BIODIVERSITY PLANTS

BIODIVERSITEIT PLANTE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJrOATCtV-k
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jINRLEYp3ck
Plantae are divided into Plantae word verdeel in vier
four main groups according hoof groepe volgens:
to:
1. Presence or absence of 1. Die teenwoordigheid en
afwesigheid van
• Vascular tissue • Vaatweefsel
• True leaves, roots and • Ware wortels, stingels en
stems
• Spores or seeds blare
• Fruits • Spore en sade
• Vrugte
2. Dependency of water for
reproduction 2. Afhanklikheid van water
vir voortplanting
 Phylogenetic tree vs. Cladogram
Filogenetiese boom vs. Kladogram
Phylogenetic tree
Shows the evolutionary
relationships between
organisms
Cladogram
Shows evolutionary
relationship and
development of
characteristics of organisms
Filogenetiese boom
Toon die evolusionêre
verwantskap tussen
organismes
Kladogram
Toon evolusionêre
verwantskappe en
ontwikkeling van eienskappe
van organismes
Home work
Answer series pg 1.53 : Question 9
E-book pg 73: Question 1.4
Huiswerk
Antwoord reeks bl. 1.53 : Vraag 9
E-boek bl 73: Vraag 1.4
Plantae groups: Plantae groepe:

• Bryophytes • Briofiete
• Pteridophytes • Pteridofiete
• Gymnosperms • Gimnosperme
• Angiosperms • Angiosperme
 Plante

Vaatplante Nie- Vaatplante

Saadlose Saaddraende
plante plante

Keëldraende plante Blomdraende plante

met naakte sade met bedekte sade
Four groups of plants have the following in common:
• multicellular
• eukaryotic
• cell walls are made of cellulose
• most are autotrophic and have chloroplasts for
photosynthesis
• a life cycle involving two generations – referred to as an
alternation of generation
Vier plantgroepe (divisies) het die volgende in gemeen:
• meersellig
• eukarioties
• selwande bestaan uit sellulose
• die meeste is outotrofies en het chloroplaste vir fotosintese
• ‘n lewensiklus bestaande uit twee generasies - word verwys
ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS
In the life cycles of each of the four plant groups two
definitive generations occur:
Gametophyte generation
 which is sexual and produces gametes
Sporophyte generation
 which is asexual and produces spores.
GENERASIEWISSELING
In die lewensiklus van elk van die vier plantgroepe kom
twee definitiewe generasies voor, nl.:
Gametofiet generasie
 wat geslagtelik is en gamete vorm
Sporofiet generasie
 wat ongeslagtelik is en spore voortbring
These two generations alternate
 the one generation that is diploid gives rise to
another generation that is haploid.

Hierdie twee generasies wissel mekaar af

 een generasie wat diploïed is gee oorsprong
aan die ander generasie wat haploïed is.
ontkieming mitose
(n)
Gametofiet
generasie

Sexual
Spore
gameet gameet
(n) Asexual (n) (n)

Sporofiet sigoot
generasie bevrugting
meiose (2n)
(2n)
Diploid (2n) : Diploïed (2n):
Two sets / pairs of chromosomes Twee stelle / pare chromosome

Haploid (n): Haploïed (n):

One set of chromosomes only Slegs een stel chromosome

(n)

(2n)
Home work
Answer series pg 1.51
Question 2

Huiswerk
Antwoord reeks bl. 1.51
Vraag 2
Bryophytes (Mosses)
Briofiete (Mosse)
BRYOPHYTES (Mosses) BRIOFIETE (Mosse)
The most primitive land (terrestrial) plants Mees primitiefste land plant
Location: Ligging:
Grow in cool, moist and Groei in koel, klam en
shady environments skaduryke omgewings
Gametophyte generation is Gametofiet generasie is
dominant (adult moss dominant (volwasse mos
plant) plant)
Separate male Aparte manlike en
and female shoots vroulike lote
 Structure Struktuur
•Thallus – No true roots, stems •Tallus – geen ware wortels,
and leaves stingels en blare

•Has leaf-like structures, one cell •Het blaaragtige strukture, een

layer, no cuticle – absorb water
through leaf-like structure
• stem-like structures
•Rhizoid acts like a root
-Anchor plant in soil
-Absorb water and minerals
sellaag, geen kutikula – absorbeer
water deur blaaragtige deel
•stingelagtige strukture
•Risoïede is wortelagtig
-Anker plant in grond
-Absorbeer water en minerale

•No vascular tissue (only 2cm tall) •Geen vaatweefsel (slegs 2cm
lank)
•Gametophyte produce gametes
•Sperms needs water to swim to
ovum for fertilisation
NB water depended for
reproduction
• Zygote = Sporophyte
•Sporophyte consists of foot
anchored on gametophyte ,
seta/stem that carries the capsule
(sporangium)
•Sporophyte is dependant on the
gametophyte for water and some
food.
• Cap covering sporangium =
Calyptras
(neck of the female gametophyte)
•Gametofiet produseer gamete
•Sperm het water nodig om na ovum
te swem vir bevrugting
NB afhanklik van water vir
bevrugting
•Sigoot = sporofiet
•Sporofiet bestaan uit voet wat anker
op die gametofiet, seta/steel wat die
kapsule dra (sporangium)
•Sporofiet is afhanklik van gametofiet
vir water en sekere hoeveelheid kos
• Kappie wat sporangium bedek=
Kaliptra (nek van die vroulike
gametofiet)
•Sporangium forms large •Sporangium vorm groot
number of spores (n) hoeveelheid spore (n)
(asexual reproduction) ( aseksuele voortplanting)

•Spores are spread by the •Spore word deur die wind

wind versprei

• Spores that germinate • Spore wat ontkiem vorm

forms gametophyte gametofiet generasie
generation

•No seed or fruit •Geen saad of vrugte

 Bryophyte structure
Briofiet struktuur Draw Label

Kapsel
Sporofiet

Kaliptra

Steel

Voet
Gametofiet

Blaaragtige
struktuur Leaf like
structure

Risoïede
 Dominant True roots, Vascular Spores Fruit Dependent
Generation stems, Tissue or on water for
Leaves Seeds Reproduction

Dominante Ware Vaatweefsel Vrugte Afhanklikheid

generasie wortels, Spore van water vir
stingels, of sade voortplanting
blare
Bryophyte
Briofiete

Gametophyte Absent- Absent Spores Absent Water

Thallus Needed

Gametofiet Afwesig is ‘n Afwesig Spore Afwesig Water

- Tallus benodig
Pteridophyte (ferns)
Pteridofiete (varings)
PTERIDOPHYTES (Fern) PTERIDOFIETE (Varing)
An intermediate group of plants, Is ’n tussen groep van plante, tussen
between bryophytes (mosses) and seed briofiete (mosse) en saad plante
plants.

Location: Ligging:
Occur in moist, shady Kom in klam, skaduryke
environments omgewings voor

Sporophyte generation Sporofiet generasie

dominant dominant
Fern has true roots, stems Varings het ware wortels,
and leaves stingels en blare
Horizontal underground Horisontale ondergrondse
stem = Rhizome stingel = Risoom
Adventitious roots from Bywortels vanaf die risoom
rhizome
Compound leaves with sori Saamgestelde blare met sori
(cluster of sporangia) on the ( groep sporangia) op die
underside onderkant
Saamgestelde blaar

Jong opgerolde varingblaar

Bywortels
Adventitious root
Spores geminate to form heart- Spore ontkiem om hartvormige
shaped prothallus (gametophyte protallus (gametofiet generasie)
generation) te vorm

Short lived – has rhizoids – Kort tyd teenwoordig – het

produce gametes risoïede – produseer gamete

Sperms needs water to swim to Sperme het water nodig om na

ovum (fertilization dependent on ovum te swem ( bevrugting
water) afhanklik van water)

Draw and label

Teken benoem
Zygote forms sporophyte – Sigoot vorm sporofiet – lewe
lives parasitically on parasities op protallus totdat
prothallus until roots wortels ontwikkel en jong
develop and young fern can varing kan fotosinteer
photosynthesise

Vascular tissue present Vaatweefsel teenwoordig

No seeds , No fruit Geen sade , Geen vrugte
 Dominant True roots, Vascular Spores Fruit Dependent
Generation stems, Tissue or on water
Leaves Seeds for
Reproducti
on

Dominante Ware Vaatweefsel Spore Vrugte Afhanklik

generasie wortels, of sade van water
stingels, vir
blare Voortplant-
Pteridophyte
Pteridofiete

ing

Sporophyte Present Present Spores Absent Water

Needed
Sporofiet Teenwoordig Teenwoordig
Spore Afwesig Water
benodig
 Spermatophyte = seed bearing
Spermatofiete = saaddraend

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

Gimnosperme en Angiosperme
 Cycads Broodboom Ginko
Living fossils Living fossils
Lewende fossiele Lewende fossiele
Gymnosperm (Naked seeds)
Gimnosperme (Naaksadig)
Conifers Welwitchia
 PINE TREES
DENNE BOME
 PINE TREES DENNE BOME
Sporophyte is dominant Sporofiete is dominant

True roots, stems and leaves Ware wortels , stingels en

blare

Taproot system with lateral Penwortels met sywortels

roots

Woody stem covered with Houtagtige stam met bas

bark

Needle shaped leaves Naald-agtige blare

Vascular tissue present Vaatweefsel teenwoordig

 Needle shaped leaves – smaller surface
Less transpiration – less water loss

Naald vormige blare – kleiner oppervlak

Minder transpirasie – minder water verlies

Taproot system with lateral roots

Penwortels met sywortels
Male cones Manlike keël
– pollen sacks with pollen (male – stuifmeelsakkie met stuifmeel
spores) contains 2 male gametes (manlike spore) bevat 2 manlike
gamete

Female cones Vroulike keëls

– ovules (female spores) – vrugbeginsel (vroulike spore)
– develop into embryo sac –ontwikkel in embriosak
(gametophyte) (gametofiet)
– contains ovum – bevat ovum
 n e
co
al e
m
Fe
ne
co
l e
a
M
Water not required for Water nie benodig vir bevrugting
fertilization
Fertilized ovule develops into a Bevrugte saadknop ontwikkel in
seed saad

Seed not enclosed by fruit Saad nie omsluit deur vrug

(naked) (naaksadig)

Seeds dispersed by wind Saad versprei deur wind

 Dominant True roots, Vascular Spores Fruit Dependent
Generation stems, Tissue or on water
Leaves Seeds for
Reproducti
on

Dominante Ware Vaatweefsel Spore Vrugte Afhanklik-

generasie wortels, of heid
stingels, sade van water
blare vir
Gymnosperm
Gimnosperm
Pteridofiete

Voortplan-
ting

Sporophyte Present Present Seeds Cones No water

no fruit Needed

Sporofiet Teenwoordig Teenwoordig Sade Keëls Geen water

geen benodig
vrugte
 Angiosperms (Flowering plants)
Angiosperme (Blomplante)
The most advanced plants and most successful terrestrial plants
Die mees ontwikkeldste plante en mees suksesvolste land plante
Angiosperms provide food for Angiosperme voorsien voedsel
humans in the form of cereals, fruit aan mense in die vorm van sade,
and vegetables. vrugte en groente

Sporophyte generation is dominant Sporofiet generasie is dominant

2 types of angiosperms:
• Monocotyledonous eg Aloe
2 tipes angiosperme
• Monokotiel / Eensaadlobbig
bv. Aalwyn
•Dikotiel / Tweesaadlobbig
bv. Petunia

•Dicotyledonous eg Petunia
True roots, stems, leaves and
flowers
Stems
•Grow upright with nodes and
internodes
•Strengthening tissue
•Carry leaves and flowers in
favourable position for
sunlight and pollination
Ware wortels, stingels, blare en
blomme
Stingels
•Groei regop met knope en litte
•Versterkingsweefsel
•Dra blare en blomme in gunstige
posisie vir sonlig en bestuiwing
Leaves Blare
Main organs for Hooforgane vir fotosintese
photosynthesis
Well developed vascular Goed ontwikkelde
tissue vaatweefsel
 Monocotyledonous Dicotyledonous
Monokotiel Dikotiel
Roots Adventitious root system Tap root system with lateral roots
Wortels (develops form any part of plant (Develop out of other roots)
except roots)
Pen wortelstelsel met sywortels
Bywortelstelsel ( ontwikkel uit ( ontwikkel uit ander wortels)
enige deel van die plant buiten
wortels)
Leaves Parallel veins on leaves Net venation on leaves
Blare Parallel are op blare Net are op blare
Whorls Whorls in 3s Whorl in 5s
Kranse Krans in 3e Krans in 5e
Flowers Perianth single whorl Perianth is in two whorls
Blomme Corolla and calyx fused forming Corolla (bright petals) and calyx (green
tube – Perigone sepals)
Periant is ’n enkel krans Periant is in twee kranse
Kroonblaar en kelkblaar Kroonblare (helder) en kelkblare
saamgesmelt vorm buis- (groen)
Perigoon
Whorls
Kranse
Flowers Blomme
Sexual reproductive organs Geslagtelike voortplantings organe

Flowers has 3 Whorls: Blomme het 3 kranse:

• Perianth (corolla and or calyx) • Periant (kroon en/of kelkblare)

• Androecia / Stamen • Andresium /Meeldrade

– male sporangium with pollen – manlike sporangium met
grains (sperms) stuifmeelkorrels ( sperme)

• Gynaecium / Pistil • Ginesium / Stamper

– stigma, style and ovary – stempel, styl en vrugbeginsel
– Ovary consist of an ovule + – Vrugbeginsel bestaan uit die
embryo sac + ovum saadknop + embriosak + ovum
 Corolla
Kroonblaar
Helmknop
Stempel

Styl
Pistil
Stamper Meeldraad

Vrugbeginsel Helmdraad

Calyx Blombodem
Kelkblaar
• Fertilization : • Bevrugting:
Male gamete + ovum = zygote Manlike gamete + ovum = sigoot
/embrio /embrio
Zygote = sporophyte generation Sigoot = sporofiet generasie

• No water needed for fertilization • Geen water nodig vir bevrugting

• Ovule develops into the seed • Saadknop ontwikkel in die saad

containing the embryo, wat die embrio, endosperm en
endosperm and testa testa bevat
 Dominant True roots, Vascular Spores Fruit Dependent
Generation stems, Tissue or on water
Leaves Seeds for
Reproducti
on

Dominante Ware Vaatweefsel Spore Vrugte Afhanklik-

generasie wortels, of heid
stingels, sade van water
blare vir
Angioosperme
Angiosperm

Pteridofiete

Voortplan-
ting

Sporophyte Present Present Seeds Fruit No water

covering Needed
seed
Sporofiet Teenwoordig Teenwoordig Sade Vrugte Geen water
omring benodig
saad
 Adaption for successful life on land
Aanpassing vir suksesvolle lewe op aarde
First evolutionary step in development = Pteridophytes has vascular tissue
Eerste evolusionêre stap in ontwikkeling = Pteridofiete het vaatweefsel

Second evolutionary step in development = Pollen with pollen tube to carry

sperm ( no water needed for fertilization)
Tweede evolusionêre stap in ontwikkeling = Stuifmeel en stuifmeelbuis om
sperms te vervoer (geen water nodig vir bevrugting)

Third evolutionary step in development = Seeds

Seeds improving survival it can survive extreme environmental conditions and
stay dormant until conditions become favourable.
Seeds can be easily dispersed
Derde evolusionêre stap in ontwikkeling = Saad
Saad bevorder oorlewing dit kan ekstreme omgewings toestande oorleef en
dormant bly totdat die toestande gunstig raak.
Saad kan maklik versprei word
 Decreasing dependence on water for
reproduction
Afnemende afhanklikheid van water vir
voortplanting
• As plants have increased in size over millions of
years, they have become progressively less
dependent on water for their survival and for the
completion of their life cycles.
• Soos plante oor miljoene jare in grootte
toegeneem het, het hulle progressief minder
afhanklik geword van water vir oorlewing en vir
die voltooiing van hul lewensiklusse.
Of the four groups studied, the bryophytes are the least adapted to surviving dry
conditions for the following reasons:
• They have no cuticle, no supporting tissues and no vascular tissues
• Plant body is a thallus because there are no true roots, stems or leaves
• The gametophyte is the dominant generation
• The sporophyte is totally dependent on the gametophyte for both food and
water
• The male gametes are motile (capable of motion) and require water to swim to
the female gamete
Van die vier groepe wat ons bestudeer het, is briofiete die minste aangepas vir
oorlewing in droë toestande as gevolg van die volgende redes:
• Hulle het geen kutikula, geen ondersteunende weefsel en geen vaatweefsel nie
• Plantliggaam is ‘n tallus, want dit besit nie ware wortels, stingels of blare nie
• Die gametofiet is die dominante generasie
• Die sporofiet is volkome afhanklik van die gametofiet vir beide voedsel en
water
• Die manlike gamete is beweeglik en benodig water om na die vroulike gameet
te swem
The Pteridophytes are more evolved than the Bryophytes but are
still dependent on water for fertilization.
They have the following adaptations which enable them to grow
larger than Bryophytes:
• Leaves with a cuticle to prevent desiccation (drying out)
• Vascular tissue to transport food and water
• The sporophyte is the dominant generation and is not dependent
on the gametophyte for water and food once mature.
Die Pteridofiete is meer ontwikkeld as die Briofiete, maar is nog
steeds van water afhanklik vir bevrugting.
Hulle het die volgende aanpassings wat hulle in staat stel om groter
te groei as die Briofiete:
• Blare met ‘n kutikula om uitdroging te voorkom
• Vaatweefsel om voedsel en water te vervoer
• Die sporofiet is die dominante generasie en is nie afhanklik van
die gametofiet vir water en voedsel na volwassewording nie
Both the Gymnosperms and Angiosperms are well adapted to life on
land. Adaptations include:
• Leaves with a cuticle
• True roots, stems and leaves
• An embryo enclosed in a seed to prevent drying out
• Pollen grains to protect and transfer the sperm cells i.e. water is
not needed for fertilization
Beide die Gimnosperme en die Angiosperme is goed aangepas vir ‘n
lewe op land. Aanpassings sluit in:
• Blare met ‘n kutikula
• Ware wortels, stingels en blare
• ‘n Embrio wat deur ‘n saad omsluit word om uitdroging te voorkom
• Stuifmeelkorrels wat die spermselle beskerm en vervoer, dus is
water nie nodig vir bevrugting nie
Home work
Answer series pg 1.51 – 1.53
Question 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8

Huiswerk
Antwoord reeks bl. 1.51- 1.53
Vraag 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8
 Sexual vs. Asexual
reproduction
Geslagtelike vs. Ongeslagtelike
voortplanting
• Plants are capable of asexual and sexual reproduction.
• In asexual reproduction only one parent is required, and the
new organism is produced by mitosis.
• In sexual reproduction a haploid sperm cell fuses with a
haploid egg cell to produce a diploid zygote. The zygote divides
by mitosis to form an embryo and later, a new organism.

• Plante is in staat om ongeslagtelik en geslagtelik voort te plant.

• Tydens ongeslagtelike voortplanting word slegs een ouer
benodig en die nuwe organisme word deur mitose gevorm.
• Tydens geslagtelike voortplanting versmelt ‘n haploïede
spermsel met ‘n haploïede eiersel om ‘n diploïede sigoot te
vorm. Die sigoot verdeel deur mitose om ‘n embrio en later, ‘n
nuwe organisme, te vorm
The advantages of asexual reproduction
• Only one parent is required, all individuals can reproduce.
• Asexual reproduction is quicker because the parent does not
need to find a mate
• does not rely on pollinators or dispersion agents.
• All the offspring are identical, genetic characteristics are not
lost, the offspring guaranteed
Die voordele van ongeslagtelike voortplanting
• Slegs een ouer word benodig, alle individue kan voortplant
• Ongeslagtelike voortplanting is vinniger, omdat die ouer nie
nodig het om ‘n maat te vind nie
• is nie afhanklik van bestuiwers of verspreiding- agense nie.
• Al die nakomelinge is identies, genetiese eienskappe gaan
nie verlore nie, nageslag is gewaarborg.
The disadvantages of asexual reproduction
• All the offspring are genetically identical. Disease and
unfavourable characteristics are passed to offspring, they
will all die if disease or unfavourable conditions occur
• Genetic variation is limited
• Rapid multiplication by asexual reproduction may lead to
overcrowding leading to competition (light / water)
Die nadele van ongeslagtelike voortplanting
• Al die nakomelinge is geneties identies. Siekte en ongunstige
eienskappe word oorgedra aan nageslag, indien toestande
ongunstig word of siekte voorkom sal almal doodgaan.
• Genetiese variasie is beperk
• Vinnige vermeerdering tydens ongeslagtelike voortplanting
kan lei tot oorbevolking, wat kompetisie veroorsaak (lig /
water)
The advantages of sexual reproduction
• The offspring are genetically different and are able to
withstand a variety of conditions, adapt to changes.
• Farmers can select organisms with desirable characteristics
and cross-breed with them.
• New species can develop
• Parasites and disease is left behind
Die voordele van geslagtelike voortplanting
• Die nakomelinge is geneties verskillend en kan ‘n
verskeidenheid toestande weerstaan, kan aanpas by
veranderinge.
• Boere kan organismes met gunstige kenmerke selekteer en
met hulle kruisteel.
• Nuwe spesies kan ontwikkel
• Parasiete en siektes word agter gelaat
The disadvantages of sexual reproduction
• Two parents are required. Thus half the population, females
produce offspring
• Two parents thus they need to find a mate by using pollinating
agents and dispersal agents to spread their seeds.
• No guarantee that desirable characteristics will be retained in
offspring
• Takes longer thus need time and use lots of energy
Die nadele van geslagtelike voortplanting
• Twee ouers word benodig. Dus net helfte van bevolking , vroulik
deel produseer nageslag
• Twee ouers dus moet voortplantings maat gevind word deur
bestuiwings agense te gebruik en verspreidingsagente om hul
sade te versprei.
• Geen waarborg dat gewenste eienskap in nageslag gevind sal
word.
 Vegetative reproduction – Asexual reproduction
Vegetatiewe voortplanting = Ongeslagtelike voortplanting

Plante kan wortels uit steggies vorm

wat in water geplaas word (takkies /
stems, blare /leaves)

Knol
split in
twee

Lateral buds from

tubers / bulbs produce
new shoots roots
(potato eye , onion)
Sy knoppe van knolle
vorm nuwe stingels en
Plante vorm ranke wat nuwe plante vorm.
wortels (aartappel oog,
Aarbeie en gras / Strawberries grass
uie)
Hen en kuiken
Hen and chick
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION GESLAGTELIKE VOORTPLANTING
Home work
Answer series pg 1.53 Unit 3
Question 1

Huiswerk
Antwoord reeks 1.53 Eenheid 3
Vraag 1
 W ING
S T UI
BE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiczM-w3V-U
Pollination
Transfer of ripe pollen from an anther to
a receptive stigma so that fertilization
can take place
Self pollination
Transfer of pollen from the anther to
the sigma of the same flower or another
flower on the same plant
Cross pollination
Transfer of pollen from the anther of
one flower to the receptive stigma of
another flower on a different plant of
the same specie
Bestuiwing
Oordrag van ryp stuifmeel van die
helmknop na ‘n ontvanklike stempel
sodat bevrugting kan plaasvind
Selfbestuiwing
Oordrag van stuifmeel vanaf die
helmknop na die stempel van dieselfde
blom of ‘n ander blom op dieselfde
plant
Kruisbestuiwing
Oordrag van stuifmeel vanaf
die helmknop van een blom na die
ontvanklike stempel van ‘n ander blom
op verskillende plante van dieselfde
spesie
Pollinator Bestuiwings agent
An agent that transfers ‘n Agent wat stuifmeel vanaf
pollen from anther to stigma die helmknop oordra na die
stempel

•Wind •Wind
•Insects •Insekte
•Birds •Voëls
•Small mammals •Klein soogdiere
•Water •Water
Wind pollination
• Large anthers carrying Large quantity, light, dry pollen
• Small flowers without bright colours in clusters at tips of stems
• No nectar
• No scent
• Long thin filaments hanging outside of flower
• Long, sticky feathery stigma outside of flower to trap pollen in air

Wind bestuiwing
• Groot helmknoppe wat groot hoeveelheid, ligte droë stuifmeel produseer
• Klein blomme sonder helder kleure in groepe op die punte van stingels
• Geen nektar
• Geen reuk
• Lang dun filament hang buite die blom
• Lang, taai, veer-agtige stempel wat buite die blom hang en stuifmeel in die lug
vasvang
Insect pollination
• Brightly coloured
• Sweet scent
• Produce nectar
• Sticky pollen to stick to insect body
• Stamen and stigma positioned inside the flower

Insekbestuiwing
• Helder kleurige blomme
• Soet geur
• Produseer nectar
• Taai stuifmeel wat aan insek liggaam vassit
• Meeldrade en stigma binne die blom
Bird pollination
• Brightly coloured, often red, orange or yellow
• Produce large quantity of nectar
• Little to no smell
• Flower trumpet shaped – stamens and stigma protruding from
flower
• Flowers in clusters on long, solid stems

Voël bestuiwing
• Helder kleurige, gewoonlik rooi, oranje of geel blomme
• Produseer groot hoeveelhede nectar
• Flou of geen reuk
• Blomme trompet-vormig – meeldrade en stigma steek by
blomme uit
• Blomme in groepe op lang stewige stingels
Small Mammals as pollinators Klein soogdiere as bestuiwers
Water Pollination Water bestuiwing
 The difference between pollinator and wind pollinated flowers.
Die verskil tussen bestuiwers en wind bestuifde blomme
Feature Pollination by a pollinator Wind pollinated
Eienskap Bestuiwing deur bestuiwer Wind bestuiwing

Flower Colourful Small and inconspicuous

Blom Kleurvol Klein en onopsigtelik
Stigma Held inside the flower Protrude from the flower
Stamper Word in blom gehou Steek uitblom uit

Stamens Inside the flower Protrude from the flower

Meeldraad Word in blom gehou Steek uitblom uit

Pollen Sticky pollen Large amounts of dry pollen

Stuifmeel Klewerige stuifmeel Groot hoeveelheid droë
stuifmeel

Scent Strongly scented No scent

Reuk Skerp reuk Geen reuk

Energy spent Energy spent making nectar Large amount of energy

Energie spandeer and pollen wasted on producing pollen
Energie gespandeer aan Groot hoeveelheid energie
nektar en stuifmeel gemors op stuifmeel
produksie
Home work
Answer series pg 1.53-1.54 Unit 3
Question 2, 3

Huiswerk
Antwoord reeks 1.53-1.54 Eenheid 3
Vraag 2, 3
 FORMING OF SEED
VORMING VAN SADE
Forming of seeds
• Fertilized ovule develops into seed
• Ovary develops into fruit surrounding seed
Vorming van sade
• Bevrugte saadknop ontwikkel in saad
• Vrugbeginsel ontwikkel in vrug rondom die saad
 Pluimpie
Forms first leaf
Vorm eerste blaar Kiemwortel
Forms first root
Vorm eerste wortel
Saadlob
Temporary source
of food for embryo Mikropilum
Tydelike bron van Absorb water for germination
voedsel vir embrio Absorbeer water vir ontkieming

Saadhuid
Protects embryo from damage and
drying out
Beskerm embrio teen skade en
uitdroging
• Seeds dispersed by wind, water, insects or animals including
humans
• Sade word deur wind, water, insekte of diere insluitende mense
versprei
Germination
• Seed absorb water trough micropyle
• Cotyledon swell and burst testa
• Growth start
• The embryo gives rise to young seedling
Radicle → root AND Plumule → stem
• Cotyledons provide food until leaves develop for photosynthesis
Ontkieming
• Saad absorbeer water deur mikropilum
• Saadlob absorbeer water en die testa bars
• Groei begin
• Die embrio gee oorsprong aan jong saailinge:
Kiemwortel → wortel EN Pluimpie → stingel
• Saadlobbe voorsien voedsel totdat blare ontwikkel om te
fotosinteer
Germination only under favourable conditions
- Rain: Most plants
- Fire: eg Fire lilies, proteas
No competition from other plants for light and space
- Gut of animal: Coffee bean Kopula
The parasites killed by stomach acid but the testa protects
embryo against stomach acid, seed planted in manure (fertilizer)
Ontkieming slegs onder gunstige toestande
- Reën: Meeste plante
- Vuur: bv. Vuurlelies, proteas
Geen kompetisie van ander plante vir lig en spasie
- Ingewande van diere: Koffiebone Kopula
Parasiete word deur maagsuur vernietig maar die saadhuid
beskerm die embrio van maagsuur, die saad word in is geplant
(bemestingstof)
Importance of seeds for plants
• Dispersal of seeds – germination far from parent plant, lessens
competition
• Cotyledons allows seed to survive harsh weather conditions by
staying dormant
• Testa protect against harsh weather conditions
• Cotyledons provide food for successful germination

Belang van sade vir plante

• Verspreiding van sade – ontkiem ver van ouerplant, verminder
kompetisie
• Saadlobbe stel sade in staat om ongunstige
weersomstandighede te oorleef deur dormant te bly
• Testa beskerm teen ongunstige weersomstandighede
• Saadlobbe voorsien voedsel vir suksesvolle ontkieming
Seeds as a source of food
Sade as voedselbron
3 categories of edible seeds
• Grains: starch and fiber eg corn, wheat, rice and oats
• Legumes: proteins and fiber eg peas, beans and lentils
• Nuts: proteins, fiber, anti-oxidants, mono-unsaturated fats
eg almonds, cashews, macadamias, walnuts

Many seeds used to produce plant oils

3 kategorie van eetbare sade

• Grane: stysel en vesels bv. mielies, koring, rys en hawer
• Peulplante: proteïene en vesels bv. ertjies, boontjies en lensies
• Neute: proteïene, vesels, anti-oksidante, mono-onversadigde
vette bv. amandels, Kasjoe neute, makadamia, okkerneut

Baie sade word gebruik om plantolies te produseer

 Use of seed banks to
maintain biodiversity
Gebruik van saad-banke om biodiversiteit te handhaaf

Doomsday vault in Norway Millennium Seed bank in

London
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_OEsf-1qgY
• Seeds are deposited into seed banks for safe
keeping until it is needed.
• Priority is given to endangered plants, food crops
and the original ‘wild type’

• Saad word in saad banke gedeponeer vir veilige

bewaring tot dit nodig is.
• Prioriteit word gegee aan bedreigde spesies,
voedselgewasse en die oorspronklike
‘wilde soort’
HOW is seed stored
• Seeds are dried to prevent bacteria and fungi from causing them to
rot.
• Sealed airtight, prevent germination
• Kept at temperatures -20 °C , prevent germination
• Stock is kept fresh by planting and harvesting, then storing again

HOE word sade gestoor

• Sade word gedroog om te keer dat bakterieë en swamme hulle laat
verrot
• Sade word lugdig geseël, verhoed ontkieming
• By temperatuur van -20 °C gehou , verhoed ontkieming
• Voorraad word vars gehou deur gereeld te plant en te oes, dan
weer gestoor
WHY SEEDBANKS ARE NEEDED
• Re-establish endangered or extinct plants
• Rehabilitate damaged or destroyed habitats
• Cultivate plants that are overexploited
• Cultivate new hybrids that are hardier and more resistant
to disease
• Conserve endemic species
HOEKOM SAAD BANKE NODIG IS
• Hervestiging van bedreigde of uitgestorwe plante
• Rehabiliteer beskadigde of vernietigde habitatte
• Kultiveer plante wat oorbenut word
• Kultiveer nuwe hibriede wat meer gehard en weerstandig
teen siektes is
• Beskerm endemiese spesies
Home work
Answer series pg 1.54
Question 4, 5, 6

Huiswerk
Antwoord reeks 1.54
Vraag 4, 5, 6