnh cht t:
t xm chim 86,31% din tch t nhin ca tnh. t kh ti, nh thch hp
cho trng sn v c kh nng m rng din tch trng sn.
- 19 -

Trn thc t nu cn c vo s liu thng k Din tch sn v sn lng sn

phn theo a phng ca Tng cc Thng k th t nm 2000 n nay din tch t
trng sn v sn lng sn Ty Ninh tng ln rt nhanh:
-

Din tch trng sn t 0,8 nghn ha (nm 2000) tng ln 43,3 nghn ha (nm
2005).

Sn lng sn t 9,6 nghn tn (nm 2000) tng ln 1064,5 nghn tn (nm

2005).
T c th thy cy sn ca tnh Ty Ninh p ng ngun nguyn liu cho

ngnh cng nghip ch bin cc sn phm t cy sn trong c ngnh sn xut tinh

bt. V l , vic xy dng nh my sn xut tinh bt sn tnh Ty Ninh l thch hp
nht.

- 20 -

 chn a im xy dng nh my bng phng php cho im

Nhm la chn c nh my 3 tnh:Ty Ninh (TN), ng Nai (DN), Bnh Phc
(BP).

c im a hnh

im

khu t 13.57%

Ngp lt 5,88%
bng phng 4.98%
Kh hu 2.71%

khu t
30.67%

Gi khu t 10.03%
ln khu t 7.08%
Cp t ging khoan ring 9.78%

Giao thng 6.65%

Tip ni vi ng b 3.91%

H tng
Tip ni vi cng, sng, bin 2.74%

k thut
29.33%

Cp in qua mng chung 3,52%

Nng lng
7.04%

Qua trm pht ring 1.17%

Cp than 2.35%

X l nc thi 3.13%
X l rc thi 2.74%
Cung cp nguyn
Th
trng
20%

vt liu 12%

Ngun nguyn vt liu 5.6%

Gi nguyn vt liu 6.4%

Tiu th sn phm V tr trong th trng 3.73%

8%

c im th trng 4.27%

Lc lng lao ng 10.67%

Quan h th 9.33%

V tr so vi khu dn c 4.35%
Nh my ln cn 4.98%

- 21 -

Cc nhn t a im

Mc nh

im

gi

HS

a im
TN

4.98 19.92

19.92

GT

BP

1. c im khu t
1.1 c im a hnh
1.1.1 bng phng ca khu

Bng phng

t 4,98%
Mp m

1.4

Rt mp m

0.4

1.1.2 Kh nng ngp lt

Khng

5.88%

1.6

C kh nng

0.4

1.1.3 iu kin kh hu (bo, Rt thun li

6.972

7.84 23.52
12.544
2.71

Thun li

2.6

t thun li

1.4

Khng thun

0.4

li
Rt ph hp

4.6

Ph hp

3.6

Chp nhn

2.6

c
Hi cao

1.6

Qu cao

1.3 ln khu t (ha)

t c

14.0 28.16

7.08%

Xp x vi

lng ma) 2.71%

1.2 Gi khu t 10.03%

yu cu

- 22 -

23.52

7.046

7.046

7.046

8.72
31.392
22.672 22.672

14.08

14.08

Cc nhn t a im

Mc nh gi

im

HSG

a im

TN

9.78

39.12

39.12

BP

2. H tng k thut
2.1 Cp nc
2.1.1 Kh nng khoan

Khoan c,

9.78%

r
Khoan c,

2.4

t
C kh nng

1.2

2.2.1 V tr trong mng

Rt thun li

li ng sng

Thun li

3.6

2.74%
2.2.2 Giao thng ni

khng thun li

1.2

n mng li ng

Phi xd, nhng

1.6

b 3.91%

thun li

11.736

2.2 Giao thng

Xy dng phc

0.6

tp

- 23 -

2.19

10.95
7.884
2.628

5.21
8.336

8.336
3.126

Cc nhn t a im

Mc nh gi

im

HSG

a im

TN

3.52

14.08

BP

9.152

9.152

2.3 Nng lng

2.3.1 in
2.3.1.1 Qua mng li

Rt thun li

chung (tip ni, chi ph, Thun li

t thun li
xy dng..) 3.52%

2.6
1.4

Khng thun li

0.4

2.3.1.2 Qua trm pht

Thp

2.8

ring (chi ph xy

Trung bnh

1.8

dng, vn hnh) 1.17%

2.3.2 Than t (chi ph

Cao

0.8

Thp

2.8

mua) 2.35%

Trung bnh

1.8

Cao

0.8

2.4 X l nc thi

Thp

2.8

(chi ph x l) 3.13%

Trung bnh

1.8

Cao

0.8

2.5 X l rc thi

Rt thun li

(tnh trng cc c s

Thun li

2.6

x l, kh nng tn

t thun li

1.4

Khng thun

0.4

dng ph liu) 2.74%

li

- 24 -

1.67

4.676

4.676

4.676

3.36

9.408

9.408

9.408

8.046

8.046

8.046

7.124

7.124

7.124

4.47

2.74

Cc nhn t a im

Mc nh gi

im

HSG

a im

TN

5.6

22.4

BP

7.84

7.84

11.14

11.14

10.44

10.44

3. Nhn t th tng
3.1 Cung cp nguyn
liu
3.1.1 Ngun cung cp

Rt thun li

nguyn liu 5.6%

Thun li

2.6

t thun li

1.4

Khng thun

0.4

3.1.2 Gi nguyn vt

li
Rt thp

4.6

liu 6.4%

Thp

Chp nhn

c
Hi cao

0.4

3.2.1 V tr n th

Rt thun li

trng tiu th 4.35%

Thun li

2.4

Ph hp yu

1.2

3.2.2 Quan h nh my

cu
Rt thun li

khc trong khu vc

Thun li

2.6

4.98%

t thun li

1.4

Khng thun

0.4

5.57
11.14

3.2 Tiu th sn phm

li

- 25 -

4.35

4.98

17.4

19.92
12.948
6.972

Cc nhn t a im
4. Lc lng lao ng

Mc nh gi

im

HSG

a im
TN

BP

Lao ng nhiu

4.4

T
9.7

42.68

42.68

42.68

Lao ng c sn

3.4

10.67%

Lao ng va 1.4
5. Quan h th
5.1 Nh my ln cn

C li

3.6

4.98%

Khng c li

2.2

C hi

0.6

5.2 V tr n khu dn

10-20 pht

4.6

c (thi gian i lm)

20-30 pht

3.4

5.53
12.16

12.166

4.35%

Cc nhn t a im

30-40 pht

2.2

hn 40 pht

Mc nh gi

im

3.318
3.78
12.85

12.85

12.852

HSG

a im
TN

Tng s im

T
400

Tng s %

100

87.584 67.807 58.569

BP

350.34 271.23 234.28

V tr xp t theo im

a im chn

- 26 -

PHN 4 : QUY TRNH SN XUT TINH BT KHOAI M

4.

QUY TRNH CNG NGH

4.1. S quy trnh cng ngh

- 27 -

4.2.

THUYT MINH QUY TRNH CNG NGH

4.2.1. Ngm
4.2.1.1.

Mc ch

Qu trnh ngm nhm mc ch tch bt mt lng cht ha tan trong nguyn liu,
lm b t ct nng cao hiu sut qu trnh ra sau ny.
4.2.1.2.

Thng s k thut

Thi gian: 4 8 gi ty theo loi nguyn liu v mc nhim bn t c.

Ha cht s dng: cho CaO vo nc ngm vi khi lng 1,5 kg/m 3 c ch

s hot ng ca vi sinh vt ng thi lm tng ha tan ca mt s cht mu
sinh ra do phn ng oxy ha.
4.2.2. Ra v bc v
4.2.2.1.

Mc ch

Nguyn liu sau khi ngm th c em i ra v bc v. Mc ch ca qu

trnh ra v bc v l lm sch nguyn liu v tch b phn v g ca c v nu
ra khng sch th t ct bm trn c s lm mn rng my nghin v lm
gim hiu sut nghin.

Mt khc, nu tp cht ln vo tinh bt s lm tng tro, mu thnh phm,

tinh bt s khng c cht lng cao.
4.2.2.2.

Cc bin i trong qu trnh ra v bc v

a. Bin i vt l
Sau khi ra s tch c 94 97% tp cht ra khi c, khi lng c gim cn
93 94,5%.
b. Bin i ha l
C s tch mt s cht ho tan trong nguyn liu nh c t, sc t,
tannin vo trong nc ra.
c. Bin i ha sinh
S hot ng ca cc enzyme oxy ha lm en c khoai m nhng ch b try
xc.
4.2.2.3.

Phng php ra v bc v

a. Phng php th cng

- 28 -

 nhng nh my va v nh, ngi ta tch b nguyn phn v (gm phn v

la v v tht) v ch dng phn li ca c phn c cu trc mm xp sn xut
tinh bt.
Vi nhng thit b n gin c sn v ngun nng lng hn ch ca cc nh
my, vic dng nguyn c sn xut s gp kh khn trong khu nghin cng nh
trong khu ra t ct, gt v trong khi lng tinh bt thu c l khng cao (do
nghin khng hiu qu).
Ngi ta c th tch v c bng tay. C c kha ngang, dc n mt su
nht nh ty vo b dy ca v, sau d dng c lt ra. Bi bn, t ct cn
vng li trn b mt li ca c by gi c th c ra sch mt cch d dng v
nhng c c lt v c y vo bn ximng, ngm trong nc cho n khi
c ly ra nghin. Thnh thong dng chn p nh cng ra c nhng
cht bn cn bm.

Hnh 6 : Dao tch v tht ca c khoai m

b. Phng php c gii
nhng nh my ln, ngi ta s dng nguyn c sn xut. Vic ra c
y khng ch ra sch c m cn tch lp v la bn ngoi ca v. V ch c
lp v la b tch nn ta s thu c tinh bt trong phn v ci, nh vy tnh kinh
t s cao hn. Phn v ci chim n 8,5% khi lng ton c.

- 29 -

Nguyn tc: s ma st gia cc c cng nh ma st gia c vi thnh thit b,

vi cnh quay s lm trc lp v la v di p lc ca nc s ra sch lp v la
ny cng nh t ct bm bn ngoi c.
4.2.2.4.

Thit b

Thit b ra c thng dng trong sn xut tinh bt khoai m l thit b thng hnh
tr c c l, ngp trong nc.
Nguyn tc hot ng:
-

Mt bn chi trc vt s va o trn mnh c va y c v pha trc.

Mt bm ly tm c lp mt u ca thng v c ni vi mt lot cc
cnh quay sp xp dc theo thng. Nhng cnh quay ny s to ra dng nc
ngc vi hng chuyn ng ca c, m bo cho c c ra sch.

Khi c c y ra n u bn kia, chng c ra sch t ct v c lt

v mt phn.

Tp cht nh s ni ln trn theo nc ra ngoi, tp cht nng, t ct lng

xung v c tho theo chu k qua l ca bn ximng.

Hnh 7: Thit b ra c khoai m

tng hiu qu ca qu trnh ra, sau giai on ngm ngi ta cho c khoai m i
qua thit b bc v g v tch t ct ln bm trn c. Thit b ny dng thng quay
vi ng bn trong xt nc ra c. Thng c th lm bng g hay bng li kim
loi, chiu di 3 4 m, ng knh 1m, c lp vo b ximng, cnh quay c lp
dc theo thng.
- 30 -

Hnh 8: Thit b bc v la v tch t ct th.

Ty thuc mc v c tnh tp cht ca nguyn liu m thi gian ra c th t 8
15 pht, chi ph nc ra t 2 4 tn /1 tn nguyn liu.
4.2.3. Ct khc
4.2.3.1.

Mc ch

Nguyn liu sau khi c ra sch v bc v th c a vo thit b ct khc.

Mc ch ca qu trnh ct khc l ct nh nguyn liu qu trnh nghin tip theo
t hiu qu cao hn.
4.2.3.2.

Cc bin i trong qu trnh ct khc

a. Bin i vt l
C khoai m ban u c kch thc 15 20cm c ct thnh nhng on nh
hn c kch thc 5 6cm.
b. Bin i ha sinh
S hot ng ca cc enzyme oxy ha lm bin mu c khoai m nhng ch
b ct.
4.2.3.3.

Thit b ct khc

a. Cu to
Thit b ct khc c dng hnh hp ch nht thng hai u. Mt u cho nguyn
liu i vo, mt u tho nguyn liu ra sau khi ct khc. Thc hin chc nng
ct khc l h thng dao ct c b tr xung quanh mt trc chuyn ng nh
ng c.

- 31 -

Hnh 9: Thit b ct khc khoai m

b. Nguyn tc hot ng
-

C khoai m sau khi ra sch c h thng bng ti vn chuyn a vo thit

b ct khc.

Nh ng c, h thng dao ct chuyn ng xung quanh trc v ct nh c

khoai m.

Khoai m sau khi ct i ra khi thit b v chun b vo my nghin.

4.2.4. Nghin
4.2.4.1.

Mc ch

Mc ch ca qu trnh nghin l gii phng tinh bt khi t bo bng cch ph

v mng t bo khoai m.

y l khu quan trng nht trong vic quyt nh hiu sut thu hi tinh bt. S
ph v mng t bo cng trit th hiu sut tch tinh bt cng cao.

4.2.4.2.
a. Bin i vt l

Cc bin i trong qu trnh nghin

C s thay i kch thc ca nguyn liu. T bo tinh bt b ph v gii phng

tinh bt di dng nhng ht c kch thc rt nh. Nguyn liu by gi l khi
bt nho mn, c m khong 80% ( mn khc nhau tu theo cng ngh v
thit b s dng).
b. Bin i ha sinh
Khi x nt v t bo, cc enzyme trong t bo cng c gii phng v c iu
kin hot ng, nht l cc enzyme thy phn tinh bt, enzyme oxy ha nh
polyphenoloxydase s lm sm mu sn phm.
- 32 -

c. Bin i sinh hc
V c ra sch trc khi nghin v thi gian khng qu lu nn s pht trin
ca vi sinh vt l khng ng k.
4.2.4.3.

Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh nghin

Hiu sut nghin: c tnh bng phn trm tinh bt c gii phng trong qu
trnh nghin. Ph v t bo cng trit th hiu sut nghin cng cao. Gi tr sau
mi ln nghin c th dao ng t 70 90%.
Cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut nghin:
-

S vng quay trc: s vng quay cng ln th hiu sut nghin cng cao.

L li nh th hiu sut nghin ln nhng nng sut gim v chi ph nng

lng tng cao.

Cht lng ba nghin.

Rt kh gii phng tt c cc ht tinh bt, k c vi my nghin c hiu qu cao

nu ch vi mt ln nghin. V th m khi cho sau khi nghin ln 1 thng c
nghin tip ln 2.
4.2.4.3.
-

S vng quay.

ng knh tang quay.

S lng ba nghin.

Kch thc l li.

4.2.4.4.

Thng s k thut

Phng php nghin

a. Phng php th cng

Nhng c s sn xut nh mt s vng trng khoai m, c khoai m vn c
nghin bng tay trn nhng ming tre.
Nhng c s sn xut nng sut khong vi trm kilo bt hng ngy th ngi ta
dng nhng dng c c kh n gin c cu to nh sau:

- 33 -

Mt my mi xt n gin nhng hiu qu c lm bng mt tm st m in

c c l bng inh, sau kp cht tm st quanh mt bnh xe vi b mt c
mp nhn, sc hng ra ngoi. Bnh xe c th c quay bng tay, nhng thng
c quay bng cch p bng chn. Ngi cng nhn s n c ln b mt nghin.
Hoc b mt nghin s c gn ln mt bn mt a quay c gn tay quay. Bt
nghin s c thu trong gi hay nhng vt cha bng g.

Hnh 10 : Thit b mi xt khoai m bng tay

My nghin chy bng sc nc: trong my nghin thy lc, my xe nc c
quay bi mt bnh , lm chy dy ai truyn ng cho tay quay ca thng
nghin. Thng ny c ng knh khong 20 30cm, thng c gn ln mt bn
nghin. Ngi cng nhn, ngi bn s n c vo thng. Khi nghin s c y
qua khe h hp gia thng v gi , vo mng ri c thu vo trong gi.
Nhng thit b nghin trn u c lm bng nhng tm kim loi c c l.
D khng t, nhng chng tng i khng c hiu qu v nhng tm nghin
thng phi c thay thng xuyn do rt nhanh mn.
b. Phng php c gii
My nghin chy bng ng c c dng khi cn sn xut vi nng sut cao,
khong 10 tn c khoai m ti mi ngy. Thit b thng dng nht hin nay l
my nghin Jahn.
Cu to: My nghin ny c mt rotor lm bng g cng hay ng thp, c
ng knh khong 50 cm, trn c rch nhng rnh theo chiu dc gn

- 34 -

nhng li dao hay li ca. Ty theo nhu cu m c th c t 10 n 12 rng ca

trn li dao. Cc li dao c t cch nhau khong 6 7 mm.

Hnh 11: Hnh dng ca thit b mi xt khoai m hot ng nh ng c

Nguyn tc hot ng: nguyn liu sau khi nhp vo my nghin c my
nghin thnh khi bt mn nh s c xt ca b phn nghin quay xung quanh mt
trc nh ng c vi c khoai m v vi tm li chn. Trong qu trnh nghin ta
c xi nc nc a bt nghin ra ngoi thng qua l li.

Hnh 12: Cu to ca thit b mi xt khoai m n gin

- 35 -

4.2.5. Tch b
4.2.5.1.

Mc ch

Hn hp thu c sau khi nghin khng ch cha tinh bt m cn ln cc tp cht

khc nh v t bo, dch bo thot ra do qu trnh nghin, t bo cn nguyn, nc
Do , qu trnh tch b nhm mc ch tch phn ln lng b th ra khi hn hp.
B sau khi tch vn cn mt lng tinh bt t do bm li. V vy, tng hiu qu
ca qu trnh tch, ngi ta thu hi lng b cho tr li my nghin. Sau khi nghin
xong, b tip tc c tch lng tinh bt st. Tuy nhin trong b vn cn li mt
lng no khng th tch ht c. Ngoi tinh bt ra cn mt lng dextrin,
ng, cht pectin, cht kh ca b. V vy, b th s c a ra b cha b tn
dng lm thc n gia sc.

Hnh 13: B sau khi tch tinh bt.

4.2.5.2.

Cch tin hnh

Nguyn liu sau khi ra khi thit b nghin c pha long n nng 27 oBx
bng nc sch hoc nc thu c sau qu trnh tch tinh bt. Hn hp sau khi pha
long c a n thit b ry tch tinh bt t do ra khi cc tp cht ln. Sau khi
qua ry nguyn liu c chia lm 2 phn:
-

Phn khng lt qua ry gm cc x ln, cc mnh vn v nhng ht tinh bt t

do cha tch ht c a xung my nghin ln th hai.

Phn lt qua ry c a qua my ly tm tch dch bo.

- 36 -

4.2.5.3.

Cc bin i trong qu trnh tch b

a. Bin i vt l
-

Sau qu trnh tch ta thu c hai phn: phn b th v phn nc dch (sa
tinh bt). B th bao gm cellulose v cc ht c kch thc to b gi li trn
ry v c tch ra ngoi nn phn nc dch ch cha cc ht tinh bt c kch
thc nh hn v mt lng ln cc cht ha tan. Kch thc ht huyn ph
trong nc dch gim.

Nng cht kh gim

b. Bin i ha sinh
Phn ng oxy ha do enzyme lm sm mu bt xy ra khng ng k do dch
sa thu c c hm lng nc tng i cao.
c. Bin i sinh hc
S pht trin ca vi sinh vt l khng ng k.
4.2.5.4.

Thng s k thut

Nng cht kh ca hn hp a vo thit b ry: 27oBx.

Nng cht kh ca dung dch sa tinh bt sau khi qua ry c th dao ng

trong khong 8 10o Bx.

Kch thc l ry: 0,7mm.

H s ra tch tinh bt t do khong 85%.

4.2.5.5.

Ha cht s dng

H2SO4 c thm vo nng thp gip gi mu trng ca tinh bt.

Al2(SO4)3 lm gim nht, tng hiu qu qu trnh lng (V d nu thm vo

0,1g/l sa tinh bt 2oBx gim c 50% dnh).

SO2 (H2SO3) c ch hot ng ca vi khun v enzyme. Ngoi ra n cng l

mt tc nhn lm trng tinh bt. SO 2 c sc vo nc tinh khit ri mi
cho vo.

Clorine v cc hp cht ca n cng c tc dng ty trng v gim nht rt

tt.

Nu ta s dng cc ha cht trn vi mt nng thch hp (nng rt nh), cht

lng sn phm thu c s tt hn.

- 37 -

4.2.6. Tch dch bo

4.2.6.1.

Mc ch

Qu trnh tch dch bo nhm mc ch loi phn dch bo c cha polyphenol v

enzyem polyphenoloxydase v cc hp cht ha tan khc hn ch qu trnh oxy ha
lm chuyn mu tinh bt v cc phn ng ha hc, ha sinh khc nh hng n cht
lng ca tinh bt thnh phm.
4.2.6.2.

Cc bin i trong qu trnh tch dch bo

a. Bin i vt l
Tinh bt qua qu trnh tch dch bo c kt thnh khi cht hn, t trng khi
tinh bt tng.
b. Bin i ha hc
-

Hm lng cht kh khng ha tan ca sn phm tng.

Vo giai on u s xy ra phn ng to phc bn gia tinh bt v protein,

acid bo V hu nh ta khng th tch c tinh bt tinh khit ra khi phc
ny. iu ny lm cho gi tr tinh bt gim ng k khi s dng ch bin cc
sn phm khc. V vy cc qu trnh tch dch bo phi din ra nhanh.

tinh khit ca sn phm tng do cc hp cht nh polyphenol, HCN, sc

t i theo nc ra ngoi.

c. Bin i ha l
Sau qu trnh tch dch bo ta thu c hai phn l phn nc dch v phn tinh
bt t.
d. Bin i ha sinh
Trong thnh phn dch bo c cha nhiu cht khc nhau nhng trong sn xut
tinh bt c bit ch ti cc hp cht polyphenol v h enzyme
polyphenoloxydase. Khi t bo ca c b ph v, cc polyphenol tip xc vi oxy
v di tc dng ca enzyme polyphelnoloxydase s oxy ha to thnh cht mu
lm cho tinh bt mt mu trng. Lp tinh bt pha trn b mt s b oxy ha nhanh
hn lp di. Khi tinh bt chuyn mu th khng th ty ra hon ton cht mu
khi tinh bt bng nc sch c. Qu trnh oxy ha bt u t khi mi xt c
bit xy ra nhanh khi cc my o trn sa tinh bt th. Tinh bt chuyn mu s
lm gim gi tr ca sn phm. Do hn ch phn ng ny xy ra qu trnh
tch dch bo phi din ra nhanh v trit .

- 38 -

e. Bin i sinh hc
Trong dch bo thng c cha ng v cc hp cht dinh dng khc l mi
trng thun li cho vi sinh vt pht trin. Nu dch bo tip xc vi tinh bt
qu lu, vi sinh vt s s dng tinh bt nh mt ngun c cht v qu trnh ln men
s din ra mnh m to ra ethalnol, acid hu c v cc sn phm trao i cht khc
lm nh hng ti cht lng ca tinh bt thnh phm. Do cng cn hn ch
thi gian tip xc gia tinh bt v dch bo.
4.2.6.3.

Cch tin hnh

Phn dung dch thu c bng cch pha long cho sau khi nghin c a
vo thit b ly tm tch dch bo. tch trit c dch bo phi tin hnh
ly tm t nht 2 ln.
Sau ln ly tm th nht, dch cha tinh bt c pha long ri a qua ry
tch b. Sa tinh bt lt qua ry c a vo my ly tm tch dch mt ln na.
Nng sa tinh bt vo my ly tm khong 3oBx. Nc dch ra khi my ly tm
c a i lng tip tc thu tinh bt loi hai.
4.2.7. Ra tinh bt
4.2.7.1.

Mc ch

Phn tinh bt thu c sau khi ly tm ln th hai trong c th vn cn ln tp

cht mn c kch thc ln hn kch thc ca ht tinh bt nn sau khi ly tm, dch
tinh bt c pha long bi nc ri c khuy trn tch cc b mn ra khi cc
ht tinh bt. Mc ch ca qu trnh tch b mn l nhm tch trit tp cht mn ra
khi tinh bt, lm tng tinh khit ca sn phm sau ny.
4.2.7.2.
-

Cch tin hnh

tch b mn, u tin ngi ta s pha long tinh bt vi nc trong mt bn

c lp cnh khuy sau cho dch tinh bt qua mt h nhiu thit b ry vi
kch thc l ry nh dn.

Khng nn cho dch sa tinh bt qua thit b ry c kch thc l ry nh ngay

t u v mt ry qu dy hiu sut tch tinh bt s thp.

- 39 -

4.2.8. Tch tinh bt

4.2.8.1.

Mc ch

Mc ch ca qu trnh tch tinh bt l tch bt nc ra khi tinh bt, a khi tinh

bt v m thch hp to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh sy tip theo hoc d
dng a vo lm nguyn liu trong cc ngnh sn xut khc.
4.2.8.2.

Cc bin i trong qu trnh tch tinh bt

a. Bin i vt l
Trong qu trnh tch tinh bt din ra s tch nc ra khi cc ht tinh bt di
tc dng ca trng lc hay lc li tm.
b. Bin i ha l
Nng cht kh ca hn hp sau khi tch nc tng ln.
4.2.8.3.

Cch tin hnh

Sau khi tinh ch ta thu c dch sa tinh bt thun khit c nng 3 oBx. tch
nc ra khi tinh bt ta c em lng hoc ly tm. Thng thng ngi ta s dng thit
b ly tm tch tinh bt. Nguyn tc hot ng v cu to ca thit b tng t nh
phn tch dch bo.

Hnh 20 : Cyclon tch tinh bt

4.2.8.4.
-

Thng s k thut

Thi gian ly tm: cng nhanh cng tt nhng vn phi m bo khong thi
gian ti u c th tch c mt lng nc nht nh.
- 40 -

Nng cht kh khi cho vo khong 3oBx.

m ca tinh bt sau qu trnh tch nc khong 35 40%.

4.2.9. Sy tinh bt
4.2.9.1.

Mc ch

Qu trnh sy tinh bt nhm mc ch tch mt lng ln nc ra khi khi tinh

bt t va c tinh sch, a khi tinh bt t v trng thi bt kh. trng thi
, tinh bt bo qun c trong thi gian lu hn, d dng ng gi v vn chuyn i
xa phc v cho nhiu ngnh sn xut khc.
4.2.9.2.

Cc bin i trong qu trnh sy tinh bt

a. Bin i vt l
Trong qu trnh sy din ra s bc hi nc ra khi khi tinh bt dn n mt
s bin i vt l sau:
-

Khi lng ca khi tinh bt gim xung.

S thay i hnh dng ca cc ht tinh bt do cc ht tinh bt b co li.

Cc ht tinh bt tch ri nhau, khi tinh bt chuyn t trng thi bt nho sang
trng thi cc ht bt kh.

Ngoi ra, mu sc ca sn phm tinh bt cn tng v trng v sng m

nguyn nhn l do s thay i v kh nng hp th v phn x nh sng ca vt
liu di tc dng ca nhit cao.

b. Bin i ha hc
Nhng bin i ha hc trong qu trnh sy tinh bt din ra khng ng k, tr
mt s trng hp ta sy tinh bt nhit cao trong thi gian qu di s xy ra
mt s phn ng lm bin mu ht tinh bt.
c. Bin i ha l
Nhng bin i ha l din ra trong qu trnh sy tinh bt:
-

C hin tng bc hi ca m ra khi khi tinh bt.

Vic bc hi m t b mt to ra s chnh lch m gia lp b mt v cc lp

bn trong vt liu, kt qu l c s khuch tn m t cc lp bn trong ra lp b
mt ca vt liu.

d. Bin i ha sinh
Cc enzyme c sn trong nguyn liu s b c ch.

- 41 -

e. Bin i sinh hc
Bin i sinh hc ch yu din ra trong qu trnh sy tinh bt l s c ch v
tiu dit cc vi sinh vt trn b mt vt liu.
4.2.9.3.

Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh sy tinh bt

Qu trnh sy tinh bt chu nh hng ca cc yu t sau:

-

m ban u ca khi vt liu: m ban u ca khi vt liu cng cao th

thi gian sy cng ko di.

Tnh cht ca tc nhn sy nh: m, nhit v tc chuyn ng ca

dng tc nhn sy trong qu trnh sy.

Thi gian sy.

Phng php sy.

Ch sy: ch cng ngh sy tinh bt ph thuc rt nhiu vo nhit h

ha. Nhit sy ca sn phm lun phi nh hn nhit h ha giai on
u. Nu giai on u khi m cn cao, vt liu tip xc vi tc nhn sy
nhit cao th lp b mt ca tinh bt s b h ha to thnh lp keo mng bt
kn b mt thot m t trong lng vt liu ra ngoi. Nhit h ha ca tinh bt
c m 70% tr ln dao ng trong khong 55 60 oC. Bi vy nhit sn
phm trong qu trnh sy ban u nm trong khong 50 52 oC. Sau mt thi
gian sy khi m khi bt cn khong 20 22% th kh nng h ha ca tinh
bt kh xy ra, c th nng nhit ca sn phm ln 65 70 oC y nhanh
qu trnh sy.
4.2.9.4.

Phng php sy tinh bt

C 2 phng php sy c s dng trong qu trnh sy tinh bt l:

-

Sy i lu: l phng php sy cho tip xc trc tip vt liu sy vi khng

kh nng, khi l (cn gi l tc nhn sy).

Sy tip xc: l phng php sy khng cho tc nhn sy tip xc trc tip vi
vt liu sy m tc nhn sy truyn nhit cho vt liu sy gin tip qua mt b
mt ngn.

a. Sy i lu
Qu trnh sy c lp vt liu ri xp lp
Nguyn tc: trong cc thit b sy loi ny, vt liu c b tr nm yn ti ch
(trng thi tnh) v dng tc nhn thi song song dc theo b mt vt liu.

- 42 -

Phm vi ng dng: ch s dng trong cc c s sn xut nh, th cng.

-

lm 2 phn: mt phn tip tc hon lu li calorifer, mt phn thot ra ngoi

thng qua ca thot kh B. Sau khi vt liu sy t m yu cu, xe gong
c a ra ngoi.

Xe gong c a vo hoc ly ra ca phng bng tay hoc ng c.

Trong sut qu trnh sy, lp vt liu sy ng yn.

b. Sy tip xc
Mt phng php sy khc cng c ng dng trong k thut sy tinh bt l
phng php sy tip xc.
Tuy nhin hin nay ngi ta rt t s dng thit b ny sy tinh bt.
Thit b sy s dng l thit b sy 2 trc ln.
Cu to

Hnh 25 : Thit b sy 2 trc ln nhp liu t di ln

Hnh 26 : Thit b sy 2 trc ln nhp liu t trn xung

Nguyn tc hot ng:

- 43 -

Tinh bt t c nhp t trn xung gia hai trc ln (drum) quay ngc
chiu nhau.

Hi nc c cp vo trong 2 trc t nng thnh trc cp nhit gin tip cho

vt liu sy, lm kh vt liu sy. Tinh bt kh s c tch khi b mt trc ln
nh dao co.

Vt liu kh s ri xung vt ti v c vn chuyn ra ngoi.

Sau khi sy xong tinh bt thu c dng cc hay mng do cn phi thng
qua qu trnh nghin thu c tinh bt dng ht mn.

Hnh 27 : Nguyn l hot ng ca thit b sy 2 trc ln

Thng s k thut:
-

p sut lm vic: p sut kh quyn.

4.2.10.Bao gi
4.2.10.1. Mc ch

Mc ch ca qu trnh bao gi l nhm bo v sn phm tinh bt sau khi sy

kh v lm ngui khi cc tc ng khng tt ca mi trng xung quanh nh: m,
nhit , nh sng, vi sinh vt nhm ko di thi gian bo qun sn phm.
Ngoi ra, vic bao gi cn nhm mc ch thun tin cho vn chuyn v phn phi
ti ngi tiu dng.
4.2.10.2. Cch tin hnh
Vic bao gi c th thc hin bng tay hoc bng cc thit b bao gi t ng.

- 44 -

Hnh 28 : Thit b bao gi

- 45 -

PHN 5 : X L NC THI
Nc thi ch bin tinh bt sn c hm lng cht hu c cao lm gim oxy
ho tan trong nc, thc y qu trnh phn hy ym kh cc vi sinh vt trong nc
pht sinh mi hi thi nh hng nghim trng ti cht lng mi trng v gy mt
m quan.
Bn cnh , qu trnh chuyn ho tinh bt thnh acid hu c lm cho pH trong nc
thi gim, pH thp trong nc thi c tc dng xu ti cc ng vt thy sinh, c bit
cc loi vn a mi trng kim, lm cht to, c di chuyn ni sng, lm chua t.
Hm lng SS trong nc thi cao l nguyn nhn gy lng ng v thu hp din tch
cc mng dn v cc dng tip nhn nc thi. V vy, qu trnh x l nc thi l
mt qu trnh khng km phn quan trng.
Cht thi t ngnh cng nghip ch bin thc phm ni chung v ngnh cng nghip
sn xut tinh bt sn ni ring lun l vn bc xc ca mi quc gia, khng ch nh
hng n mi trng t, nc, khng kh, gy mt m quan khu vc xung quanh m
cn nh hng trc tip ti sc kho ca cng ng. Cng ngh sn xut tinh bt sn
lm pht sinh c ba dng cht thi: kh thi, nc thi, cht thi rn.
5.1 CC DNG CHT THI
5.1.1. KH THI
Kh thi pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut tinh bt sn c th k n cc loi kh sau.
Trong sn xut tinh bt sn, hp cht cyanegenic glucozit thu phn gii phng HCN,
y l acid d bay hi, chng pht tn vo khng kh gy nh hng n sc khe ca
con ngi v gia sc.
Cc ngun pht sinh kh thi gy nhim :
+ Sn xut tinh bt sn quy m cng nghip thng c l cp nhit cho qu trnh sy
kh sn phm, qu trnh chy my pht in. Do vy kh nhim c th pht sinh do
qu trnh t du, thnh phn chnh ca cc loi kh ny: NO2, SO2, bi,...
+ ty trng tinh bt qui m sn xut ln c th t lu hunh to sunfuaioxit,
qu trnh ny pht sinh SO2. Ngoi ra SO2 cn pht sinh t khu vc nghin bt trong
trng hp nh lng qu nhiu SO2 vo dung dch sa bt.

- 46 -

+ nhim kh cn pht sinh t qu trnh thu phn cc hp cht hu c trong b thi

rn hoc trong nc thi t cc h sinh hc nh: H 2S, NH3, Indol, xeton...C kh nng
gy cc bnh v ng h hp, ung th, nguy him cho con ngi.
+ Khng kh cn b nhim bi bi ca qu trnh vn chuyn nguyn liu v bi cha
ca nh my, bi trong qu trnh sng, sy kh v ng bao sn phm.
+ Ngoi ra cn c nhim ting n t cc my ra, my nghin, my ly tm...
5.1.2 NC THI
5.1.2.1. Ngun pht sinh v c trng ca nc thi sn xut tinh bt sn
Qu trnh sn xut tinh bt sn l mt quy trnh cng ngh c nhu cu s dng nc
kh ln khong 25 40 m 3/tn sn phm, tu thuc vo cng ngh khc nhau. Lng
nc thi t qu trnh ny chim 80 90% tng lng nc s dng. Nc thi t
cng on ra c v tinh ch bt l hai ngun gy nhim chnh trong cng ngh ch
bin tinh bt sn.
+ Nc thi t cng on ra c v bc v chim khong 30% tng lng nc s
dng cha ch yu l: ct, sn, hm lng hu c khng cao, pH t bin ng khong
6,5 6,8.
+ Nc thi t cng on tinh ch bt c hm lng nhim cht hu c cao (COD:
10000 13000mg/l; BOD: 4000 9000mg/l), hm lng cn l lng, cn kh chuyn
ho ln (gm x mn, pectin v cc cn khng tan khc), pH = 5,7 6; lng nc ny
chim khong 60%.
+ Ngoi hai ngun nhim trn cn c khong 10% nc thi t qu trnh ra sng,
thit b, nc t phng th nghim, t sinh hot...Nc thi loi ny c COD khong
2000 2500 mg/l; BOD khong 400 500mg/l.
Bng: c trng nc thi sn xut tinh bt sn
Thnh phn
Ph
COD (mg/l)
BOD (mg/l)
SS(mg/l)
CN (mg/l)
Tng N (mg/l)
Tng P (mg/l)

Ra c
6,5-6,8
1500-2000
500-1000
1150-2000
11

Nc thi tinh ch
5,7-6
1000-15000
4000-9000
1360-5000
32
122-270
24-31

- 47 -

TCVN 5945-2005,B
5,5-9
80
50
100
0,1
30
6

5.1.2.2. Phn loi nc thi nh my

Nc thi t nh my c phn lm hai lung: nc thi ra c v nc thi tinh ch
bt.
+ Nc ra c c COD khong 1500mg/l; SS khong 1200mg/l; BOD khong
800mg/l. + Nc thi tinh ch bt c COD khong 10000mg/l; BOD khong
7000mg/l; SS khong 3000 mg/l. Ni chung nc thi sn xut tinh bt sn c
nhim cao vt qu TCCP. V vy, nh my ch bn tinh bt sn cn thit phi x l
nc trc khi thi ra ngun tip nhn.
5.1.3. CHT THI RN
Ngun tp cht cng nh ph ph phm trong qu trnh sn xut cng l nguyn nhn
gy nhim. Trong sn xut tinh bt sn t c ti, cht thi rn ch yu pht sinh t
cc cng on ra c, bc v v cc cng on lc. Cht thi rn t khu ra c bao
gm t, ct, lp v la v mt phn tht c b v do va chm mnh hoc do sn
nguyn liu b dp, thi, lng cht thi ny chim khong 5% sn nguyn liu. Trong
cng on tch b, phn cn li l ngun pht sinh cht thi rn v cng ln, chim
khong 40% sn nguyn liu

5.2. CC BIN PHP GIM THIU NHIM

5.2.1. Gim thiu nhim mi trng do bi
5.2.1.1. i vi nhim bi ti cng on ng bao thnh phm
Cng on cha bt thnh phm t sil cha bt v bao b s c thc hin vi cc
thit b c b tr h thng chp kn ngay ti u ng rt bt, to p sut m thu hi
- 48 -

bt ti thit b x l. Thit b x l c dng hu ht cc nh my ch bin tinh bt

sn l thit b lc ti vi (c b tr bn ngoi phng ng bao thnh phm). Bi bt
ch gii hn trong phng ng bao sn phm, nn khng nh hng n mi trng
khng kh cc khu vc ln cn. Bi bt c kh nng thot ra mi trng bn ngoi
ch xy ra khi c ngi ra vo phng. Do vic hn ch ra vo i vi nhng ngi
khng c nhin v cng l mt bin php hn ch nh hng ca ngun nhim ny.
5.2.1.2

. i vi nhim bi do hot ng giao thng v khu vc thu mua

nguyn vt liu
Bi pht sinh do hot ng ca cc phng tin giao thng ra vo nh my, bi t cc
khu vc tp trung nguyn liu v vn chuyn sn phm. Do y l ngun nhim
phn tn nn thng dng bin php phun nc ti khu vc bi nguyn liu v khu
vc c hot ng giao thng khng ch ngun nhim ny.
5.2.2. Gim thiu nhim kh thi
Hin nay hu ht cc nh my ch bin tinh bt sn dng nhin liu du FO to hi
nng cp nhit sy kh tinh bt. Kh thi t qu trnh t du pht sinh kh nhim
nh bi, SO2, NO2, ...Tuy nhin bin php gim thiu hu hiu nht c th gim thiu
nhim kh c l thay th nhin liu ny bng cc nhin liu sch nh gas, nng
lng mt tri ... Nng lng ny c th thu hi t kh Biogas sinh ra t qu trnh x
l ym kh.
5.2.3. Gim thiu nhim mi t bi cha cht thi rn v nc thi
+ B tr nh xng thong, to iu kin thng gi t nhin ti cc v tr pht sinh
mi hi.
+ Gim thiu b thi rn tn ng lu ngy, thng xuyn dn v sinh mt bng.
+ Vn qun l ni vi c ch trng, v sinh nh xng sch s, khng nc t
ng gy nhim mi.
+ H thng cng dn nc thi phi c khi thng thng xuyn trnh gy tc
nghn, cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp
5.3. BIN PHP GIM THIU CHT THI RN V B THI
C th p dng cc bin php sau gim thiu nhim t cht thi rn v b thi :
+ i vi b sn c m cao t 80 90%, tinh bt cha 5 7% ,11 15% cht kh.
Thng thng b sn c x l theo cc cch sau:
Ch bin lm thc n cho gia sc

- 49 -

 Lm phn bn vi sinh
Ln men sn xut cn
+ i vi v ci c hm lng tinh bt chim t 5 8% nhng v ci cha nhiu c
t nn hn ch lm thc n gia sc. V ci c th tch ring lm phn bn. Ring v
la, t, ct nn thit k bi chn lp hoc t.
+ i vi bn, cn t h thng x l nc thi: Sau khi c lm kh nc lng bn
cn ny c th lm phn bn hay em i chn lp
5.3.1. Cc bin php p dng x l nc thi ch bin tinh bt sn
5.3.1.1. Phn lung dng thi
Cn phn lung dng thi gim ti lng nc thi cn x l, gim th tch b cn
x l. Vic phn lung dng thi trc khi x l s tit kim c chi ph u t xy
dng, gim din tch mt bng cn thit cng nh chi ph vn hnh sau ny.
Nc thi trong nh my ch bin tinh bt sn c hai ngun chnh l nc thi ra c
v nc thi trong qu trnh tinh ch bt, ngoi ra cn c mt lng nc thi trong
qu trnh ra sn nh, phng th nghim, nc thi sinh hot ca nh my. V vy, c
th phn lung nh sau:
+ Dng nc thi t nhim: Nc thi thu c trong qu trnh ra sn c ti cha
ch yu l t, ct v mt lng nh sn b v do va p trong qu trnh ra c.
Lng nc ny do c nhim khng cao nn c x l ch yu bng c hc:
lng lc tch t, ct v v sn. Nc sau x l c quay tr li cng vi nc
sch ra sn nguyn liu. Phn cc tp cht cn li c a i chn lp.
+ Dng nc thi nhim va: Nc ra nh sn, thit b, nc thi t phng th
nghim, t sinh hot ca cn b cng nhn vin...
+ Dng nc thi nhim nng: Nc thi trong qu trnh sng lc v trch ly cha
hm lng cht hu c cao, hm lng cn l lng ln, pH thp, nc thi sn xut
tinh bt sn cn cha cc cht kh hoc chm chuyn ho nh: Dch bo, x sn,
pectin..
Vic phn loi dng nc thi to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh x l sau ny.
5.3.1.2. Cc bin php p dng x l nc thi
Vic la chn phng php cng nh bin php, cng trnh c th p dng trong
dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc thi ph thuc vo c im tnh cht nc thi,
mc cn thit lm sch. Di y l mt s phng php s l nc thi:
a. Phng php x l c hc
- 50 -

Bao gm cc qu trnh x l s b, lng, lc. Phng php ny thng c s dng

trong giai on tin x l nhm tch cc vt ni c kch thc ln, tch cc tp cht
lng ra khi nc thi m bo cho bm, ng ng, hot ng hiu qu khng b
tc ng thi gim ti lng nhim.
+ i vi nc thi ra c tinh bt sn c cha nhiu t, ct, sn, v... Ta c th p
dng phng php lng lc c hc x l nc thi ny trc khi a n cc cng
trnh x l tip theo. Nhng tp cht ny c kch thc tng i ln, d dng tch ra
khi nc thi, Phn cn l lng c kch thc nh hn c tch nh lc. Nh vy ta
c th s dng b lng ct x l nc thi ra c.
+ i vi nc thi tinh ch bt: nc thi ny c hm lng tinh bt v zenluloza
ln, nc thi ny cng cn lng tch cn th trc khi x l s cp. Nc sau khi
lng c hm lng SS, TS gim, to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh x l tip theo.
Cn lng cha x mn v tinh bt c th tn dng lm thc n gia sc hoc lm phn
bn.
b. X l ho l
Da trn qu trnh ng t v keo t, tuyn ni, trao i ion, tch bng mng, in
ho. Cc phng php ho l thng c ng dng tch cc cht nhim dng
keo, ho tan, cht hot ng b mt hay kim loi nng trong nc thi. Trong keo t
l phng php n gin, x l hiu qu nc thi c hm lng cn l lng ln, nn
i vi nc thi trch ly ca nh my ch bin tinh bt sn c p dng x l. Tc
nhn keo t l cc cht c ngun gc t nhin hoc tng hp. Ta thng dng polymer
hu c (PAA) v cht ny kh ph bin v r tin, d s dng c bit l khng gy
nhim th cp, d dng t hy trong thi gian ngn. Sau khi keo t to thnh cc bng
c kch thc ln nn d dng tch nh qu trnh lng
c. Phng php sinh hc
L phng php s dng cc vi sinh vt phn gii cc cht nhim hu c c trong
nc thi c hm lng cht hu c cao. Vi sinh vt s dng cc cht hu c v mt
s khong cht lm ngun dinh dng xy dng t bo, ng thi khai thc nng
lng cho qu trnh sng. Nh hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt, cc cht nhim c
chuyn ho v nc thi c lm sch
u im ca phng php:
+ Kh n gin, r tin
+ Hiu qu x l BOD, COD cao
+ Khng gy nhim th cp
- 51 -

+ Ngoi ra cn thu Biogas trong qu trnh phn hu sinh hc lm nhin liu kh t.

Phng php sinh hc c chia lm hai phng php: x l sinh hc ym kh v
x l sinh hc hiu kh.
d. Phng php x l hiu kh:
L phng php s dng vi sinh vt oxy ho cc hp cht hu c c trong nc
thi. Thng thng phng php ny ch p dng cho nc thi c hm lng BOD
thp (BOD < 1500mg/l)
u im:
+ Tc oxy ho nhanh.
+ Thi gian lu trong h thng ngn.
+ Khng gy mi nh x l ym kh.
Nhc im:
+ Tn nng lng cho sc kh.
+ Ch x l nc thi c hm lng nhim thp.
+ Sau x l sinh ra lng bn ln.
Trong cc phng php x l hiu kh nh: lc sinh hc, Aeroten, h hiu kh, ...S
dng h thng Aeroten l c hiu qu v ph bin nht.
S x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc

- 52 -

e. Phng php x l ym kh
Ch yu l s dng cc h sinh hc x l Nc thi trong cc h c lm sch
nh cc qu trnh phn hu t nhin ca cc vi sinh vt ym kh v ty tin. Cc h c
su khong 3m, nc thi sau khi x l c qua h i chng ri thi ra ngun
tip nhn.
+ u im:
Vn u t khng ln, vt t trang thit b n gin, d vn hnh chi ph vn hnh
thp, qu trnh x l ch yu lm sch t nhin nn t ng ho khng cao.
+ Nhc im:
- 53 -

Din tch xy dng ln; Hiu qu x l khng cao do ph thuc vo iu kin t

nhin; Thi gian lu nc trong cc h ko di (30 60 ngy) nn nc thi v bn
tch t trong cc h lu ngy gy mi hi thi, nh hng n mi trng khng kh.
y l phng php s dng vi sinh vt phn hu cc cht hu c c trong nc
thi. Sn phm phn gii hon ton cc hp cht hu c ca qu trnh x l ym kh l
kh sinh hc(Biogas), ch yu l CH4 v CO2 c th lm kh t. Thng thng phng
php ny ch p dng cho nc thi c hm lng nhim cao (BOD > 1800mg/l; SS
3000mg/l).

C ch ca qu trnh x l ym kh: qu trnh phn gii ym kh cc hp cht hu c

thng xy theo 4 giai on:
+ Giai on 1: thy phn cc hp cht hu c c phn t lng ln nh protein, gluxit,
lipit...b phn hy di tc dng ca cc. Enzim hydrolaza ca vi sinh vt thnh cc
cht hu c phn t lng nh nh ng n, axit ammin...
Giai on 2: ln men cc axit hu c. Cc sn phm thy phn s c cc vi sinh vt
hp th v chuyn ha trong iu kin ym kh, sn phm phn gii l cc acid hu c
phn t lng nh nh acid propionic, acid butyric, acid lactic, cc cht trung tnh nh
ru, andehyt, axeton. Thnh phn ca cc sn phm trong giai on ln men ph
thuc vo bn cht cc cht nhim, tc nhn sinh hc v iu kin mi trng. Ngoi
ra trong giai on ny cc acid ammin hnh thnh do thy phn protein cng c kh
ammin, mt phn gc ammin c cc vi sinh vt s dng cho qu trnh sinh trng
v pht trin, mt phn c kh.
+ Giai on 3: giai on ln men to acid axetic. Cc sn phm ln men phn t lng
ln nh axit bo, axit lactic... s c chuyn ha n axit axetic.
CH3-CHOH-COOH

2CH3-CH2-COOH + CH3-COOH + CO2 + H2O

+Giai on 4: giai on metan ha.

y l giai on quan trng nht ca ton b qu trnh x l ym kh thu Biogas. Hiu
qu x l s cao khi cc sn phm trung gian c kh ha hon ton. Qu trnh hnh
thnh kh mtan thng xy ra theo 2 c ch ch yu sau:
S hnh hnh kh mtan do decacboxy ha.
CH4 c hnh thnh do decacboxy acid axetic
CH3COOH CH4 + CO2
CH4 c hnh thnh do decacboxy ha cc axit hu c khc
- 54 -

4CH3-CH2-COOH + 2H2O 7CH4 + 5CO2

2CH3-(CH2)2-COOH + 2H2O 5CH4 + 3CO2
CH4 cng c th c hnh thnh do decacboxy cc cht trung tnh
2C2H5OH 3CH4 + CO2
CH3-CO-CH3 + H2O 2CH4 + CO2
S hnh thnh CH4 theo c ch kh CO2, Hydro c hnh thnh do qu trnh ln
men axit hu c, trong iu kin ym kh s c cc vi khun Methanogene s dng
nh l cht nhng hydro kh CO 2. Qu trnh kh c th bng hydro phn t hoc
bng oxi ha kh.
X l nc thi bng phng php ym kh c rt nhiu u im:
+ C th x l nc thi c hm lng cht hu c rt cao v c kh nng phn hy
cc hp cht hu c c phn t lng ln, cu trc phc tp m cc phng php khc
hu nh khng x l c.
+ Chi ph nng lng cho x l thp.
+ Lng bn to ra nh.
+ Sn phm phn gii hon ton cc hp cht hu c trong qu trnh x l l kh sinh
hc (biogas), thnh phn ch yu l CH4, CO2.
Tuy nhin cng c mt s nhc im
+ Thi gian lu nc thi lu, nn chi ph cho xy dng ln.
+ Thi gian n nh cng ngh di.
+ Quy trnh vn hnh kh phc tp.
+ Hiu qu x l thng ch t 75 90%.
+ Bn c mi c trng.
Nc thi tinh ch bt sn c hm lng nhim rt cao, hm lng cn l lng ln.
Vi c trng ca nc thi nh vy nn s dng phng php ym kh x l. Tuy
nhin dng thi sau khi x l ym kh cn c x l tip bng phng php hiu
kh... t TCCP trc khi ra ngun tip nhn.

- 55 -

PH LC
Xy dng bng SWOT
Nhn t nh hng:" CUNG CP NGUYN LIU"
SWOT

Kh nng cung cp nguyn liu

Mt

khi lng cung cp cho cng nghip rt thun li

mnh

ch bin ln vi cht lng tt, kh

nng cung cp nguyn liu lu di.
Vng trng sn c truyn thng. iu

Mt

kin giao thng tt

khng

yu

C hi

tng lai s tr thnh vng chuyn

canh ln

e da

khng

- 56 -

Mc nh gi

im
4

Nhn t nh hng:" CUNG CP NGUYN LIU"

SWOT

Gi nguyn vt liu

Mc nh gi

im

Mt

khi lng cung cp cho cng

thun li

mnh

nghip ch bin ln vi cht

lng tt, kh nng cung cp
nguyn liu lu di. Vng trng
sn c truyn thng. iu kin

Mt

giao thng tt
ngun nguyn liu b cc thng

yu

li Trung Quc mua ph gi

C hi

vng nguyn liu c tim nng

pht trin

e da

khng

- 57 -

Nhn t nh hng:" CUNG CP NGUYN LIU"

SWOT

Kh nng cung cp nguyn liu

Mc nh gi

im

Mt

khi lng nguyn liu cung cp ln,

t thun li

mnh

cht lng ph hp

Mt

iu kin vn chuyn nguyn liu

yu

trong khu vc cn thp, cc vng

cung cp nguyn liu cn t,iu kin
vn chuyn tng i

C hi

cha r

e da

khng

- 58 -

Nhn t nh hng:" CUNG CP NGUYN LIU"

SWOT Kh nng cung cp nguyn liu

Mc nh gi

im

Mt

khi lng nguyn liu sn

khng thun li

mnh

cung cp, c yu cu

Mt

cc vng trng sn phn b ri rc.

yu

iu kin vn chuyn trong khu vc

nguyn liu thp

C hi

cha r

e da s pht trin ca cc c s thu mua

nguyn liu cha mnh, bo qun
nguyn liu cn yu, b cc thng
li Trung Quc p gi

- 59 -

Nhn t nh hng:" TIU TH SN PHM"

SWOT V tr trong th trng
Mc nh gi

im

Mt

th trng tiu th rng ln, giao

mnh

thng thun tin cho vic vn

chuyn sn phm n ni tiu th

Mt yu khng

C hi

tng lai s m rng th trng ra

ton th gii

e da

khng

- 60 -

rt thun li

Nhn t nh hng:" TIU TH SN PHM"

SWOT c im th trng
Mc nh gi

im

Mt

th trng tiu th rng ln, giao

mnh

thng thun tin cho vic vn

chuyn sn phm n ni tiu th

Mt yu

th trng tiu th hn ch ph
thuc nhiu vo th trng trung
quc

C hi

tng lai m rng ra nhiu th

trng c tim nng

e da

khng

- 61 -

thun li

Nhn t nh hng:" TIU TH SN PHM"

SWOT c im th trng
Mc nh gi

im

Mt

th trng tiu th ln, giao thng

mnh

tng i tt vn chuyn nguyn

liu ti ni tiu thu sn phm

Mt

chu sc p ca th trng trong v

yu

ngoi nc

C hi

cha r

e da

th trng tiu th b hn ch

- 62 -

t thun li

Nhn t nh hng:" TIU TH SN PHM"

SWOT c im th trng
Mc nh gi

im

Mt

th trng tiu th sn phm thp,

mnh

giao thng i li khng c thun

tin

Mt yu

th trng tiu th kh tnh

C hi

cha r

e da

kh cnh tranh vi cc cng ty

trong v ngoi nc

- 63 -

thun li

Nhn t nh hng:" LC LNG LAO NG"

SWOT V tr trong th trng sc lao ng
Mc nh gi

im

Mt

lc lng lao ng trong v ngoi

lao ng

mnh

tnh, trnh d lao ng cao

nhiu

Mt

khng c

yu

C hi c tim nng thu ht ngun lao ng

e da khng c

- 64 -

Nhn t nh hng:" LC LNG LAO NG"

SWOT V tr trong th trng sc lao ng
Mc nh gi

Mt

lc lng lao ng trong tnh v mt

mnh

s tnh ln cn

Mt

trnh lao ng khng cao

yu

C hi

e da khng c

- 65 -

im

lao ng c sn 2

Nhn t nh hng:" LC LNG LAO NG"

SWOT Nh

Mc nh gi

im

Mt

lc lng lao ng ch yu trong khu

lao ng va

mnh

vc

Mt

lc lng lao ng b hn ch

yu

C hi cha r

ngun lao ng c trnh thp

da

- 66 -

Nhn t nh hng:" QUAN H TH"

SWOT V tr so vi khu dn c

Mc nh

im

gi
Mt

nm gn khu dn c, khu cng nghip

mnh

Mt

khng c

yu

C hi thu ht c ngun lao ng

khng c

da

- 67 -

10-20 pht

Nhn t nh hng:" QUAN H TH"

SWOT V tr so vi khu dn c

Mc nh

im

gi
Mt

nm gn khu dn c, khu cng nghip

mnh

Mt

khng c

yu

C hi lc lng lao ng cao

e
da

- 68 -

20-30 pht

Nhn t nh hng:" QUAN H TH"

SWOT
V tr so vi khu dn c

Mc nh gi

im

Mt

30-40 pht

mnh

Mt yu

C hi

e da

- 69 -

Nhn t nh hng:" QUAN H TH"

SWOT
V tr so vi khu dn c

Mc nh gi

im

Mt

Hn 40 pht

mnh

Mt yu

C hi

e da

- 70 -

Nhn t nh hng:" CP NC "

SWOT Cp t mng cng cng

Mc nh gi

Mt

lng nc cung cp ln, nm gn Mng c,

mnh

h thng cp thot nc, gn sng

Mt

khng c

yu

C hi pht trin h thng cp thot nc

trong tng lai

e da khng c

- 71 -

tip ni r

im

Nhn t nh hng:" CP NC "

SWOT Cp t mng cng cng

Mc nh gi

Mt

lng nc cung cp ln, nm gn Mng c,

mnh

h thng cp thot nc, gn sng

Mt

khng c

yu

C hi pht trin h thng cp thot nc

trong tng lai

e da khng c

- 72 -

tip ni r

im

Nhn t nh hng:" CP NC "

SWOT Cp t mng cng cng

Mc nh gi

im

Mt

lng nc cung cp tng i

Mng c,

mnh

ln, nm hi xa h thng cp

tip ni t

nc, sng

Mt

h thng tip ni xa, lng nc

yu

khng mnh

C hi cha r

e da h thng s l nc thp

- 73 -

Nhn t nh hng:" CP NC "

SWOT

Cp t mng cng cng

Mt

lng nc cung cp va , xa h

mnh

thng cp nc, sng

Mt
yu

lng nc cung cp hn ch

C hi

cha r

e da

c th thiu nc trong qu trnh

- 74 -

Mc nh gi im

Mng sp c

Nhn t nh hng:" CP NC "

SWOT

Mt
mnh

Mt
yu

C hi

e da

Cp t ging khoan ring

Mc nh gi

im

Khoan c, r

lng nc cung cp ln

khng c

khng ph thuc vo h thng cp

nc t mng cp nc cng cng

khng c

- 75 -

Nhn t nh hng:" CP NC "

SWOT Cp t ging khoan ring

Mc nh gi

im

Mt

Khoan c, t

lng nc cung cp ln

mnh

Mt

khng c

yu

C hi

cha r

e da h thng s l nc cn hn ch

- 76 -

Nhn t nh hng:" CP NC "

SWOT Cp t ging khoan ring

Mc nh gi im

Mt

C kh nng

lng nc cung cp tng i ln

mnh

Mt

phi khoang xu di lng t

yu

C hi

cha r

e da nc b nhim phn, cc kiem loi

nng

- 77 -

Nhn t nh hng:" GIAO THNG "

SWOT Tip ni vi cng, sng, bin

Mc nh gi

im

Mt

Rt thun li

gn h thng sng ln

mnh

Mt

khng c

yu

C hi

pht trin h thng giao thng ng

thy

e da

khng c

- 78 -

Nhn t nh hng:" GIAO THNG "

SWOT Tip ni vi cng, sng, bin

Mc nh gi

im

Mt

Thun li

gn h thng sng ln

mnh

Mt yu khng c

C hi

pht trin h thng giao thng

e da

lu lng nc chy theo ma

- 79 -

Nhn t nh hng:" GIAO THNG "

SWOT Tip ni vi cng, sng, bin

Mc nh gi

im

Mt

Khng thun li

xa h thng sng ln

mnh

Mt

tn chi ph vn chuyn ra cn

yu

C hi

chua r

e da

thng c l vo ma ma

- 80 -

Nhn t nh hng:" C IM A HNH KHU T "

SWOT
Ngp lt
Mc nh gi

im

Mt mnh

khng c

Mt yu

khng c

C hi

khng c

e da

khng c

Khng

- 81 -

Nhn t nh hng:" C IM A HNH KHU T "

SWOT
Ngp lt
Mc nh gi

im

Mt

c vo ma l

mnh

Mt yu

a hnh tng i thp

C hi

cha r

e da

tn chi ph lm nn

- 82 -

Nhn t nh hng:" C IM A HNH KHU T "

SWOT
Ngp lt
Mc nh gi

im

Mt

c vo ma ma

C kh nng

mnh

Mt yu

a hnh thp

C hi

cha r

e da

lm h hng nguyn liu, thit b,

my mc

- 83 -

Nhn t nh hng:" C IM A HNH KHU T "

SWOT bng phng
Mc nh gi im

Mt

diah hnh bng phng, in tch rng

mnh

Mt

khng c

yu

C hi

d dng cho vic xy dng nh my

e da khng c

- 84 -

Bng phng

Nhn t nh hng:" C IM A HNH KHU T "

SWOT bng phng
Mc nh gi

im

Mt

a hnh tng i bng phng

mnh

Mt yu nhiu h, g nhp nh

C hi

d sang lp

e da

tn ch ph sang lp mc bng

- 85 -

Mp m

Nhn t nh hng:" C IM A HNH KHU T "

SWOT bng phng
Mc nh gi

im

Mt

a hnh g gh

Rt mp m

mnh

Mt yu nhiu h su, g cao

C hi

cha r

e da

chi ph sang lp mt bng ln

- 86 -

Nhn t nh hng:" C IM A HNH KHU T "

SWOT
Kh hu
Mc nh gi

im

Mt

kh ro

Rt thun li

mnh

Mt yu

khng c

C hi

khng lam h hng nguyn

liu, my mc

e da

- 87 -

Nhn t nh hng:" C IM A HNH KHU T "

SWOT Kh hu
Mc nh gi

im

Mt

kh ro, m thp

Thun li

mnh

Mt yu

khng c

C hi

c th lm h hng nguyn liu

nu khng s l k

e da

khng c

- 88 -

Nhn t nh hng:" C IM A HNH KHU T "

SWOT Kh hu
Mc nh gi

im

Mt

kh ro, m khng cao

mnh

Mt

khng c

yu

C hi

cha r

e da

c th lm h hng nguyn liu

- 89 -

t thun li

Nhn t nh hng:" C IM A HNH KHU T "

SWOT Kh hu
Mc nh gi

Mt

m thp, m cao

Khng thun li 1

mnh

Mt

lng ma cao

yu

C hi

im

cha r

e da lm h hng nguyn liu,my mc

- 90 -

Nhn t nh hng Duyn

Long

Nhung Phc

Th

Trung

%
30.67

c im khu t

bnh
4.6

H tng k thut

4.4

29.33

Th trng

20

Lc lng lao

1.6

10.67

ng
Quan h th

1.4

9.33

15

100

Trung

Tng

c im

Nhung Phc

Th

im

khu t

im

im

khu

khu

khu

t
c im a hnh

t
4

t
5

4.6

13.57

khu t
Gi khu t

3.4

10.03

ln khu t

2.4

7.08

10.4

30.68

bnh

Tng

H tng k thut

Duyn

Long

Nhung Phc

Th

Trung

%
9.78

Cp nc

bnh
5

Giao thng

3.4

6.65

Nng lng

3.6

7.04

X l nc thi

1.6

3.13

X l rc thi

1.4

2.74

15

29.34

Tng

Th trng

Duyn

Long

Nhung Phc

Th

Trung
bnh

- 91 -

Cung cp nguyn vt 3

12

20

liu
Tiu th sn phm

Tng

Mc nh gi giao

Duyn

Long

Nhung Phc

Th

thng ng sng

Trung
bnh

rt thun li

thun li

3.6

khng thun li

1.2

Mc nh gi giao

Duyn

Long

Nhung Phc

Th

Trung

thng ng b

bnh

phi xd, nhng thun

1.6

li
xy dng phc tp

0.6

Th

Trung

Mc nh gi v tr Duyn

Long

Nhung Phc

n ni tiu th

bnh

rt thun li

thun li

2.4

ph hp yu cu

1.2

Mc nh gi lao

Duyn

Long

Nhung Phc

Th

Trung

ng
lao ng nhiu

bnh
5

- 92 -

4.4

lao ng c sn

3.4

lao ng va

1.4

Mc nh gi thi

Duyn

Long

Nhung Phc

Th

Trung

gian i lm

bnh

10-20 pht

4.6

20-30 pht

3.4

30-40 pht

2.2

40 v hn

Mc nh gi

Trung

hnh dng khu

Duyn

Long

Nhung

Phc

Th

t
Rt thun li

Thun li

2.4

Khng thun li

0.4

bng phng

Duyn

Long

Nhung

Phc

Th

khu t
Bng phng

Mp m

1.4

Rt mp m

0.4

Duyn

Long

Nhung

Phc

Th

Khng

1.6

c kh nng

0.4

Mc nh gi

Mc nh gi
ngp lt

- 93 -

bnh

Trung
bnh

Trung
bnh

Mc nh gi

Trung

Duyn

Long

Nhung

Phc

Th

rt ph hp

4.6

ph hp

3.6

chp nhn c

2.6

hi cao

1.6

qu cao

ln khu t

Duyn

Long

Nhung

Phc

Th

(ha)
dt c
xp x vi yu

Duyn

Long

Nhung

Phc

Th

2.4

1.8

Duyn

Long

Nhung

Phc

Th

thp

2.8

trung bnh

1.8

cao

0.8

Gi nguyn vt

Duyn

Long

Nhung

Phc

Th

liu
rt thp

gi khu t

Mc nh gi

cu
Mc nh gi
ging khoan
Khoan c, r
Khoan c,
t
C kh nng
Mc nh gi
than t

Mc nh gi

- 94 -

bnh

Trung
bnh

Trung
bnh

Trung
bnh

Trung
bnh
4.6

thp

chp nhn c

hi cao

0.4

Duyn

Long

Nhung

Phc

Th

c li

3.6

khng c li

2.2

c hi

0.6

Mc nh gi
nh my ln cn

Mc nh gi

Duyn

Long

Nhung Phc

Th

iu kin kh

Trung
bnh

Trung
bnh

hu
Rt thun li

Thun li

2.6

t thun li

1.4

Khng thun li 0

0.4

Mc nh gi

Long

Nhung Phc

Th

Trung

Duyn

chi ph in

bnh

Rt thun li

Thun li

2.6

t thun li

1.4

Khng thun li 0

0.4

Mc nh gi

Long

Nhung Phc

Th

Trung

Duyn

x l rc thi

bnh

Rt thun li

Thun li

2.6

t thun li

1.4

Khng thun li 0

0.4

- 95 -

Mc nh gi

Duyn

Long

Nhung Phc

Th

Trung

kh nng cung

bnh

cp nguyn liu
Rt thun li

Thun li

2.6

t thun li

1.4

Khng thun li 0

0.4

Mc nh gi

Long

Nhung Phc

Th

Trung

Duyn

X l nc thi

bnh

thp

2.8

trung bnh

1.8

cao

0.8

Nhn t nh hng

Duyn

Long

Nhung Phc

Th

Trung %
bnh

Ngp lt

2.6

5.88

bng phng

2.2

4.98

Kh hu

1.2

2.71

13.57

Tng
Nhn t nh hng

Duyn

Long

Nhung Phc

Th

Trung %
bnh

tip ni ng b

3.91

Tip ni sng

1.4

2.74

3.4

6.65

Tng

- 96 -

Nhn t nh hng

Duyn

Long

Nhung Phc

Th

Trung %
bnh

Cp in qua mng

3.52

chung
Qua trm pht ring

1.17

Cp than

2.35

7.04

Tng
Nhn t nh hng

Duyn

Long

Nhung Phc

Th

Trung %
bnh

Ngun nguyn liu

1.4

5.6

Gi nguyn vt liu

1.6

6.4

12

Tng

- 97 -

Nhn t nh hng

Duyn

Long

Nhung Phc

Th

Trung %
bnh

V tr trong th trng

1.4

3.73

c im th trng

1.6

4.27

Tng
Nhn t nh hng

Duyn

Long

Nhung Phc

Th

Trung %
bnh

V tr so vi khu dn c 1

1.4

4.35

Nh my ln cn

1.6

4.98

9.33

Tng

- 98 -