MASLOWS

HIERARCHY
OF NEEDS

Self-Actualization
Esteem Needs
Social Acceptance/ Affiliation
Security

Physiological

THEORY ON NEEDS

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES
ON SPACES

MASLOWS
HIERARCHY
OF NEEDS

Self-Actualization
Esteem Needs
Social Acceptance/ Affiliation
Security

Physiological

THEORY ON NEEDS

MASLOWS
HIERARCHY
OF NEEDS

Self-Actualization
Esteem Needs
Social Acceptance/ Affiliation
Security

Physiological

THEORY ON NEEDS

MASLOWS
HIERARCHY
OF NEEDS

Self-Actualization
Esteem Needs
Social Acceptance/ Affiliation
Security

Physiological

THEORY ON NEEDS

MASLOWS
HIERARCHY
OF NEEDS

Self-Actualization
Esteem Needs
Social Acceptance/ Affiliation
Security

Physiological

THEORY ON NEEDS

Cognition:
the mental process
by which knowledge
is acquired

SIGNS, SYMBOLS & MEANINGS

Symbol: something

that represents
something else by
association,
resemblance, or
convention, especially
a material object used
to represent
something invisible or
immaterial, deriving
its meaning chiefly
from the structure in
which it appears

SIGNS, SYMBOLS & MEANINGS

Semiotics:
the science of
signs

All cultural phenomenon are

systems of signs
Culture can be understood as
communication

SIGNS, SYMBOLS & MEANINGS

Gestalt: objects

observed have innate

qualities that make
them independent of
the perceiver and the
environment

The theory or doctrine

that physiological or
psychological phenomenon
do not occur through the
summation of individual
elements, as reflexes or
sensations, but through
gestalts functioning
separately or interrelatedly

THEORIES ON PERCEPTION

Ecological:
conditions in
the
environment
affect the way
an object is
perceived

THEORIES ON PERCEPTION

Ecological:
conditions in
the
environment
affect the way
an object is
perceived

THEORIES ON PERCEPTION

Transactional:

recognizes the role

of experience; there
exists a dynamic
relationship between
the person and the
environment;

perception is active
rather than passive;
perception is
governed by
expectancies and
pre-dispositions.

THEORIES ON PERCEPTION

Speculative
Aesthetics:
relies on the
introspective
analysis of the
individual.

Sensory values
Formal values
Expression or
associational
values: Aesthetic,
Practical,
Negative Values

THEORIES ON PERCEPTION

Speculative
Aesthetics:
relies on the
introspective
analysis of the
individual.

Generated by pleasurable sensations

Sensory values
Formal values
Expression or
associational
values: Aesthetic,
Practical,
Negative Values

The object is perceived as a system of

relationships that exist in patterns

arise from images evoked by sensory values

THEORIES ON PERCEPTION

Empirical
Aesthetics:

relies on scientific
techniques in the
analysis of aesthetic
experience

INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE

DEPENDENT
VARIABLE

The formal or
structural aspects
of objects

Peoples
subjective
feelings about
them

THEORIES ON PERCEPTION

Information
Theory:

ENVIRONMENT

the environment as
a set of that act as
stimuli

PERCEIVER: processes
and restructures

EFFECT OF
MESSAGES

THEORIES ON PERCEPTION

Semantic
Theory:

ENVIRONMENT

focuses on the
meaning of
elements of the
environment and not
on the patterns of
the structures per
se

PERCEIVER: interprets
meanings

EFFECT OF
MESSAGES

THEORIES ON PERCEPTION

Meanings:

learned associations
between the object
and an idea

ENVIRONMENT

PERCEIVER: interprets
meanings

EFFECT OF
MESSAGES

THEORIES ON PERCEPTION

Meaning of
Built
Environment:
Results from the
combination of
FORM with a
particular
MEANING

THEORIES ON PERCEPTION

Figureground: a

property of
perception in which
there is a tendency
to see parts of a
visual field as solid,
well-defined
objects standing
out against a less
distinct
background.

THEORIES ON PERCEPTION

Cognition:

the mental process

by which knowledge
is acquired

SIGNS, SYMBOLS & MEANINGS

Cognition:

the mental process

by which knowledge
is acquired

SIGNS, SYMBOLS & MEANINGS

Behavior
Settings:

are stable
combinations of
activity and
place

BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

Behavior
Settings
consist of :

a recurrent activity- a standing

pattern of behavior
a particular layout of the
environment- the milieu
a congruent relationship between
the two- a synomorphy
a specific time period

BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

The same physical

setting may be part
of more than one
behavior setting if

different standing
patterns of
behavior occur
within it at
different times

BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

A standing pattern of
behavior may consist
of a number of
different behaviors
occurring
simultaneously:
overt emotional
behavior
problem-solving
behavior
gross motor activity
interpersonal
interaction
manipulation of
objects.

BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

Rationale for
Designing
Spaces: to
provide for
some existing or
potential set of
human
activities.

BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

NEED

e.g. Selfesteem

GENERAL
ACTIVITY

Study

Social
Interaction
Acceptance

SPECIFIC
ACTIVITY

Read

Attend Party

BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

GROSS
MOTOR
ACTIVITY

Sit/ Hold a book

Dance

The attainment of almost all

human needs involves some
sort of gross motor activity
or Movement.
e.g., survival needs, access
to other people,
developmental opportunities

BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

Ecological Psychology- forces of

the extra-individual rather than
on individual behavior.
Behavior Setting
Activity-Space Relationship

BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

The Built
Environmentconsists of a
structured set of
surfaces of various
qualities:
Enclosure
Aesthetic
Affordance

BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

Physical settings or
milieus are usually
architecturally
differentiated

BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

One behavior setting enables a

person to achieve

multiplicity of
satisfactions

Same behavior setting- meet

different needs of different
people
Same behavior setting- meet
different needs for an
individual at different times
BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

Behavior setting boundarywhere behavior stops

Boundary probleminsufficient segregation or
too much segregation

Individual differences/
Personalities- different
boundary requirements

BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

Demand
Qualities:
afford only one
type of activity
or a limited set
of activities

BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

Invitational
Qualities:
afford various
types of
activities

BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

KINESTHETIC QUALITIES

Social
Organization
Webster: A system
of continuous
purposive activity of a
specific kind
Richard Hall: A
collectivity with
relatively identifiable
boundary, a normative
order, authority ranks,
common system

SOCIETY AND ARCHITECTURE

Reciprocity

between the built

environment and
behavior

SOCIETY AND ARCHITECTURE

Affording
interaction
functional distance
functional centrality

SOCIETY AND ARCHITECTURE

Formal &
Informal
interactions
opportunities to see
and be seenprerequisite to
informal interaction

SOCIETY AND ARCHITECTURE

Collection
Points
Nodes
Elevators

Bundy clocks
Corridors with alcoves

Lobbies

Seats

Canteens

Acoustics
Clustering

SOCIETY AND ARCHITECTURE

Socio-petal
Space
Layouts where it is
easy to maintain faceto-face contact

SOCIETY AND ARCHITECTURE

Socio-fugal
Layouts where it is
easy to avoid
interaction

SOCIETY AND ARCHITECTURE

PRIVACY,

TERRITORIALITY,
DEFENSIBILE SPACES

PERSONAL SPACE
invisible boundary surrounding
the persons body into which
intruders may not come

4 DISTANCE ZONES
Intimate Distance
Personal Distance
Social Distance

Public Distance

PRIVACY
the ability of an individual or groups
of individuals to control their visual,
auditory, olfactory interactions with
others

the ability to have options and to

achieve desired level of interactions

KINDS OF PRIVACY
Solitude: state of being free from
observation by others
Intimacy: state of being with another person
but free from the outside world
Anonymity: state of being unknown even in
a crowd
Reserve: state in which a person employs
psychological barriers to control unwanted
intrusions

CROWDING
associated with a feeling of lack of
control over the environment
leads to negative behavior because
they are related to social overload
results from overmanning of
behavior settings

DESIGN IMPLICATIONS
need for privacy greater for
introverts than for extroverts
extroverts like contrast with the
environment
introverts like courtyards

DESIGN IMPLICATIONS
extroverts like strong central
plans
introverts like complex
internal relationships and clear
territorial patterns
people under stress need
more privacy for workplaces

LEVELS OF PRIVACY AND

CULTURE
traditional Islamic dwelling
vs.traditional American
dwelling

the delineation of spaces in

the traditional bahay kubo, the
bahay the bato

LEVELS OF PRIVACY AND

CLIMATE
trade-offs between privacy and
comfort
physiological comfort vs.
cultural requirements

PERSONALIZATION
staking claims to places
manifestation of desire for
control and expression of
aesthetic tastes
effort to make an environment
fit activity better
done for psychological security

TERRITORIALITY
a delimited space that a
person or a group uses and
defends as an exclusive
preserve

involves psychological
identification with a place

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS
OF TERRITORIES
ownership of and rights to a place
personalization of marking of an
area
defense against intrusions
serve functions ranging from
physiological to self-actualization

SYSTEM OF HUMAN
TERRITORIES
Defensible Space: a space
that affords easy
recognition and control of
activities
Levels:
visual access
adjacency
monitored by computers
or cameras

TERRITORIAL VARIATION
as a factor of:
social class
civil status
religion

SOFT ARCHITECTURE
the building or environment
can be personalized without
damage to them or without
difficult surgery