Aartappels / Potatoes

311 million tonnes on 19 million hectares / year

16.4 t/ha

Voedsel vars & geprosesseer, dierevoer, saad aartappels & industrieel

stysel / Food - fresh & processed, animal feed, seed tubers & industrial
starch
Wreldwyd / Worldwide
Verskillende klimate / Different climates
Area in ontwikkelde teenoor ontwikkelende lande / Area in develop vs
developing world

Ho produksie effektiwiteit / High production efficiency

Land & energy

Verkies gematigde klimaat / Temperate climate crop

Opbrengs benvloed deur klimaat, beskikbaarheid van water, voeding,
gewasbeskerming, saad kwaliteit en vlak van tegnologie / Yield affected by
climate, availability of water, nutrients, crop protectants, seed quality and
the level of technology.

NB! New cultivars & seed potato production

 In S A
Limpopo, North West, Free State & Western Cape
Production (ton)

1, 017,114

63.5

Seed

208,477

13

Processing

270,445

16.9

Exports

106,000

6.6

1,602,036

100

Table (Local consumption)

Total

Vermeerdering nadeel / Propagation disadvantage

Lae vermeerderings tempo / Low multiplication rate

Groot areas gebruik vir saad aartappels / Large areas for seed tubers
Veld vermeerdering patogene / Field multiplication - pathogens
Inset koste !! / Input cost!!
Verminder veld generasies!! / Reduce field generations !!!

Projected

Agricultural share

Rank of

population in

of Gross

importance of

Area

Production

Yield

the year 2000

Domestic

potato vs. other

(000 ha)

(000 t)

(t/ha)

(millions)

Production (%)

crops

Asia
China

1,255

20

3,489

47,777

14

India

1,022

27

1,116

18,627

17

68

152

3,182

21

120

30

133

1,489

11

Egypt

62

16

13

2,656

20

South Africa

46

56

1,539

28

Algeria

31

12

80

1,099

14

Malawi

12

36

51

379

40

16

17

2,770

16

Brazil

175

14

182

2,701

15

Peru

26

240

2,355

10

Argentina

37

98

2,155

22

275

556

21,200

38

Poland

39

1,390

24,295

17

Germany

82

354

12,530

35

Netherlands

16

183

7,834

43

147

3,389

38,534

11

6,123

18,381

295,118

16

Iran

Bangladesh
Africa

Latin America
Colombia

North America
USA
Europe

Eurasia
Russian Federation
World

Data source/Crop

Dry matter yield

(estimates)

per ha

t/ha

t/ha

Potato

11

2.2

216

1.4

Wheat

1.5

1.3

135

1.3

Rice

2.2

1.9

151

0.9

Ref. 1

Developing
world

Ref. 2

USA

Energy

Crop yield

Crop yield
t/ha

Energy
production
GJ/ha

production per

Protein production per ha

and day

ha and day

kg/ha/day

MJ/ha/day

Energy
efficiency
GJ output/GJ
input

Protein

Protein

production

efficiency

kg/ha

kg/GJ input

Potato

26.2

84.5

2.3

524

14.3

Wheat

2.3

31.4

2.0

274

16.7

Rice

5.8

87.9

1.4

388

4.8

Note: MJ = 106 Joules; GJ = 109 Joules

Dry matter concentrations of harvestable product are about 22 24% for potato, and about 88% for wheat
and rice.

GROEI EN ONTWIKKELINGS FASES/ GROWTH

AND DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
Spruit ontwikkeling
en veg groei / Sprout
development and veg
growth

Knol
volwassewording
en dormansie /
Tuber maturation
and dormancy

Knol inisiasie / Tuber

initiation

Knolvul / Tuber
bulking

Spruit ontwikkeling & veg groei /

Sprout development & veg growth
Dormansie gebreek / Dormancy broken
Omgewings kondisies tydens groei & knol berging / Environmental conditions
during crop growth & tuber storage

Spruit ontwikkeling = fisiologiese veranderinge / Sprouting = physiological

changes
Verhoging in reduserende suikers / Increased reducing sugars
Verhoging in respirasie, water verlies / Increased respiration, water loss
Verhoogde glikoalkoiliede / Increased glycoalkaloids - Solanine

Goed vir saadprodusente nie vir prosesserings kwaliteit /

Good for seed growers not for processing quality
Tempo van spruit ontwikkeling neem toe / Rate of sprouting increase
Sprouting capacity tuber quality

Spruit ontwikkeling & veg groei /

Sprout development & veg growth
Eenjarige, kruidagtige, dikotiel / Annual, herbaceous, dicotyledonous
Groep stingels, onafhanklik, kompeteer / Collection of stems,
independently, competing

# blaar primordia (20-40) bepaal deur bergings kondisies &

kondisies na plant / # leaf primordia (20-40)determined by storage
conditions & conditions after planting.
Blare: teenoorstaande & saamgesteld (3/4 pare groot blaartjies) /
Leaves: alternate & pinnate compound (3/4 pairs large leaflets)
Leaf appearance = linear (0.5 per day), later slows down.

Spruit ontwikkeling & veg groei / Sprout

development & veg growth
Groei tempo = tempo van fotosintese / crop growth rate = rate of
photosynthesis
Maks radiasie opvanging NB / max radiation interception NB
Vinnige blaaroppervlak ontwikkeling = vroer volwasse & verhoogde
opbrengs (aantal knolle) / Fast canopy development = early maturity &
increased yield (tuber number)

Beperkte & onbeperkte kultivars / Determinate & indeterminate

cultivars

Droe massa verdeel tussen stingels & blare / Dry matter divided
between stems & leaves
30 to 70 days
Environmental conditions
Cultivar.

Stolons
Ondergrondse stingels / Underground shoots
Verlengde internodes + rudimentre blare / Elongated internodes +
rudimentary leaves.
3 per node

Begin naaste aan saad / Starts closest to seed

1st stolons groei vinniger en langer / 1st stolons grow faster & longer
Ontwikkeling voor stingel verskyn & na knolinisiasie / Development
precede shoot emergence & continue after tuber initiation
Wortelhare ontwikkel by nodes / Roothair develop at nodes

Vertakking / Branching?

Wortels / Roots
Ontwikkel vinnig vroeg / Develops fast early
Vlak / Shallow
0.3m - 1.2 m

Sensitief vir droogte & swak grond struktuur /

Sensitive to drought & poor soil structure

Knol inisiasie / Tuber initiation

Knolle is verkorte, verdikte stingels, soms met wortels / Tubers are shortened,
thickened stems, sometimes with roots

Vorm by sub-apikale area van stolon / Form at sub-apical region of stolon

Seldeling en verlenging / Cell division + elongation

 Elke oksel kan n knol vorm / Every axillary can develop a tuber.

 Knol inisiasie is n komplekse reeks onafhanklik

beheerde prosesse / Tuberization is a complex
sequence of independently regulated events
Omgewing plant hormone knol inisiasie / Environment
plant hormones tuber formation

Kultivar verskille / Cv differences

# knolle / # tubers
Invloed van omgewing / Environmental influence

Knol inisiasie voltooi 2-6 weke na opkoms / Tuber

initiation complete 2-6 weeks after emergence
Groei tempo van plante / Growth rate of plant

Einde van knol inisiasie = blom / End of tuber initiation

= flowering

Bron-sink verhouding & knol inisiasie / Sourcesink relationship & tuber initiation
Knol groei = Verminder stingel en wortel groei /
Tuber growth = Reduce shoot- and root growth
Vroer knol inisiasie = kleiner plante kleiner BO
laer finale opbrengs / Early tuber initiation =
small plants - smaller LA - lower final tuber yield
Waar?? / True??

Probleme met knol inisiasie / Problems with tuber initiation

Knol her-absorbsie / Tuber
resorption
Onderbreking van knol
inisiasie sein sekondre
groei / Interruption of
tuberization signal secondary growth

Knol inisiasie sein kan nie gestuur word nie of nie

uitgedruk word in stolon punt nie Bogrondse
knolle / Tuberization signal cannot be translocated
to or expressed in the stolon tips - Aerial tubers

Knolvul / Tuber bulking

Sink sterkte van knolle verhoog

/ Sink strength of tubers
increase

# selle in medulla vermeerder /

# cells in medulla increase

Grootte van selle in medulle

neem toe / Size of cells in
medulla increase
18 x normale grootte / 18 x
normal size

1-3 maande / 1-3 months

Kultivar / Cultivar
Omgewing / Environment

Verdikking van periderm /

Thickening of periderm

Knol volwassewording en dormansie / Tuber

maturation and dormancy

Fotosintese neem af /
Photosynthesis decrease

Halms sterf af / Haulms die back

Groei tempo van knolle neem af /

Tuber growth rate slows down
Volwassenheid met oes cv / Maturity
at harvest cv

Vel verdik / Skin thicken

Beskerm knol / Protect tuber

Ogies opeenvolgend dormant, vanaf

stolon kant / Buds successively
dormant, from stolon end
Weerstand teen stress / Resistance to
stress

Tipes dormansie / Types of dormancy

Endodormansie / Endodormancy
Fisiologiese faktore in struktuur / Physiological factors within a
structure
Ogies net na oes / Eyes following harvest

Paradormansie / Paradormancy
Eksterne fisiologiese faktore / External physiological factors
Tydens berging verloor endodormansie, apikale ogie spruit wat
ander ogies inhibeer / During storage exit endodormancy, apical
eye sprout inhibiting other eyes

Ekodormansie / Ecodormancy
Inhiberende omgewings kondisies / Inhibiting environmental
conditions
Knolle by lae temp geberg / Tubers stored at low temp (<3OC)

Dormansie / Dormancy
Geen morfologiese veranderinge maar biochemiese & fisiologiese
ontwikkeling tydens dormansie / No morphological changes but
biochemical & physiological developments during dormancy.
Dormansie begin met knol inisiasie, > knol groei, > na halm
verwyderering, < na sekere tyd / Dormancy start at tuber initiation,
> tuber growth, > after haulm removal < after a certain time.
Langer vir kleiner knolle (jonger) / Longer for smaller tubers (younger)
0 tot 9 maande / 0 to 9 months
Kultivar / Cultivar

Behandelings om spruit ontwikkeling te bevorder of te onderdruk /

Treatments to suppress or enhance sprout development

 Voor & na-oes kondisies beinvloed dormansie

periode / Pre- & post-harvest conditions affect
dormancy duration
> temp = < dormansie (> 35OC dormansie
onderbreuk spruit)
Temp fluktuasies sekondere groei & lae stysel
Daglengte mikroknolle, 6-uur lig verminder
dormansie
3 - 25OC, dormancy inversely proportional to temp
< 2OC or > 30OC terminate dormancy
> CO2 (20%) & O2 (40%) terminate dormancy

FACTORS INFLUENCING GROWTH,

TUBER INITIATION AND YIELD

Fotoperiode / Photoperiod
Kort dag plant / Short-day plant
Kritieke fotoperiode / Critical photoperiod
KD = vroer knolinisiasie = korter seisoen = Hor OI /
SD = earlier tuberization = shorter season = Higer HI
Halm groei? / Haulm growth?

LD = meer vegetatiewe groei = knolinisiasie uitgestel

3-5 weke / LD = more vegetative growth = delayed
tuber initiation 3-5 weeks
Kan stolon verlenging & vertakking verhoog meer
knolinisiasie punte meer maar kleiner knolle / Can increase
stolon elongation & branching more tuber initials more
but smaller tubers

Fotoperiode / Photoperiod
KD = knolinisiasie NIE
stolon groei / SD =
tuberization NOT stolon
growth
KD = > fotosintetiese
tempo stysel akkumuleer
in blare (dag) / SD = >
photosynthetic rate - starch
accumulate in leaves (day)

Temperature
Dag temp: 15 - 200C / Day temp: 15 - 200C
Dro materiaal produksie = kultivar + lengte van
seisoen / Dry matter production = cultivar + length of
season
Lengte van seisoen = DL + temp / Length of season = DL +
Temp
KD + ho temp = korter seisoen / SD + High temp = shorter season

Spruit / Sprout
Halm / Haulm
Knolinisiasie / Tuberization
Knol vul / Tuber bulking

200C
250C.
18 - 200C
15 - 200C.

 Lug & wortelsone temp NB! / Air & root zone

temp NB!
Ho temp / High temp (>30 / > 200C day / night
temp )
Langer & meer internodes / Taller & more internodes
Blare korter en smaller / Leaves shorter & narrower
Kleiner blaar tot stingel hoek / Smaller leaf to stem
angle
Meer, kleiner blare, KLEINER TOTALE BO / More,
smaller leafs SMALLER TOTAL LA
Verhoogde halm dro massa / Increased haulm dry
weights

 Ho lug temp / High air temp

Minder knolle behou / Fewer tubers retained
Verminderde net fotosintese verhoogde respirasie &
ensieme onaktief / Reduced net photosynthesis increased
respiration & inactivation of enzymes
Interaksie met lae LI, lang fotoperiodes & water- &
voedings stres / Interaction with low LI, long photoperiods
or water- or nutrient stress
Knolinisiasie fase NB / Tuberization phase NB

Lae lug temp / Low air temp (< 200C)

Meer assimilate vroer na knolle / More assimilates earlier
to tubers
Verhoogde knol dro massa / Increased tuber dry weight
Hor potensiele opbrengste kort seisoen/ Higher
potential yields - short season
BO? / LA?

Soil temp
Hoog (> 250C 300C) / High (> 250C 300C)
Verminder spruit groei, plant oorlewing & # hoofstingels / Reduce
sprout growth, plant survival & # main stems
Knolinisiasie genhibeer, verkort / Tuberization inhibited, shortened
Kleiner wortel sisteem / Smaller root systems
Inhibeer stolon ontwikkeling lug knolle (koeler lug temp) / Inhibit
stolon development - aerial tubers (cooler air temp)
O2, water & voedings opname / O2, water and nutrient uptake
Mulching or intercropping

Laag (<150C) / Low (<150C)

Verminderde wortel groei / Decreased root growth
Verminder stingel groei / Reduced shoot growth
Verminder water en voeding opname / Reduced water and nutrient
uptake
Verminder fotosintetiese tempo / Reduction in photosynthetic rate

Verminder translokasie van sitokinien & gibberellien / Reduced

translocation of cytokinin & gibberellin
Verhoogde knol dro massa / Increased tuber dry weight

Lig intensiteit / Light intensity

Lae LI / Low LI
Stingel verlenging / Stem elongation
Dunner blare / Thinner leaves
Laer spesifieke BO/ Lower specific LA
Laer totale biomassa / Lower total biomass
Afname in knol massa / Reduction in tuber weight
Kleiner OI / Smaller HI
Minder knolle / Decreased tuber number
Inisiasie vertraag / Delayed initiation

 LI & groei stadium / LI & growth stage

Knol inisiasie NB / Tuber initiation NB
Lae LI / Low LI

Lae OI / Low HI
Langer inisiasie periode / Longer initiation period
Minder knolle / Fewer tubers
Kleiner knolle / Smaller tubers

Knolvul minste beinvloed / Tuber bulking - least

affected
Lae LI / Low LI
Ho OI / High HI
Geen effek op aantal knolle / No effect on tuber number
Kleiner knolle / Smaller tubers

DIE KNOLINISIASIE SEIN / THE TUBERIZATION SIGNAL

R:Fr verhouding Phytochrome B knolinisiasie / R:Fr ratio Phytochrome B

tuberization
Fotoperiodieke waarneming Plant groei reguleerders (GA, ABA, CK, JA) herlei die
sein ondergronds / Photoperiodic reception Plant growth regulators (GA, ABA,
CK, JA) translate signal below ground
Ho GA vlakke verbeter stingel groei en inhibeer knolinisiasie / High GA levels
promote shoot growth and inhibit tuberization
GA biosintese word verminder onder KD kondisies, wat knolinisiasie bevorder
/ GA biosynthesis is reduced under SD conditions, favouring tuberization.
Ho GA vlakke in die knol kan die akkumulasie van knol spesifieke proteine
inhibeer. / High GA levels in the tuber can inhibit the accumulation of tuber specific
proteins.
Die toediening van die GA biosintese inhibeerder, paclobutrazol verhoog
knolinisiasie / The application of the GA biosynthesis inhibitor, paclobutrazol
increases tuberization.
Rooi lig stimuleer die akkumulasie van GA / Red light stimulates the accumulation
of GA

DIE KNOLINISIASIE SEIN / THE TUBERIZATION SIGNAL

Toediening van ABA verbeter
knolinisiasie, waarskynlik d.m.v. die
antagonistiese effek op GA. /
Applied ABA promotes
tuberization, possibly by
antagonising the effects of GA.
Sitokiniene beinvloed sink
ontwikkeling en die toediening van
SK is noodsaaklik vir in vitro
knolinisiasie / CA affects sink
formation and addition of CA is
necessary for in vitro tuberization
Vroe spruitvorming is
waargeneem waar uitdrukking van
die geen verantwoordelik vir die
sintese van sitokiniene verhoog is
/ Early sprouting was observed
whith overexpression of the gene
responsible for the synthesis of
cytokinins.

GROEI REGULEERDERS EN KNOL DORMANSIE / GROWTH

HORMONES AND TUBER DORMANCY

Sitokinien / Cytokinins

Gibberellien suur / Gibberellic acid (GA3)

Primr verantwoordelik vir die induksie en instandhouding van dormansie / Primarily responsible for dormancy
induction and maintenance

Etileen / Ethylene

Stimuleer ontwikkeling van ogies , slegs indien dormansie reeds gebreek is / Promote bud outgrowth, but only in tubers
whose dormancy is terminated
Geen verhouding tussen interne konsentrasie en einde van dormansie nie / Endogenous concentration not directly
related to dormancy release.

Absisien suur / Abscisic acid

Stimuleer ontwkkeling van ogies tydens dormansie / Promotes bud outgrowth during tuber dormancy.
Konsentrasie in ogies neem toe met dormansie tot met spruit ontwikkeling / Concentration in buds increases during
dormancy, until sprouting.
Verhoog in ogies op knolle wat by 2 C gestoor is / Increases in buds from tubers stored at 2 C

Onderdruk ontwikkeling van ogies, maar slegs tydens begin stadium van dormansie / Suppresses bud growth but only in
the initial stages of dormancy.

Ouksien / Auxin

Konsentrasie laag tydens dormansie en verhoog soos spruit groei begin / Concentration is low during dormancy and
increase as sprout growth commence.
Voor oes: Positiewe korrelasie tussen IAA konsentrasie en knol groei tempo / Pre-harvest: IAA concentration positively
correlated to tuber growth rate

IAA verhoog die sink sterkte van die knol weefsel / IAA enhance the sink strength of the tuber tissue

OES / HARVESTING

Metodes kan winsgewendheid bepaal / Methods can determine the profitability

Sluit in verwydering, skeiding, skoonmaak en vervoer op n koste effektiewe

manier / Includes removing, separating, cleaning and transport in a timely and cost
effective manner.

Belangrike faktore: land uitleg, plant spuit, besproeiing, loof verwydering, ontwerp
van stroper en vaardigheid van stroper operateur / Important factors: field layout,
planting, spraying, irrigation, haulm defoliation, harvester design and skills of the
harvester operator

Navorsing gedoen in metodes om beskadiging te verminder, beter skoonmaak

sisteme en energie verbruik / Research done into reducing damage, improving
cleaning systems and the amount of energy used

Oes / Harvesting
Beskadiging tydens oes kan: / Damage during harvesting can:
Die kwantiteit en kwaliteit van gewas verminder / Reduce the quantity
and quality of the crop
Die risiko van siektes tydens berging verhoog / Increase the risk from
disease during storage
Die hanterings koste verhoog weens hoer sorterings kostes / Add to
the cost of onward handling due to additional costs in sorting

Probleem: geen universele ontwerp van stropers wat verskillende

grond en gewas kondisies kan hanteer nie / Problem: no universal
design of harvester that can cope with all soil and crop conditions.
Aartappels kom ook in verskillende groottes en vorme en verskil in hul
sensitiwiteit teenoor beskadiging / Potatoes come in all shapes and
sizes and a range in sensitivity and susceptibility to damage and
bruising.
Die gewas self se sensitiwiteit kan verander na loof verwydering / The
crop itself also changes in sensitivity after haulm defoliation

LOOF VERNIETIGING / HAULM KILLING

Kan slegs oes na knolle n sekere vlak van volwassenheid bereik het /
Harvesting can only be done when the tubers have reached a certain level
of maturity.
Volwasse wording van knolle / Maturation of tubers
Verbeter set van vel / Improves skin set
Verbeter weerstand teen beskadiging tydens oes/ Improving resistance to damage during
harvesting
Verminder verderf tydens berging / Decreasing storage decay
Verminder water verlies verbeter raklewe / Reducing water loss improving shelf life

Verhoog stysel inhoud / Increases starch content

Verlaag konsentrasie reduserende suikers / Lowers reducing sugar content

Soms word volwasse wording kunsmatig geinduseer deur die loof te

verwyder of dood te maak / Sometimes tuber maturation is artificially
induced by killing the haulm
Gewoonlik 10-25 dae voor oes gedoen / Usually done 1025 days prior to
harvesting

LOOF VERNIETIGING / HAULM KILLING

Doel / Purpose
Makliker om te oes / Easier to harvest
Bevorder volwasse wording van knol / Advances tuber maturation,
Induseer goeie vel set / Induces proper skin set

Vir saad aartappels ook: / For seed potatoes also:

Stop knol groei = verminder knol grootte verminder + uniforme grootte verspreiding / Stops
tuber growth = reduce tuber size + uniform size distribution
Verminder die risiko vir verspreiding van virusse en fungi / Reduces the risk of spread of virus and
fungi
Fisiologiese jonger saad sal n langer dormansie h / Physiological younger seeds will have a
longer dormancy.

By tafel aartappels is addisionele doelwitte: / In ware crops additional objectives are:

Om die loof as bron van inokulum vir laatroes te verwyder / To eliminate the haulm as source of
inoculum of late blight
Om die opbou van inokulum van grondgedraagte siektes te voorkom / To manipulate inoculum
build-up of soil-borne diseases
Om knol grootte verspreiding te optimaliseer / To optimize tuber size distribution;
In ekstreme gevalle: om sekondre groei te voorkom of te stop / In extreme cases: to prevent or
stop second growth.

METODES VIR LOOF VERNIETIGING / METHODS

OF HAULM KILLING
1.
2.
3.

Meganiese / fisiese loof vernietiging (sny, kap, brand, ens) / Mechanical/physical vine killing (cutting,
chopping, flaming etc)
Chemies gebruik van chemiese middels soos diquat, parakwat, swaelsuur, glyphosinate ens. /
Chemical - using chemical compounds such as diquat, paraquat, sulfuric acid, glyphosinate, etc.
n Kombinasie van meganiese en chemiese metodes / A combination of mechanical and chemical
methods
Die metodes het n effek op: / The method used has an effect on:

Moontlike beskadiging van vel / Possible skin damage;

Hergroei en gepaardgaande risiko van virus infeksie / Regrowth and associated risk of virus infection;
Kontrole van grondgedraagte siektes / Control of soil-borne and seed-borne diseases

Newe-efekte van loof vernietiging /

Detrimental side effects of haulm killing
Kan duur wees / Can be an expensive
Nie altyd 100% effektief nie / Not always 100% successful
Verminder interne kwaliteit van knolle / Reduced internal tuber quality
Verbruining by stingel end van vaskulre ring kan voorkom as loof vinnig
vernietig word onder ongunstige omgewings kondisies wat die mark
waarde verlaag / Stem-end browning of the vascular ring can occur if the
vines are killed quickly under unfavourable environmental conditions,
lowering the market value.
Beperk deur nie chemiese loof doders te gebruik in warm dro toestande nie of die
dosis te verlaag / Limited by not using chemical vine killers in hot, dry weather or
apply in lower dosages.

Verminder spesifieke digtheid (kwaliteit) / Reduced specific gravity (quality)

Kan bydra tot die opbou van grond en saad gedraagte siektes / Can
contribute to the build-up of soil-borne or seed-borne diseases.

Vergelyking van verskillende loof vernietigings metodes /

Comparison between haulm killing methods

Brand van loof / Haulm flaming

Effektiewe kontrole van siektes behalwe vir Rhizoctonia solani / Effective in controlling diseases other
than Rhizoctonia solani
Nie afhanklik van weersomstandighede nie / Not dependent on weather conditions
Hoe koste / High costs

Sny van loof / Haulm cutting

Goed indien gewas amper volwasse is en die wat met die hand geoes word asook die wat vinnig na
oes bemark word / Good for crops near maturity, for crops which are harvested manually and for
crops which are marketed soon after harvest.
Hergroei van knolle moontlik, loof kan dan deur virusse genfekteer word / Re-growth from tubers
possible, shoots susceptible to virus infection
Vertraag vel set en verhoog risiko van swartskurf infeksie / Slows skin setting, increasing risk of black
scurf infection.

Uittrek van loof / Haulm pulling

Induseer vinnige set van vel / Induces rapid skin set

Effektief om beskadiging tydens oes te verminder / Effective to reduce skin damage at harvest
Voorkom die ontwikkeling van swartskurf / Prevents the development of black scurf
Geen hergroei wat die risiko van virus infeksie verlaag / No regrowth, minimizing the risk of virus
infection
Kan probleme veroorsaak met / May cause problems with

Vergroening van knolle / Greening of tubers

Blootstelling van knolle aan hoe temperature / Exposure of tubers to high temperatures.

Arbeids intensief / Labour intensive.

Voordele en nadele van chemiese loof vernietiging /

Advantages and disadvantages of chemical haulm killing

Benodig min arbeid en investering / Requires little labour and investment

Sukses afhanklik van weer / Success depends on the weather
Negatiewe effekte op: / Negative effects on:
Ontwikkeling van grond en saad gedraagte siektes / The development of soil-borne and seedborne diseases
tuber quality

Verskille tussen geregistreerde produkte op grond van hul werking / Differences

between registered products related to their mode of action
Meer knol groei dae word verloor in vergelyking met ander metodes / More tuber
growing days are lost than with other methods
In n gewas met sterk vegetatiewe groei mag een toediening nie voldoende wees
nie / In a crop with strong vegetative development one application may not be
sufficient.
Navorsing benodig op: / Research is needed on:
Die verhouding tussen omgewings kondisies en die effektiwiteit van loof vernietiging / The
relationships between environmental conditions and efficiency of the vine killing
Tydsberekening van loof vernietiging gebaseer op rekords van knolvul om optimale fisiologiese
veroudering van knolle te verkry / Timing of haulm killing based on records of tuber bulking to
obtain an optimal physiological ageing of seed tubers.

Berging / Storage
Lees artikel op WebCT / Read article on WebCT
R. Wustman & P. C. Struik. The Canon of Potato
Science: Seed and Ware Potato Storage. Potato
Research (2007) 50:351355

Knol kwaliteit / Tuber quality

FISIOLOGIESE OUDERDOM VAN SAAD AARTAPPELS /

PHYSIOLOGICAL AGE OF SEED TUBERS

Benvloed die balans tussen bo- en ondergrondse groei en tussen vegetatiewe en

reproduktiewe ontwikkeling / Affects the balance between above-ground and
below-ground growth, and between vegetative development and reproductive
development.

Verskillende maniere om fisiologiese ouderdom te manipuleer beide tydens groei

en na-oes / Different ways to manipulate physiological age, during crop growth or
after harvest.

NB temp tydens berging (na dormansie breek) / NB temp during storage (after
the end of dormancy)
Interaksie met: / Interaction with:

LI
Genotype

Benvloed produksie kapasiteit / Influences production capacity

Bepaal die gedrag van elke ogie van saad aartappel / Determines the behaviour of each bud of
the seed tuber
Benvloed die aantal spruite per ogie en hul groeikrag / Affects the number of sprouts per eye
and their vigour.
Benvloed die fisiologiese gedrag van die ontwikkelende stingel, selfs lank na opkoms /
Influences the physiological behaviour of the resulting stem, even well after emergence.

 Fisiologiese ouderdom vorder progressief met kronologiese

ouderdom, maar hang ook af van: / Physiological age
advances progressively by increasing chronological age, but
also depends on:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Knol grootte / Tuber size

Groei geskiedenis van die gewas / Growth history of the crop
Behandelings toegedien aan gewas / (bv groeireguleerders) /
Treatments applied to the seed crop (e.g., growth regulators)
Tydsberekening en metode van loof vernietiging / Timing and
method of haulm killing
Kondisies tussen loof vernietiging en oes / Conditions between
haulm killing and harvesting
Bergings kondisies / Storage conditions
Behandelings tydens oes en berging / Treatments during
harvesting or storage
Behandelings tussen berging en plant / Treatments between
storage and planting.

Stadiums van fisiologiese veroudering / Stages

of physiological ageing
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Dormansie (geen spruit)/ Dormancy (no sprout)

Apikale dominansie (slegs een spruit) / Apical dominance (only one sprout)
Normale spruit vorming (n paar spruite per knol) / Normal sprouting (only a few
sprouts per tuber)
Normale, gevorderde spruitvorming (vele spruite per knol wat vertak) / Normal,
advanced sprouting (many sprouts per tuber which are branched)
Seniliteit (oormatige spruitvorming met swak spruite) / Senility (excessive
sprouting with weak sprouts)
Inkubasie (klein knolletjies vorm)/ Incubation (little tuber formation)
Progressie deur stadiums hang af van die kultivar / Progression through stages
depends on cultivar
Kultivars verskil in hul sensitiwiteit teenoor die omgewing tydens die verskillende stadiums /
Cultivars differ in their sensitivity to the environment during the different stages.

Koel temperature tydens dormansie verhoog die aantal spruite / Cool

temperatures during dormancy increases the number of sprouts
Verhoog met n toename in die aantal weke blootstelling aan koel temp aangesien die apikale
dominansie van die boonste spruit afneem / Increases with an increase in the number of
weeks of exposure to cool temperatures as the apical dominance of the top sprout becomes
less

Verwydering van spruite bevorder veroudering / De-sprouting advances ageing.

Bespreking / Discussion:
Hoe sal die fisiologiese ouderdom van saad aartappels die
opbrengs en kwaliteit van die daaropvolgende gewas benvloed?
/ How will the physiological age of seed tubers affect crop yield
and quality?

Sleutelwoorde / Key words:

Plantdigtheid / Planting density
Aantal ogies per knol / Number of eyes per tuber
Tyd tot opkoms / Time until emergence
Aantal stingels / m2 / Stem number / m2
Groeikragtigheid van stingels / Growth vigour of stems
Blaaroppervlak ontwikkeling / Leaf area development
Knol inisiasie / Tuber initiation
Knol grootte verspreiding / Tuber size distribution

KOOLHIDRAAT METABOLISME / CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

Kwaliteit van prosesserings aartappels bepaal deur balans tussen saamgestelde

koolhidrate en gereduseerde suikers / Quality of processing potatoes is determined
by the balance between complex carbohydrate and simple-reducing sugars
Koue genduseerde versoeting (KGV) = oormatige konsentrasie van gereduseerde
suikers (glukose en fruktose) na berging by lae temperature (24 C) / Cold induced
sweetening (CIS) = excessive concentrations of reducing sugars (glucose and
fructose) following cold storage (24 C)
Donker pigment kom voor na braai / Dark-pigments present after frying

Oplossings vir KGV / Solving CIS

Berg by warmer temp (712 C) / Store at warmer temp (712 C)

Ontwikkel kultivars wat weerstand het teen KGV wat by lae temp geberg kan word
/ Develop cultivars that are resistant to CIS that can then be stored at lower temps

Laer bergings temp sal help om: / Lower storage temp will help to:
Die gebruik van fungisiede en bakterisiede tydens berging te verminder / Reduce the use of
fungicides and bactericides in storage;
Verliese as gevolg van respirasie te verminder / Reduce the loss of solids through respiration;
Die gebruik van chemiese spruit onderdrukkers te verminder of te elimineer / Reduce or
eliminate the need for chemical sprout suppressants; and
Die bemarkings periode te verleng / Increase the marketing window.

Knolle se sukrose en glukose konsentrasie kan gemonitor word tydens oes en

berging / Tubers sucrose and glucose concentration can be monitored during
harvest and storage

n Kort, vooraf kondisionerings periode kan suiker konsentrasie verlaag / A short,

preconditioning period can reduce sugar concentrations;

Fisiologiese afwykings: Interne bruinvlek en holhart /

Physiological disorders: Brown center and hollow heart

Veroorsaak deur soortgelyke kondisies maar kan

gelyktydig of apart voorkom / Caused by similar
conditions, but can occur concurrently or separately

Geen eksterne tekens of simptome / No external

signs or symptoms

Geaffekteerde knolle kan dogter knolle met geen

simptome lewer / Afflicted tubers can produce
daughter tubers with no symptoms

Veroorsaak geen verliese in voedingswaarde maar

lyk slegs onaantreklik / Do not cause any nutritional
losses but are aesthetically unappealing

Kan lei tot toename in konsentrasie van

reduserende suikers / Can lead to reducing sugar
accumulation

Fisiologiese afwykings: Interne bruinvlek en holhart /

Physiological disorders: Brown center and hollow heart
Holhart kan opgetel word in pakstore
deur gebruik te maak van (duur) Xstraal masjinerie / Hollow heart can be
detected in packaging sheds by
(expensive) X-ray equipment
Aartappels met holhart het n laer
spesifieke digtheid / Hollow heart
potatoes have lower specific gravity
Benvloed nie die kwaliteit van
saadaartappels direk nie, maar die
stres as gevolg daarvan kan die
fisiologiese ouderdom benvloed / Does
not influence seed potato quality
directly but the stress that caused it can
affect the physiological age.

Interne Bruinvlek / Brown center

Verbruining van weefsel in die medulla a.g.v. sel nekrose / Brownig of
medullar tissue due to cell necrosis
Kan aanleiding gee tot holhart / Can lead to development of hollow heart
Kan ook verdwyn indien plant herstel van stres kondisies wat tot die
ontwikkeling daarvan gelei het / Can also disappear as the potato plant
recovers from conditions and stress that led to its development.
Oorsake / Causes
Sel nekrose kort na knolinisiasie of tydens vroe knolvul / Cell necrosis occurs
shortly after tuber initiation or during early tuber bulking.
Knolle mees vatbaar wanneer hulle 1- 3.5cm in deursnee is / Tubers are most
susceptible to when 1 - 3.5 cm in diameter.
Gekoppel aan stresvolle groei kondisies tydens vroe knolgroei / Linked to
stressful growing conditions during early tuber growth
Grond temperature < 10 to 15 C vir 5 of meer agtereenvolgende dae / Soil
temperatures < 10 to 15 C for 5 or more consecutive days
Na interne bruinvlek ontwikkel het sal kondisies wat lei tot stadige knol groei
veroorsaak dat bruinvlek met oes steeds teenwoordig is / After brown centre
development, conditions that lead to slow tuber growth will allow brown
centre to persist and be visible upon tuber harvest.

Holhart / Hollow heart

Die ontwikkeling van oneweredige gate (tot 2cm in deursnee) in die medulla / The
development of irregular shaped cavities (up to 2cm in diameter) in the medulla
A.g.v. stress kondisies wat knolvul vertraag, gevolg deur n invloei van water en nutriente wat
n vinnige toename in knolvul veroorsaak / Due to stress conditions resulting in reduced tuber
bulking, followed by an influx of water or nutrients leading to a rapid increase in tuber
bulking rate.

Verswakte weefsel a.g.v. interne bruinvlek kan lei tot holhart indien die knolvul tempo hoog is /
Weakened tissue due to brown centre can result in hollow heart upon rapid growth or bulking

Beskadigde weefsel weens holhart kan nie herstel word nie / Damaged tissue due to hollow
heart cannot recover.

Holhart genfekteerde weefsel gee nie aanleiding tot sekondre infeksie deur patogene nie /
Hollow heart tissues do not lead to secondary infections by tuber pathogens.

Twee meganismes moontlik / Two mechanisms possibly

Stres kondisies tydens vroe knolgroei veroorsaak tekorte in water en nutriente in die medulla wat
lei tot sel nekrose / Stress conditions during early tuber growth causes deficiencies in water and
nutrients in the medulla resulting in cell necrosis.

Wanneer stres kondisies opgehef word en knolgroei hervat word, veroorsaak die druk a.g.v. selverlenging dat
weefsel beskadig word / When stress conditions are relieved and tuber growth resumes the pressures exerted
on the tuber by cell elongation causes tissues damage

Vinnige knol groei veroorsaak fisiese stres wat aanleiding gee tot beskadiging van weefsel / Rapid
tuber growth produces physical stresses that can cause internal tissues to split.

Holhart / Hollow heart

Holhart word beinvloed deur kultivar, plantdigtheid grondvrugbaarheid,

besproeiing en pes bestuur / Hollow heart is influenced by cultivar, planting
density, soil fertility, irrigation, and pest management.
Oormatige N / Excess N

Veral : Hoe N toediening na koue tydens vroee knolvul / Especially: high N application alter a cold spell
during early tuber bulking
Kalium en Kalsium toedienings kan holhart verminder / Potassium and calcium applications can reduce
hollow heart

NB om besproeiing uniform toe te dien om fluktuasies in grondvog en dus variasie in knolvul

te voorkom / NB to apply irrigation uniformly to prevent fluctuations in soil moisture and
subsequent variability in tuber bulking

Hoe grond vog inhoud tydens vroee knolvul verhoog insidensie van interne bruinvlek en holhart / High
soil moisture content during early bulking increases brown centre and hollow heart

Laer plantdigtheid verhoog die potensiaal vir holhart / Lower plant densities increase the
potential for hollow heart
n Oneweredige plantestand (veroorsaak deur?) verhoog die potensiaal vir holhart / an uneven
stand (caused by?) increases the potential for hollow heart.

Hoe sal klimaatsverandering die insidensie van holhart

beinvloed? / How will climate change influence the incidence
of hollow heart?