Pick Up Current | Current Setting

| Plug Setting Multiplier and Time

Setting Multiplier of Relay
During study of electrical protective relays, some special terms
are frequently used. For proper understanding, the functions of
different protective relays, the definition of such terms must be
understood properly. Such terms are,
1.

Pick up current.

2.
3.

Current setting.
Plug setting multiplier (PSM).

4.

Time setting multiplier (TSM).

Pick Up Current of Relay

In all electrical relays, the moving contacts are not free to move.
All the contacts remain in their respective normal position by
some force applied on them continuously. This force is called
controlling force of the relay. This controlling force may be
gravitational force, may be spring force, may be magnetic force.
The force applied on the relays moving parts for changing the
normal position of the contacts, is called deflecting force. This
deflecting force is always in opposition of controlling force and
presents always in the relay. Although the deflecting force always
presents in the relay directly connected to live line, but as the
magnitude of this force is less than controlling force in normal
condition, the relay does not operate. If the actuating current in
the relay coil increases gradually, the deflecting force in electro
mechanical relay, is also increased. Once, the deflecting force
crosses the controlling force, the moving parts of the relay initiate
to move to change the position of the contacts in the relay. The
current for which the relay initiates it operation is called pick up
current of relay.

Current Setting of Relay

The minimum pick up value of the deflecting force of an electrical

relay is constant. Again the deflecting force of the coil is
proportional to its number of turns and current flowing through
the coil.

Now, if we can change the number of active turns of any coil, the
required current to reach at minimum pick value of the deflecting
force, in the coil also changes. That means if active turns of the
relay coil is reduced, then proportionately more current is
required to produce desired relay actuating force. Similarly if
active turns of the relay coil is increased, then proportionately
reduced current is required to produce same desired deflecting
force.
Practically same model relays may be used in different systems.
As per these systems requirement the pick up current of relay is
adjusted. This is known as current setting of relay. This is
achieved by providing required number of tapping in the coil.
These taps are brought out to a plug bridge. The number of
active turns in the coil can be changed by inserting plug in
different points in the bridge.
The current setting of relay is expressed in percentage ratio of
relay pick up current to rated secondary current of CT.
That means,

For example, suppose, you want that, an over current relay

should operate when the system current just crosses 125% of
rated current. If the relay is rated with 1 A, the normal pick up
current of the relay is 1 A and it should be equal to secondary
rated current of current transformer connected to the relay.

Then, the relay will be operated when the current of CT

secondary becomes more than or equal 1.25 A. As per definition,

The current setting is sometimes referred as current plug setting.

The current setting of over current relay is generally ranged from
50% to 200%, in steps of 25%. For earth fault relay it is from
10% to 70% in steps of 10%.
Plug Setting Multiplier of Relay

Plug setting multiplier of relay is referred as ratio of fault

current in the relay to its pick up current.

Suppose we have connected on protection CT of ratio 200/1 A

and current setting is 150%.
Hence, pick up current of the relay is, 1 150 % = 1.5 A
Now, suppose fault current in the CT primary is 1000 A. Hence,
fault current in the CT secondary i.e. in the relay coil is, 1000
1/200 = 5 A
Therefore PSM of the relay is, 5 / 1.5 =3.33
Time Setting Multiplier of Relay

The operating time of an electrical relay mainly depends upon two

factors :
1.

How long distance to be traveled by the moving parts of the

relay for closing relay contacts and

2. How fast the moving parts of the relay cover this distance.
So far adjusting relay operating time, both of the factors to be
adjusted. The adjustment of travelling distance of an
electromechanical relay is commonly known as time setting. This

adjustment is commonly known as time setting multiplier of

relay. The time setting dial is calibrated from 0 to 1 in steps 0.05
sec. But by adjusting only time setting multiplier, we can not set
the actual time of operation of an electrical relay. As we already
said, the time of operation also depends upon the speed of
operation. The speed of moving parts of relay depends upon the
force due to current in the relay coil. Hence it is clear that, speed
of operation of an electrical relay depends upon the level of fault
current. In other words, time of operation of relay depends upon
plug setting multiplier. The relation between time of operation and
plug setting multiplier is plotted on a graph paper and this is
known as time / PSM graph. From this graph one can determine,
the total time taken by the moving parts of an electromechanical
relay, to complete its total travelling distance for different PSM. In
time setting multiplier, this total travelling distance is divided and
calibrated from 0 to 1 in steps of 0.05. So when time setting is
0.1, the moving parts of the relay has to travel only 0.1 times of
the total travelling distance, to close the contact of the relay. So,
if we get total operating time of the relay for a particular PSM
from time / PSM graph and if we multiply that time with the time
setting multiplier, we will get, actual time of operation of relay for
said PSM and TSM. For getting clear idea, let us have a practical
example. Say a relay has time setting 0.1 and you have to
calculate actual time of operation for PSM 10. From time / PSM
graph of the relay as shown below, we can see the total operating
time of the relay is 3 seconds. That means, the moving parts of
the relay take total 3 seconds to travel 100% travelling distance.
As the time setting multiplier is 0.1 here, actually the moving
parts of the relay have to travel only 0.1 100% or 10% of the
total travel distance, to close the relay contacts. Hence, actual
operating time of the relay is 3 0.1 = 0.3 sec. i.e. 10% of 3
sec.

Time vs PSM Curve of Relay

This is relation curve between operating time and plug setting

multiplier of an electrical relay. The x-axis or horizontal axis of
the Time / PSM graph represents, PSM and Y-axis or vertical axis
represents time of operation of the relay. The time of operation
represents in this graph is that, which required to operate the
relay when time setting multiplier set at 1. From the Time / PSM
curve of a typical relay shown below, it is seen that, if PSM is 10,
the time of operation of relay is 3 sec. That means, the relay will
take 3 seconds to complete its operation, with time setting 1. It is
also seen from the curve that, for lower value of plug setting
multiplier, i.e. for lower value of fault current, the time of
operation of the relay is inversely proportional to the fault
current. But when PSM becomes more than 20, the operating
time of relay becomes almost constant. This feature is necessary
in order to ensure discrimination on very heavy fault current
flowing through sound feeders.
Calculation of Relay Operation Time

For calculating actual relay operating time, we need to know

these following operation.
1.
2.

Current setting.
Fault current level.

3.
4.

Ratio of current transformer.

Time / PSM curve.

5. Time setting.
Step 1
From CT ratio, we first see the rated secondary current of CT. Say
the CT ratio is 100 / 1 A, i.e. secondary current of CT is 1 A.
Step 2
From current setting we calculate the trick current of the relay.
Say current setting of the relay is 150% therefore pick up current
of the relay is 1 150% = 1.5 A.
Step 3

Now we have to calculate PSM for the specified faulty current

level. For that, we have to first divide primary faulty current by
CT ratio to get relay faulty current. Say the faulty current level is
1500 A, in the CT primary, hence secondary equivalent of faulty
current is 1500/(100/1) = 15 A

Step 4
Now, after calculating PSM, we have to find out the total time of
operation of the relay from Time / PSM curve. From the curve,
say we found the time of operation of relay is 3 second for PSM =
10.
Step 5
Finally that operating time of relay would be multiplied with time
setting multiplier, in order to get actual time of operation of relay.
Hence say time setting of the relay is 0.1.
Therefore actual time of operation of the relay for PSM 10, is 3
0.1 = 0.3 sec or 300 ms.

Calculate IDMT over Current Relay Setting (50/51)

OCTOBER 11, 2013 27 COMMENTS

Calculate setting of IDMT over Current Relay for following Feeder and CT Detail
Feeder Detail: Feeder Load Current 384 Amp, Feeder Fault current Min11KA and Max 22KA.
CT Detail: CT installed on feeder is 600/1 Amp. Relay Error 7.5%, CT Error 10.0%, CT over shoot 0.05
Sec, CT interrupting Time is 0.17 Sec and Safety is 0.33 Sec.

IDMT Relay Detail:

IDMT Relay Low Current setting: Over Load Current setting is 125%, Plug setting of Relay is 0.8 Amp
and Time Delay (TMS) is 0.125 Sec, Relay Curve is selected as Normal Inverse Type.

IDMT Relay High Current setting :Plug setting of Relay is 2.5 Amp and Time Delay (TMS) is 0.100
Sec, Relay Curve is selected as Normal Inverse Type

Calculation of Over Current Relay Setting:

(1) Low over Current Setting: (I>)

Over Load Current (In) = Feeder Load Current X Relay setting = 384 X 125% =480 Amp
Required Over Load Relay Plug Setting= Over Load Current (In) / CT Primary Current
Required Over Load Relay Plug Setting = 480 / 600 = 0.8

Pick up Setting of Over Current Relay (PMS) (I>)= CT Secondary Current X Relay Plug Setting
Pick up Setting of Over Current Relay (PMS) (I>)= 1 X 0.8 = 0.8 Amp
Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM) = Min. Feeder Fault Current / (PMS X (CT Pri. Current / CT Sec.
Current))

Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM) = 11000 / (0.8 X (600 / 1)) = 22.92

Operation Time of Relay as per its Curve
Operating Time of Relay for Very Inverse Curve (t) =13.5 / ((PSM)-1).
Operating Time of Relay for Extreme Inverse Curve (t) =80/ ((PSM)2 -1).
Operating Time of Relay for Long Time Inverse Curve (t) =120 / ((PSM) -1).
Operating Time of Relay for Normal Inverse Curve (t) =0.14 / ((PSM) 0.02 -1).
Operating Time of Relay for Normal Inverse Curve (t)=0.14 / ( (22.92)0.02-1) = 2.17 Amp
Here Time Delay of Relay (TMS) is 0.125 Sec so
Actual operating Time of Relay (t>) = Operating Time of Relay X TMS =2.17 X 0.125 =0.271 Sec
Grading Time of Relay = [((2XRelay Error)+CT Error)XTMS]+ Over shoot+ CB Interrupting Time+
Safety

Total Grading Time of Relay=[((2X7.5)+10)X0.125]+0.05+0.17+0.33 = 0.58 Sec

Operating Time of Previous upstream Relay = Actual operating Time of Relay+ Total Grading
TimeOperating Time of Previous up Stream Relay = 0.271 + 0.58 = 0.85 Sec

(2) High over Current Setting: (I>>)

Pick up Setting of Over Current Relay (PMS) (I>>)= CT Secondary Current X Relay Plug Setting
Pick up Setting of Over Current Relay (PMS) (I>)= 1 X 2.5 = 2.5 Amp
Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM) = Min. Feeder Fault Current / (PMS X (CT Pri. Current / CT Sec.
Current))

Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM) = 11000 / (2.5 X (600 / 1)) = 7.33

Operation Time of Relay as per its Curve
Operating Time of Relay for Very Inverse Curve (t) =13.5 / ((PSM)-1).
Operating Time of Relay for Extreme Inverse Curve (t) =80/ ((PSM)2 -1).
Operating Time of Relay for Long Time Inverse Curve (t) =120 / ((PSM) -1).
Operating Time of Relay for Normal Inverse Curve (t) =0.14 / ((PSM) 0.02 -1).
Operating Time of Relay for Normal Inverse Curve (t)=0.14 / ( (7.33)0.02-1) = 3.44 Amp
Here Time Delay of Relay (TMS) is 0.100 Sec so
Actual operating Time of Relay (t>) = Operating Time of Relay X TMS =3.44 X 0.100 =0.34 Sec
Grading Time of Relay = [((2XRelay Error)+CT Error)XTMS]+ Over shoot+ CB Interrupting Time+
Safety

Total Grading Time of Relay=[((2X7.5)+10)X0.100]+0.05+0.17+0.33 = 0.58 Sec

Operating Time of Previous upstream Relay = Actual operating Time of Relay+ Total Grading
Time.

Operating Time of Previous up Stream Relay = 0.34 + 0.58 = 0.85 Sec

Conclusion of Calculation:

Pickup Setting of over current Relay (PMS) (I>) should be satisfied following Two Condition.
(1) Pickup Setting of over current Relay (PMS)(I>) >= Over Load Current (In) / CT Primary Current
(2) TMS <= Minimum Fault Current / CT Primary Current
For Condition (1) 0.8 > =(480/600) = 0.8 >= 0.8, Which found OK
For Condition (2) 0.125 <= 11000/600 = 0.125 <= 18.33, Which found OK
Here Condition (1) and (2) are satisfied so
Pickup Setting of Over Current Relay = OK

Low Over Current Relay Setting: (I>) = 0.8A X In Amp

Actual operating Time of Relay (t>) = 0.271 Sec
High Over Current Relay Setting: (I>>) = 2.5A X In Amp
Actual operating Time of Relay (t>>) = 0.34 Sec

Plug Setting,Time multiplier setting and plug

multiplier setting
Plug Setting: It is also called pick up current. It is value of currrent for
which the relay operates. Like a 400/5 current transformer, and current
setting is 130 %, so pick up value/plug setting is
Plug setting/Pick up current=1.3*5=6.5 A.
Time multiplier Setting- TMS adjusts the time of operation of relay.
Lower the value ofTMS, faster the relay operates. Like for TMS of 1, relay
operation time is 4 s,
then for TMS of 0.2, relay operates at 0.8 s
Plug Multipier Setting: This is ratio of fault current to pick up
current/plug setting
PMS=Fault Current/Plug Setting