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Mạch Điện Tử
Mạch Điện Tử
TRNG VN TM
CHNG I
MCH DIODE
Trong chng ny, chng ta kho st mt s mch ng dng cn bn ca diode bn
dn (gii hn diode chnh lu v diode zener - Cc diode c bit khc s c bn n
lc cn thit). Ty theo nhu cu ng dng, cc m hnh l tng, gn ng hay thc s c
a vo trong cng vic tnh ton mch.
Trong :
I0 l dng in r nghch
Trng Vn Tm
E - VD - VR = 0
E = VD + RID
(1.2)
I-1
Mch in T
Mt vi v d:
Trng Vn Tm
I-2
Mch in T
Dng sng
Tr trung bnh
Trng Vn Tm
I-3
Mch in T
Vi th d:
Dng sng
Trng Vn Tm
I-4
Mch in T
Hnh 1.6
Trng Vn Tm
I-5
Mch in T
(1.6)
(1.8)
Trng Vn Tm
I-6
Mch in T
l trong 2 trng hp, IL u chy qua RL theo chiu t trn xung v dng in
u c mt hai bn k. in th nh 2 u RL l:
Vdcm=Vm-0,7V
(1.9)
(1.10)
I-7
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
I-8
Mch in T
(1.12)
(1.13)
Trng Vn Tm
I-9
Mch in T
1.3.5. Chnh lu vi t lc
Ta xem li mch chnh lu ton sng vi bin th c im gia. Nh kt qa phn
trn:
- in th nh 2 u RL l: Vdcm=Vm-0,7V
- in th trung bnh 2 u RL l: VDC=0,637Vdcm
Nu ta thay RL bng 1 t in c in dung C. Trong thi im t t=0 n t=T/4, t C
s np nhanh n in th nh Vdcm. Nu dng r ca t in khng ng k, t C s khng
phng in v in th 2 u t c gi khng i l Vdcm. y l trng hp l tng.
Thc t, in th trung bnh thay i t 0,637Vdcm n Vdcm. Thc ra ngun in phi cung
cp cho ti, th d RL mc song song vi t C. bn k dng t C np in n tr Vdcm.
Khi ngun in bt u gim, t C phng in qua RL cho n khi gp bn k k tip t C
mi np in li n Vdcm v chu k ny c lp i lp li. Hnh 1.16 m t chi tit dng sng
2 u t C (tc RL). Hiu th sng d nh i nh c k hiu l Vr(p-p).
Trng Vn Tm
I-10
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
I-11
Mch in T
chiu.
Nu coi sng d c dng tam gic th dng phng ca t l hng s v k hiu l IDC.
chnh l dng in qua ti
I-12
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
I-13
Mch in T
* Mch c phn cc
Ta cng c th mc thm mt ngun in th 1 chiu V ni tip vi diode. Dng
sng ng ra s ty thuc vo cc tnh ca ngun in mt chiu v diode.
Th d: ta xc nh v0 ca mch in hnh 1.25 khi vi c dng tam gic v diode xem nh l
tng
Trng Vn Tm
I-14
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
I-15
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
I-16
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
I-17
Mch in T
Cui cng khi Vi c nh, RL phi c chn trong khong RLmin v RLmax
1.6.3. Ti RL c nh, in th ng vo Vi thay i
Xem li hnh 1.30
Trng Vn Tm
I-18
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
I-19
Mch in T
BI TP CUI CHNG 1
******
Dng kiu mu in th ngng gii cc bi tp t 1 n 8
Bi 1: Xc nh VD, VR v ID trong mch in hnh 1.36
Trng Vn Tm
I-20
Mch in T
I-21
Mch in T
a. Thit k h thng mch c dng hnh 1.49 bit rng VL=12V khi IL thay i t
0 n 200mA. Xc nh RS v VZ
b. Xc nh PZM ca zener.
Bi 14: Trong mch in hnh 1.50, xc nh khong thay i ca vi sao cho VL=8V v
diode zener hot ng khng qa cng sut.
Trng Vn Tm
I-22
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
I-23
Mch in T
Chng II
MCH PHN CC V KHUCH I TN HIU NH
DNG BJT
Ta bit BJT c th hot ng trong 3 vng:
- Vng tc ng: (Vng khuch i hay tuyn tnh)
vi ni B-E phn cc thun
ni B-C phn cc nghch
- Vng bo ha: Ni B-E phn cc thun
Ni B-C phn cc thun
- Vng ngng: Ni B-E phn cc nghch
Ty theo nhim v m hot ng ca transistor phi c t trong vng no. Nh
vy, phn cc transistor l a cc in th mt chiu vo cc cc ca transistor nh th
no transistor hot ng trong vng mong mun. D nhin ngi ta cn phi thc hin
mt s bin php khc n nh hot ng transistor nht l khi nhit ca transistor
thay i.
Trong chng ny, ta kho st ch yu BJT NPN nhng cc kt qa v phng
php phn tch vn ng vi BJT PNP, ch cn ch n chiu dng in v cc tnh ca
ngun in th 1 chiu.
Trng Vn Tm
II-1
Mch in T
* S bo ha ca BJT:
S lin h gia IC v IB s quyt nh BJT c hot ng trong vng tuyn tnh hay
khng. BJT hot ng trong vng tuyn tnh th ni thu - nn phi phn cc nghch.
BJT NPN v c th hnh 2.1 ta phi c:
Trng Vn Tm
II-2
Mch in T
* S bo ha ca BJT:
Tng t nh trong mch phn cc c nh, bng cch cho ni tt gia cc thu v
cc pht ta tm c dng in cc thu bo ha ICsat
Ta thy khi thm RE vo, ICsat nh hn trong trng hp phn cc c nh, tc BJT d
bo ha hn.
Trong :
Trng Vn Tm
II-3
Mch in T
Mch nn - pht:
VBB= RBBIB+VBE+REIE
Thay: IE=(1+)IB
B
II-4
Mch in T
Trong cch tnh phn cc ny, ta thy khng c s hin din ca h s . im tnh
iu hnh Q c xc nh bi IC v VCE nh vy c lp vi . y l mt u im ca
mch phn cc vi in tr cc pht RE v h s rt nhy i vi nhit mc d khi c
RE khuch i ca BJT c suy gim.
Trng Vn Tm
II-5
Mch in T
2.6.1. Th d 1:
RB.
Trng Vn Tm
II-6
Mch in T
RB=1,2M
Chn
Trng Vn Tm
II-7
Mch in T
VC=VCC-RCIC=5V
- Khi BJT bo ha, in tr tng ng gia 2 cc thu-pht l:
Trng Vn Tm
II-8
Mch in T
Khi bo ha:
Trng Vn Tm
II-9
Mch in T
Vy ta thit k: RC=1K
RB=150K
Trong thc t, BJT khng th chuyn tc thi t trng thi ngng sang trng thi dn
hay ngc li m phi mt mt thi gian. iu ny l do tc dng ca in dung 2
mi ni ca BJT.
Ta xem hot ng ca BJT trong mt chu k ca tn hiu (hnh 2.16)
B
Khi chuyn t trng thi ngng sang trng thi dn, BJT phi mt mt thi gian
l:
(2.14)
ton=td+tr
td: Thi gian t khi c tn hiu vo n khi IC tng c 10% gi tr cc i
tr: Thi gian IC tng t 10% n 90% gi tr cc i.
Khi chuyn t trng thi dn sang trng thi ngng, BJT phi mt mt thi gian
l:
toff=ts+tf
(2.15)
ts: Thi gian t khi mt tn hiu vo n khi IC cn 90% so vi tr cc i
tf: Thi gian t khi IC 90% n khi gim cn 10% tr cc i.
Trng Vn Tm
II-10
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
II-11
Mch in T
V BJT, ngi ta thng dng mch tng ng kiu mu re hay mch tng ng
theo thng s h. Hnh 2.20 m t 2 loi mch tng ng ny 2 dng n gin v y
Trng Vn Tm
II-12
Mch in T
* Dng n gin
* Dng y
Hnh 2.20
Trng Vn Tm
II-13
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
II-14
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
II-15
Mch in T
Ch : Trong mch c bn hnh 2.21 nu ta mc thm t phn dng CE (nh hnh 2.24)
hoc ni thng chn E xung mass (nh hnh 2.25) th trong mch tng ng xoay
chiu s khng cn s hin din ca in tr RE (hnh 2.26)
Trng Vn Tm
II-16
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
II-17
Mch in T
* li in th:
Trng Vn Tm
II-18
Mch in T
* Tng tr ra: Z 0 =
vo
: ni tt ng vo (vi=0) ib=0 v ib=0
io
Zo=RC//RB
(2.47)
Ch : Cng ging nh phn trc, mch hnh 2.31, nu ta mc thm t phn dng CE
vo cc E ca BJT hoc mc thng cc E xung mass th cc thng s ca mch c suy
ra khi cho RE=0
Trng Vn Tm
II-19
Mch in T
* Tng tr ra Zo
Ni tt ng vo (vi=0), p 1 in th vo ng ra
Ch :
- Mch khuch i cc thu chung cng c th c phn cc bng cu chia in th
nh hnh 2.36. Cc cng thc trn mch phn gii trn vn ng, ch cn thay RB=R1//R2
B
II-20
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
II-21
Mch in T
(2.56)
(2.57)
Ghi ch: Trng hp ta mc thm t phn dng CE hoc mch in khng c RE (chn
E mc xung mass) th trong mch tng ng s khng c s hin din ca RE
Cc kt qu s l:
Trng Vn Tm
II-22
Mch in T
II-23
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
II-24
Mch in T
Nu hoRL << 1 Ai # hf
Trng Vn Tm
II-25
Mch in T
BI TP CUI CHNG II
Bi 1: Hy thit k mt mch phn cc dng cu chia in th vi ngun in VCC=24V,
BJT s dng c =100/si v iu hnh ti ICQ=4mA, VCEQ=8v. Chn VE=1/8VCC. Dng
in tr c gi tr tiu chun.
Bi 2: Thit k mch o vi thng s nh hnh 2.44. BJT dng c =100/si v
ICsat=8mA. Hy thit k vi IB=120%IBmax v dng in tr tiu chun.
B
Trng Vn Tm
II-26
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
II-27
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
II-28
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
II-29
Mch in T
Chng 3
MCH PHN CC V KHUCH I TN HIU NH
DNG FET
FET, s lin h gia ng vo v ng ra khng tuyn tnh nh BJT. Mt s khc
bit na l BJT ngi ta dng s bin thin ca dng in ng vo (IB) lm cng vic
iu khin, cn FET, vic iu khin l s bin thin ca in th ng vo VGS.
Vi FET cc phng trnh lin h dng phn gii mch l:
IG = 0A (dng in cc cng)
ID = IS (dng in cc pht = dng in cc ngun).
B
FET c th c dng nh mt linh kin tuyn tnh trong mch khuch i hay
nh mt linh kin s trong mch logic. E-MOSFET thng dng trong mch s hn, c
bit l trong cu trc CMOS.
Trng Vn Tm
III-1
Mch in T
(3.1)
VG = VGS = -VGG
Trng Vn Tm
III-2
Mch in T
V IG = 0 nn VG = 0 v ID = IS
VGS = VG - VS = -RSID
(3.3)
y l phng trnh ng phn cc.
Trong trng hp ny VGS l mt hm s ca dng in thot ID v khng
c nh nh trong mch phn cc c nh.
- Thay VGS vo phng trnh schockley ta tm c dng in thot ID.
(3.5)
Trng Vn Tm
III-3
Mch in T
Ta c: VGS = VG - VS
< 0 tc
truyn.
VS = RSIS = RSID
VGS = VG - RSID
(3.7)
y l phng trnh ng phn cc.
Do JFET iu hnh theo kiu him nn phi chn R1, R2 v RS sao cho VGS
III-4
Mch in T
- ng phn cc c xc nh bi:
VGS = VG-RSID
III-5
(3.11)
Mch in T
V IG = 0 nn VD = VG v VGS = VDS
III-6
Mch in T
(3.14)
Do iu hnh theo kiu tng nn ta phi chn R1, R2, RS sao cho:
VGS >VS = RSID tc VGS >0
Giao im ca c tuyn truyn v ng phn cc l im iu hnh Q.
T th ta suy ra IDQ v VGSQ v t ta c th tm c VDS, VD, VS ...
Trng Vn Tm
III-7
Mch in T
ng:
III-8
Mch in T
Tng qut trong thc hnh, thit k mt mch phn cc dng FET, ngi ta
thng chn im iu hnh nm trong vng hot ng tuyn tnh.
Tr s tt nht thng c chn l
hoc .
Ngoi ra, VDS cng
khng c vt qu tr s ti a m FET c th chu ng c.
Th d: Trong mch in hnh 3.18a, chn ID = 2.5 mA, VD = 12v. Dng FET c
IDSS = 6mA, VGS(off) =-3v. Xc nh RD v RS.
Trng Vn Tm
III-9
Mch in T
3.7 MCH KHUCH I DNG JFET HOC DEMOSFET IU HNH THEO KIU HIM:
3.7.1 Mch cc ngun chung:
C th dng mch phn cc c nh (hnh 3.20), mch phn cc t ng (hnh
3.21) hoc mch phn cc bng cu chia in th (hnh 3.22). Mch tng ng xoay
chiu v hnh 3.23.
Trng Vn Tm
III-10
Mch in T
Trong Ri=RG hnh 3.20 v 3.21; Ri=R1 //R2 hnh 3.22. Phn gii
mch ta tm c:
(3.17)
Trng Vn Tm
III-11
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
III-12
Mch in T
- Tng tr vo Zi = Ri
(3.20)
- Tng tr ra: Ta thy RS song song vi rd v song song vi ngun dng
in gmvgs. Nu ta thay th ngun dng in ny bng mt ngun in th ni tip vi
in tr 1/gm v t ngun in th ny bng 0 trong cch tnh Z0, ta tm c tng tr ra
ca mch:
(3.21)
Z0 = RS //rd // 1/gm
Trng Vn Tm
III-13
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
III-14
Mch in T
(3.25)
- Xc nh gi tr ca gm:
gm thng c nh sn xut cho bit mt s iu kin phn cc c bit,
hay c th c tnh t im tnh iu hnh. Hoc gm c th c tnh mt cch gn ng
t cng thc: gm = 2k[VGS - VGS(th)]
vi k c tr s trung bnh khong 0.3mA/V2.
- Tng tr vo:
- Tng tr ra:
Z0 = RD //rd //RG
(3.27)
Trng Vn Tm
III-15
Mch in T
Bi 2: mch hnh 3.33, cho VDS = 8v. Xc nh ID, VD, VS, VGS.
Trng Vn Tm
III-16
Mch in T
Bi 7: Thit k mch khuch i dng JFET c dng nh hnh 3.36, sao cho li in
th l 8. gii hn bc thit k, cho VGSQ gn tr s ti a ca gm, th d nh
VGS(off)/4.
Bi 8: Thit k mch khuch i dng JFET c dng hnh 3.37 sao cho li in th
bng 5. Chn VGSQ=VGS(off)/4.
Trng Vn Tm
III-17
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
III-18
Mch in T
Chng 4
NH HNG CA NI TR NGUN TN HIU (RS) V
TNG TR TI (RL) LN MCH KHUCH I
Trong cc chng trc, chng ta phn tch v tnh ton cc thng s ca mch
khuch i dng BJT v FET khi khng c ti v ngun tn hiu c xem nh l tng
(khng c ni tr). Thc t, ngun tn hiu lun c ni tr RS v mch c ti RL. Ni tr
RS v ti RL nh vy s lm thay i cc thng s ca mch nh tng tr vo, tng tr ra,
li in th v li dng in. Ni dung ca chng ny l kho st nh hng ca
RS v RL ln cc thng s.
Nn Eth=AVNL.vi
Ta c th dng Ri=Zi=vi/ii biu din mch ng vo v dng ngun Thevenin
Eth=AVNL.Vi v Z0=R0 biu din ng ra ca h thng 2 cng.
Trng Vn Tm
IV-1
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
IV-2
Mch in T
IV-3
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
IV-4
Mch in T
ng vo ta c:
li ton mch:
Trng Vn Tm
IV-5
Mch in T
Ngoi ra:
i.
Ta c:
Trng Vn Tm
IV-6
Mch in T
Vi mch tng ng kiu mu re nh hnh 4.11 cho mch phn cc c nh, ta phn gii
v s tm c cng kt qu.
Trng Vn Tm
IV-7
Mch in T
Tng tr vo:
Tng tr ra:
Z0=RC
IV-8
Mch in T
nh hng bi RL. Do khi dng mch tng ng 2 cng phn gii ta phi tnh li
Zi v Z0 v a cc tr s mi ny vo mch tng ng 2 cng (xem th d).
T ta c:
Trng Vn Tm
IV-9
Mch in T
Gii
Trng Vn Tm
IV-10
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
IV-11
Mch in T
Tng tr vo Zi c lp vi RL v c xc nh bi Zi=RG
Trng Vn Tm
IV-12
Mch in T
BI TP CUI CHNG IV
Bi 1: Cho mch in nh hnh 4.24
a/ Xc nh AVNL, Zi, Z0
b/ V mch tng ng 2 cng vi cc thng s tnh cu a.
c/ Tnh li in th AV=v0/vi bng cch dng kiu mu 2 cng.
d/ Xc nh li dng in Ai=i0/ii
e/ Xc nh AV, Zi, Z0 bng cch dng kiu mu re v so snh kt qu vi phn trn.
Trng Vn Tm
IV-13
Mch in T
a/ Xc nh AVNL, Zi, Z0
b/ V mch tng 2 cng vi cc thng s c tnh cu a.
c/ Xc nh Av=v0 /vi v AVS= v0 /vS.
d/ Thay RS =1k, xc nh AV v AVS. Khi RS tng AV v AVS thay i nh th no?
e/ Thay RS=1k, xc nh AVNL, Zi, Z0. Cc thng s ny thay i ra sao khi RS tng.
f/ Thay RL=5.6k.Xc nh AV v AVS. Khi RL tng AV v AVS thay i nh th no?
(RS vn l 0.6k).
IV-14
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
IV-15
Mch in T
Chng 5
P NG TN S CA BJT V FET
Trong cc chng 2, 3, 4 ta phn tch cc mch khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT
v FET. Vic phn tch ch ng trong mt di tn s nht nh, ta gi s cc t lin
lc ng vo, ng ra v phn dng c dung khng khng ng k v c xem nh ni tt
tn s ca tn hiu. Ngoi ra di tn s nh hng ca cc in dung lin cc trong BJT
v FET khng ng k. Di tn s ny thng c gi l di tn s gia.
Trong chng ny ta s kho st nh hng ca cc t lin lc, phn dng (c in
dung ln) tn s thp v cc t lin cc (c in dung nh) tn s cao ln cc thng s
ca mch khuch i. Trc khi i vo chi tit, ta cn bit qua mt s khi nim cn thit
nh l mt cng c kho st.
5.1 DECIBEL:
Ta xem mch tng ng 2 cng hnh 5.1
Trng Vn Tm
V-1
Mch in T
T C c xem nh ni tt (short-circuit), kt qu l: v0 vi
- khong gia 2 tn s ny, li in th AV=v0 /vi thay i nhu hnh 5.3. Khi tn
s tng, dung khng ca t C gim v tn hiu ng ra v0 ln dn. in th ng vo v ng
ra lin h vi nhau bng cng thc:
Trng Vn Tm
V-2
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
V-3
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
V-4
Mch in T
khong gia 2 tn s ny, li in th thay i nh hnh 5.7. Khi tn s tng dn, dung
khng ca t C cng gim v v0 cng gim.
V-5
Mch in T
V-6
Mch in T
V-7
Mch in T
V-8
Mch in T
Trong : R0 = RD //rd.
sau:
Ta ch l: vgs = vg - vS = vi - v0.
Ta thay ngun dng gmvgs bng ngun in th v tnh Req ta cho ng vo bng 0
tc vi = 0. Mch v li nh hnh 5.12b.
Trng Vn Tm
V-9
Mch in T
X Cf
1
=
= X CM
1 A V (1 A V )C f
Trng Vn Tm
V-10
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
V-11
Mch in T
cao.
Trng Vn Tm
V-12
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
V-13
Mch in T
fT hfe(mid).f
(5.30)
Ch l f BW = bng tn; nn fT chnh l tch li bng tn.
Trng Vn Tm
V-14
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
V-15
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
V-16
Mch in T
BI TP CUI CHNG V
Bi 1: Cho mch in hnh 5.33
Cwi = 5pF, Cw0 = 8pF, Cbc = 12pF, Cbe = 40pF, Cce = 8pF
a/ Xc nh re
b/ Tm AV(mid) =v0/vi
c/ Tnh Zi
d/ Tm AVS = v0/vS
e/ Xc nh fLS, fLe, fLE
f/ Xc nh tn s ct thp
g/ V p ng tn s
Bi 2: Vi mch in v cc thng s ca bi 1:
a/Xc nh fHi v fH0
b/ Cho Cbe = Cbe; Cbc = Cbc. Tm f v fT
c/ Xc dnh tn s ct cao v v p ng tn s.
Bi 3: Lp li cc cu hi ca bi 1 vi mch in hnh 5.34
V-17
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
V-18
Mch in T
Chng 6
CC DNG LIN KT CA BJT V FET
cc chng trc, chng ta kho st cc mch khuch i ring l dng BJT v
FET. Thc t, mt thit b in t lun l s ni kt ca cc mch cn bn t n mc
tiu no . Trong chng ny chng ta s kho st cc dng ni kt thng dng thng gp
trong mch in t.
Trng Vn Tm
VI-1
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VI-2
Mch in T
. Zi = RG (rt ln)
. Z 0 = RC
Trng Vn Tm
VI-3
Mch in T
Phn cc:
Trng Vn Tm
VI-4
Mch in T
VI-5
Mch in T
Thng ta chn s hng u ln VE2 n nh, t VCE1, IC1, IC2 cng n nh.
thy r s n nh ny ta :
VI-6
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VI-7
Mch in T
mass.
S lin kt ny phi c thit k sao cho tng cc pht chung c tng tr ra (tng
tr vo ca tng cc nn chung) kh ln v li in th thp cung cp cho tng cc nn
chung bo m in dung Miller ng vo thp nht nn loi lin kt ny hot ng tt
tn s cao. Trong mch trn, vi cch phn tch phn cc nh cc chng trc ta tm
c:
VB1 = 4.9v
VB2 = 10.8v
IC1 # IC2 = 3.8mA
Trng Vn Tm
VI-8
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VI-9
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VI-10
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VI-11
Mch in T
- Khi Vi = +5V a vo
. Vi Q1 (NMOS) VGS = 5V Q1 bo ha
. Vi Q2 (PMOS) VGS = 0V Q2 ngng
Trng Vn Tm
VI-12
Mch in T
Kt qu l V0 = 0V
Trng Vn Tm
VI-13
Mch in T
VI-14
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VI-15
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VI-16
Mch in T
Du - biu th hai thnh phn visai hai cc thu lun tri du nhau.
d/ H s trut thi tn hiu chung 1:
( cng ln th thnh phn chung t nh hng n ng ra)
e/ Phng php tng 1(ngun dng in)
Mun tng 1 phi gim AC v tng AVS. Nh vy phi dng RE ln. Tuy nhin iu
ny lm cho VCC v VEE cng phi ln. Phng php tt nht l dng ngun dng in.
Ngun dng in thay cho RE phi c 2 c tnh:
- Cp 1 dng in khng i.
- Cho 1 tng tr ZS nhn t cc thu ca Q3 ln thay RE.
Trng Vn Tm
VI-17
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VI-18
Mch in T
BI TP CUI CHNG VI
Bi 1: Tnh tng tr vo, tng tr ra v li in th ca mch in hnh 6.33
Trng Vn Tm
VI-19
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VI-20
Mch in T
Chng 7
OP-AMP-KHUCH I V NG DNG
Trng Vn Tm
VII-1
Mch in T
VII-2
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VII-3
Mch in T
7.1.3 Mt v d:
Op-amp pc 709 ca hng Fairchild.
T1, T2: Mch vi sai cn bn ng vo.
T3: Ngun dng in cho T1 v T2. in th phn cc ti cc nn ca T3 c xc
nh bi cu phn th gm T6 (mc thnh diode), in tr 480 v 2.4k.
T4, T5: khng phi l vi sai v 2 chn E ni mass. T4 c nhim v n nh in th ti
im A cho T1 v T2.
Trng Vn Tm
VII-4
Mch in T
VII-5
Mch in T
(7.2)
Nhn xt:
- Khi Zf v Zi l in tr thun th v0 v vi s lch pha 1800 (nn c gi l
mch khuch i o v ng vo ( - ) c gi l ng vo o).
- Zf ng vai tr mch hi tip m. Zf cng ln (hi tip m cng nh)
khuch i ca mch cng ln.
- Khi Zf v Zi l in tr thun th op-amp c tnh khuch i c in th mt chiu.
Trng Vn Tm
VII-6
Mch in T
Suy ra:
Nhn xt:
- Zf, Zi c th c bt k dng no.
- v0 v vi cng c th c bt k dng no.
- Khi Zf, Zi l in tr thun th ng ra v0 s c cng pha vi ng vo vi (nn
mch c gi l mch khuch i khng o v ng vo ( + ) c gi l ng vo khng
o).
- Zf cng ng vai tr hi tip m. tng khuch i AV, ta c th tng
Zf hoc gim Zi.
- Mch khuch i c tn hiu mt chiu khi Zf v Zi l in tr thun. Mch
cng gi nguyn tnh cht khng o v c cng cng thc vi trng hp ca tn hiu xoay
chiu.
- Khi Zf=0, ta c: AV=1 v0=vi hoc Zi= ta cng c AV=1 v v0=vi (hnh
7.10). Lc ny mch c gi l mch voltage follower thng c dng lm mch m
(buffer) v c tng tr vo ln v tng tr ra nh nh mch cc thu chung BJT.
Trng Vn Tm
VII-7
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VII-8
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VII-9
Mch in T
* Hai vn thc t:
- iu kin ban u hay hng s tch phn:
Dng mch cn bn
Trng Vn Tm
VII-10
Mch in T
s thp. Nh vy khi c Rf, mch ch c tnh tch phn khi tn s ca tn hiu f tha:
, Rf khng c qu ln v s hI tip m s yu.
d/ Mch vi phn:
Dng mch
Vn thc t: gim tp m.
Mch n gin nh trn t c dng trong thc t v c c tnh khuch i tp m
tn s cao, y l do li ca ton mchtng theo tn s. khc phc mt phn no,
ngi ta mc thm mt in tr ni tip vi t C ng vo nh hnh 7.19.
Trng Vn Tm
VII-11
Mch in T
ln.
Trng Vn Tm
VII-12
Mch in T
c/Mch so snh vi 2 ng vo c in th bt k:
* So snh mc dng o v khng o:
- So snh mc dng khng o:
Trng Vn Tm
VII-13
Mch in T
- So snh mc dng o:
* So snh mc m o v khng o:
Trng Vn Tm
VII-14
Mch in T
- So snh mc m o:
Trng Vn Tm
VII-15
Mch in T
tip dng nn v0 lun lun trng thi bo ha. Ty theo mc tn hiu vo m v0 giao
hon mt trong hai trng thi +VSat v -VSat.
* Mch khng o:
Dng mch
Trng Vn Tm
VII-16
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VII-17
Mch in T
nu |+Vsat|=|-VSat|
* Dng mch o:
Dng mch cn bn nh hnh 7.38
Trng Vn Tm
VII-18
Mch in T
VII-19
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VII-20
Mch in T
Nu chn C2=2C1, ta c:
Trng Vn Tm
VII-21
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VII-22
Mch in T
VII-23
Mch in T
VII-24
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VII-25
Mch in T
Chn C1=C2=C3=C;
Ti tn s ct:
Trng Vn Tm
VII-26
Mch in T
Vi mch ny in th ng ra v0max t n tr s ti a mt tn s no gi l tn
s cng hng r. Khi tn s khc vi tn s cng hng, khuch i gim dn. Tn s
thp hn r lm li gim i cn 0.707v0max gi l tn s ngt thp L v tn s cao hn
r lm li gim cn 0.707v0max gi l tn s ngt cao h.
Bng thng c nh ngha:
B=H - L
Khi B<0.1r mch c gi l lc di thng bng tn hp hay mch lc cng hng.
Khi B>0.1r c gi l mch lc di thng bng tn rng.
Trng Vn Tm
VII-27
Mch in T
Ti tn s cng hng r:
Trng Vn Tm
VII-28
Mch in T
Ta tm c 2 tn s ct l:
Trng Vn Tm
VII-29
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VII-30
Mch in T
IB+
I B+ + I B
2
(7.35)
IBHnh 7.59
Trng Vn Tm
VII-31
Mch in T
Rf
IB-
vo=Rf.IB-
0V
+
vi=0V
Hnh 7.60
- mch khuch i o:
Rf
IB-
I=0
Ri
vi=0V
0V
vo=Rf.IB-
Hnh 7.61
Ri
vi=0V
IB-
R
v o = 1 + M R f .I B + R M .I B
Ri
RM
0V
Hnh 7.62
IB =
vo
11Rf
VII-32
(7.36)
Mch in T
Ta xem mch:
vo=RG.IB+
0V
RG
vi=0V
IB+
Hnh 7.63
(7.38)
- Vi mch khng o:
IB-
vo
0V
+
vi=0V
IB+
Hnh 7.64a
Phn gii ta tm c:
v o = R G ( I B+ I B ) = R G .I os
= 0 nu I B+ = I B
-
Vi mch o:
Rf
Ri
0V
IB-
vo
+
IB+
Trng Vn Tm
R=Rf //Ri
VII-33
Hnh 7.64b
Mch in T
Phn gii ta tm c:
v o = R f ( I B+ I B ) = R f .I os
= 0 nu I B+ = I B
Nh vy gim thiu nh hng ca Ios ln vo, trong mch khng o ta mc thm
RG=Rf v trong mch o mc thm R=Rf//Ri. Cc in tr ny c gi l in tr b
chnh dng in. T cc l lun trn ta c th thy nguyn tc chung gim thiu nh
hng ca Ios l mch phi c thit k sao cho: in tr nhn t ng vo (+) xung mass
bng in tr nhn t ng vo (-) xung mass.
7.4.3. in th offset ng vo
a. nh ngha v m hnh
Trong mch in hnh 7.65a, ng ra khng phi l 0V nh l tng m c mt tr s
no . in th ny to ra do s mt cn bng bn trong ca mt op-amp thc t. Tr s vo
ny thay i ty op-amp, thng hng v n mv. tin trong phn gii, ngi ta c th
coi nh c mt ngun in th vio mc ni tip ng vo (+) ca mt op-amp l tng
(hnh 7.65b) v vio ny c gi l in th offset ng vo
vo=2mv
(th
d )
Op-Amp
thc t
+
(a)
0V
vo=vio=2m
v
vio=2mv
(b)
Hnh 7.65
Nu ng ra v0<0 th i cc vio li
b. nh hng ca in th offset ng vo ln in th ng ra
- Trong mch vng h, nu A kh ln v vio cng kh ln, ng ra ca op-amp c th b
bo ha.
|Ed |
vo=|vosat|=A.
|E |
+
vio
Trng Vn Tm
Hnh 7.66
VII-34
Mch in T
vo = (1 +
741
Rf
Ri
)vio
vio
Hnh 7.67
7.4.5. p ng tn s ca op-amp
a. B chnh tn s bn trong
li vng h A c tr s ln v u n mt tr s no ri gim dn theo tn s.
y l ch ch ca nh ch to vi 2 l do: mt l op-amp t khi s dng dng vng h m
thng c hi tip, nh vy li thc t Av thng nh hn A, hai l trnh hin tng
d dao ng tn s cao. Mun vy, cu trc bn trong ca op-amp lun c cc t b chnh
tn s (c gi tr trn di 30pF). Thng gim ca A c chn l 20dB/decade.
i vi nhng op-amp c bng tn t nhin rng hn v gim nh hay ln hn
-20dB/decade thng lm cho op-amp d b dao ng khi dng mch hi tip (theo nh
lut Nyquist). Trong trng hp nh ch to s ch dn phng php sa cha p ng
bng cc mch hi tip bn ngoi (thng l t in, t in-in tr)
A
2.105
A (dB)
106
120
105
104
Trng Vn Tm
103
P
102
P
10
VII-35
B=
0.35
risetime
(7.39)
b. li in th v p ng tn s
li thc t Av ca mch khuch i c hi tip khng nhng ty thuc cc in tr
bn ngoi m cn ty thuc vo li vng h A. Do A theo tn s nn Av cng thay i
theo tn s. ta xem li hai mch khuch i cn bn:
* Mch khuch i khng o
+
vi
741
vo
vo
vi va
vo va va
=
Rf
Ri
Ta c: A =
va
Rf
Ri
Hnh 7.69
Rf
v
Ri
(7.40)
Gii h thng ta tm c: A v = o =
Rf
vi
1+
Ri
R
Trong : 1 + f l li Av khi xem op-amp l l tng.
Ri
1+
Rf
. Khi vi c tn s
Ri
Rf
Ri
VII-36
vi
B
Mch in T
va
B
vo
741
vo
va
vi va va vo
=
Ri
Rf
A=
Gii, ta tm c: A v =
vo
=
vi
Rf
Ri
1 R + Rf
1 + i
A Ri
(7.41)
Nhn xt ta cng thy Av c tnh cht nh mch khng o (thay i theo A tc theo
tn s).
c. rng bng tn - gii hn tn s cao
Bng tn cng c nh ngha l gii hn ca hai tn s fL v fH m ti li ca
mch gim 2 ln so vi li cc i.
Vi op-amp c tn s gii hn pha thp fL thng rt nh (vi Hz) nn bng tn xem
nh bng gii hn tn s cao fH.
A
A
AV
fH
B
Ri + Rf
Ri
(7.42)
VII-37
Mch in T
othay oiienthengora I
=
Thigian
C
slew rate
2vip
741
vo = E n (1 +
Rf
Ri
En=2v
Rf //Ri
Hnh 7.72
VII-38
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VII-39
Mch in T
Bi 3: Xc nh IL trong mch hnh 7.61. Thay RL=5k, tnh li IL. Mch trn l mch g?
Bi 4: Mt op-amp c cc c tnh
Trng Vn Tm
VII-40
Mch in T
g?
Trng Vn Tm
VII-41
Mch in T
VII-42
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VII-43
Mch in T
Chng 8
MCH KHUCH I HI TIP
(Feedback Amplifier)
Trong chng ny, chng ta s tm hiu v loi mch khuch i c hi tip m v
kho st nh hng ca loi hi tip ny ln cc thng s cng nh tnh cht ca mch
khuch i.
vs
VIII-1
Mch in T
VIII-2
R0 >> RL
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-3
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-4
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-5
Mch in T
Trong mch hnh 8.10 c th l mt mch khuch i in th, khuch i dng in,
khuch i in dn truyn hoc khuch i in tr truyn c hi tip nh c din t
hnh 8.11
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-6
Mch in T
Nh vy:
Xd = XS - Xf = Xi
H s hi tip c nh ngha:
(8.1)
li truyn A c nh ngha:
A = X0 /Xi
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-7
(8.3)
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-8
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-9
Mch in T
8.5 IN TR NG VO:
By gi ta xt nh hng ca hi tip m ln tng tr vo ca mch khuch i.
- Nu tn hiu hi tip a v ng vo l in th v ni tip vi in th ng vo
(hnh 8.11a v hnh 8.11b) th tng tr vo s tng.
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-10
Mch in T
m.
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-11
Mch in T
v
A .R
at o = Av = VNL L
vi
Ro + RL
R if =
Vy:
v s R i .I i + v o R i I i + A v .Ri I i
=
=
Is
Ii
Ii
Rif=Ri(1+Av)
>Ri
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-12
Mch in T
V Gm = limGM
RL0
Trong : Gm l in dn truyn ca mch ni tt (RL = 0)
GM l in dn truyn ca mch khng c hi tip nhng c ti.
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-13
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-14
Mch in T
8.6 IN TR NG RA:
By gi ta xt nh hng ca hi tip m ln in tr ng ra ca mch khuch i.
- Nu tn hiu hi tip m ly mu in th a v ng vo th in tr ng ra ca
mch s gim (Rof<<R0).
- Nu tn hiu hi tip m ly mu dng in a v ng vo th in tr ng ra
ca mch s tng (Rof>>R0).
Ch l R0 chia cho tha s hi tip 1+AVNL ( ch khng phi AV), trong AVNL
l li in th ca mch khng c hi tip v h (RL = ).
Khi a ti RL vo mch, in tr ng ra ca mch hi tip by gi l Rof = RL //Rof.
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-15
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-16
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-17
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-18
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-19
Mch in T
VIII-20
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-21
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-22
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-23
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-24
Mch in T
VIII-25
Mch in T
Khi c hi tip:
Rif = Ri.F = 121.5k
in tr ng ra khi cha c hi tip:
R0 = RL2 = 2.37k
in tr ng ra khi c hi tip:
v by gi l mt hm s ca ti RL.
Mch ng vo ca mch khuch i khng hi tip tm c bng cch cho I0 bng
0, RE xut hin mch vo. tm mch ng ra ta cho Ii = 0 v RE cng hin din mch
ng ra. Mch c v li nh hnh 8.22b v mch tng ng theo thng s re nh hnh
8.22c.
V in th hi tip t l vi I0 l dng in c ly mu nn vf xut hin ngang qua
RE trong mch in ng ra (v khng phi ngang qua RE trong mch ng vo).
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-26
Mch in T
VIII-27
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-28
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-29
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-30
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-31
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-32
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-33
Mch in T
Chng 9
MCH KHUCH I CNG SUT
(Power Amplifier)
Mch khuch i cng sut c nhim v to ra mt cng sut ln kch thch ti.
Cng sut ra c th t vi trm mw n vi trm watt. Nh vy mch cng sut lm vic vi
bin tn hiu ln ng vo: do ta khng th dng mch tng ng tn hiu nh
kho st nh trong cc chng trc m thng dng phng php th.
Ty theo ch lm vic ca transistor, ngi ta thng phn mch khuch i cng
sut ra thnh cc loi chnh nh sau:
- Khuch i cng sut loi A: Tn hiu c khuch i gn nh tuyn tnh, ngha l
tn hiu ng ra thay i tuyn tnh trong ton b chu k 360o ca tn hiu ng vo
(Transistor hot ng c hai bn k ca tn hiu ng vo).
- Khuch i cng sut loi AB: Transistor c phn cc gn vng ngng. Tn
hiu ng ra thay i hn mt na chu k ca tn hiu vo (Transistor hot ng hn mt na
chu k - dng hoc m - ca tn hiu ng vo).
- Khuch i cng sut loi B: Transistor c phn cc ti VBE=0 (vng ngng).
Ch mt na chu k m hoc dng - ca tn hiu ng vo c khuch i.
- Khuch i cng sut loi C: Transistor c phn cc trong vng ngng ch
mt phn nh hn na chu k ca tn hiu ng vo c khuch i. Mch ny thng c
dng khuch i cng sut tn s cao vi ti cng hng v trong cc ng dng c bit.
Hnh 9.1 m t vic phn loi cc mch khuch i cng sut.
Trng Vn Tm
IX-1
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
IX-2
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
IX-3
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
IX-4
Mch in T
. Hiu sut ti a:
Ta thy trong mch cng sut loi A, VCE c th thay i ti a:
VCE(p-p) max = VCC
Dng IC thay i ti a:
IC(p-p) max = VCC/RC
Cng sut ra ti a:
Trng Vn Tm
IX-5
Mch in T
Bin th s lm tng hoc gim in th hay dng in (tn hiu xoay chiu) ty
vo s vng qun ca cun s cp v th cp. y ta xem bin th nh l tng ngha l
truyn 100% cng sut. Nu gi N1, N2, v1, v2, I1, I2 ln lt l s vng qun, in th tn
hiu xoay chiu, dng in tn hiu xoay chiu ca cun s cp v th cp. Ta c:
Trng Vn Tm
IX-6
Mch in T
. ng thng ly in:
Nu ta xem bin th l tng, ngha l ni tr bng 0. Nh vy khng c in th
mt chiu gim qua cun s cp nn VCEQ = VCC. . Do ng thng ly in tnh l
ng thng song song vi trc tung IC v ct trc honh VCE ti im c tr s bng VCC.
Giao im ca ng thng ly in tnh v c tuyn ra IB tng ng l im iu hnh
Q.
Trng Vn Tm
IX-7
Mch in T
Do : PL=I2L(rms).RL
. Hiu sut:
Cng sut cung cp l:
Trng Vn Tm
IX-8
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
IX-9
Mch in T
IX-10
Mch in T
Cng sut tiu tn ti a ca 2 transistor cng sut khng xy ra khi cng sut ng
vo ti a hay cng sut ng ra ti a. Cng sut tiu tn s ti a khi in th hai u ti
l:
Trng Vn Tm
IX-11
Mch in T
9.4.1 Mch khuch i cng sut Push-pull lin lc bng bin th:
Dng mch c bn nh sau:
Trng Vn Tm
IX-12
Mch in T
Ngoi ra, do hot ng vi dng IC ln, transistor cng sut d b nng ln. Khi nhit
tng, in th ngng VBE gim (transistor d dn in hn) lm dng IC cng ln hn, hin
tng ny chng cht dn n h hng transistor. khc phc, ngoi vic phi gii nhit
y cho transistor, ngi ta mc thm mt in tr nh (thng l vi ) hai chn E
ca transistor cng sut xung mass. Khi transistor chy mnh, nhit tng, IC tng tc IE
lm VE tng dn n VBE gim. Kt qu l transistor dn yu tr li.
Trng Vn Tm
IX-13
Mch in T
Cng ging nh mch dng bin th, mch cng sut khng dng bin th mc nh trn
vp phi s bin dng cross-over do phn cc chn B bng 0v. khc phc, ngi ta cng
phn cc mi cho cc chn B mt in th nh (dng i vi transistor NPN v m i vi
transistor PNP). n nh nhit, 2 chn E cng c mc thm hai in tr nh.
Trng Vn Tm
IX-14
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
IX-15
Mch in T
cng sut.
Cc c im chnh:
- Q1 l transistor khuch i in th v cung cp tn hiu cho 2 transistor
IX-16
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
IX-17
Mch in T
- in th nh qua ti:
Vo(p) = 0.125 . 8 = 1v
- Khi Q1 dn (bn k dng ca tn hiu), in th nh ti chn B ca Q1 l:
VB1(p) = VE1(p) + 0.7v = 2.25 + 0.7 = 2.95v
- in th ti ng ra ca op-amp:
V1 = VB1 - VD1 = 2.95 - 0.7 = 2.25v
- Tng t khi Q2 dn:
VB2(p) = VE2(p) - 0.7v = -2.25 - 0.7 = -2.95v
- in th ti ng ra op-amp:
V1 = VB2(p) + VD2 = -2.95 + 0.7 = -2.25v
- Khi Q1 ngng (Q2 dn)
VB1 = V1 + VD1 = -2.25 + 0.7 = -1.55v
- Tng t khi Q1 dn (Q2 ngng)
Trng Vn Tm
IX-18
Mch in T
- in th Vo ti a:
Vo(p) max = 333.3 * 8 =2.67v
Trng Vn Tm
IX-19
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
IX-20
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
IX-21
Mch in T
Mch sau y cho thy cch rp thnh mch cng sut 1watt vi cc linh kin
bn ngoi khi dng 1 knh.
Trong ch mt s c im:
- R2, C7, R3, C4 quyt nh khuch i ca mch (mch hi tip m).
- R4, C5 lm ti gi cho mch v iu ha tng tr loa tn s cao.
- T C7 quyt nh p ng tn s cao.
- R1 phn cc ng vo.
R1 khng c qu nh s lm bin tn hiu vo.
- khuch i ca mch tn s gia
Trng Vn Tm
IX-22
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
IX-23
Mch in T
BI TP CUI CHNG IX
Bi 1: Tnh cng sut vo, cng sut ra v hiu sut ca mch sau, bit rng khi c tn hiu
ng vo dng IB s dao ng vi bin nh l 10mA.
Bi 3: Mt mch cng sut loi A dng bin th vi t s vng 4:1. Dng ngun cp in
VCC = 36V mch cho cng sut 2 watt trn ti 16.
Tnh:
a/. P(ac) trn cun s cp.
b/. vL(ac).
c/. v(ac) trn cun s cp.
d/. Tr hiu dng ca dng in qua ti v trn cun s cp.
Bi 4: Mt mch khuch i cng sut loi A nh hnh v. Xc nh:
a/. li in th gn ng ca mch.
b/. Cng sut vo Pi(dc).
c/. Cng sut ra Po(ac).
Trng Vn Tm
IX-24
Mch in T
Bi 5: Trong mch cng sut hnh 9.23 cho bit VGS(th) ca IRF532 thay i t 2v n 4v v
VGS(th) ca IRF9532 thay i t -2v n -4v. Mt cch gn ng, tnh in th ti a v ti
thiu gia 2 cc cng ca cp cng sut.
Trng Vn Tm
IX-25
Mch in T
Chng 10
MCH DAO NG (Oscillators)
Ngoi cc mch khuch i in th v cng sut, dao ng cng l loi mch cn
bn ca ngnh in t. Mch dao ng c s dng ph bin trong cc thit b vin
thng. Mt cch n gin, mch dao ng l mch to ra tn hiu.
Tng qut, ngi ta thng chia ra lm 2 loi mch dao ng: Dao ng iu ha
(harmonic oscillators) to ra cc sng sin v dao ng tch thot (th gin - relaxation
oscillators) thng to ra cc tn hiu khng sin nh rng ca, tam gic, vung (sawtooth,
triangular, square).
Trng Vn Tm
X-1
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
X-2
Mch in T
T :
Trng Vn Tm
X-3
Mch in T
V:
X-4
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
X-5
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
X-6
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
X-7
Mch in T
Ti tn s dao ng 0:
Trng Vn Tm
X-8
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
X-9
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
X-10
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
X-11
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
X-12
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
X-13
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
X-14
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
X-15
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
X-16
Mch in T
cc.
Trng Vn Tm
X-17
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
X-18
Mch in T
Ti tn s cng hng: Z1 + Z2 + Z3 = 0
X-19
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
X-20
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
X-21
Mch in T
X-22
Mch in T
Ta thy dng mch ging nh mch dao ng clapp nhng thay cun dy v t
in ni tip bng thch anh. Dao ng Pierce l loi dao ng thng dng nht ca thch
anh.
Hnh 10.29 l loi mch dao ng Pierce dng rt t linh kin. Thch anh nm trn
ng hi tip t cc thot v cc cng.
Trng Vn Tm
X-23
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
X-24
Mch in T
Khi C np in, in th 2 u t l:
Trng Vn Tm
X-25
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
X-26
Mch in T
s
- Khi vC = VUTP, v0 i trng thi thnh -VSAT; D3, D4 dn, t C phng in
cho n ht v np in th m n VLTP trong thi gian tn. Sau hin tng li tip tc.
Trng Vn Tm
X-27
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
X-28
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
X-29
Mch in T
trc.
Trng Vn Tm
X-30
Mch in T
in th nh - nh ca tam gic:
Ch l nu VR = 0 th Vmax = -Vmin
Xc nh tn s:
+ Khi VS 0
Khi v0 = -V0 (ng tin) th ta c:
Trng Vn Tm
X-31
Mch in T
V khi VS = 0 tp = tn
to sng tam gic n cc (gi s dng) ta mc thm mt diode ni tip vi
R1 nh hnh 10.43a
Khi v0 = -V0: diode D dn
Khi v0 = +V0: diode D ngng
Trng Vn Tm
X-32
Mch in T
X-33
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
X-34
Mch in T
BI TP CUI CHNG X
Bi 1: Cho mch dao ng dch pha RC nh sau:
2.Tm gi tr ca R
Bi 2: Cho mch in:
Trng Vn Tm
X-35
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
X-36
Mch in T