10 Protection

Protective Relay
High Voltage

1. Reliability ()
1.1 Dependability ()
1.2 Security ()
2. Speed ()
3. Selectivity ()
4. Simplicity ()
Relay Instrument Transformer
2 CT (Current Transformer) PT (Potential Transformer)
CT Current Transformer)
High Voltage Relay
Ratio Single Multi Ratio 500/5 100-2000/5 CT 1
1 core 2 core core Ratio
CT
Open Circuit Secondary CT CT
Primary
CT
CT 3 Relay CT 3

1. Y CT 3 Detect Fault
2. V CT 2 Detect Fault CT

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3. Delta CT 3 Delta Secondary

Phase Shift Primary Relay 3
CT Ratio ( Y V)
Short CT
CT Open Short CT
- Multicore Core Short
- Multiratio Ratio Terminal Short
X

x
x
x

Multicore
Multicose

Multi ratio

CT Saturate
CT Drive Load Secondary CT
Secondary Ratio ()
(Completely Saturate)
CT Saturate
1. Load (Burden) Secondary CT Standard Burden CT
2. Fault Current DC Component Fault
3. Knee Point Voltage CT Voltage Secondary CT
Maximum Fault Current CT Excitation Curve
Standard Burden Max. Fault Current CT
CT Accuracy Class 15 VA 5P20 C400
EX : 15 VA 5P20
Standard Burden CT
= 15 VA
Error
5%
P Protection Class

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20 ALF (Accuracy Limit Factor) CT

Rated Current CT CT Error 5% (
CT Saturate )
PT
High Voltage Relay
66-115 kV (phase-to-ground) PT phase-to-ground
115 kV (Line to Line) PT Ratio 115/3 kV /115/3 Volt
CCVT (Coupling Capacitance Voltage Transformer) Volt
Relay PT
PT
Short Circuit Secondary PT Volt Primary PT
PT
Phase 3 Phase 3
Phase
1. Y PT Secondary Y
2. Open Delta Primary Y Secondary Delta
Detect Ground Fault Unground
Zone of Protection
Relay (Zone) Relay
Fault CT
Zone Zone Over Lap Zone
(Blind Spot)
= Overlap Zone
Bus

Transformer

Bus

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 3 Phase
I

MVA
3kV

Amp.

kV Line to Line I Amp/Phase

ANSI Code Relay
50 - Instantaneous O/C Relay
25 Synchrocheck Relay
27 U/V Relay
51 Delay Time O/C Relay
79 Recloser Relay
59 O/V Relay
87 Differential Relay
32 Reverse Power Relay 81 U/F Relay
86 Lock Out Relay
46 Negative Sequence Relay
21 Distance Relay
40 Loss of Excitation Relay
Feeder
Self Protection
1. Buchholz Relay
2. Pressure Relay
3. On load tap changer O/C Relay
4. Winding Temperature/Oil Temperature
Tank
Gas Arc , Tank, Overcurrent Tap
Overload
Protective Relay
1. Over Current Relay (50/51, 50/51G)
2. Differential Relay (87)
Overcurrent Relay (50/51)
O/C Relay Output Relay Setting 2

1. Instantaneous O/C Relay (50)

Relay Setting Output
Operating Time 50-100 ms Motor, Transformer
Co-ordinate Relay
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2. Time Delay O/C Relay (51)

Setting Output

2.1 Definite or Fix Time Delay ()

2.2 Inverse Time Delay ()
Inverse Time Delay Curve Normal,
Standard Inverse, Extremely Inv., Very Inv. Etc.
Set O/C
1. Pick Up Setting O/C Amp
2. Time Multiple Dial Output Relay
EX.
Overcurrent Standard Inverse Feeder Load 600A Short Circuit
Current 2000A Relay Pickup 660 A CT 600/1 Pickup Dial
Trip Fault 1.0 sec.
Pick up = 660
=
1.1 A; (110% IFULL LOAD)
600
Dial
t
=

0.14
(

t
IF
IP
1

=
=
=
=
=

x Dial; sec

[ Cureve ]
Operating time (sec.)
Fault Current (A)
Pick up Current (A)
0.14
x Dial
2000
(

Dial

I F 0.02
)
1
IP

660

) 0.02 1

0.24

Co-ordination
Relay 2 ( Relay Fuse )
Fault (R1) Clear Fault
Relay (R2) Relay Fault Trip Circuit Breaker
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1 Fault Relay Clear Fault Trip CB2

Relay 2 Margin Time Coordination Time Interval (CTI)
1. Circuit Breaker Open Time
2. Arcing Time
3. Relay Operating Time
Set Relay Margin Time 0.3 sec Fault
CB2

CB1
Fault

R2 OP Time 0.8 sec.

R1 OP Time 0.5 sec.

Pickup Phase Ground O/C (51 51G)

Phase O/C - Pickup Load Full Load
(51)
Current 100%, 120% IFull Load
Ground O/C Pickup Set Ground Fault
Unbalance Current set 20-30% IFull Load set
Relay Load
Balance
Phase O/C
1. Transformer Damage Curve set Dial
2. Transformer Set Pick up
Differential Relay (87)
Diff. Relay (Different)
Relay Setting Fault
Detect High Side Low Side
Relay Current CT 2 CT
Zone Relay Relay Self Protection
Detect Fault Self Protection Fault
Relay Check
2 Relay Overload
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 Check Relay Check

Check Connect Y-Y Phase-Shift
Y-, -Y CT Relay
Phase Shift
- CT Y Delta
- CT Y
Ratio Relay Aux.
CT (Relay Digital Relay Aux. CT
Parameter Software Set )
EX. CT Ratio Aux. CT Ratio Relay 5A
115 kV/22 kV, Dyn1, 50 MVA
251 A
IFULL LOAD High Side =
IFULL LOAD Low Side =
1312 A
MVA
=
A)
( IFL
3kV

CT HV
CT LV

= 400/5 Y
= 2000/5 Y

Aux. CT CT 2 Y
Phase Aux. CT.
CT HV = 3.13 A
Relay 5 A Aux. CT Ratio
3.13/5 Y-Y
CT LV = 3.28 A
Relay 5 A Aux. CT Ratio
3.28 x 3/5 = 5.68/5 Y-
Y

Dyn1

HV

LV

400/5

2000/5

Y Y
P

87

P/S = 3.13/5

10 protection

P/S = 5.68/5

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 Delta Aux. CT LV Relay

3 5A HV
Note CT Y-Y Phase Angle
Vector Group
Y-Delta Voltage Current
2 Yd1
( LV Lag HV 1 30o)
IA /0o
Ia /-30o
IB /-120o
Ib /-150o
IC /+120o
Ic /+90o
Phase Shift Relay 2
Relay
Inrush Current
Inrush Current Close CB High Side
No Load ( Low Side CB Open )
Secondary Harmonic (100 Hz)
Close CB Diff Relay 2 (
0) Relay Fault I
diff Fault Relay Trip Inrush Relay Block
Trip Fault
Lock Out Relay (86)
Differential Relay (87) Relay High Speed Operating Time
30-40 ms Concept Fault Zone
Trip
Interlock to Close CB Relay 87 Trip CB Relay Lock Out
Relay (86) Lock Out Reset Reset
Close CB Reset Relay

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 Trip Reset 86 Close CB

Bias Differential Relay

Diff. Relay 2
Setting Set 30% Rated Relay
Factor Relay Fault
1. Error CT 2
2. CT Mismatch Ratio CT Aux. CT

3. Tap
3 Relay Relay
Slope Bias Diff. Output
Diff
Diff. Current
Trip
Not Trip

Bias. Current

Diff Current = 2 (IHV-ILV)

Bias Current = 2 ( I HV 2+ I LV )
Curve Relay
(Through Current) Load Fault Zone Relay
Trip

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Bus Bar Protection

Bus Bar Fault Bus
Fault Relay Bus Relay Reliability
Fault Bus Bus
Bus Differential Relay (87B) 2
1. High Impedance
Relay High Impedance Detect Current Bay Sum
Relay CT Bay Sum
0 Fault Bus Sum 0 Current Bus
Bus CT Ratio Class Max Ratio CT
Bay
Set Relay CT Saturate Voltage Drop Relay
CT
- CT Internal Resistance
- Cable Secondary CT Relay
- Fault Current ( Fault Relay CT )
Set Voltage Pick Up
Relay External Fault CT Saturate Internal Fault,
Voltage Relay Set Relay Trip
Varister 87B Relay
2. Low Impedance
Check - Bus Secondary Current CT
Bay Sum Relay ( CT High Impedance)
87K (Transfer Diff.) CT Ratio Bay
Matching Transformer ( Aux. CT) Relay
Bus Double Bus Single Breaker Switching Bus
Bus Diff. 2 Output Lockout Relay 86B
Trip/Interlock CB Bus Fault Bus Ring Bus
87B

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Transmission Line Protection

Impedance
Distance Relay (21) Input Relay 2 Voltage PT
Current CT O/C Relay O/C
Distance Relay Co-ordination
Loop Line Source Setting Co-ordination
Fault Current
Impedance Resistance Reactance (R+jX)
Plot R-X Diagram
Z (R+jx)

jX

Relay Characteristic
jX

1. Mho

Z
Resistive Coverage
O

Resistive Coverage
Error
2. Offset Mho
jX

R
Bus

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 Mho Back Up Bus

Origin
3. Lenticular

jX

Len
Mho
Load
R

Len 2 Line Trip Load

Len Set Load
Mho Len Trip Power Swing Zone Power
Swing Relay Block
4. Quadrilateral

jX

Resistive Coverage
R

Relay Resistive Coverage Arc

5. Impedance Relay
jX

R
Origin (Bus)
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 Relay Detect Fault Bus Bus Characteristic

Origin Power Swing Mho Offset Mho
Note Distance Relay (1-2 Km)
Set Relay Error , Input 2 , Fault 3
Memory Function Configulation
Relay
Distance Relay Line Impedance
Impedance Set Relay
Zsecondary

ZPrimary x

CTratio
PTratio

EX. 1 + 2j primary CT 600/5, PT 115 kV/115 V Secondary

Impedance
(1+2j) x

600
5
115kV
115V

= 0.12 + 0.24 j secondary

Zone Distance Relay

Distance Relay 3 Zone 1

Z3B+t3

Z2B+t2

Z1B

Z1A

Z2A+t2

Z3A+t3

A 3 Zone B ( B 3 Zone A ) Zone 1

Fault Trip Zone 2 3 Time Delay t2 t3

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Zone 1
Set 80-90% Overreach Trip Fault
Section
Zone 2
Set 120-150% Back Up Zone 1
Zone 1 Set
Zone 3
Set Zone 2 Backup Zone 1 2
Note Distance Relay Tap Line
Note Setting Distance Relay
Line Current Differential (87L) Selectivity Distance Relay
Note
Fault Single Line to Ground Ground
Compensate Relay
Compensate Factor KO KN (Residual Compensation Factor)
1 ZO
(
1)
KO =
3 Z
1

Z1
Z0

= Positive Sequence Impedance

= Zero Sequence Impedance

Recloser Relay (79)

Fault Distance Relay Trip
Relay Recloser Close CB Trip

1. Relay (Initiate) Zone 1 (Instantaneous Trip Contact)
2. Check Status Breaker Close Trip
3. Block Contact Time Delay Zone 2, 3 (Delay Trip
Contact)
4. Breaker Contact Low Air, Low Gas
5. Synchro-check Relay Output Close CB
Reclose Timer 2

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1. Closing Time Dead Time CB Close

Check 5 Fault
Set 0.3 1 sec.
2. Reclaim Time
CB Close Trip Relay
Lock Close 2 Duty Cycle CB CB
Close Trip Set
5-15 sec.
Note Reclose Relay Application
- Transmission Line Reclose 1 (Single Shot)
- Distribution Line Reclose 2-3
Note
Lock Recloser Lockout Lock out
Relay (86) Differential Relay Trip/Interlock to Close CB Lockout
Recloser Lock Close CB Distance Relay
Lockout Relay (86)
Synchrocheck Relay (25)
Relay Close CB Recloser
2 CB Trip Close
1. 2
2. 2
3. 2
3 Limit Output Recloser Close CB
Check Check 2 CB
Synchrocheck Synchrocheck Relay Mode Voltage Check
Check Output
Generator Protection
Rotor Stator Protection Generator

1. Stator Winding Fault Relay Differential (87G)

2. Loss of Exitation Relay Loss of Field (40) MVAR Gen.
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3. Fault Generator Clear O/C (51/51G)

4. / Under/Over Frequency (81)
5. Overload Thermal Overload Relay (49)
6. Load Unbalance Relay Negative Sequence (46)
7. (MW) Reverse Active Power Relay (32)
Rotor Relay Rotor
AC Injection Rotor Detect Rotor Earth Fault Leak
Ground Capacitance Potention Meter Earthing Resistance
Limit Neutral Gen.
Note
Relay 2 81 32 Turbine Blade 81
Set Turbine Blade Resonance Frequency U/F
Motor Protection
Motor Rotating Machine Generator

1. Differential Relay Fault Stator Short Circuit

2. Thermal Overload Load Undervoltage,
Overcurrent Temperature Relay Rotor
3. Unbalance Relay Negative Sequency Load Unbalance
4. Instantaneous O/C Relay (50-50N) Start Circuit Phase Ground
Stall, Lock Rotor, Start Set

Breaker Failure
Breaker Failure Back Up Protection Main Protection Trip CB Fault
Clear CB Trip Fault Current CB
Fault CB ( CB Fail to Trip)
Tripping Scheme Bus Bar Protection Bus Main and
Transfer Function
1. Main Relay Contact Initiate Function
2. Check Fault O/C Relay Instantaneous (50BF)

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3. Run Timer Set t2 Distance Relay Clear Fault

Remote Trip
Breaker Failure Main Protection
Lockout Relay 86BF Trip Interlock CB

Directional O/C Relay (67 & 67N)

O/C Relay Trip Trip
Fault
Polarizing Quantity () Relay
Polarizing Quantity Trip Pick Up Relay

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